1 --- coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2008-01-11 14:47:21.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi 2008-03-02 02:00:24.656756959 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
16 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
17 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
18 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
19 -@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME.
20 -@c * mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. FIXME.
21 -@c * chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
27 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
28 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
29 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
30 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
31 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
32 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
33 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
34 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
36 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
37 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
38 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
39 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
40 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
41 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
42 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
43 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
44 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
45 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
46 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
47 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
48 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
49 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
50 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
51 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
52 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
53 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
54 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
55 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
56 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
57 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
58 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
59 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
60 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
61 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
62 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
63 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
64 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
65 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
66 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
67 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
68 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
69 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
70 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
71 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
72 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
73 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
74 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
75 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
76 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
77 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
78 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
79 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
80 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
81 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
82 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
83 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
84 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
85 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
86 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
87 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
88 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
89 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
90 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
91 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
92 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
93 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
94 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
95 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
96 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
97 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
98 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
99 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
100 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
101 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
102 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
103 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
104 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
105 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
106 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
107 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
108 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
109 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
110 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
111 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
112 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
113 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
114 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
115 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
116 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
117 +* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
118 +* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
119 +* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
120 +* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
121 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
122 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
123 +* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
124 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
125 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
126 +* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
127 +* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
128 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
129 +* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
130 +* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
131 +* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
132 +* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
133 +* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
134 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
135 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
136 +* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
137 +* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
138 +* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
139 +* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
140 +* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
141 +* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
142 +* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
143 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
144 +* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
145 +* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
146 +* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
147 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
148 +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
149 +* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
150 +* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
151 +* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
152 +* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
153 +* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
154 +* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
155 +* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
156 +* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
157 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
158 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
159 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
160 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
161 +* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
162 +* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
163 +* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
164 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
165 +* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
166 +* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
167 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
168 +* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
169 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
170 +* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
171 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
172 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
173 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
174 +* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
175 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
176 +* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
177 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
178 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
179 +* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
180 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
181 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
182 +* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
183 +* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
184 +* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
185 +* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
186 +* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
187 +* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
188 +* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
189 +* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
190 +* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
191 +* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
192 +* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
193 +* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
194 +* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
195 +* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
196 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
197 +* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
198 +* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
199 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
200 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
201 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
202 +* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
203 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
204 +* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
205 +* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
206 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
207 +* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
212 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
213 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
214 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
215 -* System context:: date uname hostname hostid
216 +* System context:: date uname hostid
217 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
218 -* Process control:: kill
220 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
221 * File permissions:: Access modes.
222 @@ -218,42 +203,42 @@
224 Output of entire files
226 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
227 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
228 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
229 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
230 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
231 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
232 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
233 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
234 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
235 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
237 Formatting file contents
239 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
240 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
241 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
242 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
243 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
244 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
246 Output of parts of files
248 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
249 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
250 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
251 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
252 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
253 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
254 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
255 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
259 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
260 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
261 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
262 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
263 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
264 -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
265 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
266 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
267 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
268 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
269 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
270 +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
272 Operating on sorted files
274 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
275 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
276 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
277 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
278 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
279 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
280 +* sort:: Sort text files.
281 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
282 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
283 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
284 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
285 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
287 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
289 @@ -265,15 +250,15 @@
291 Operating on fields within a line
293 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
294 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
295 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
296 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
297 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
298 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
300 Operating on characters
302 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
303 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
304 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
305 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
306 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
307 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
309 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
311 @@ -283,10 +268,10 @@
315 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
316 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
317 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
318 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
319 +* ls:: List directory contents
320 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
321 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
322 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
324 @command{ls}: List directory contents
326 @@ -299,50 +284,50 @@
330 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
331 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
332 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
333 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
334 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
335 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
336 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
337 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
338 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
339 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
340 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
341 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
345 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
346 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
347 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
348 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
349 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
350 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
351 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
352 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
353 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
354 +* ln:: Make links between files
355 +* mkdir:: Make directories
356 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
357 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
358 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
359 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
360 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
362 Changing file attributes
364 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
365 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
366 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
367 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
368 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
369 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
370 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
371 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
375 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
376 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
377 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
378 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
379 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
380 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
381 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
382 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
386 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
387 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
388 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
389 +* echo:: Print a line of text
390 +* printf:: Format and print data
391 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
395 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
396 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
397 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
398 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
399 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
400 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
401 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
402 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
404 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
406 @@ -361,20 +346,20 @@
410 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
411 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
413 File name manipulation
415 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
416 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
417 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
418 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
419 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
420 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability
424 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
425 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
426 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
427 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
428 +* pwd:: Print working directory
429 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
430 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
431 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
433 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
435 @@ -388,20 +373,19 @@
439 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
440 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
441 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
442 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
443 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
444 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
445 +* id:: Print user identity
446 +* logname:: Print current login name
447 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
448 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
449 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
450 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
454 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
455 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
456 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
457 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
458 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
459 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
460 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
461 +* uname:: Print system information
462 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
464 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
466 @@ -416,24 +400,20 @@
468 Modified command invocation
470 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
471 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
472 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
473 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
474 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
478 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
479 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
480 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
481 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
482 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
483 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
487 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
488 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
492 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
493 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
494 +* factor:: Print prime factors
495 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
499 @@ -1276,14 +1256,14 @@
503 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
504 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
505 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
506 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
507 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
508 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
509 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
510 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
511 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
512 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
515 -@node cat invocation
517 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
520 @@ -1382,7 +1362,7 @@
524 -@node tac invocation
526 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
529 @@ -1431,7 +1411,7 @@
535 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
538 @@ -1594,7 +1574,7 @@
544 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
547 @@ -1850,7 +1830,7 @@
551 -@node base64 invocation
553 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data.
556 @@ -1917,13 +1897,13 @@
557 These commands reformat the contents of files.
560 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
561 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
562 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
563 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
564 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
565 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
569 -@node fmt invocation
571 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
574 @@ -2022,7 +2002,7 @@
580 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
583 @@ -2162,7 +2142,7 @@
585 @cindex formatting times
586 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
587 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
588 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
589 Except for directives, which start with
590 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
591 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
592 @@ -2389,7 +2369,7 @@
596 -@node fold invocation
598 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
601 @@ -2456,13 +2436,13 @@
602 These commands output pieces of the input.
605 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
606 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
607 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
608 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
609 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
610 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
611 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
612 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
615 -@node head invocation
617 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
620 @@ -2543,7 +2523,7 @@
624 -@node tail invocation
626 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
629 @@ -2758,7 +2738,7 @@
633 -@node split invocation
635 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
638 @@ -2845,7 +2825,7 @@
642 -@node csplit invocation
644 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
647 @@ -2985,16 +2965,16 @@
651 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
652 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
653 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
654 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
655 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
656 -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
657 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
658 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
659 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
660 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
661 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
662 +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
668 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
671 @@ -3101,7 +3081,7 @@
675 -@node sum invocation
677 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
680 @@ -3152,7 +3132,7 @@
684 -@node cksum invocation
686 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
689 @@ -3186,7 +3166,7 @@
693 -@node md5sum invocation
695 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
698 @@ -3208,8 +3188,8 @@
699 considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce
700 different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which
701 can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes,
702 -consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and
703 -@ref{sha2 utilities}.
704 +consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and
707 If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given
708 @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input.
709 @@ -3307,7 +3287,7 @@
713 -@node sha1sum invocation
715 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
718 @@ -3319,17 +3299,17 @@
720 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
721 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
722 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
723 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
725 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
726 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
727 it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not
728 unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered
729 that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure
730 -SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}.
731 +SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}.
734 -@node sha2 utilities
736 @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests
739 @@ -3359,7 +3339,7 @@
740 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
741 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
742 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
743 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
746 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
747 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
748 @@ -3374,17 +3354,17 @@
749 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
752 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
753 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
754 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
755 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
756 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
757 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
758 +* sort:: Sort text files.
759 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
760 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
761 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
762 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
763 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
764 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
768 -@node sort invocation
770 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
773 @@ -3629,7 +3609,7 @@
774 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
775 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
776 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
777 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
778 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
779 except that keys with the same value sort together.
781 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
782 @@ -3792,7 +3772,7 @@
783 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
784 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
785 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
786 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
787 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
790 @itemx --zero-terminated
791 @@ -3985,7 +3965,7 @@
795 -@node shuf invocation
797 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
800 @@ -4126,7 +4106,7 @@
804 -@node uniq invocation
806 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
809 @@ -4148,7 +4128,7 @@
810 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
811 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
812 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
813 -@xref{sort invocation}.
817 Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the
818 @@ -4286,7 +4266,7 @@
822 -@node comm invocation
824 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
827 @@ -4329,7 +4309,7 @@
828 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
831 -@node tsort invocation
833 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
836 @@ -4483,7 +4463,7 @@
840 -@node ptx invocation
842 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
845 @@ -4942,13 +4922,13 @@
846 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
849 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
850 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
851 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
852 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
853 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
854 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
858 -@node cut invocation
860 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
863 @@ -5047,7 +5027,7 @@
867 -@node paste invocation
869 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
872 @@ -5117,7 +5097,7 @@
876 -@node join invocation
878 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
881 @@ -5260,13 +5240,13 @@
882 This commands operate on individual characters.
885 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
886 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
887 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
888 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
889 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
890 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
896 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
899 @@ -5644,7 +5624,7 @@
903 -@node expand invocation
905 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
908 @@ -5697,7 +5677,7 @@
912 -@node unexpand invocation
914 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
917 @@ -5758,14 +5738,14 @@
918 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
921 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
922 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
923 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
924 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
925 +* ls:: List directory contents.
927 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
928 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
934 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
937 @@ -6570,7 +6550,7 @@
940 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
941 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
942 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
943 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
944 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
945 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
946 @@ -6762,7 +6742,7 @@
950 -@node dir invocation
952 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
955 @@ -6772,10 +6752,10 @@
956 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
957 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
959 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
960 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
963 -@node vdir invocation
965 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
968 @@ -6785,7 +6765,7 @@
969 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
970 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
972 -@node dircolors invocation
974 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
977 @@ -6863,16 +6843,16 @@
978 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
981 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
982 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
983 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
984 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
985 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
986 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
988 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
989 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
990 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
991 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
992 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
998 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1001 @@ -7251,7 +7231,7 @@
1005 -@node dd invocation
1007 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1010 @@ -7580,7 +7560,7 @@
1014 -@node install invocation
1016 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1019 @@ -7726,7 +7706,7 @@
1023 -@node mv invocation
1025 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1028 @@ -7847,7 +7827,7 @@
1032 -@node rm invocation
1034 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1037 @@ -8001,7 +7981,7 @@
1041 -@node shred invocation
1043 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1046 @@ -8011,7 +7991,7 @@
1047 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1048 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1050 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1051 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1052 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1053 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1054 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1055 @@ -8243,18 +8223,18 @@
1056 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1059 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1060 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1061 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1062 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1063 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1064 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1065 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1066 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1067 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall.
1068 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1069 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1070 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1071 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1072 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1073 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1074 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
1078 -@node link invocation
1080 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1083 @@ -8267,7 +8247,7 @@
1084 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1085 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1086 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1087 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1088 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1092 @@ -8288,7 +8268,7 @@
1096 -@node ln invocation
1098 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1101 @@ -8460,7 +8440,7 @@
1105 -@node mkdir invocation
1107 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1110 @@ -8530,7 +8510,7 @@
1114 -@node mkfifo invocation
1116 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1119 @@ -8569,7 +8549,7 @@
1123 -@node mknod invocation
1125 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1128 @@ -8641,7 +8621,7 @@
1132 -@node readlink invocation
1134 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
1137 @@ -8728,7 +8708,7 @@
1141 -@node rmdir invocation
1143 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1146 @@ -8776,12 +8756,12 @@
1150 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1151 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1156 -@node unlink invocation
1158 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1161 @@ -8792,7 +8772,7 @@
1162 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1163 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1164 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1165 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1166 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1169 unlink @var{filename}
1170 @@ -8826,14 +8806,14 @@
1171 These commands change file attributes.
1174 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1175 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1176 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1177 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1178 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1179 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1180 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1181 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1185 -@node chown invocation
1187 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1190 @@ -9050,7 +9030,7 @@
1194 -@node chgrp invocation
1196 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1199 @@ -9172,7 +9152,7 @@
1203 -@node chmod invocation
1205 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1208 @@ -9271,7 +9251,7 @@
1212 -@node touch invocation
1214 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1217 @@ -9421,14 +9401,14 @@
1218 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1221 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1222 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1223 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1224 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1225 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1226 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1227 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1228 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1232 -@node df invocation
1234 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1237 @@ -9633,7 +9613,7 @@
1238 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1241 -@node du invocation
1243 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1246 @@ -9842,7 +9822,7 @@
1249 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1250 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1251 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1252 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1253 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1254 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1255 @@ -9910,7 +9890,7 @@
1259 -@node stat invocation
1261 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1264 @@ -10044,7 +10024,7 @@
1268 -@node sync invocation
1270 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1273 @@ -10080,13 +10060,13 @@
1274 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1277 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1278 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1279 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1280 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1281 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1282 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1286 -@node echo invocation
1288 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1291 @@ -10169,12 +10149,12 @@
1292 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1293 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1294 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1295 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1296 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1301 -@node printf invocation
1303 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1306 @@ -10317,7 +10297,7 @@
1310 -@node yes invocation
1312 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1315 @@ -10348,14 +10328,14 @@
1319 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1320 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1321 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1322 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1323 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1324 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1325 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1326 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1330 -@node false invocation
1332 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1335 @@ -10385,7 +10365,7 @@
1336 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1339 -@node true invocation
1341 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1344 @@ -10421,7 +10401,7 @@
1345 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1346 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1348 -@node test invocation
1350 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1353 @@ -10752,7 +10732,7 @@
1357 -@node expr invocation
1359 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1362 @@ -11025,11 +11005,11 @@
1363 it's described here.
1366 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1367 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1371 -@node tee invocation
1373 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1376 @@ -11190,13 +11170,13 @@
1377 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1380 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1381 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1382 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1383 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1384 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1385 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1389 -@node basename invocation
1391 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1394 @@ -11250,7 +11230,7 @@
1398 -@node dirname invocation
1400 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1403 @@ -11291,7 +11271,7 @@
1407 -@node pathchk invocation
1409 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1412 @@ -11379,14 +11359,14 @@
1413 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1416 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1417 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1418 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1419 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1420 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1421 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1422 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1423 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1427 -@node pwd invocation
1429 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1432 @@ -11411,7 +11391,7 @@
1436 -@node stty invocation
1438 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1441 @@ -12070,7 +12050,7 @@
1445 -@node printenv invocation
1447 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1450 @@ -12100,7 +12080,7 @@
1454 -@node tty invocation
1456 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1459 @@ -12150,16 +12130,16 @@
1460 logins, groups, and so forth.
1463 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1464 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1465 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1466 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1467 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1468 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1469 +* id:: Print user identity.
1470 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1471 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1472 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1473 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1474 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1478 -@node id invocation
1480 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1483 @@ -12222,7 +12202,7 @@
1487 -@node logname invocation
1489 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1492 @@ -12243,7 +12223,7 @@
1496 -@node whoami invocation
1498 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1501 @@ -12259,7 +12239,7 @@
1505 -@node groups invocation
1507 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1510 @@ -12284,7 +12264,7 @@
1514 -@node users invocation
1516 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1519 @@ -12315,7 +12295,7 @@
1523 -@node who invocation
1525 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1528 @@ -12462,15 +12442,14 @@
1532 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1533 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1534 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1535 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1536 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1537 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1538 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1539 +* uname:: Print system information.
1540 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1544 -@node date invocation
1546 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1549 @@ -13098,7 +13077,7 @@
1553 -@node arch invocation
1555 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1558 @@ -13118,7 +13097,7 @@
1562 -@node uname invocation
1564 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1567 @@ -13247,31 +13226,7 @@
1571 -@node hostname invocation
1572 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1575 -@cindex setting the hostname
1576 -@cindex printing the hostname
1577 -@cindex system name, printing
1578 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1580 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1581 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1582 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1586 -hostname [@var{name}]
1589 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1595 -@node hostid invocation
1597 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1600 @@ -13308,15 +13263,15 @@
1604 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1605 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1606 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1607 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1608 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1609 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1610 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1611 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1612 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1613 +* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1617 -@node chroot invocation
1619 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1622 @@ -13387,7 +13342,7 @@
1626 -@node env invocation
1628 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1631 @@ -13465,7 +13420,7 @@
1635 -@node nice invocation
1637 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1640 @@ -13590,7 +13545,7 @@
1644 -@node nohup invocation
1646 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1649 @@ -13659,7 +13614,7 @@
1653 -@node su invocation
1655 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1658 @@ -13816,167 +13771,6 @@
1659 might find this idea strange at first.
1662 -@node Process control
1663 -@chapter Process control
1665 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1666 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1669 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1673 -@node kill invocation
1674 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1677 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1679 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1680 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1681 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1684 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1685 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1688 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1689 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1690 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1691 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1692 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1694 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1695 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1696 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1697 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1698 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1699 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1700 -value of @var{pid}.
1702 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1703 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1706 -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it
1707 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1708 -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1709 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1718 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1719 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1721 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1722 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1723 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1724 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1725 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1726 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1727 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1728 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1729 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1730 -and if there is no output error.
1732 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1733 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1735 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1736 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1737 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1738 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1739 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1740 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1741 -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1747 -2. Terminal interrupt.
1753 -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1761 -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1762 -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1763 -support the following signals:
1767 -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1769 -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1771 -Continue executing, if stopped.
1773 -Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1775 -Illegal Instruction.
1777 -Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1779 -Invalid memory reference.
1781 -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1785 -Background process attempting read.
1787 -Background process attempting write.
1789 -High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1791 -User-defined signal 1.
1793 -User-defined signal 2.
1797 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1798 -also support the following signals:
1804 -Profiling timer expired.
1808 -Trace/breakpoint trap.
1810 -Virtual timer expired.
1812 -CPU time limit exceeded.
1814 -File size limit exceeded.
1818 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1819 -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1820 -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1826 @@ -13986,11 +13780,11 @@
1827 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1830 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1831 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1835 -@node sleep invocation
1837 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1840 @@ -14038,12 +13832,12 @@
1841 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1844 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1845 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1846 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1847 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1851 -@node factor invocation
1853 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1856 @@ -14092,7 +13886,7 @@
1860 -@node seq invocation
1862 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences