1 --- coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2011-01-01 22:19:23.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi 2011-01-09 12:28:09.837901529 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
14 +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options
15 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
16 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
19 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
20 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
21 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
27 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
28 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
29 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
30 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
31 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
32 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
33 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
34 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
35 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
36 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
41 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
42 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
44 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
45 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
58 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
59 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
60 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
66 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
67 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
70 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
71 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
72 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
73 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
75 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
76 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
84 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
85 -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
86 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
87 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
88 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
89 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
90 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
91 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
92 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
93 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
94 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
95 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
96 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
97 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
98 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
99 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
100 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
101 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
102 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
103 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
104 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
105 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
106 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
107 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
108 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
109 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
110 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
111 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
112 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
113 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
114 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
115 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
116 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
117 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
118 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
119 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
120 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
121 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
122 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
123 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
124 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
125 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
126 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
127 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
128 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
129 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
130 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
131 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
132 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
133 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
134 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
135 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
136 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
137 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
138 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
139 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
140 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
141 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
142 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
143 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
144 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
145 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
146 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
147 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
148 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
149 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
150 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
151 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
152 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
153 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
154 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
155 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
156 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
157 +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name
158 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
159 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
160 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
161 +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes
162 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
163 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
164 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
165 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
166 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
167 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
168 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
169 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
170 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
171 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
172 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
173 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
174 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
175 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
176 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
177 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
178 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
179 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
180 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
181 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
182 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
183 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
184 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
185 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
186 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
187 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
188 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
189 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
190 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
191 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
192 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
193 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
194 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
195 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
196 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
197 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
198 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
199 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
200 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
201 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
202 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
203 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
204 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
205 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
206 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
207 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
208 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
209 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
210 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
211 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
212 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
213 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
214 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
215 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
216 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
217 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
218 +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load
219 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
220 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
221 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
222 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
223 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
224 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
229 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp
230 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
231 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
232 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
233 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
234 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
235 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout
236 -* Process control:: kill
238 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
239 * File permissions:: Access modes
240 @@ -228,42 +219,42 @@
242 Output of entire files
244 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
245 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
246 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
247 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
248 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
249 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
250 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
251 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
252 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
253 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
255 Formatting file contents
257 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
258 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
259 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
260 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
261 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
262 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
264 Output of parts of files
266 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
267 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
268 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
269 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
270 +* head:: Output the first part of files
271 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
272 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
273 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
277 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
278 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
279 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
280 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
281 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
282 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
283 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
284 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
285 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
286 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
287 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
289 Operating on sorted files
291 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
292 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
293 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
294 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
295 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
296 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
297 +* sort:: Sort text files
298 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
299 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
300 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
301 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
302 +* tsort:: Topological sort
304 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
306 @@ -275,15 +266,15 @@
310 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
311 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
312 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
313 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
314 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
315 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
317 Operating on characters
319 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
320 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
321 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
322 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
323 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
324 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
326 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 @@ -293,10 +284,10 @@
332 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
333 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
334 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
335 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
336 +* ls:: List directory contents
337 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
338 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
339 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341 @command{ls}: List directory contents
343 @@ -309,51 +300,51 @@
347 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
348 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
349 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
350 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
351 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
352 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
353 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
354 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
355 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
356 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
357 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
358 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
362 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
363 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
364 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
365 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
366 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
367 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
368 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
369 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
370 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 +* ln:: Make links between files
