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1 | --- coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2011-01-01 22:19:23.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi 2011-01-09 12:28:09.837901529 +0100 | |
3 | @@ -20,119 +20,111 @@ | |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
11 | -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. | |
12 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
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13 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
14 | +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options | |
15 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes | |
16 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 17 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 18 | - |
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19 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
20 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
21 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 22 | - |
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23 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
24 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 25 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 26 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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27 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
28 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 29 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
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30 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
31 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. | |
32 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. | |
33 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 34 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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35 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
36 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
37 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
38 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
39 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
40 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 41 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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42 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
43 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 44 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
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45 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
46 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
47 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
48 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
49 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
50 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
51 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
52 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
53 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
54 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
55 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
56 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
57 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 58 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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59 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
60 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
61 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
62 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
63 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
64 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
65 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 66 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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67 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
68 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
69 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 70 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 71 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 72 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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73 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
74 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 75 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
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76 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
77 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
78 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
79 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
80 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
81 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
82 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
83 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 84 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
0ee46a86 | 85 | -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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86 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
87 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 88 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 89 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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90 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
91 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 92 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 93 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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94 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
95 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 96 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 97 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 98 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 99 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
c2be74f0 | 100 | -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. |
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101 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
102 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
103 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
104 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
105 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
106 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 107 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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108 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
109 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
110 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 111 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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112 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
113 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
114 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
115 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 116 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 117 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 118 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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119 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
120 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 121 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 122 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 123 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 124 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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125 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
126 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
127 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
128 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
129 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
130 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
131 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions | |
132 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups | |
133 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory | |
134 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
135 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
136 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
137 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
138 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
139 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
140 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
141 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
142 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
143 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
144 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
145 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
146 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
147 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
148 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
149 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
150 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
151 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
152 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
153 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
154 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
155 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
156 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
0d2793d8 | 157 | +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name |
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158 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity |
159 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes | |
160 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
0d2793d8 | 161 | +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes |
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162 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files |
163 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
164 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
165 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
166 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
167 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
168 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
169 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
170 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
171 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
172 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
173 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
174 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
175 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
0d2793d8 | 176 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
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177 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
178 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
179 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
180 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
181 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
182 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
183 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
184 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
2cd07788 | 185 | +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names |
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186 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files |
187 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
188 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
189 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
190 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
191 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
192 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely | |
193 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
194 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
195 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
0d2793d8 | 196 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces |
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197 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status |
198 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
199 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
200 | +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID | |
201 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum | |
202 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
203 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
204 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
205 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
206 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
207 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
208 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
209 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
210 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
211 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
212 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
213 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
214 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
215 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
216 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
217 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
0d2793d8 | 218 | +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load |
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219 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names |
220 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
221 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
222 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
223 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
224 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
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225 | @end direntry |
226 | ||
227 | @copying | |
0d2793d8 | 228 | @@ -197,10 +189,9 @@ |
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229 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp |
230 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty | |
231 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
232 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
233 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
234 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
235 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout | |
236 | -* Process control:: kill | |
237 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
238 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
239 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
0d2793d8 | 240 | @@ -228,42 +219,42 @@ |
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241 | |
242 | Output of entire files | |
243 | ||
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244 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
245 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
246 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
247 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
248 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
249 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
250 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
251 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
252 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
253 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
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254 | |
255 | Formatting file contents | |
256 | ||
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257 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
258 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
259 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
260 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
261 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
262 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
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263 | |
264 | Output of parts of files | |
265 | ||
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266 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
267 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
268 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
269 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
270 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
271 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
272 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
273 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
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274 | |
275 | Summarizing files | |
276 | ||
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277 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
278 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
279 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
280 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
281 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
282 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
283 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
284 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
285 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
286 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
287 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
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288 | |
289 | Operating on sorted files | |
290 | ||
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291 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
292 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
293 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
294 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
295 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
296 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
297 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
298 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
299 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
300 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
301 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
302 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
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303 | |
304 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
305 | ||
0d2793d8 | 306 | @@ -275,15 +266,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 307 | |
10c838b0 | 308 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 309 | |
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310 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
311 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
312 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
313 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
314 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
315 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
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316 | |
317 | Operating on characters | |
318 | ||
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319 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
320 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
321 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
322 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
323 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
324 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
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325 | |
326 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
327 | ||
0d2793d8 | 328 | @@ -293,10 +284,10 @@ |
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329 | |
330 | Directory listing | |
331 | ||
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332 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
333 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
334 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
335 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
336 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
337 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
338 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
339 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
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340 | |
341 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
342 | ||
0d2793d8 | 343 | @@ -309,51 +300,51 @@ |
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344 | |
345 | Basic operations | |
346 | ||
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347 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
348 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
349 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
350 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
351 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
352 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
353 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
354 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
355 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
356 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
357 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
358 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
359 | |
360 | Special file types | |
361 | ||
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362 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
363 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
364 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
365 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
366 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
367 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
368 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
369 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
370 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
371 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
372 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
373 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
374 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
375 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
376 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
377 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
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378 | |
379 | Changing file attributes | |
380 | ||
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381 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
382 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
383 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
384 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
385 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
386 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
387 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
388 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
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389 | |
390 | Disk usage | |
391 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
392 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
393 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
394 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
395 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
396 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
397 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
398 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
399 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
400 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
401 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
402 | |
403 | Printing text | |
404 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
405 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
406 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
407 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
408 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
409 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
410 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
411 | |
412 | Conditions | |
413 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
414 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
415 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
416 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
417 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
418 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
419 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
420 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
421 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
422 | |
423 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
424 | ||
0ee46a86 | 425 | @@ -372,22 +363,22 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
426 | |
427 | Redirection | |
428 | ||
3c350007 JB |
429 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
430 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
431 | |
432 | File name manipulation | |
433 | ||
434 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
435 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
436 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
437 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 438 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 439 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
440 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
441 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
442 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 443 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
444 | |
445 | Working context | |
446 | ||
447 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
448 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
449 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
450 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
451 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
452 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
453 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
454 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
455 | ||
456 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
457 | ||
0d2793d8 | 458 | @@ -400,22 +391,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
459 | |
460 | User information | |
461 | ||
c2be74f0 | 462 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 463 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 464 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
465 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
466 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
467 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 468 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 469 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 470 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 471 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
472 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
473 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
474 | ||
475 | System context | |
476 | ||
3c350007 | 477 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 478 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 479 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
480 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
481 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
482 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
483 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 484 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 485 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 486 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 487 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 488 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
489 | |
490 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
491 | ||
0d2793d8 | 492 | @@ -430,31 +419,27 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
493 | |
494 | SELinux context | |
495 | ||
496 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
497 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
498 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
499 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
500 | |
501 | Modified command invocation | |
502 | ||
503 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
504 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 505 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 506 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 507 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 508 | -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 509 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
510 | - |
511 | -Process control | |
512 | - | |
513 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
514 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
515 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 516 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 517 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 518 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 519 | +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 520 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
521 | |
522 | Delaying | |
523 | ||
524 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
525 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
526 | ||
527 | Numeric operations | |
528 | ||
529 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
530 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
531 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
532 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
533 | ||
534 | File permissions | |
535 | ||
0d2793d8 | 536 | @@ -1443,14 +1428,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
537 | in some way. |
538 | ||
539 | @menu | |
540 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
541 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
542 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
543 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 544 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
545 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
546 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
547 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
548 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 549 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
550 | @end menu |
551 | ||
552 | -@node cat invocation | |
553 | +@node cat | |
554 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
555 | ||
556 | @pindex cat | |
0d2793d8 | 557 | @@ -1550,7 +1535,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 558 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
559 | |
560 | ||
561 | -@node tac invocation | |
562 | +@node tac | |
563 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
564 | ||
565 | @pindex tac | |
0d2793d8 | 566 | @@ -1599,7 +1584,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 567 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
568 | |
569 | ||
570 | -@node nl invocation | |
571 | +@node nl | |
572 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
573 | ||
574 | @pindex nl | |
0d2793d8 | 575 | @@ -1762,7 +1747,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 576 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
577 | |
578 | ||
579 | -@node od invocation | |
580 | +@node od | |
581 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
582 | ||
583 | @pindex od | |
0d2793d8 | 584 | @@ -2016,7 +2001,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
585 | |
586 | @exitstatus | |
587 | ||
588 | -@node base64 invocation | |
589 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 590 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
591 | |
592 | @pindex base64 | |
0d2793d8 | 593 | @@ -2084,13 +2069,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
594 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
595 | ||
596 | @menu | |
597 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
598 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
599 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
600 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
601 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
602 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
603 | @end menu | |
604 | ||
605 | ||
606 | -@node fmt invocation | |
607 | +@node fmt | |
608 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
609 | ||
610 | @pindex fmt | |
0d2793d8 | 611 | @@ -2189,7 +2174,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 612 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
613 | |
614 | ||
615 | -@node pr invocation | |
616 | +@node pr | |
617 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
618 | ||
619 | @pindex pr | |
0d2793d8 | 620 | @@ -2329,7 +2314,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
621 | @cindex time formats |
622 | @cindex formatting times | |
623 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
c2be74f0 JB |
624 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. |
625 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
626 | Except for directives, which start with |
627 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
628 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
0d2793d8 | 629 | @@ -2556,7 +2541,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 630 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
631 | |
632 | ||
633 | -@node fold invocation | |
634 | +@node fold | |
635 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
636 | ||
637 | @pindex fold | |
0d2793d8 | 638 | @@ -2623,13 +2608,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
639 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
640 | ||
641 | @menu | |
642 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
643 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 644 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
645 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
646 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
647 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 648 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
649 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
650 | @end menu | |
651 | ||
652 | -@node head invocation | |
653 | +@node head | |
654 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
655 | ||
656 | @pindex head | |
0d2793d8 | 657 | @@ -2706,7 +2691,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
658 | @exitstatus |
659 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
660 | |
661 | -@node tail invocation | |
662 | +@node tail | |
663 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
664 | ||
665 | @pindex tail | |
0d2793d8 | 666 | @@ -2922,7 +2907,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
667 | @exitstatus |
668 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
669 | |
670 | -@node split invocation | |
671 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 672 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
673 | |
674 | @pindex split | |
0d2793d8 JB |
675 | @@ -3112,7 +3097,7 @@ |
676 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
677 | |
678 | ||
679 | -@node csplit invocation | |
680 | +@node csplit | |
681 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
682 | ||
683 | @pindex csplit | |
0d2793d8 | 684 | @@ -3303,16 +3288,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
685 | contents of files. |
686 | ||
687 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 688 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
689 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
690 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
691 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
692 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 693 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
694 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
695 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
696 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
697 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 698 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
699 | @end menu |
700 | ||
701 | ||
702 | -@node wc invocation | |
703 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 704 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
705 | |
706 | @pindex wc | |
0d2793d8 | 707 | @@ -3430,7 +3415,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 708 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
709 | |
710 | ||
711 | -@node sum invocation | |
712 | +@node sum | |
713 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
714 | ||
715 | @pindex sum | |
0d2793d8 | 716 | @@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 717 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
718 | |
719 | ||
720 | -@node cksum invocation | |
721 | +@node cksum | |
722 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
723 | ||
724 | @pindex cksum | |
0d2793d8 | 725 | @@ -3515,7 +3500,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 726 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
727 | |
728 | ||
729 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
730 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 731 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
732 | |
733 | @pindex md5sum | |
0d2793d8 | 734 | @@ -3643,7 +3628,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
735 | @exitstatus |
736 | ||
737 | ||
738 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
739 | +@node sha1sum | |
740 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
741 | ||
742 | @pindex sha1sum | |
0d2793d8 | 743 | @@ -3655,7 +3640,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
744 | |
745 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
746 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
747 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
748 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
749 | ||
750 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
751 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
0d2793d8 | 752 | @@ -3695,7 +3680,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
753 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
754 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
755 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
756 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
757 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
758 | ||
759 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
760 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
0d2793d8 | 761 | @@ -3710,16 +3695,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
762 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
763 | ||
764 | @menu | |
765 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 766 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
767 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
768 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
769 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
770 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
771 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 772 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
773 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
774 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
775 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
776 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
777 | @end menu |
778 | ||
779 | ||
780 | -@node sort invocation | |
781 | +@node sort | |
782 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
783 | ||
784 | @pindex sort | |
0d2793d8 | 785 | @@ -4008,7 +3993,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
786 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
787 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
788 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
789 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
790 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
791 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
792 | ||
793 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
0d2793d8 JB |
794 | @@ -4196,7 +4181,7 @@ |
795 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited | |
796 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
797 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
798 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
799 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
800 | |
801 | @item -u | |
802 | @itemx --unique | |
0d2793d8 | 803 | @@ -4214,7 +4199,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
804 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
805 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
806 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
807 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
808 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
809 | ||
10c838b0 | 810 | @macro zeroTerminatedOption |
c2be74f0 | 811 | @item -z |
0d2793d8 | 812 | @@ -4437,7 +4422,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
813 | @end itemize |
814 | ||
815 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
816 | -@node shuf invocation |
817 | +@node shuf | |
818 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
819 | ||
820 | @pindex shuf | |
0d2793d8 | 821 | @@ -4567,7 +4552,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
822 | @exitstatus |
823 | ||
824 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
825 | -@node uniq invocation |
826 | +@node uniq | |
827 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
828 | ||
829 | @pindex uniq | |
0d2793d8 | 830 | @@ -4589,7 +4574,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
831 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
832 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
833 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
834 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
835 | +@xref{sort}. | |
836 | ||
837 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 838 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
0d2793d8 | 839 | @@ -4716,7 +4701,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 840 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
841 | |
842 | ||
843 | -@node comm invocation | |
844 | +@node comm | |
845 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
846 | ||
847 | @pindex comm | |
0d2793d8 | 848 | @@ -4792,7 +4777,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 849 | |
10c838b0 | 850 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
851 | |
852 | -@node ptx invocation | |
853 | +@node ptx | |
854 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
855 | ||
856 | @pindex ptx | |
0d2793d8 | 857 | @@ -5249,7 +5234,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
858 | @end itemize |
859 | ||
860 | ||
861 | -@node tsort invocation | |
862 | +@node tsort | |
863 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
864 | ||
865 | @pindex tsort | |
0d2793d8 | 866 | @@ -5411,13 +5396,13 @@ |
10c838b0 | 867 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
868 | |
869 | @menu | |
870 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
871 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
872 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
873 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
874 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
875 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
876 | @end menu | |
877 | ||
878 | ||
879 | -@node cut invocation | |
880 | +@node cut | |
881 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
882 | ||
883 | @pindex cut | |
0d2793d8 | 884 | @@ -5522,7 +5507,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 885 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
886 | |
887 | ||
888 | -@node paste invocation | |
889 | +@node paste | |
890 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
891 | ||
892 | @pindex paste | |
0d2793d8 | 893 | @@ -5592,7 +5577,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 894 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
895 | |
896 | ||
897 | -@node join invocation | |
898 | +@node join | |
899 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
900 | ||
901 | @pindex join | |
0d2793d8 | 902 | @@ -5757,13 +5742,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
903 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
904 | ||
905 | @menu | |
906 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
907 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
908 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
909 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
910 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
911 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
912 | @end menu | |
913 | ||
914 | ||
915 | -@node tr invocation | |
916 | +@node tr | |
917 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
918 | ||
919 | @pindex tr | |
0d2793d8 | 920 | @@ -6142,7 +6127,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 921 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
922 | |
923 | ||
924 | -@node expand invocation | |
925 | +@node expand | |
926 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
927 | ||
928 | @pindex expand | |
0d2793d8 | 929 | @@ -6195,7 +6180,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 930 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
931 | |
932 | ||
933 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
934 | +@node unexpand | |
935 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
936 | ||
937 | @pindex unexpand | |
0d2793d8 | 938 | @@ -6256,14 +6241,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
939 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
940 | ||
941 | @menu | |
942 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
943 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
944 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
945 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
946 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
947 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
948 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
949 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
950 | @end menu | |
951 | ||
952 | ||
953 | -@node ls invocation | |
954 | +@node ls | |
955 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
956 | ||
957 | @pindex ls | |
0d2793d8 | 958 | @@ -7101,7 +7086,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
959 | @item +@var{format} |
960 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
961 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
962 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
963 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 964 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
965 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
966 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
0d2793d8 | 967 | @@ -7293,7 +7278,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
968 | @end table |
969 | ||
970 | ||
971 | -@node dir invocation | |
972 | +@node dir | |
973 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
974 | ||
975 | @pindex dir | |
0d2793d8 | 976 | @@ -7303,10 +7288,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
977 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
978 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
979 | ||
980 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
981 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
982 | ||
983 | ||
984 | -@node vdir invocation | |
985 | +@node vdir | |
986 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
987 | ||
988 | @pindex vdir | |
0d2793d8 | 989 | @@ -7316,7 +7301,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
990 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
991 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
992 | ||
993 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
994 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 995 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
996 | |
997 | @pindex dircolors | |
0d2793d8 | 998 | @@ -7403,16 +7388,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
999 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1000 | ||
1001 | @menu | |
1002 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1003 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1004 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1005 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1006 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1007 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1008 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1009 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1010 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1011 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1012 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1013 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1014 | @end menu | |
1015 | ||
1016 | ||
1017 | -@node cp invocation | |
1018 | +@node cp | |
1019 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1020 | ||
1021 | @pindex cp | |
0d2793d8 | 1022 | @@ -7861,7 +7846,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1023 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1024 | |
1025 | ||
1026 | -@node dd invocation | |
1027 | +@node dd | |
1028 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1029 | ||
1030 | @pindex dd | |
0d2793d8 | 1031 | @@ -8226,7 +8211,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1032 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1033 | |
1034 | ||
1035 | -@node install invocation | |
1036 | +@node install | |
1037 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1038 | ||
1039 | @pindex install | |
0d2793d8 | 1040 | @@ -8407,7 +8392,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1041 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1042 | |
1043 | ||
1044 | -@node mv invocation | |
1045 | +@node mv | |
1046 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1047 | ||
1048 | @pindex mv | |
0d2793d8 | 1049 | @@ -8538,7 +8523,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1050 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1051 | |
1052 | ||
1053 | -@node rm invocation | |
1054 | +@node rm | |
1055 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1056 | ||
1057 | @pindex rm | |
0d2793d8 | 1058 | @@ -8693,7 +8678,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1059 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1060 | |
1061 | ||
1062 | -@node shred invocation | |
1063 | +@node shred | |
1064 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1065 | ||
1066 | @pindex shred | |
0d2793d8 | 1067 | @@ -8703,7 +8688,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1068 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1069 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1070 | ||
1071 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1072 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1073 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1074 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1075 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
0d2793d8 | 1076 | @@ -8936,18 +8921,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1077 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1078 | ||
1079 | @menu | |
1080 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1081 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1082 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1083 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1084 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1085 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1086 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1087 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1088 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1089 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1090 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1091 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1092 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1093 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1094 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1095 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1096 | @end menu |
1097 | ||
1098 | ||
1099 | -@node link invocation | |
1100 | +@node link | |
1101 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1102 | ||
1103 | @pindex link | |
0d2793d8 | 1104 | @@ -8960,7 +8945,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1105 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1106 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1107 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1108 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1109 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1110 | Synopsis: | |
1111 | ||
1112 | @example | |
0d2793d8 | 1113 | @@ -8986,7 +8971,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1114 | @exitstatus |
1115 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1116 | |
1117 | -@node ln invocation | |
1118 | +@node ln | |
1119 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1120 | ||
1121 | @pindex ln | |
0d2793d8 | 1122 | @@ -9215,7 +9200,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1123 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1124 | |
1125 | ||
1126 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1127 | +@node mkdir | |
1128 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1129 | ||
1130 | @pindex mkdir | |
0d2793d8 | 1131 | @@ -9294,7 +9279,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1132 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1133 | |
1134 | ||
1135 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1136 | +@node mkfifo | |
1137 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1138 | ||
1139 | @pindex mkfifo | |
0d2793d8 | 1140 | @@ -9341,7 +9326,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1141 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1142 | |
1143 | ||
1144 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1145 | +@node mknod | |
1146 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1147 | ||
1148 | @pindex mknod | |
0d2793d8 | 1149 | @@ -9424,7 +9409,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1150 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1151 | |
1152 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1153 | -@node readlink invocation |
1154 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1155 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1156 | |
1157 | @pindex readlink | |
0d2793d8 | 1158 | @@ -9520,7 +9505,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1159 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1160 | |
1161 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1162 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1163 | +@node rmdir | |
1164 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1165 | ||
1166 | @pindex rmdir | |
0d2793d8 | 1167 | @@ -9568,12 +9553,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1168 | |
1169 | @end table | |
1170 | ||
1171 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1172 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1173 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1174 | @exitstatus |
1175 | ||
1176 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1177 | -@node unlink invocation |
1178 | +@node unlink | |
1179 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1180 | ||
1181 | @pindex unlink | |
0d2793d8 | 1182 | @@ -9584,7 +9569,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1183 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1184 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1185 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1186 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1187 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1188 | ||
1189 | @example | |
1190 | unlink @var{filename} | |
0d2793d8 | 1191 | @@ -9618,14 +9603,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1192 | These commands change file attributes. |
1193 | ||
1194 | @menu | |
1195 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. | |
1196 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
1197 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1198 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. | |
1199 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. | |
1200 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
1201 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1202 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. | |
1203 | @end menu | |
1204 | ||
1205 | ||
1206 | -@node chown invocation | |
1207 | +@node chown | |
1208 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1209 | ||
1210 | @pindex chown | |
0d2793d8 | 1211 | @@ -9843,7 +9828,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1212 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1213 | |
1214 | ||
1215 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1216 | +@node chgrp | |
1217 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1218 | ||
1219 | @pindex chgrp | |
0d2793d8 | 1220 | @@ -9966,7 +9951,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1221 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1222 | |
1223 | ||
1224 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1225 | +@node chmod | |
1226 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1227 | ||
1228 | @pindex chmod | |
0d2793d8 | 1229 | @@ -10066,7 +10051,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1230 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1231 | |
1232 | ||
1233 | -@node touch invocation | |
1234 | +@node touch | |
1235 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1236 | ||
1237 | @pindex touch | |
0d2793d8 | 1238 | @@ -10243,15 +10228,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1239 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1240 | |
1241 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1242 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1243 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1244 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1245 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1246 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1247 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1248 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1249 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1250 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1251 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1252 | @end menu |
1253 | ||
1254 | ||
1255 | -@node df invocation | |
1256 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1257 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1258 | |
1259 | @pindex df | |
0d2793d8 | 1260 | @@ -10464,7 +10449,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1261 | @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. |
a839fc2f JB |
1262 | |
1263 | ||
1264 | -@node du invocation | |
1265 | +@node du | |
1266 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1267 | ||
1268 | @pindex du | |
0d2793d8 | 1269 | @@ -10662,7 +10647,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1270 | @item +@var{format} |
1271 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1272 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1273 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1274 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1275 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1276 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1277 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
0d2793d8 | 1278 | @@ -10730,7 +10715,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1279 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1280 | |
1281 | ||
1282 | -@node stat invocation | |
1283 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1284 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1285 | |
1286 | @pindex stat | |
0d2793d8 | 1287 | @@ -10914,7 +10899,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1288 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1289 | |
1290 | ||
1291 | -@node sync invocation | |
1292 | +@node sync | |
1293 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1294 | ||
1295 | @pindex sync | |
0d2793d8 | 1296 | @@ -10941,7 +10926,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1297 | @exitstatus |
1298 | ||
1299 | ||
1300 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1301 | +@node truncate | |
1302 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1303 | ||
1304 | @pindex truncate | |
0d2793d8 | 1305 | @@ -11017,13 +11002,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1306 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1307 | ||
1308 | @menu | |
1309 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1310 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1311 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1312 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1313 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1314 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1315 | @end menu | |
1316 | ||
1317 | ||
1318 | -@node echo invocation | |
1319 | +@node echo | |
1320 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1321 | ||
1322 | @pindex echo | |
0d2793d8 | 1323 | @@ -11110,12 +11095,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1324 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1325 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1326 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1327 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1328 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1329 | ||
876a8767 | 1330 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1331 | |
1332 | ||
1333 | -@node printf invocation | |
1334 | +@node printf | |
1335 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1336 | ||
1337 | @pindex printf | |
0d2793d8 | 1338 | @@ -11264,7 +11249,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1339 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1340 | |
1341 | ||
1342 | -@node yes invocation | |
1343 | +@node yes | |
1344 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1345 | ||
1346 | @pindex yes | |
0d2793d8 | 1347 | @@ -11295,14 +11280,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1348 | pipeline. |
1349 | ||
1350 | @menu | |
1351 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1352 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1353 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1354 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1355 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1356 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1357 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1358 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1359 | @end menu | |
1360 | ||
1361 | ||
1362 | -@node false invocation | |
1363 | +@node false | |
1364 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1365 | ||
1366 | @pindex false | |
0d2793d8 | 1367 | @@ -11332,7 +11317,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1368 | non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1369 | |
1370 | ||
1371 | -@node true invocation | |
1372 | +@node true | |
1373 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1374 | ||
1375 | @pindex true | |
0d2793d8 | 1376 | @@ -11368,7 +11353,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1377 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1378 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1379 | ||
1380 | -@node test invocation | |
1381 | +@node test | |
1382 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1383 | ||
1384 | @pindex test | |
0d2793d8 | 1385 | @@ -11696,7 +11681,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1386 | @end table |
1387 | ||
1388 | ||
1389 | -@node expr invocation | |
1390 | +@node expr | |
1391 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1392 | ||
1393 | @pindex expr | |
0d2793d8 | 1394 | @@ -11973,11 +11958,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1395 | it's described here. |
1396 | ||
1397 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1398 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1399 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1400 | @end menu |
1401 | ||
1402 | ||
1403 | -@node tee invocation | |
1404 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1405 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1406 | |
1407 | @pindex tee | |
0ee46a86 | 1408 | @@ -12138,15 +12123,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1409 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1410 | ||
1411 | @menu | |
1412 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1413 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1414 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1415 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1416 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1417 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1418 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1419 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1420 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1421 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1422 | @end menu |
1423 | ||
1424 | ||
1425 | -@node basename invocation | |
1426 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1427 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1428 | |
1429 | @pindex basename | |
0d2793d8 | 1430 | @@ -12199,7 +12184,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1431 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1432 | |
1433 | ||
1434 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1435 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1436 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1437 | |
1438 | @pindex dirname | |
0d2793d8 | 1439 | @@ -12244,7 +12229,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1440 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1441 | |
1442 | ||
1443 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1444 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1445 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1446 | |
1447 | @pindex pathchk | |
0d2793d8 | 1448 | @@ -12320,7 +12305,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1449 | 1 otherwise. |
1450 | @end display | |
1451 | ||
1452 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1453 | +@node mktemp | |
1454 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1455 | ||
1456 | @pindex mktemp | |
0d2793d8 | 1457 | @@ -12506,14 +12491,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1458 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1459 | ||
1460 | @menu | |
1461 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1462 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1463 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1464 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1465 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1466 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1467 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1468 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1469 | @end menu | |
1470 | ||
1471 | ||
1472 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1473 | +@node pwd | |
1474 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1475 | ||
1476 | @pindex pwd | |
0d2793d8 | 1477 | @@ -12560,7 +12545,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1478 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1479 | |
1480 | ||
1481 | -@node stty invocation | |
1482 | +@node stty | |
1483 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1484 | ||
1485 | @pindex stty | |
0d2793d8 | 1486 | @@ -13244,7 +13229,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1487 | @end table |
1488 | ||
1489 | ||
1490 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1491 | +@node printenv | |
1492 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1493 | ||
1494 | @pindex printenv | |
0d2793d8 | 1495 | @@ -13279,7 +13264,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1496 | @end display |
1497 | ||
1498 | ||
1499 | -@node tty invocation | |
1500 | +@node tty | |
1501 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1502 | ||
1503 | @pindex tty | |
0d2793d8 | 1504 | @@ -13329,16 +13314,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1505 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1506 | ||
1507 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1508 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1509 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1510 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1511 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1512 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1513 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1514 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1515 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1516 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1517 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1518 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1519 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1520 | @end menu | |
1521 | ||
1522 | ||
1523 | -@node id invocation | |
1524 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1525 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1526 | |
1527 | @pindex id | |
0d2793d8 | 1528 | @@ -13424,7 +13409,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1529 | @end macro |
1530 | @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument} | |
a839fc2f JB |
1531 | |
1532 | -@node logname invocation | |
1533 | +@node logname | |
1534 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1535 | ||
1536 | @pindex logname | |
0d2793d8 | 1537 | @@ -13445,7 +13430,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1538 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1539 | |
1540 | ||
1541 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1542 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1543 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1544 | |
1545 | @pindex whoami | |
0d2793d8 | 1546 | @@ -13461,7 +13446,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1547 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1548 | |
1549 | ||
1550 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1551 | +@node groups |
1552 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1553 | ||
1554 | @pindex groups | |
0d2793d8 | 1555 | @@ -13489,7 +13474,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1556 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1557 | |
1558 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1559 | -@node users invocation |
1560 | +@node users | |
1561 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1562 | ||
1563 | @pindex users | |
0d2793d8 | 1564 | @@ -13520,7 +13505,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1565 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1566 | |
1567 | ||
1568 | -@node who invocation | |
1569 | +@node who | |
1570 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1571 | ||
1572 | @pindex who | |
0d2793d8 | 1573 | @@ -13679,16 +13664,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1574 | information. |
1575 | ||
1576 | @menu | |
1577 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1578 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1579 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1580 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1581 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1582 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1583 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1584 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1585 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1586 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1587 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1588 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1589 | @end menu | |
1590 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1591 | -@node date invocation |
1592 | +@node date | |
1593 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1594 | ||
1595 | @pindex date | |
0d2793d8 | 1596 | @@ -14321,7 +14304,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1597 | @end itemize |
1598 | ||
1599 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1600 | -@node arch invocation |
1601 | +@node arch | |
1602 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1603 | ||
1604 | @pindex arch | |
0d2793d8 | 1605 | @@ -14341,7 +14324,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1606 | @exitstatus |
1607 | ||
1608 | ||
1609 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1610 | +@node nproc | |
1611 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1612 | ||
1613 | @pindex nproc | |
0d2793d8 | 1614 | @@ -14378,7 +14361,7 @@ |
3c350007 JB |
1615 | @exitstatus |
1616 | ||
1617 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1618 | -@node uname invocation |
1619 | +@node uname | |
1620 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1621 | ||
1622 | @pindex uname | |
0d2793d8 | 1623 | @@ -14508,31 +14491,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1624 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1625 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1626 | |
1627 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1628 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1629 | - | |
1630 | -@pindex hostname | |
1631 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1632 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1633 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1634 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1635 | - | |
1636 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1637 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1638 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1639 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1640 | - |
1641 | -@example | |
1642 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1643 | -@end example | |
1644 | - | |
1645 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1646 | -options}. | |
1647 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1648 | -@exitstatus |
1649 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1650 | - |
1651 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1652 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1653 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1654 | |
1655 | @pindex hostid | |
0d2793d8 | 1656 | @@ -14556,37 +14515,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1657 | |
1658 | @exitstatus | |
1659 | ||
1660 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1661 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1662 | - | |
1663 | -@pindex uptime | |
1664 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1665 | - | |
1666 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1667 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1668 | - | |
1669 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1670 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1671 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1672 | -the default setting). | |
1673 | - | |
1674 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1675 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1676 | - | |
1677 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1678 | - | |
1679 | -@example | |
1680 | -$ uptime | |
1681 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1682 | -@end example | |
1683 | - | |
1684 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1685 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1686 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1687 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1688 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1689 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1690 | - | |
1691 | @node SELinux context | |
1692 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1693 | ||
0d2793d8 | 1694 | @@ -14598,11 +14526,11 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1695 | contexts. |
1696 | ||
1697 | @menu | |
1698 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1699 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1700 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1701 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1702 | @end menu | |
1703 | ||
1704 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1705 | +@node chcon | |
1706 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1707 | ||
1708 | @pindex chcon | |
0d2793d8 | 1709 | @@ -14689,7 +14617,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1710 | |
1711 | @exitstatus | |
1712 | ||
1713 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1714 | +@node runcon | |
1715 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1716 | ||
1717 | @pindex runcon | |
0d2793d8 | 1718 | @@ -14774,17 +14702,17 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1719 | user, etc. |
1720 | ||
1721 | @menu | |
1722 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1723 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1724 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1725 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1726 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1727 | -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1728 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1729 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1730 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1731 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1732 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1733 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1734 | +* su:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1735 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1736 | @end menu |
1737 | ||
1738 | ||
1739 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1740 | +@node chroot | |
1741 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1742 | ||
1743 | @pindex chroot | |
0d2793d8 | 1744 | @@ -14872,7 +14800,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1745 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1746 | |
1747 | ||
1748 | -@node env invocation | |
1749 | +@node env | |
1750 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1751 | ||
1752 | @pindex env | |
0d2793d8 | 1753 | @@ -15022,7 +14950,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1754 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1755 | |
1756 | ||
1757 | -@node nice invocation | |
1758 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1759 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1760 | |
1761 | @pindex nice | |
0d2793d8 | 1762 | @@ -15145,7 +15073,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1763 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1764 | |
1765 | ||
1766 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1767 | +@node nohup | |
1768 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1769 | ||
1770 | @pindex nohup | |
0d2793d8 | 1771 | @@ -15218,7 +15146,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1772 | instead of 125. |
1773 | ||
1774 | ||
1775 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1776 | +@node stdbuf | |
1777 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1778 | ||
1779 | @pindex stdbuf | |
0d2793d8 | 1780 | @@ -15297,7 +15225,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1781 | @end display |
1782 | ||
1783 | ||
1784 | -@node su invocation | |
1785 | +@node su | |
c2be74f0 | 1786 | @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1787 | |
1788 | @pindex su | |
0d2793d8 | 1789 | @@ -15454,7 +15382,7 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1790 | might find this idea strange at first. |
a839fc2f JB |
1791 | |
1792 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1793 | -@node timeout invocation |
1794 | +@node timeout | |
1795 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1796 | ||
1797 | @pindex timeout | |
0d2793d8 | 1798 | @@ -15515,89 +15443,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1799 | @end display |
1800 | ||
1801 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1802 | -@node Process control |
1803 | -@chapter Process control | |
1804 | - | |
1805 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1806 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1807 | - | |
1808 | -@menu | |
1809 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1810 | -@end menu | |
1811 | - | |
1812 | - | |
1813 | -@node kill invocation | |
1814 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1815 | - | |
1816 | -@pindex kill | |
1817 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1818 | - | |
1819 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1820 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1821 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1822 | - | |
1823 | -@example | |
1824 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1825 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1826 | -@end example | |
1827 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1828 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1829 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1830 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1831 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
1832 | -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a | |
1833 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments | |
1834 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1835 | - | |
1836 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1837 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1838 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1839 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1840 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1841 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1842 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1843 | - | |
1844 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1845 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1846 | -is sent. | |
1847 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1848 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 JB |
1849 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
1850 | -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill | |
1851 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: | |
a839fc2f JB |
1852 | - |
1853 | -@example | |
1854 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1855 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1856 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1857 | -kill -- -1 |
1858 | -@end example | |
1859 | - | |
1860 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1861 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1862 | - | |
1863 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1864 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1865 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1866 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1867 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1868 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1869 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1870 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1871 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1872 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1873 | - | |
1874 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1875 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1876 | - | |
1877 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1878 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1879 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
1880 | -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the | |
1881 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid | |
10c838b0 JB |
1882 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported |
1883 | -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1884 | - |
1885 | @node Delaying | |
1886 | @chapter Delaying | |
1887 | ||
0d2793d8 | 1888 | @@ -15607,11 +15452,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1889 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1890 | |
1891 | @menu | |
1892 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1893 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1894 | @end menu | |
1895 | ||
1896 | ||
1897 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1898 | +@node sleep | |
1899 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1900 | ||
1901 | @pindex sleep | |
0d2793d8 | 1902 | @@ -15662,12 +15507,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1903 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1904 | ||
1905 | @menu | |
1906 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1907 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1908 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1909 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1910 | @end menu | |
1911 | ||
1912 | ||
1913 | -@node factor invocation | |
1914 | +@node factor | |
1915 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1916 | ||
1917 | @pindex factor | |
0d2793d8 | 1918 | @@ -15723,7 +15568,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1919 | @exitstatus |
1920 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1921 | |
1922 | -@node seq invocation | |
1923 | +@node seq | |
1924 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1925 | ||
1926 | @pindex seq |