372 +* mkdir:: Make directories
373 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
375 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
377 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
379 Changing file attributes
381 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
382 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
383 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
384 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
385 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
386 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
387 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
388 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
392 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
393 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
394 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
395 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
396 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
397 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
398 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
399 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
400 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
401 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
406 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
407 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
408 +* echo:: Print a line of text
409 +* printf:: Format and print data
410 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
414 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
415 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
416 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
417 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
418 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
419 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
420 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
421 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
423 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
425 @@ -372,22 +363,22 @@
429 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
430 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
432 File name manipulation
434 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
435 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
436 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
437 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
438 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
439 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
440 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
441 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
442 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
443 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
447 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
448 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
449 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
450 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
451 +* pwd:: Print working directory
452 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
453 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
454 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
458 @@ -400,22 +391,20 @@
462 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
463 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
464 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
465 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
466 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
467 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
468 +* id:: Print user identity
469 +* logname:: Print current login name
470 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
471 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
472 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
473 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
477 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
478 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
479 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
480 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
481 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
482 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
483 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
484 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
485 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
486 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
487 +* uname:: Print system information
488 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
490 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
492 @@ -430,31 +419,27 @@
496 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
497 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
498 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
499 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
501 Modified command invocation
503 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
504 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
505 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
506 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
507 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
508 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
509 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
513 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
514 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
515 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
516 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
517 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
518 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
519 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
520 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
524 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
525 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
529 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
530 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
531 +* factor:: Print prime factors
532 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
536 @@ -1443,14 +1428,14 @@
540 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
541 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
542 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
543 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
544 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
545 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
546 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
547 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
548 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
549 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
552 -@node cat invocation
554 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
557 @@ -1550,7 +1535,7 @@
561 -@node tac invocation
563 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
566 @@ -1599,7 +1584,7 @@
572 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
575 @@ -1762,7 +1747,7 @@
581 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
584 @@ -2016,7 +2001,7 @@
588 -@node base64 invocation
590 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
593 @@ -2084,13 +2069,13 @@
594 These commands reformat the contents of files.
597 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
598 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
599 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
600 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
601 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
602 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
606 -@node fmt invocation
608 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
611 @@ -2189,7 +2174,7 @@
617 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
620 @@ -2329,7 +2314,7 @@
622 @cindex formatting times
623 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
624 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
625 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
626 Except for directives, which start with
627 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
628 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
629 @@ -2556,7 +2541,7 @@
633 -@node fold invocation
635 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
638 @@ -2623,13 +2608,13 @@
639 These commands output pieces of the input.
642 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
643 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
644 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
645 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
646 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
647 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
648 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
649 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
652 -@node head invocation
654 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
657 @@ -2706,7 +2691,7 @@
661 -@node tail invocation
663 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
666 @@ -2922,7 +2907,7 @@
670 -@node split invocation
672 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
675 @@ -3112,7 +3097,7 @@
679 -@node csplit invocation
681 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
684 @@ -3303,16 +3288,16 @@
688 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
689 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
690 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
691 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
692 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
693 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
694 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
695 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
696 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
697 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
698 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
704 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
707 @@ -3430,7 +3415,7 @@
711 -@node sum invocation
713 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
716 @@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@
720 -@node cksum invocation
722 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
725 @@ -3515,7 +3500,7 @@
729 -@node md5sum invocation
731 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
734 @@ -3643,7 +3628,7 @@
738 -@node sha1sum invocation
740 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
743 @@ -3655,7 +3640,7 @@
745 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
746 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
747 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
748 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
750 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
751 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
752 @@ -3695,7 +3680,7 @@
753 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
754 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
755 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
756 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
759 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
760 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
761 @@ -3710,16 +3695,16 @@
762 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
765 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
766 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
767 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
768 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
769 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
770 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
771 +* sort:: Sort text files.
772 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
773 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
774 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
775 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
776 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
780 -@node sort invocation
782 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
785 @@ -4008,7 +3993,7 @@
786 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
787 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
788 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
789 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
790 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
791 except that keys with the same value sort together.
793 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
794 @@ -4196,7 +4181,7 @@
795 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
796 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
797 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
798 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
799 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
803 @@ -4214,7 +4199,7 @@
804 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
805 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
806 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
807 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
808 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
810 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
812 @@ -4437,7 +4422,7 @@
816 -@node shuf invocation
818 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
821 @@ -4567,7 +4552,7 @@
825 -@node uniq invocation
827 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
830 @@ -4589,7 +4574,7 @@
831 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
832 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
833 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
834 -@xref{sort invocation}.
838 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
839 @@ -4716,7 +4701,7 @@
843 -@node comm invocation
845 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
848 @@ -4792,7 +4777,7 @@
852 -@node ptx invocation
854 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
857 @@ -5249,7 +5234,7 @@
861 -@node tsort invocation
863 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
866 @@ -5411,13 +5396,13 @@
867 @chapter Operating on fields
870 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
871 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
872 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
873 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
874 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
875 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
879 -@node cut invocation
881 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
884 @@ -5522,7 +5507,7 @@
888 -@node paste invocation
890 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
893 @@ -5592,7 +5577,7 @@
897 -@node join invocation
899 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
902 @@ -5757,13 +5742,13 @@
903 This commands operate on individual characters.
906 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
907 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
908 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
909 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
910 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
911 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
917 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
920 @@ -6142,7 +6127,7 @@
924 -@node expand invocation
926 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
929 @@ -6195,7 +6180,7 @@
933 -@node unexpand invocation
935 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
938 @@ -6256,14 +6241,14 @@
939 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
942 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
943 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
944 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
945 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
946 +* ls:: List directory contents.
948 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
949 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
955 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
958 @@ -7101,7 +7086,7 @@
961 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
962 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
963 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
964 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
965 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
966 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
967 @@ -7293,7 +7278,7 @@
971 -@node dir invocation
973 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
976 @@ -7303,10 +7288,10 @@
977 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
978 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
980 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
981 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
984 -@node vdir invocation
986 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
989 @@ -7316,7 +7301,7 @@
990 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
991 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
993 -@node dircolors invocation
995 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
998 @@ -7403,16 +7388,16 @@
999 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1002 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1003 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1004 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1005 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1006 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1007 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1009 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1010 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1011 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1012 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1013 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1017 -@node cp invocation
1019 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1022 @@ -7861,7 +7846,7 @@
1026 -@node dd invocation
1028 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1031 @@ -8226,7 +8211,7 @@
1035 -@node install invocation
1037 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1040 @@ -8407,7 +8392,7 @@
1044 -@node mv invocation
1046 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1049 @@ -8538,7 +8523,7 @@
1053 -@node rm invocation
1055 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1058 @@ -8693,7 +8678,7 @@
1062 -@node shred invocation
1064 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1067 @@ -8703,7 +8688,7 @@
1068 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1069 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1071 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1072 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1073 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1074 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1075 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1076 @@ -8936,18 +8921,18 @@
1077 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1080 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1081 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1082 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1083 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1084 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1085 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1086 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1087 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1088 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1089 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1090 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1091 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1092 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1093 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1094 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1095 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1099 -@node link invocation
1101 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1104 @@ -8960,7 +8945,7 @@
1105 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1106 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1107 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1108 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1109 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1113 @@ -8986,7 +8971,7 @@
1117 -@node ln invocation
1119 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1122 @@ -9215,7 +9200,7 @@
1126 -@node mkdir invocation
1128 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1131 @@ -9294,7 +9279,7 @@
1135 -@node mkfifo invocation
1137 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1140 @@ -9341,7 +9326,7 @@
1144 -@node mknod invocation
1146 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1149 @@ -9424,7 +9409,7 @@
1153 -@node readlink invocation
1155 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1158 @@ -9520,7 +9505,7 @@
1162 -@node rmdir invocation
1164 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1167 @@ -9568,12 +9553,12 @@
1171 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1172 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1177 -@node unlink invocation
1179 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1182 @@ -9584,7 +9569,7 @@
1183 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1184 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1185 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1186 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1187 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1190 unlink @var{filename}
1191 @@ -9618,14 +9603,14 @@
1192 These commands change file attributes.
1195 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1196 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1197 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1198 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1199 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1200 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1201 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1202 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1206 -@node chown invocation
1208 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1211 @@ -9843,7 +9828,7 @@
1215 -@node chgrp invocation
1217 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1220 @@ -9966,7 +9951,7 @@
1224 -@node chmod invocation
1226 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1229 @@ -10066,7 +10051,7 @@
1233 -@node touch invocation
1235 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1238 @@ -10243,15 +10228,15 @@
1239 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1242 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1243 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1244 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1245 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1246 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1247 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1248 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1249 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1250 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1251 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1255 -@node df invocation
1257 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1260 @@ -10464,7 +10449,7 @@
1261 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1264 -@node du invocation
1266 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1269 @@ -10662,7 +10647,7 @@
1272 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1273 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1274 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1275 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1276 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1277 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1278 @@ -10730,7 +10715,7 @@
1282 -@node stat invocation
1284 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1287 @@ -10914,7 +10899,7 @@
1291 -@node sync invocation
1293 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1296 @@ -10941,7 +10926,7 @@
1300 -@node truncate invocation
1302 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1305 @@ -11017,13 +11002,13 @@
1306 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1309 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1310 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1311 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1312 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1313 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1314 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1318 -@node echo invocation
1320 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1323 @@ -11110,12 +11095,12 @@
1324 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1325 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1326 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1327 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1328 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1333 -@node printf invocation
1335 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1338 @@ -11264,7 +11249,7 @@
1342 -@node yes invocation
1344 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1347 @@ -11295,14 +11280,14 @@
1351 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1352 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1353 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1354 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1355 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1356 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1357 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1358 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1362 -@node false invocation
1364 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1367 @@ -11332,7 +11317,7 @@
1368 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1371 -@node true invocation
1373 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1376 @@ -11368,7 +11353,7 @@
1377 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1378 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1380 -@node test invocation
1382 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1385 @@ -11696,7 +11681,7 @@
1389 -@node expr invocation
1391 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1394 @@ -11973,11 +11958,11 @@
1395 it's described here.
1398 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1399 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1403 -@node tee invocation
1405 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1408 @@ -12138,15 +12123,15 @@
1409 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1412 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1413 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1414 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1415 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1416 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1417 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1418 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1419 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1420 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1421 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1425 -@node basename invocation
1427 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1430 @@ -12199,7 +12184,7 @@
1434 -@node dirname invocation
1436 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1439 @@ -12244,7 +12229,7 @@
1443 -@node pathchk invocation
1445 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1448 @@ -12320,7 +12305,7 @@
1452 -@node mktemp invocation
1454 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1457 @@ -12506,14 +12491,14 @@
1458 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1461 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1462 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1463 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1464 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1465 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1466 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1467 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1468 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1472 -@node pwd invocation
1474 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1477 @@ -12560,7 +12545,7 @@
1481 -@node stty invocation
1483 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1486 @@ -13244,7 +13229,7 @@
1490 -@node printenv invocation
1492 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1495 @@ -13279,7 +13264,7 @@
1499 -@node tty invocation
1501 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1504 @@ -13329,16 +13314,16 @@
1505 logins, groups, and so forth.
1508 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1509 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1510 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1511 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1512 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1513 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1514 +* id:: Print user identity.
1515 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1516 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1517 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1518 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1519 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1523 -@node id invocation
1525 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1528 @@ -13424,7 +13409,7 @@
1530 @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
1532 -@node logname invocation
1534 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1537 @@ -13445,7 +13430,7 @@
1541 -@node whoami invocation
1543 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1546 @@ -13461,7 +13446,7 @@
1550 -@node groups invocation
1552 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1555 @@ -13489,7 +13474,7 @@
1559 -@node users invocation
1561 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1564 @@ -13520,7 +13505,7 @@
1568 -@node who invocation
1570 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1573 @@ -13679,16 +13664,14 @@
1577 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1578 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1579 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1580 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1581 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1582 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1583 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1584 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1585 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1586 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1587 +* uname:: Print system information.
1588 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1591 -@node date invocation
1593 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1596 @@ -14321,7 +14304,7 @@
1600 -@node arch invocation
1602 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1605 @@ -14341,7 +14324,7 @@
1609 -@node nproc invocation
1611 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1614 @@ -14378,7 +14361,7 @@
1618 -@node uname invocation
1620 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1623 @@ -14508,31 +14491,7 @@
1627 -@node hostname invocation
1628 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1631 -@cindex setting the hostname
1632 -@cindex printing the hostname
1633 -@cindex system name, printing
1634 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1636 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1637 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1638 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1642 -hostname [@var{name}]
1645 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1651 -@node hostid invocation
1653 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1656 @@ -14556,37 +14515,6 @@
1660 -@node uptime invocation
1661 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1664 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1666 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1667 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1669 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1670 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1671 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1672 -the default setting).
1674 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1675 -@xref{Common options}.
1677 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1681 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1684 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1685 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1686 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1687 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1688 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1689 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1691 @node SELinux context
1692 @chapter SELinux context
1694 @@ -14598,11 +14526,11 @@
1698 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1699 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1700 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1701 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1704 -@node chcon invocation
1706 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1709 @@ -14689,7 +14617,7 @@
1713 -@node runcon invocation
1715 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1718 @@ -14774,17 +14702,17 @@
1722 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1723 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1724 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1725 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1726 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1727 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1728 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1729 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1730 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1731 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1732 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1733 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1734 +* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1735 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1739 -@node chroot invocation
1741 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1744 @@ -14872,7 +14800,7 @@
1748 -@node env invocation
1750 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1753 @@ -15022,7 +14950,7 @@
1757 -@node nice invocation
1759 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1762 @@ -15145,7 +15073,7 @@
1766 -@node nohup invocation
1768 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1771 @@ -15218,7 +15146,7 @@
1775 -@node stdbuf invocation
1777 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1780 @@ -15297,7 +15225,7 @@
1784 -@node su invocation
1786 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1789 @@ -15454,7 +15382,7 @@
1790 might find this idea strange at first.
1793 -@node timeout invocation
1795 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1798 @@ -15515,89 +15443,6 @@
1802 -@node Process control
1803 -@chapter Process control
1805 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1806 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1809 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1813 -@node kill invocation
1814 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1817 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1819 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1820 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1821 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1824 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1825 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1828 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1830 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1831 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1832 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1833 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1834 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1836 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1837 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1838 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1839 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1840 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1841 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1842 -value of @var{pid}.
1844 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1845 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1848 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1849 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1850 -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1851 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1860 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1861 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1863 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1864 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1865 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1866 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1867 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1868 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1869 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1870 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1871 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1872 -and if there is no output error.
1874 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1875 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1877 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1878 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1879 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1880 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1881 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1882 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported
1883 -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}.
1888 @@ -15607,11 +15452,11 @@
1889 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1892 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1893 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1897 -@node sleep invocation
1899 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1902 @@ -15662,12 +15507,12 @@
1903 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1906 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1907 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1908 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1909 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1913 -@node factor invocation
1915 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1918 @@ -15723,7 +15568,7 @@
1922 -@node seq invocation
1924 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences