- remove from HEAD

[packages/kernel.git] / kernel-aufs.patch

diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/aufs.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/aufs.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/aufs.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/aufs.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * main header files
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_H__
+#define __AUFS_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/version.h>
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 25)
+#error you got wrong version
+#endif
+
+/* introduced in linux-2.6.27 */
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#ifndef WARN_ONCE
+#define WARN_ONCE(cond, fmt ...) WARN_ON(cond)
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include "debug.h"
+
+#include "branch.h"
+#include "cpup.h"
+#include "dcsub.h"
+#include "dentry.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "file.h"
+#include "hinode.h"
+#include "inode.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "module.h"
+#include "opts.h"
+#include "super.h"
+#include "sysaufs.h"
+#include "vfsub.h"
+#include "whout.h"
+#include "wkq.h"
+/* reserved for future use */
+/* #include "xattr.h" */
+
+#ifdef AuNoInlineForStack
+#undef noinline_for_stack
+#define noinline_for_stack /* */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/branch.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/branch.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/branch.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/branch.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * branch management
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/iso_fs.h>
+#include <linux/loop.h>
+#include <linux/romfs_fs.h>
+#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static void au_br_do_free(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (br->br_xino.xi_file)
+		fput(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+	mutex_destroy(&br->br_xino.xi_nondir_mtx);
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	if (wbr)
+		for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++)
+			dput(wbr->wbr_wh[i]);
+	/* do not call au_br_nfs_lockdep_off() here */
+	if (br->br_mnt && !au_test_nfs(br->br_mnt->mnt_sb))
+		mntput(br->br_mnt);
+	else {
+		lockdep_off();
+		mntput(br->br_mnt);
+		lockdep_on();
+	}
+	AuDebugOn(au_br_count(br));
+	if (wbr) {
+		AuDebugOn(atomic_read(&wbr->wbr_wh_running));
+		au_rwsem_destroy(&wbr->wbr_wh_rwsem);
+	}
+	kfree(wbr);
+	kfree(br);
+}
+
+/*
+ * frees all branches
+ */
+void au_br_free(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bmax;
+	struct au_branch **br;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	bmax = sbinfo->si_bend + 1;
+	br = sbinfo->si_branch;
+	while (bmax--)
+		au_br_do_free(*br++);
+}
+
+/*
+ * find the index of a branch which is specified by @br_id.
+ */
+int au_br_index(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t br_id)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (au_sbr_id(sb, bindex) == br_id)
+			return bindex;
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if the @h_sb is real-readonly.
+ */
+int au_test_def_rr(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	switch (h_sb->s_magic) {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_RR_SQUASHFS
+	case SQUASHFS_MAGIC_LZMA:
+	case SQUASHFS_MAGIC:
+	case SQUASHFS_MAGIC_LZMA_SWAP:
+	case SQUASHFS_MAGIC_SWAP:
+		return 1; /* real readonly */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_ISO9660_FS) || defined(CONFIG_ISO9660_FS_MODULE)
+	case ISOFS_SUPER_MAGIC:
+		return 1;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_CRAMFS) || defined(CONFIG_CRAMFS_MODULE)
+	case CRAMFS_MAGIC:
+		return 1;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_ROMFS_FS) || defined(CONFIG_ROMFS_FS_MODULE)
+	case ROMFS_MAGIC:
+		return 1;
+#endif
+
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * test if two hidden_dentries have overlapping branches.
+ */
+static int do_test_overlap(struct super_block *sb, struct dentry *h_d1,
+			   struct dentry *h_d2)
+{
+	struct dentry *d;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_d1), AuDLNPair(h_d2));
+
+	d = au_test_subdir(h_d1, h_d2);
+	if (unlikely(d)) {
+		AuDbgDentry(h_d1);
+		AuDbgDentry(h_d2);
+	}
+	return !!d;
+}
+
+static int test_overlap_loopback(struct super_block *sb, struct dentry *h_d1,
+				 struct dentry *h_d2)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP) || defined(CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP_MODULE)
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct loop_device *l;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_d1), AuDLNPair(h_d2));
+	AuDbgDentry(h_d1);
+	AuDbgDentry(h_d2);
+	AuDbgSb(h_d1->d_sb);
+	AuDbgSb(h_d2->d_sb);
+
+	h_inode = h_d1->d_inode;
+	if (MAJOR(h_inode->i_sb->s_dev) != LOOP_MAJOR)
+		return 0;
+
+	l = h_inode->i_sb->s_bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
+	h_d1 = l->lo_backing_file->f_dentry;
+	/* h_d1 can be local NFS. in this case aufs cannot detect the loop */
+	AuDbgDentry(h_d1);
+	AuDbgDentry(h_d2);
+	AuDbgSb(h_d1->d_sb);
+	AuDbgSb(h_d2->d_sb);
+	if (unlikely(h_d1->d_sb == sb))
+		return 1;
+	return do_test_overlap(sb, h_d1, h_d2);
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int test_overlap(struct super_block *sb, struct dentry *h_d1,
+			struct dentry *h_d2)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("d1 %.*s, d2 %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_d1), AuDLNPair(h_d2));
+
+	if (unlikely(h_d1 == h_d2)) {
+		AuDbgDentry(h_d1);
+		AuDbgDentry(h_d2);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return do_test_overlap(sb, h_d1, h_d2)
+		|| do_test_overlap(sb, h_d2, h_d1)
+		|| test_overlap_loopback(sb, h_d1, h_d2)
+		|| test_overlap_loopback(sb, h_d2, h_d1);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_br_init_wh(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct au_branch *br, int new_perm,
+			 struct dentry *h_root, struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	int err, old_perm;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, new_perm %d\n", bindex, new_perm);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	h_dir = h_root->d_inode;
+	old_perm = br->br_perm;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	if (wbr)
+		wbr_wh_write_lock(wbr);
+	br->br_perm = new_perm;
+	err = au_wh_init(h_root, br, h_mnt, sb, bindex);
+	br->br_perm = old_perm;
+	if (wbr)
+		wbr_wh_write_unlock(wbr);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+	if (!err && wbr && !au_br_writable(new_perm)) {
+		AuDebugOn(wbr->wbr_whbase);
+		AuDebugOn(wbr->wbr_plink);
+		AuDebugOn(wbr->wbr_tmp);
+		kfree(wbr);
+		br->br_wbr = NULL;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * returns a newly allocated branch. @new_nbranch is a number of branches
+ * after adding a branch.
+ */
+static struct au_branch *alloc_addbr(struct super_block *sb, int new_nbranch,
+				     int perm)
+{
+	struct au_branch **branchp, *add_branch;
+	int sz;
+	void *p;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_hinode *hinodep;
+	struct au_hdentry *hdentryp;
+
+	LKTRTrace("new_nbranch %d\n", new_nbranch);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	DiMustWriteLock(root);
+	inode = root->d_inode;
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+
+	add_branch = kmalloc(sizeof(*add_branch), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!add_branch))
+		goto out;
+	add_branch->br_wbr = NULL;
+	if (au_br_writable(perm)) {
+		add_branch->br_wbr = kmalloc(sizeof(*add_branch->br_wbr),
+					     GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!add_branch->br_wbr))
+			goto out_br;
+	}
+
+	sz = sizeof(*branchp) * (new_nbranch - 1);
+	if (unlikely(!sz))
+		sz = sizeof(*branchp);
+	p = au_sbi(sb)->si_branch;
+	branchp = au_kzrealloc(p, sz, sizeof(*branchp) * new_nbranch, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!branchp))
+		goto out_wbr;
+	au_sbi(sb)->si_branch = branchp;
+
+	sz = sizeof(*hdentryp) * (new_nbranch - 1);
+	if (unlikely(!sz))
+		sz = sizeof(*hdentryp);
+	p = au_di(root)->di_hdentry;
+	hdentryp = au_kzrealloc(p, sz, sizeof(*hdentryp) * new_nbranch,
+				GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!hdentryp))
+		goto out_wbr;
+	au_di(root)->di_hdentry = hdentryp;
+
+	sz = sizeof(*hinodep) * (new_nbranch - 1);
+	if (unlikely(!sz))
+		sz = sizeof(*hinodep);
+	p = au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode;
+	hinodep = au_kzrealloc(p, sz, sizeof(*hinodep) * new_nbranch, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!hinodep))
+		goto out_wbr;
+	au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode = hinodep;
+	return add_branch; /* success */
+
+ out_wbr:
+	kfree(add_branch->br_wbr);
+ out_br:
+	kfree(add_branch);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(-ENOMEM);
+	return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if the branch permission is legal or not.
+ */
+static int test_br(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode, int brperm,
+		   char *path)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (unlikely(au_br_writable(brperm) && IS_RDONLY(inode))) {
+		AuErr("write permission for readonly fs or inode, %s\n", path);
+		err = -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_unsupported_fs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return sb->s_magic == PROC_SUPER_MAGIC
+#ifdef SYSFS_MAGIC
+		|| sb->s_magic == SYSFS_MAGIC
+#endif
+		|| !strcmp(au_sbtype(sb), "unionfs");
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns:
+ * 0: success, the caller will add it
+ * plus: success, it is already unified, the caller should ignore it
+ * minus: error
+ */
+static int test_add(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_add *add, int remount)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s, remo%d\n", add->path, remount);
+
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	if (unlikely(bend >= 0
+		     && au_find_dbindex(root, add->nd.path.dentry) >= 0)) {
+		err = 1;
+		if (!remount) {
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			AuErr("%s duplicated\n", add->path);
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = -ENOSPC; /* -E2BIG; */
+	if (unlikely(AUFS_BRANCH_MAX <= add->bindex
+		     || AUFS_BRANCH_MAX - 1 <= bend)) {
+		AuErr("number of branches exceeded %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = -EDOM;
+	if (unlikely(add->bindex < 0 || bend + 1 < add->bindex)) {
+		AuErr("bad index %d\n", add->bindex);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	inode = add->nd.path.dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode || !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+	err = -ENOENT;
+	if (unlikely(!inode->i_nlink)) {
+		AuErr("no existence %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	if (unlikely(inode->i_sb == sb)) {
+		AuErr("%s must be outside\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_test_nested(inode->i_sb))) {
+		AuErr("nested " AUFS_NAME " %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_unsupported_fs(inode->i_sb))) {
+		AuErr("unsupported filesystem, %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_test_unsupported_nfs(inode->i_sb))) {
+		AuErr(AuNoNfsBranchMsg " %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_test_unsupported_nfs4(inode->i_sb))) {
+		AuErr(AuNoNfsv4BranchMsg " %s\n", add->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = test_br(sb, add->nd.path.dentry->d_inode, add->perm, add->path);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (bend < 0)
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (unlikely(test_overlap(sb, add->nd.path.dentry,
+					  au_h_dptr(root, bindex)))) {
+			AuErr("%s is overlapped\n", add->path);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+	err = 0;
+	h_inode = au_h_dptr(root, 0)->d_inode;
+	if (unlikely(au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), WARN_PERM)
+		     && ((h_inode->i_mode & S_IALLUGO)
+			 != (inode->i_mode & S_IALLUGO)
+			 || h_inode->i_uid != inode->i_uid
+			 || h_inode->i_gid != inode->i_gid)))
+		AuWarn("uid/gid/perm %s %u/%u/0%o, %u/%u/0%o\n",
+		       add->path,
+		       inode->i_uid, inode->i_gid, (inode->i_mode & S_IALLUGO),
+		       h_inode->i_uid, h_inode->i_gid,
+		       (h_inode->i_mode & S_IALLUGO));
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_init(struct au_branch *br, struct super_block *sb,
+		       int perm, struct path *path)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+
+	au_rw_init_nolock(&wbr->wbr_wh_rwsem);
+	memset(wbr->wbr_wh, 0, sizeof(wbr->wbr_wh));
+	atomic_set(&wbr->wbr_wh_running, 0);
+	wbr->wbr_bytes = 0;
+
+	err = au_br_init_wh(sb, /*bindex*/-1, br, perm,
+			    path->dentry, path->mnt);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_br_init(struct au_branch *br, struct super_block *sb,
+		      struct au_opt_add *add)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	br->br_mnt = NULL;
+	br->br_xino.xi_file = NULL;
+	mutex_init(&br->br_xino.xi_nondir_mtx);
+	atomic_set(&br->br_xino_running, 0);
+	atomic_set(&br->br_count, 0);
+
+	if (au_br_writable(add->perm)) {
+		err = au_wbr_init(br, sb, add->perm, &add->nd.path);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	br->br_mnt = mntget(add->nd.path.mnt);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINO)) {
+		err = au_xino_br(sb, br, add->nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_ino,
+				 au_sbr(sb, 0)->br_xino.xi_file, /*do_test*/1);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			AuDebugOn(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+			goto out;
+		}
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	} else if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINODIR)) {
+		err = au_xinodir_br(sb, br, add->nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_ino,
+				    /*do_test*/1);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			AuDebugOn(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+			goto out;
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+
+	br->br_id = au_new_br_id(sb);
+	br->br_perm = add->perm;
+	br->br_xino_upper = AUFS_XINO_TRUNC_INIT;
+	sysaufs_br_init(br);
+	br->br_generation = au_sigen(sb);
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_br_add(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_add *add, int remount)
+{
+	int err, amount;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, add_bindex;
+	struct dentry *root, *dentry;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	struct inode *root_inode;
+	unsigned long long maxb;
+	struct au_branch **branchp, *add_branch;
+	struct au_hdentry *hdentryp;
+	struct au_hinode *hinodep;
+
+	dentry = add->nd.path.dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, %s, 0x%x, %.*s\n",
+		  add->bindex, add->path, add->perm, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	DiMustWriteLock(root);
+	root_inode = root->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(root_inode);
+	IiMustWriteLock(root_inode);
+
+	err = test_add(sb, add, remount);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+	if (err) {
+		err = 0;
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	add_branch = alloc_addbr(sb, bend + 2, add->perm);
+	err = PTR_ERR(add_branch);
+	if (IS_ERR(add_branch))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_br_init(add_branch, sb, add);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		au_br_do_free(add_branch);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	add_bindex = add->bindex;
+	if (remount)
+		sysaufs_brs_del(sb, add_bindex);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	dinfo = au_di(root);
+	iinfo = au_ii(root_inode);
+
+	amount = bend + 1 - add_bindex;
+	branchp = sbinfo->si_branch + add_bindex;
+	memmove(branchp + 1, branchp, sizeof(*branchp) * amount);
+	*branchp = add_branch;
+	hdentryp = dinfo->di_hdentry + add_bindex;
+	memmove(hdentryp + 1, hdentryp, sizeof(*hdentryp) * amount);
+	au_h_dentry_init(hdentryp);
+	hinodep = iinfo->ii_hinode + add_bindex;
+	memmove(hinodep + 1, hinodep, sizeof(*hinodep) * amount);
+	hinodep->hi_inode = NULL;
+	au_hin_init(hinodep, NULL);
+
+	sbinfo->si_bend++;
+	dinfo->di_bend++;
+	iinfo->ii_bend++;
+	if (unlikely(bend < 0)) {
+		sbinfo->si_bend = 0;
+		dinfo->di_bstart = 0;
+		iinfo->ii_bstart = 0;
+	}
+	au_set_h_dptr(root, add_bindex, dget(dentry));
+	au_set_h_iptr(root_inode, add_bindex, au_igrab(dentry->d_inode), 0);
+	if (remount)
+		sysaufs_brs_add(sb, add_bindex);
+
+	if (!add_bindex)
+		au_cpup_attr_all(root_inode, /*force*/1);
+	else
+		au_add_nlink(root_inode, dentry->d_inode);
+	maxb = dentry->d_sb->s_maxbytes;
+	if (sb->s_maxbytes < maxb)
+		sb->s_maxbytes = maxb;
+
+	/* safe d_parent reference */
+	if (!au_xino_def_br(sbinfo)
+	    && add_branch->br_xino.xi_file
+	    && add_branch->br_xino.xi_file->f_dentry->d_parent == dentry)
+		au_xino_def_br_set(add_branch, sbinfo);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define AuVerbose(do_info, fmt, args...) do { \
+	if (!do_info) \
+		LKTRTrace(fmt, ##args); \
+	else \
+		AuInfo(fmt, ##args); \
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * test if the branch is deletable or not.
+ */
+static int test_dentry_busy(struct dentry *root, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			    au_gen_t sigen)
+{
+	int err, i, j, ndentry;
+	struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+	struct dentry *d;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bend;
+	unsigned char verbose;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, gen%d\n", bindex, sigen);
+	SiMustWriteLock(root->d_sb);
+
+	err = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_dcsub_pages(&dpages, root, NULL, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_dpages;
+
+	verbose = !!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(root->d_sb), VERBOSE);
+	for (i = 0; !err && i < dpages.ndpage; i++) {
+		dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+		ndentry = dpage->ndentry;
+		for (j = 0; !err && j < ndentry; j++) {
+			d = dpage->dentries[j];
+			AuDebugOn(!atomic_read(&d->d_count));
+			inode = d->d_inode;
+			AuDebugOn(!inode);
+			if (au_digen(d) == sigen
+			    && au_iigen(inode) == sigen)
+				di_read_lock_child(d, AuLock_IR);
+			else {
+				di_write_lock_child(d);
+				err = au_reval_dpath(d, sigen);
+				if (!err)
+					di_downgrade_lock(d, AuLock_IR);
+				else {
+					di_write_unlock(d);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bstart = au_dbstart(d);
+			bend = au_dbend(d);
+			if (bstart <= bindex
+			    && bindex <= bend
+			    && au_h_dptr(d, bindex)
+			    && (!S_ISDIR(d->d_inode->i_mode)
+				|| bstart == bend)) {
+				err = -EBUSY;
+				AuVerbose(verbose, "busy %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d));
+			}
+			di_read_unlock(d, AuLock_IR);
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_dpages:
+	au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int test_inode_busy(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			   au_gen_t sigen)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *i;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bend;
+	unsigned char verbose;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, gen%d\n", bindex, sigen);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	verbose = !!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), VERBOSE);
+	list_for_each_entry(i, &sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list) {
+		AuDebugOn(!atomic_read(&i->i_count));
+		if (!list_empty(&i->i_dentry))
+			continue;
+
+		if (au_iigen(i) == sigen)
+			ii_read_lock_child(i);
+		else {
+			ii_write_lock_child(i);
+			err = au_refresh_hinode_self(i);
+			if (!err)
+				ii_downgrade_lock(i);
+			else {
+				ii_write_unlock(i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		bstart = au_ibstart(i);
+		bend = au_ibend(i);
+		if (bstart <= bindex
+		    && bindex <= bend
+		    && au_h_iptr(i, bindex)
+		    && (!S_ISDIR(i->i_mode) || bstart == bend)) {
+			err = -EBUSY;
+			AuVerbose(verbose, "busy i%lu\n", i->i_ino);
+			ii_read_unlock(i);
+			break;
+		}
+		ii_read_unlock(i);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int test_children_busy(struct dentry *root, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	au_gen_t sigen;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+	SiMustWriteLock(root->d_sb);
+	DiMustWriteLock(root);
+	/* dont trust BKL */
+	AuDebugOn(!kernel_locked());
+
+	sigen = au_sigen(root->d_sb);
+	DiMustNoWaiters(root);
+	IiMustNoWaiters(root->d_inode);
+	di_write_unlock(root);
+	err = test_dentry_busy(root, bindex, sigen);
+	if (!err)
+		err = test_inode_busy(root->d_sb, bindex, sigen);
+	di_write_lock_child(root); /* aufs_write_lock() calls ..._child() */
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_br_del(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_del *del, int remount)
+{
+	int err, rerr, i;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend, br_id;
+	unsigned char do_wh, verbose;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	struct au_branch *br, **brp;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct au_hdentry *hdp;
+	struct au_hinode *hip;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s, %.*s\n", del->path, AuDLNPair(del->h_root));
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	DiMustWriteLock(sb->s_root);
+	IiMustWriteLock(sb->s_root->d_inode);
+
+	err = 0;
+	bindex = au_find_dbindex(sb->s_root, del->h_root);
+	if (bindex < 0) {
+		if (remount)
+			goto out; /* success */
+		err = -ENOENT;
+		AuErr("%s no such branch\n", del->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+	LKTRTrace("bindex b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	err = -EBUSY;
+	verbose = !!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), VERBOSE);
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	if (unlikely(!bend)) {
+		AuVerbose(verbose, "no more branches left\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	if (unlikely(au_br_count(br))) {
+		AuVerbose(verbose, "%d file(s) opened\n", au_br_count(br));
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	do_wh = wbr && (wbr->wbr_whbase || wbr->wbr_plink || wbr->wbr_tmp);
+	if (do_wh) {
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+		/* remove whiteout base */
+		err = au_br_init_wh(sb, bindex, br, AuBr_RO, del->h_root,
+				    br->br_mnt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+#else
+		for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++) {
+			dput(wbr->wbr_wh[i]);
+			wbr->wbr_wh[i] = NULL;
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+
+	err = test_children_busy(sb->s_root, bindex);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		if (do_wh)
+			goto out_wh;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (remount)
+		sysaufs_brs_del(sb, bindex);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	dinfo = au_di(sb->s_root);
+	iinfo = au_ii(sb->s_root->d_inode);
+
+	dput(au_h_dptr(sb->s_root, bindex));
+	au_hiput(iinfo->ii_hinode + bindex);
+	br_id = br->br_id;
+	au_br_do_free(br);
+
+	/* todo: realloc and shrink memory? */
+	if (bindex < bend) {
+		const aufs_bindex_t n = bend - bindex;
+
+		brp = sbinfo->si_branch + bindex;
+		memmove(brp, brp + 1, sizeof(*brp) * n);
+		hdp = dinfo->di_hdentry + bindex;
+		memmove(hdp, hdp + 1, sizeof(*hdp) * n);
+		hip = iinfo->ii_hinode + bindex;
+		memmove(hip, hip + 1, sizeof(*hip) * n);
+	}
+	sbinfo->si_branch[0 + bend] = NULL;
+	dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bend].hd_dentry = NULL;
+	iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + bend].hi_inode = NULL;
+	au_hin_init(iinfo->ii_hinode + bend, NULL);
+
+	sbinfo->si_bend--;
+	dinfo->di_bend--;
+	iinfo->ii_bend--;
+	if (remount)
+		sysaufs_brs_add(sb, bindex);
+
+	if (!bindex)
+		au_cpup_attr_all(sb->s_root->d_inode, /*force*/1);
+	else
+		au_sub_nlink(sb->s_root->d_inode, del->h_root->d_inode);
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK))
+		au_plink_half_refresh(sb, br_id);
+
+	if (sb->s_maxbytes == del->h_root->d_sb->s_maxbytes) {
+		bend--;
+		sb->s_maxbytes = 0;
+		for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+			unsigned long long maxb;
+			maxb = au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex)->s_maxbytes;
+			if (sb->s_maxbytes < maxb)
+				sb->s_maxbytes = maxb;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (au_xino_def_br(sbinfo) == br)
+		au_xino_def_br_set(NULL, sbinfo);
+	goto out; /* success */
+
+ out_wh:
+	/* revert */
+	rerr = au_br_init_wh(sb, bindex, br, br->br_perm, del->h_root,
+			     br->br_mnt);
+	if (rerr)
+		AuWarn("failed re-creating base whiteout, %s. (%d)\n",
+		       del->path, rerr);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int do_need_sigen_inc(int a, int b)
+{
+	return au_br_whable(a) && !au_br_whable(b);
+}
+
+static int need_sigen_inc(int old, int new)
+{
+	return do_need_sigen_inc(old, new)
+		|| do_need_sigen_inc(new, old);
+}
+
+static int au_br_mod_files_ro(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct file *file, *hf;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	/* no need file_list_lock() since sbinfo is locked */
+	err = 0;
+	list_for_each_entry(file, &sb->s_files, f_u.fu_list) {
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+		if (!au_test_aufs_file(file))
+			continue;
+
+		fi_read_lock(file);
+		if (!S_ISREG(file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mode)
+		    || !(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
+		    || au_fbstart(file) != bindex) {
+			FiMustNoWaiters(file);
+			fi_read_unlock(file);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (unlikely(au_test_mmapped(file))) {
+			err = -EBUSY;
+			FiMustNoWaiters(file);
+			fi_read_unlock(file);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* todo: already flushed? */
+		hf = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+		hf->f_flags = au_file_roflags(hf->f_flags);
+		hf->f_mode &= ~FMODE_WRITE;
+		put_write_access(hf->f_dentry->d_inode);
+		FiMustNoWaiters(file);
+		fi_read_unlock(file);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_br_mod(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_mod *mod, int remount,
+	      int *do_update)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct inode *hidden_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s, %.*s, 0x%x\n",
+		  mod->path, AuDLNPair(mod->h_root), mod->perm);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	DiMustWriteLock(root);
+	IiMustWriteLock(root->d_inode);
+
+	bindex = au_find_dbindex(root, mod->h_root);
+	if (bindex < 0) {
+		if (remount)
+			return 0; /* success */
+		err = -ENOENT;
+		AuErr("%s no such branch\n", mod->path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+	LKTRTrace("bindex b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	hidden_dir = mod->h_root->d_inode;
+	err = test_br(sb, hidden_dir, mod->perm, mod->path);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	if (br->br_perm == mod->perm)
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	if (au_br_writable(br->br_perm)) {
+#if 1
+		/* remove whiteout base */
+		err = au_br_init_wh(sb, bindex, br, mod->perm, mod->h_root,
+				    br->br_mnt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+#else /* reserved for future use */
+		struct au_wbr *wbr;
+		wbr = br->wbr;
+		if (wbr)
+			for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++) {
+				dput(wbr->wbr_wh[i]);
+				wbr->wbr_wh[i] = NULL;
+			}
+#endif
+
+		if (!au_br_writable(mod->perm)) {
+			/* rw --> ro, file might be mmapped */
+
+#if 1 /* todo: test more? */
+			DiMustNoWaiters(root);
+			IiMustNoWaiters(root->d_inode);
+			di_write_unlock(root);
+			err = au_br_mod_files_ro(sb, bindex);
+			/* aufs_write_lock() calls ..._child() */
+			di_write_lock_child(root);
+#endif
+		}
+	} else if (au_br_writable(mod->perm)) {
+		/* ro --> rw */
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		br->br_wbr = kmalloc(sizeof(*br->br_wbr), GFP_NOFS);
+		if (br->br_wbr) {
+			struct path path = {
+				.mnt	= br->br_mnt,
+				.dentry	= mod->h_root
+			};
+
+			err = au_wbr_init(br, sb, mod->perm, &path);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				kfree(br->br_wbr);
+				br->br_wbr = NULL;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!err) {
+		*do_update |= need_sigen_inc(br->br_perm, mod->perm);
+		br->br_perm = mod->perm;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/branch.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/branch.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/branch.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/branch.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * branch filesystems and xino for them
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_BRANCH_H__
+#define __AUFS_BRANCH_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/mount.h>
+#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "super.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* an entry in a xino file */
+struct au_xino_entry {
+	ino_t ino;
+	/* __u32 h_gen; */ /* reserved for future use */
+} __packed;
+
+/* reserved for future use */
+/* #define AuXino_INVALID_HGEN	(-1) */
+
+/* a xino file */
+struct au_xino_file {
+	struct file		*xi_file;
+	struct mutex		xi_nondir_mtx;
+
+	/* reserved for future use */
+#if 0
+	struct file		**xi_file;
+
+	/* array management */
+	unsigned long long	xi_limit;	/* Max xino file size */
+	unsigned long long	xi_size;	 /* s_maxbytes */
+
+	/* truncation */
+	unsigned long long	xi_upper;	/* watermark in bytes */
+	unsigned long long	xi_step;	/* to next watermark in bytes */
+
+	/* truncation */
+	blkcnt_t		xi_upper;	/* watermark in blocks */
+	atomic_t 		xi_running;
+#endif
+};
+
+/* members for writable branch only */
+enum {AuBrWh_BASE, AuBrWh_PLINK, AuBrWh_TMP, AuBrWh_Last};
+struct au_wbr {
+	struct au_rwsem		wbr_wh_rwsem;
+	struct dentry		*wbr_wh[AuBrWh_Last];
+	atomic_t 		wbr_wh_running;
+#define wbr_whbase		wbr_wh[AuBrWh_BASE]	/* whiteout base */
+#define wbr_plink		wbr_wh[AuBrWh_PLINK]	/* pseudo-link dir */
+#define wbr_tmp			wbr_wh[AuBrWh_TMP]	/* temporary dir */
+
+	/* mfs mode */
+	unsigned long long	wbr_bytes;
+};
+
+/* protected by superblock rwsem */
+struct au_branch {
+	struct au_xino_file	br_xino;
+
+	aufs_bindex_t		br_id;
+
+	int			br_perm;
+	struct vfsmount		*br_mnt;
+	atomic_t		br_count;
+
+	struct au_wbr		*br_wbr;
+
+#if 1 /* reserved for future use */
+	/* xino truncation */
+	blkcnt_t		br_xino_upper;	/* watermark in blocks */
+	atomic_t		br_xino_running;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
+	/* an entry under sysfs per mount-point */
+	char			br_name[8];
+	struct attribute	br_attr;
+#endif
+
+	au_gen_t		br_generation;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* branch permission and attribute */
+enum {
+	AuBrPerm_RW,		/* writable, linkable wh */
+	AuBrPerm_RO,		/* readonly, no wh */
+	AuBrPerm_RR,		/* natively readonly, no wh */
+
+	AuBrPerm_RWNoLinkWH,	/* un-linkable whiteouts */
+
+	AuBrPerm_ROWH,
+	AuBrPerm_RRWH,		/* whiteout-able */
+
+	AuBrPerm_Last
+};
+
+static inline int au_br_writable(int brperm)
+{
+	return brperm == AuBrPerm_RW || brperm == AuBrPerm_RWNoLinkWH;
+}
+
+static inline int au_br_whable(int brperm)
+{
+	return brperm == AuBrPerm_RW
+		|| brperm == AuBrPerm_ROWH
+		|| brperm == AuBrPerm_RRWH;
+}
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+static inline int au_br_linkable_wh(int brperm)
+{
+	return brperm == AuBrPerm_RW;
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline int au_br_hinotifyable(int brperm)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	return brperm != AuBrPerm_RR && brperm != AuBrPerm_RRWH;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* branch.c */
+struct au_sbinfo;
+void au_br_free(struct au_sbinfo *sinfo);
+int au_test_def_rr(struct super_block *h_sb);
+int au_br_index(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t br_id);
+struct au_opt_add;
+int au_br_add(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_add *add, int remount);
+struct au_opt_del;
+int au_br_del(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_del *del, int remount);
+struct au_opt_mod;
+int au_br_mod(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_mod *mod, int remount,
+	      int *do_update);
+
+/* xino.c */
+#define Au_LOFF_MAX	((loff_t)LLONG_MAX)
+int au_xib_trunc(struct super_block *sb);
+ssize_t xino_fread(au_readf_t func, struct file *file, void *buf, size_t size,
+		   loff_t *pos);
+ssize_t xino_fwrite(au_writef_t func, struct file *file, void *buf, size_t size,
+		    loff_t *pos);
+struct file *au_xino_create(struct super_block *sb, char *fname, int silent);
+struct file *au_xino_create2(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base_file,
+			     struct file *copy_src);
+ino_t au_xino_new_ino(struct super_block *sb);
+int au_xino_write0(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		   ino_t ino);
+int au_xino_write(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		  struct au_xino_entry *xinoe);
+int au_xino_read(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		 struct au_xino_entry *xinoe);
+int au_xino_br(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br, ino_t hino,
+	       struct file *base_file, int do_test);
+int au_xino_trunc(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+
+struct au_opt_xino;
+int au_xino_set(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_xino *xino, int remount);
+void au_xino_clr(struct super_block *sb);
+struct file *au_xino_def(struct super_block *sb);
+
+struct au_opt_xinodir;
+#if 0 /* def CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */ /* reserved for future use */
+/* export.c */
+int au_xinodir_br(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br, ino_t hino,
+		  int do_test);
+int au_xinodir_set(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_xinodir *xinodir,
+		   int remount);
+#else
+static inline
+int au_xinodir_br(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br, ino_t hino,
+		  int do_test)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_xinodir_set(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_xinodir *xinodir,
+		   int remount)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* todo: memory barrier? */
+static inline int au_br_count(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return atomic_read(&br->br_count);
+}
+
+static inline int au_br_get(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return atomic_inc_return(&br->br_count);
+}
+
+static inline int au_br_put(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return atomic_dec_return(&br->br_count);
+}
+
+static inline au_gen_t au_br_gen(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return br->br_generation;
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if the @br is readonly or not.
+ */
+static inline int au_br_rdonly(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return ((br->br_mnt->mnt_sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)
+		|| !au_br_writable(br->br_perm))
+		? -EROFS : 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Superblock to branch */
+static inline
+aufs_bindex_t au_sbr_id(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_id;
+}
+
+static inline
+struct vfsmount *au_sbr_mnt(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_mnt;
+}
+
+static inline
+struct super_block *au_sbr_sb(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex)->mnt_sb;
+}
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+static inline int au_sbr_count(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_br_count(au_sbr(sb, bindex));
+}
+
+static inline void au_sbr_get(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	au_br_get(au_sbr(sb, bindex));
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline void au_sbr_put(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	au_br_put(au_sbr(sb, bindex));
+}
+
+static inline int au_sbr_perm(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_perm;
+}
+
+static inline int au_sbr_whable(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_br_whable(au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex));
+}
+
+static inline int au_br_want_write(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!au_br_writable(br->br_perm));
+	err = au_mnt_want_write(br->br_mnt);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static inline void au_br_drop_write(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!au_br_writable(br->br_perm));
+	au_mnt_drop_write(br->br_mnt);
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_trunc_xino(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return au_test_tmpfs(sb);
+}
+
+/* temporary support for i#1 in cramfs */
+static inline int au_test_unique_ino(struct dentry *h_dentry, ino_t h_ino)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_CRAMFS) || defined(CONFIG_CRAMFS_MODULE)
+	if (unlikely(h_dentry->d_sb->s_magic == CRAMFS_MAGIC))
+		return h_ino != 1;
+#endif
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static inline struct vfsmount *au_do_nfsmnt(struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	if (!au_test_nfs(h_mnt->mnt_sb)
+	    && !au_test_ecryptfs(h_mnt->mnt_sb))
+		return NULL;
+	return h_mnt;
+}
+
+static inline void au_br_nfs_lockdep_off(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	if (au_test_nfs(sb))
+		lockdep_off();
+}
+
+static inline void au_br_nfs_lockdep_on(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	/* hoping this condition will be optimized... */
+	if (au_test_nfs(sb))
+		lockdep_on();
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+static inline int au_test_unsupported_nfs(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* it doesn't mntget() */
+static inline
+struct vfsmount *au_nfsmnt(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return au_do_nfsmnt(au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex));
+}
+
+#define AuNoNfsBranchMsg "dummy"
+
+#else
+static inline int au_test_unsupported_nfs(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return h_sb->s_magic == NFS_SUPER_MAGIC;
+}
+
+/* it doesn't mntget() */
+static inline
+struct vfsmount *au_nfsmnt(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+#define AuNoNfsBranchMsg "NFS branch is not supported" \
+	", try some configurations and patches included in aufs source CVS."
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS_V4
+static inline int au_test_unsupported_nfs4(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#define AuNoNfsv4BranchMsg "dummy"
+
+#else
+static inline int au_test_unsupported_nfs4(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return h_sb->s_magic == NFS_SUPER_MAGIC
+		&& !strcmp(h_sb->s_type->name, "nfs4");
+}
+
+#define AuNoNfsv4BranchMsg "NFSv4 branch is not supported" \
+	", try some configurations and patches included in aufs source CVS."
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS_v4 */
+
+/* support atomic open */
+static inline int au_test_fs_intent(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return au_test_nfs4(h_sb) /*|| au_test_fuse(h_sb)*/;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * br_wh_read_lock, br_wh_write_lock
+ * br_wh_read_unlock, br_wh_write_unlock, br_wh_downgrade_lock
+ */
+AuSimpleRwsemFuncs(wbr_wh, struct au_wbr *wbr, wbr->wbr_wh_rwsem);
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define WbrWhMustReadLock(wbr) do { \
+	/* SiMustAnyLock(sb); */ \
+	AuRwMustReadLock(&(wbr)->wbr_wh_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define WbrWhMustWriteLock(wbr) do { \
+	/* SiMustAnyLock(sb); */ \
+	AuRwMustWriteLock(&(wbr)->wbr_wh_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define WbrWhMustAnyLock(br) do { \
+	/* SiMustAnyLock(sb); */ \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(&(wbr)->wbr_wh_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_BRANCH_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/br_fuse.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_fuse.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/br_fuse.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_fuse.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * special handling for inode attributes on FUSE branch
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* h_mnt can be NULL, is it safe? */
+int au_update_fuse_h_inode(struct vfsmount *h_mnt, struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct kstat st;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (h_dentry->d_inode
+	    /* && atomic_read(&h_dentry->d_inode->i_count) */
+	    && au_test_fuse(h_dentry->d_sb)) {
+		err = vfsub_getattr(h_mnt, h_dentry, &st, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			AuDbg("err %d\n", err);
+			au_debug_on();
+			AuDbgDentry(h_dentry);
+			au_debug_off();
+			WARN_ON(err);
+		}
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+#if 0 /* temp */
+/*
+ * This function was born after a discussion with the FUSE developer.
+ * The inode attributes on a filesystem who defines i_op->getattr()
+ * is unreliable since such fs may not maintain the attributes at lookup.
+ * This function doesn't want the result of stat, instead wants the side-effect
+ * which refreshes the attributes.
+ * Hmm, there seems to be no such filesystem except fuse.
+ */
+int vfsub_i_attr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct inode_operations *op;
+	struct kstat st;
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode);
+
+	err = 0;
+	op = inode->i_op;
+	if (op && op->getattr && !au_test_aufs(dentry->d_sb)) {
+		err = security_inode_getattr(mnt, dentry);
+		if (!err)
+			err = op->getattr(mnt, dentry, &st);
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+#endif
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/br_nfs.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_nfs.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/br_nfs.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_nfs.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * lookup functions for NFS branch in linux-2.6.19 and later
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static struct file *au_find_h_intent(struct au_hdentry *hd, struct file *file)
+{
+	struct file *h_file, *hf;
+	struct au_hdintent *hdi, *tmp, *do_free;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(hd->hd_dentry));
+
+	h_file = NULL;
+	do_free = NULL;
+	spin_lock(&hd->hd_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(hdi, tmp, hd->hd_intent_list, hdi_list) {
+		hf = hdi->hdi_file[AuIntent_BRANCH];
+		if (hdi->hdi_file[AuIntent_AUFS] == file
+		    && hf->f_dentry == hd->hd_dentry) {
+			h_file = hf;
+			do_free = hdi;
+			list_del(&hdi->hdi_list);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&hd->hd_lock);
+	kfree(do_free);
+
+	return h_file;
+}
+
+struct file *au_h_intent(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct file *file)
+{
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct au_hdentry *hd = au_di(dentry)->di_hdentry + bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, f %p\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, file);
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < au_di(dentry)->di_bstart
+		  || bindex > au_di(dentry)->di_bend);
+
+	h_file = NULL;
+	if (!hd->hd_intent_list || !file)
+		return h_file; /* success */
+
+	/* AuDebugOn(au_test_wkq(current)); */
+	h_file = au_find_h_intent(hd, file);
+	return h_file;
+}
+
+static int au_set_h_intent(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			   struct file *file, struct file *h_file)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_hdentry *hd = au_di(dentry)->di_hdentry + bindex;
+	struct au_hdintent *hdi;
+	struct file *hf;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, f %p\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, file);
+	/* d_revalidate() holds read_lock */
+	/* DiMustWriteLock(dentry); */
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < au_di(dentry)->di_bstart
+		  || bindex > au_di(dentry)->di_bend
+		  || !file
+		  || !h_file
+		  /* || au_test_wkq(current) */);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	if (hd->hd_intent_list) {
+		while (1) {
+			hf = au_find_h_intent(hd, file);
+			if (!hf)
+				break;
+			fput(hf);
+			AuWarn("freed hfile %.*s b%d left\n",
+			       AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex);
+		}
+	} else {
+		spin_lock(&hd->hd_lock);
+		if (!hd->hd_intent_list) {
+			hd->hd_intent_list
+				= kmalloc(sizeof(*hd->hd_intent_list),
+					  GFP_ATOMIC);
+			if (unlikely(!hd->hd_intent_list)) {
+				spin_unlock(&hd->hd_lock);
+				goto out;
+			}
+			INIT_LIST_HEAD(hd->hd_intent_list);
+		}
+		spin_unlock(&hd->hd_lock);
+	}
+
+	hdi = kmalloc(sizeof(*hdi), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!hdi))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	/* hdi->hdi_pid = current->pid; */
+	hdi->hdi_file[AuIntent_AUFS] = file;
+	hdi->hdi_file[AuIntent_BRANCH] = h_file;
+	spin_lock(&hd->hd_lock);
+	list_add(&hdi->hdi_list, hd->hd_intent_list);
+	spin_unlock(&hd->hd_lock);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_br_nfs_h_intent(struct file *nd_file, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!nd_file)
+		goto out;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!nd);
+	err = au_set_h_intent(dentry, bindex, nd->intent.open.file, nd_file);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		fput(nd_file);
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, NULL);
+		/* todo: update bstart and bend? */
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_hintent_put(struct au_hdentry *hd, int do_free)
+{
+	struct au_hdintent *hdi, *tmp;
+	struct file *hf;
+
+	if (hd->hd_intent_list) {
+		/* no spin lock */
+		list_for_each_entry_safe(hdi, tmp, hd->hd_intent_list,
+					 hdi_list) {
+			LKTRTrace("hdi %p\n", hdi);
+			hf = hdi->hdi_file[AuIntent_BRANCH];
+			if (hf)
+				fput(hf);
+			/* list_del(&hdi->hdi_list); */
+			kfree(hdi);
+		}
+		if (do_free)
+			kfree(hd->hd_intent_list);
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_fake_intent(/* struct au_ndsub *save,  */struct nameidata *nd,
+		   struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("perm %d\n", br->br_perm);
+
+	err = 0;
+	nd->intent.open.file = NULL;
+	if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_OPEN) {
+		if (au_test_fs_intent(br->br_mnt->mnt_sb)) {
+			err = -ENFILE;
+			nd->intent.open.file = get_empty_filp();
+			if (unlikely(!nd->intent.open.file))
+				goto out;
+			err = 0;
+		}
+		if (!au_br_writable(br->br_perm)) {
+			nd->intent.open.flags = FMODE_READ
+				| au_file_roflags(nd->intent.open.flags);
+			nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_CREATE;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void au_put_filp(struct file *file)
+{
+#if !defined(CONFIG_AUFS_MODULE) || defined(CONFIG_AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH)
+	if (unlikely(file))
+		put_filp(file);
+#else
+	WARN_ONCE(file, "unexpected put_fillp() call");
+#endif
+}
+
+int au_hin_after_reval(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct file *file)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("nd %p, %.*s, b%d, f %d\n",
+		  nd, AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, !!file);
+
+	err = 0;
+	if ((nd->flags & LOOKUP_OPEN)
+	    && nd->intent.open.file
+	    && !IS_ERR(nd->intent.open.file)) {
+		if (nd->intent.open.file->f_dentry) {
+			err = au_set_h_intent(dentry, bindex, file,
+					      nd->intent.open.file);
+			if (!err)
+				nd->intent.open.file = NULL;
+		}
+		au_put_filp(nd->intent.open.file);
+	}
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+struct au_lookup_hash_args {
+	struct dentry **errp;
+	struct qstr *name;
+	struct dentry *base;
+	struct nameidata *nd;
+};
+
+static void au_call_lookup_hash(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_lookup_hash_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = vfsub__lookup_hash(a->name, a->base, a->nd);
+}
+
+static struct dentry *
+au_lkup_hash_dlgt(struct qstr *this, struct dentry *parent,
+		  struct nameidata *nd, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int dirperm1;
+
+	dirperm1 = au_ftest_ndx(flags, DIRPERM1);
+	if (!dirperm1 && !au_ftest_ndx(flags, DLGT))
+		dentry = vfsub__lookup_hash(this, parent, nd);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct au_lookup_hash_args args = {
+			.errp	= &dentry,
+			.name	= this,
+			.base	= parent,
+			.nd	= nd
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_lookup_hash, &args,
+				      /*dlgt*/!dirperm1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			dentry = ERR_PTR(wkq_err);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+#else
+static struct dentry *
+au_lkup_hash_dlgt(struct qstr *this, struct dentry *parent,
+		  struct nameidata *nd, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return vfsub__lookup_hash(this, parent, nd);
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT */
+
+struct dentry *au_lkup_hash(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+			    int len, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	char *p;
+	unsigned long hash;
+	struct qstr this;
+	unsigned int c;
+	struct nameidata tmp_nd, *ndo;
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(parent), len, name);
+
+	/* todo: export and call __lookup_one_len() in fs/namei.c? */
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
+	this.name = name;
+	this.len = len;
+	if (unlikely(!len))
+		goto out;
+
+	p = (void *)name;
+	hash = init_name_hash();
+	while (len--) {
+		c = *p++;
+		if (unlikely(c == '/' || c == '\0'))
+			goto out;
+		hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
+	}
+	this.hash = end_name_hash(hash);
+
+	ndo = ndx->nd;
+	if (ndo) {
+		tmp_nd = *ndo;
+		err = au_fake_intent(&tmp_nd, ndx->br);
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_intent;
+	} else
+		memset(&tmp_nd, 0, sizeof(tmp_nd));
+
+	tmp_nd.path.dentry = parent;
+	tmp_nd.path.mnt = ndx->nfsmnt;
+	path_get(&tmp_nd.path);
+	dentry = au_lkup_hash_dlgt(&this, parent, &tmp_nd, ndx->flags);
+	if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		/* why negative dentry for a new dir was unhashed? */
+		if (unlikely(d_unhashed(dentry)))
+			d_rehash(dentry);
+		if (tmp_nd.intent.open.file
+		    && tmp_nd.intent.open.file->f_dentry) {
+			ndx->nd_file = tmp_nd.intent.open.file;
+			tmp_nd.intent.open.file = NULL;
+			/* au_br_get(ndx->br); */
+		}
+	}
+	path_put(&tmp_nd.path);
+
+ out_intent:
+	au_put_filp(tmp_nd.intent.open.file);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/br_xfs.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_xfs.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/br_xfs.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/br_xfs.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * special handling inode attributes on XFS branch in linux-2.6.24 and later
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* h_mnt can be NULL, is it safe? */
+dev_t au_h_rdev(struct inode *h_inode, struct vfsmount *h_mnt,
+		struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	dev_t rdev;
+	int err;
+	struct kstat st;
+
+	LKTRTrace("hi%lu\n", h_inode->i_ino);
+	if (h_dentry)
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+
+	rdev = h_inode->i_rdev;
+	if (!rdev || !au_test_xfs(h_inode->i_sb))
+		goto out;
+
+	rdev = 0;
+	if (!h_dentry) {
+		err = 0;
+		h_dentry = d_find_alias(h_inode);
+		if (unlikely(!h_dentry))
+			goto failure;
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_dentry)) {
+			h_dentry = NULL;
+			goto failure;
+		}
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+	} else
+		dget(h_dentry);
+
+	err = vfsub_getattr(h_mnt, h_dentry, &st, /*dlgt*/0);
+	dput(h_dentry);
+	if (!err) {
+		rdev = st.rdev;
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+ failure:
+	AuIOErr("failed rdev for XFS inode, hi%lu, %d\n", h_inode->i_ino, err);
+ out:
+	return rdev;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/cpup.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/cpup.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/cpup.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/cpup.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * copy-up functions, see wbr_policy.c for copy-down
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* todo? violent cpup_attr_*() functions don't care inode lock */
+
+void au_cpup_attr_timesizes(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	/* todo? IMustLock(inode); */
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+	/* todo? IMustLock(!h_inode); */
+
+	fsstack_copy_attr_times(inode, h_inode);
+	vfsub_copy_inode_size(inode, h_inode);
+}
+
+void au_cpup_attr_nlink(struct inode *inode, int force)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	/* todo? IMustLock(inode); */
+	AuDebugOn(!inode->i_mode);
+
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	bindex = au_ibstart(inode);
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+
+	if (!force
+	    && !S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode)
+	    && au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK)
+	    && au_plink_test(sb, inode))
+		return;
+
+	inode->i_nlink = h_inode->i_nlink;
+
+	/*
+	 * fewer nlink makes find(1) noisy, but larger nlink doesn't.
+	 * it may includes whplink directory.
+	 */
+	if (S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode)) {
+		bend = au_ibend(inode);
+		for (bindex++; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+			h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+			if (h_inode)
+				au_add_nlink(inode, h_inode);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void au_cpup_attr_changeable(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	/* todo? IMustLock(inode); */
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+
+	inode->i_mode = h_inode->i_mode;
+	inode->i_uid = h_inode->i_uid;
+	inode->i_gid = h_inode->i_gid;
+	au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode);
+	au_cpup_attr_flags(inode, h_inode);
+}
+
+void au_cpup_igen(struct inode *inode, struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	iinfo->ii_higen = h_inode->i_generation;
+	iinfo->ii_hsb1 = h_inode->i_sb;
+}
+
+void au_cpup_attr_all(struct inode *inode, int force)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	/* todo? IMustLock(inode); */
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+
+	au_cpup_attr_changeable(inode);
+	if (inode->i_nlink > 0)
+		au_cpup_attr_nlink(inode, force);
+
+	switch (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT) {
+	case S_IFBLK:
+	case S_IFCHR:
+		inode->i_rdev = au_h_rdev(h_inode, /*h_mnt*/NULL,
+					  /*h_dentry*/NULL);
+	}
+	inode->i_blkbits = h_inode->i_blkbits;
+	au_cpup_igen(inode, h_inode);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Note: dt_dentry and dt_hidden_dentry are not dget/dput-ed */
+
+/* keep the timestamps of the parent dir when cpup */
+void au_dtime_store(struct au_dtime *dt, struct dentry *dentry,
+		    struct dentry *h_dentry, struct au_hinode *hinode,
+		    struct au_hinode *hdir)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, hdir %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), !!hdir);
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry || !h_dentry || !h_dentry->d_inode);
+
+	dt->dt_dentry = dentry;
+	dt->dt_h_dentry = h_dentry;
+	dt->dt_hinode = hinode;
+	dt->dt_hdir = hdir;
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	dt->dt_atime = h_inode->i_atime;
+	dt->dt_mtime = h_inode->i_mtime;
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+}
+
+void au_dtime_revert(struct au_dtime *dt)
+{
+	struct iattr attr;
+	int err;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign[2];
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dt->dt_dentry));
+
+	attr.ia_atime = dt->dt_atime;
+	attr.ia_mtime = dt->dt_mtime;
+	attr.ia_valid = ATTR_FORCE | ATTR_MTIME | ATTR_MTIME_SET
+		| ATTR_ATIME | ATTR_ATIME_SET;
+
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, ign,
+			au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dt->dt_dentry->d_sb)), 0);
+	/*
+	 * IN_ATTRIB should be divided into
+	 * IN_ATTRIB_ATIME, IN_ATTRIB_MTIME ...,
+	 * and define all ORed new IN_ATTRIB macro.
+	 */
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_ATTRIB, dt->dt_hinode);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_ATTRIB, dt->dt_hdir);
+	err = vfsub_notify_change(dt->dt_h_dentry, &attr, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuWarn("restoring timestamps failed(%d). ignored\n", err);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+int cpup_iattr(struct dentry *dst, aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct dentry *h_src,
+	       struct au_hinode *hdir, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, sbits;
+	struct dentry *h_dst;
+	struct iattr ia;
+	struct inode *h_isrc, *h_idst;
+
+	h_dst = au_h_dptr(dst, bindex);
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dst));
+	h_idst = h_dst->d_inode;
+	/* todo? IMustLock(h_idst); */
+	h_isrc = h_src->d_inode;
+	/* todo? IMustLock(h_isrc); */
+
+	ia.ia_valid = ATTR_FORCE | ATTR_MODE | ATTR_UID | ATTR_GID
+		| ATTR_ATIME | ATTR_MTIME
+		| ATTR_ATIME_SET | ATTR_MTIME_SET;
+	ia.ia_mode = h_isrc->i_mode;
+	ia.ia_uid = h_isrc->i_uid;
+	ia.ia_gid = h_isrc->i_gid;
+	ia.ia_atime = h_isrc->i_atime;
+	ia.ia_mtime = h_isrc->i_mtime;
+	sbits = !!(ia.ia_mode & (S_ISUID | S_ISGID));
+	au_cpup_attr_flags(h_idst, h_isrc);
+
+	vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_ATTRIB, hdir);
+	err = vfsub_notify_change(h_dst, &ia, vargs);
+
+	/* is this nfs only? */
+	if (!err && sbits && au_test_nfs(h_dst->d_sb)) {
+		ia.ia_valid = ATTR_FORCE | ATTR_MODE;
+		ia.ia_mode = h_isrc->i_mode;
+		vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_ATTRIB, hdir);
+		err = vfsub_notify_change(h_dst, &ia, vargs);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * to support a sparse file which is opened with O_APPEND,
+ * we need to close the file.
+ */
+static noinline_for_stack
+int cpup_regular(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, aufs_bindex_t bsrc,
+		 loff_t len, struct au_hinode *hdir, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, i;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	enum { SRC, DST };
+	struct {
+		aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+		unsigned int flags;
+		struct dentry *dentry;
+		struct file *file;
+		void *label, *label_file;
+	} *h, hidden[] = {
+		{
+			.bindex = bsrc,
+			.flags = O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME | O_LARGEFILE,
+			.file = NULL,
+			.label = &&out,
+			.label_file = &&out_src_file
+		},
+		{
+			.bindex = bdst,
+			.flags = O_WRONLY | O_NOATIME | O_LARGEFILE,
+			.file = NULL,
+			.label = &&out_src_file,
+			.label_file = &&out_dst_file
+		}
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("dentry %.*s, bdst %d, bsrc %d, len %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, bsrc, len);
+	AuDebugOn(bsrc <= bdst);
+	AuDebugOn(!len);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_ro(sb, bdst, dentry->d_inode));
+	/* bsrc branch can be ro/rw. */
+
+	h = hidden;
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++, h++) {
+		h->dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, h->bindex);
+		AuDebugOn(!h->dentry);
+		h_inode = h->dentry->d_inode;
+		AuDebugOn(!h_inode || !S_ISREG(h_inode->i_mode));
+		h->file = au_h_open(dentry, h->bindex, h->flags, /*file*/NULL);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h->file);
+		if (IS_ERR(h->file))
+			goto *h->label;
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		if (unlikely(!h->file->f_op))
+			goto *h->label_file;
+	}
+
+	/* stop updating while we copyup */
+	IMustLock(hidden[SRC].dentry->d_inode);
+	err = au_copy_file(hidden[DST].file, hidden[SRC].file, len, hdir, sb,
+			   vargs);
+
+ out_dst_file:
+	fput(hidden[DST].file);
+	au_sbr_put(sb, hidden[DST].bindex);
+ out_src_file:
+	fput(hidden[SRC].file);
+	au_sbr_put(sb, hidden[SRC].bindex);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_do_cpup_regular(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			      aufs_bindex_t bsrc, loff_t len,
+			      struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *h_dst,
+			      struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	loff_t l;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	l = i_size_read(au_h_iptr(dentry->d_inode, bsrc));
+	if (len == -1 || l < len)
+		len = l;
+	if (len)
+		err = cpup_regular(dentry, bdst, bsrc, len, hdir, vargs);
+	if (!err)
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	rerr = vfsub_unlink(hdir->hi_inode, h_dst, vargs);
+	if (rerr) {
+		AuIOErr("failed unlinking cpup-ed %.*s(%d, %d)\n",
+			AuDLNPair(h_dst), err, rerr);
+		err = -EIO;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_do_cpup_symlink(struct dentry *h_dst, struct dentry *h_src,
+			      struct inode *h_dir, umode_t mode,
+			      struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, symlen;
+	char *sym;
+	mm_segment_t old_fs;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	sym = __getname();
+	if (unlikely(!sym))
+		goto out;
+
+	old_fs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	symlen = h_src->d_inode->i_op->readlink(h_src, (char __user *)sym,
+						PATH_MAX);
+	err = symlen;
+	set_fs(old_fs);
+
+	if (symlen > 0) {
+		sym[symlen] = 0;
+		err = vfsub_symlink(h_dir, h_dst, sym, mode, vargs);
+	}
+	__putname(sym);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* return with hidden dst inode is locked */
+static noinline_for_stack
+int cpup_entry(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, aufs_bindex_t bsrc,
+	       loff_t len, unsigned int flags, struct dentry *dst_parent,
+	       struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned char isdir, hinotify;
+	struct dentry *h_src, *h_dst, *h_parent, *gparent;
+	struct inode *h_inode, *h_dir;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	umode_t mode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_hinode *hgdir, *hdir;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	const int do_dt = au_ftest_cpup(flags, DTIME);
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu, bdst %d, bsrc %d, len %lld, dtime %u\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), dentry->d_inode->i_ino, bdst, bsrc, len,
+		  do_dt);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(bdst >= bsrc || au_test_ro(sb, bdst, NULL));
+	/* bsrc branch can be ro/rw. */
+
+	h_src = au_h_dptr(dentry, bsrc);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_src);
+	h_inode = h_src->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+	AuDebugOn(h_inode != au_h_iptr(dentry->d_inode, bsrc));
+
+	/* stop referencing while we are creating */
+	h_dst = au_h_dptr(dentry, bdst);
+	AuDebugOn(h_dst && h_dst->d_inode);
+	h_parent = h_dst->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+	AuDebugOn(h_parent != h_dst->d_parent);
+
+	hdir = NULL;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	hinotify = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	if (hinotify) {
+		hdir = au_hi(dst_parent->d_inode, bdst);
+		AuDebugOn(hdir->hi_inode != h_dir);
+	}
+
+	if (do_dt) {
+		hgdir = NULL;
+		if (hinotify && !IS_ROOT(dst_parent)) {
+			gparent = dget_parent(dst_parent);
+			hgdir = au_hi(gparent->d_inode, bdst);
+			IMustLock(hgdir->hi_inode);
+			dput(gparent);
+		}
+		au_dtime_store(&dt, dst_parent, h_parent, hdir, hgdir);
+	}
+
+	isdir = 0;
+	vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+	mode = h_inode->i_mode;
+	switch (mode & S_IFMT) {
+	case S_IFREG:
+		/* stop updating while we are referencing */
+		IMustLock(h_inode);
+		err = au_h_create(h_dir, h_dst, mode | S_IWUSR, vargs, NULL,
+				  au_nfsmnt(sb, bdst));
+		if (!err)
+			err = au_do_cpup_regular(dentry, bdst, bsrc, len,
+						 hdir, h_dst, vargs);
+		break;
+	case S_IFDIR:
+		isdir = 1;
+		err = vfsub_mkdir(h_dir, h_dst, mode, vargs);
+		if (!err) {
+			/* setattr case: dir is not locked */
+			if (0 && au_ibstart(dst_parent->d_inode) == bdst)
+				au_cpup_attr_nlink(dst_parent->d_inode,
+						   /*force*/1);
+			au_cpup_attr_nlink(dentry->d_inode, /*force*/1);
+		}
+		break;
+	case S_IFLNK:
+		err = au_do_cpup_symlink(h_dst, h_src, h_dir, mode, vargs);
+		break;
+	case S_IFCHR:
+	case S_IFBLK:
+		AuDebugOn(!capable(CAP_MKNOD));
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+	case S_IFIFO:
+	case S_IFSOCK:
+		err = vfsub_mknod(h_dir, h_dst, mode,
+				  au_h_rdev(h_inode, /*h_mnt*/NULL, h_src),
+				  vargs);
+		break;
+	default:
+		AuIOErr("Unknown inode type 0%o\n", mode);
+		err = -EIO;
+	}
+
+	if (hinotify
+	    && !isdir
+	    && au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags)
+	    && h_inode->i_nlink == 1
+	    /* todo: unnecessary? */
+	    /* && dentry->d_inode->i_nlink == 1 */
+	    && bdst < bsrc
+	    && !au_ftest_cpup(flags, KEEPLINO))
+		au_xino_write0(sb, bsrc, h_inode->i_ino, /*ino*/0);
+		/* ignore this error */
+
+	if (do_dt)
+		au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * copyup the @dentry from @bsrc to @bdst.
+ * the caller must set the both of hidden dentries.
+ * @len is for truncating when it is -1 copyup the entire file.
+ */
+static int au_cpup_single(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			  aufs_bindex_t bsrc, loff_t len, unsigned int flags,
+			  struct dentry *dst_parent, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t old_ibstart;
+	unsigned char isdir, plink, hinotify;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	struct dentry *h_src, *h_dst, *h_parent, *gparent;
+	struct inode *dst_inode, *h_dir, *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_hinode *hgdir, *hdir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu, bdst %d, bsrc %d, len %lld, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), dentry->d_inode->i_ino, bdst, bsrc, len,
+		  flags);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(bsrc <= bdst);
+	h_dst = au_h_dptr(dentry, bdst);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dst || h_dst->d_inode);
+	h_parent = h_dst->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+	h_src = au_h_dptr(dentry, bsrc);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_src || !h_src->d_inode);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	if (!dst_parent)
+		dst_parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	else
+		dget(dst_parent);
+
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	plink = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, PLINK);
+	hinotify = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	hdir = NULL;
+	if (hinotify)
+		hdir = au_hi(dst_parent->d_inode, bdst);
+	dst_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bdst);
+	if (dst_inode) {
+		if (unlikely(!plink)) {
+			err = -EIO;
+			AuIOErr("i%lu exists on a upper branch "
+				"but plink is disabled\n", inode->i_ino);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (dst_inode->i_nlink) {
+			const int do_dt = au_ftest_cpup(flags, DTIME);
+
+			h_src = au_plink_lkup(sb, bdst, inode);
+			err = PTR_ERR(h_src);
+			if (IS_ERR(h_src))
+				goto out;
+			if (unlikely(!h_src->d_inode)) {
+				err = -EIO;
+				AuIOErr("i%lu exists on a upper branch "
+					"but plink is broken\n", inode->i_ino);
+				dput(h_src);
+				goto out;
+			}
+
+			if (do_dt) {
+				hgdir = NULL;
+				if (hinotify && !IS_ROOT(dst_parent)) {
+					gparent = dget_parent(dst_parent);
+					hgdir = au_hi(gparent->d_inode, bdst);
+					IMustLock(hgdir->hi_inode);
+					dput(gparent);
+				}
+				au_dtime_store(&dt, dst_parent, h_parent, hdir,
+					       hgdir);
+			}
+			vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+			err = vfsub_link(h_src, h_dir, h_dst, vargs);
+			if (do_dt)
+				au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+			dput(h_src);
+			goto out;
+		} else
+			/* todo: cpup_wh_file? */
+			/* udba work */
+			au_update_brange(inode, 1);
+	}
+
+	old_ibstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+	err = cpup_entry(dentry, bdst, bsrc, len, flags, dst_parent, vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	dst_inode = h_dst->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&dst_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD2);
+
+	/* todo: test dlgt? */
+	err = cpup_iattr(dentry, bdst, h_src, hdir, vargs);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	if (0 && !err)
+		err = cpup_xattrs(h_src, h_dst);
+#endif
+	isdir = S_ISDIR(dst_inode->i_mode);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (bdst < old_ibstart)
+			au_set_ibstart(inode, bdst);
+		au_set_h_iptr(inode, bdst, au_igrab(dst_inode),
+			      au_hi_flags(inode, isdir));
+		mutex_unlock(&dst_inode->i_mutex);
+		if (!isdir
+		    && h_src->d_inode->i_nlink > 1
+		    && plink)
+			au_plink_append(sb, inode, h_dst, bdst);
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	/* revert */
+	mutex_unlock(&dst_inode->i_mutex);
+	hgdir = NULL;
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY) && !IS_ROOT(dst_parent)) {
+		gparent = dget_parent(dst_parent);
+		hgdir = au_hi(gparent->d_inode, bdst);
+		dput(gparent);
+	}
+	au_dtime_store(&dt, dst_parent, h_parent, hdir, hgdir);
+	vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	if (!isdir)
+		rerr = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, h_dst, vargs);
+	else
+		rerr = vfsub_rmdir(h_dir, h_dst, vargs);
+	au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+	if (rerr) {
+		AuIOErr("failed removing broken entry(%d, %d)\n", err, rerr);
+		err = -EIO;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	dput(dst_parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct au_cpup_single_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bdst, bsrc;
+	loff_t len;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct dentry *dst_parent;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void au_call_cpup_single(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_cpup_single_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = au_cpup_single(a->dentry, a->bdst, a->bsrc, a->len,
+				  a->flags, a->dst_parent, a->vargs);
+}
+
+int au_sio_cpup_single(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bsrc, loff_t len, unsigned int flags,
+		       struct dentry *dst_parent)
+{
+	int err, wkq_err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	umode_t mode;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu, bdst %d, bsrc %d, len %lld, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), dentry->d_inode->i_ino, bdst, bsrc, len,
+		  flags);
+
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb)),
+			/*force_unlink*/0);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bsrc);
+	mode = h_dentry->d_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT;
+	if ((mode != S_IFCHR && mode != S_IFBLK)
+	    || capable(CAP_MKNOD))
+		err = au_cpup_single(dentry, bdst, bsrc, len, flags,
+				     dst_parent, &vargs);
+	else {
+		struct au_cpup_single_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.dentry		= dentry,
+			.bdst		= bdst,
+			.bsrc		= bsrc,
+			.len		= len,
+			.flags		= flags,
+			.dst_parent	= dst_parent,
+			.vargs		= &vargs
+		};
+		vfsub_fclr(vargs.flags, DLGT);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_cpup_single, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * copyup the @dentry from the first active hidden branch to @bdst,
+ * using au_cpup_single().
+ */
+static int au_cpup_simple(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+			  unsigned int flags, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bsrc, bend;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, bdst %d, len %lld, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, len, flags);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) && au_dbstart(dentry) < bdst);
+
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	for (bsrc = bdst + 1; bsrc <= bend; bsrc++)
+		if (au_h_dptr(dentry, bsrc))
+			break;
+	AuDebugOn(!au_h_dptr(dentry, bsrc));
+
+	err = au_lkup_neg(dentry, bdst);
+	if (!err) {
+		err = au_cpup_single(dentry, bdst, bsrc, len, flags, NULL,
+				     vargs);
+		if (!err)
+			return 0; /* success */
+
+		/* revert */
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bdst, NULL);
+		au_set_dbstart(dentry, bsrc);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct au_cpup_simple_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bdst;
+	loff_t len;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void au_call_cpup_simple(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_cpup_simple_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = au_cpup_simple(a->dentry, a->bdst, a->len, a->flags,
+				  a->vargs);
+}
+
+int au_sio_cpup_simple(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+		       unsigned int flags)
+{
+	int err, wkq_err;
+	unsigned char do_sio, dlgt;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir, *dir;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, len %lld, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, len, flags);
+
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	h_dir = au_h_iptr(dir, bdst);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dir->i_sb));
+	do_sio = !!au_test_h_perm_sio(h_dir, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE, dlgt);
+	if (!do_sio) {
+		/*
+		 * testing CAP_MKNOD is for generic fs,
+		 * but CAP_FSETID is for xfs only, currently.
+		 */
+		umode_t mode = dentry->d_inode->i_mode;
+		do_sio = (((mode & (S_IFCHR | S_IFBLK))
+			   && !capable(CAP_MKNOD))
+			  || ((mode & (S_ISUID | S_ISGID))
+			      && !capable(CAP_FSETID)));
+	}
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, /*force_unlink*/0);
+	if (!do_sio)
+		err = au_cpup_simple(dentry, bdst, len, flags, &vargs);
+	else {
+		struct au_cpup_simple_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.dentry		= dentry,
+			.bdst		= bdst,
+			.len		= len,
+			.flags		= flags,
+			.vargs		= &vargs
+		};
+		vfsub_fclr(vargs.flags, DLGT);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_cpup_simple, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_do_cpup_wh(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			 struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct file *file,
+			 loff_t len, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct dentry *h_d_bdst, *h_d_bstart;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+	bstart = dinfo->di_bstart;
+	h_d_bdst = dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bdst].hd_dentry;
+	dinfo->di_bstart = bdst;
+	dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bdst].hd_dentry = wh_dentry;
+	h_d_bstart = dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry;
+	if (file)
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry
+			= au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file))->f_dentry;
+	err = au_cpup_single(dentry, bdst, bstart, len, !AuCpup_DTIME,
+			     /*h_parent*/NULL, vargs);
+	if (!err && file) {
+		err = au_reopen_nondir(file);
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry = h_d_bstart;
+	}
+	dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bdst].hd_dentry = h_d_bdst;
+	dinfo->di_bstart = bstart;
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * copyup the deleted file for writing.
+ */
+static int au_cpup_wh(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+		      struct file *file)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent, *wh_dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_hinode *hgdir, *hdir;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		.flags	= 0,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, bdst %d, len %llu\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, len);
+	AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)
+		  || (file && !(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)));
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	IiMustAnyLock(parent->d_inode);
+	h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bdst);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+
+	sb = parent->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = 0;
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bdst);
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags)) {
+		dlgt = 1;
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	}
+	wh_dentry = au_whtmp_lkup(h_parent, &dentry->d_name, &ndx);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	hdir = NULL;
+	hgdir = NULL;
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY)) {
+		hdir = au_hi(parent->d_inode, bdst);
+		if (!IS_ROOT(parent)) {
+			struct dentry *gparent;
+			gparent = dget_parent(parent);
+			hgdir = au_hi(gparent->d_inode, bdst);
+			dput(gparent);
+		}
+	}
+	au_dtime_store(&dt, parent, h_parent, hdir, hgdir);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, /*force_unlink*/0);
+	err = au_do_cpup_wh(dentry, bdst, wh_dentry, file, len, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_wh;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!d_unhashed(dentry));
+	/* dget first to force sillyrename on nfs */
+	dget(wh_dentry);
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	err = vfsub_unlink(h_parent->d_inode, wh_dentry, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuIOErr("failed remove copied-up tmp file %.*s(%d)\n",
+			AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), err);
+		err = -EIO;
+	}
+	au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+	au_set_hi_wh(dentry->d_inode, bdst, wh_dentry);
+
+ out_wh:
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct au_cpup_wh_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bdst;
+	loff_t len;
+	struct file *file;
+};
+
+static void au_call_cpup_wh(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_cpup_wh_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = au_cpup_wh(a->dentry, a->bdst, a->len, a->file);
+}
+
+int au_sio_cpup_wh(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+		   struct file *file)
+{
+	int err, wkq_err;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_tmp, *h_parent, *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *dir, *h_dir, *h_tmpdir, *h_inode;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	IiMustAnyLock(dir);
+
+	h_tmp = NULL;
+	h_parent = NULL;
+	h_dir = au_igrab(au_h_iptr(dir, bdst));
+	h_tmpdir = h_dir;
+	if (!h_dir->i_nlink) {
+		DiMustWriteLock(parent);
+		wbr = au_sbr(dentry->d_sb, bdst)->br_wbr;
+		AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+		h_tmp = wbr->wbr_tmp;
+
+		h_parent = dget(au_h_dptr(parent, bdst));
+		au_set_h_dptr(parent, bdst, NULL);
+		au_set_h_dptr(parent, bdst, dget(h_tmp));
+		h_tmpdir = h_tmp->d_inode;
+		au_set_h_iptr(dir, bdst, NULL, 0);
+		au_set_h_iptr(dir, bdst, au_igrab(h_tmpdir), /*flags*/0);
+
+		/* this temporary unlock is safe */
+		if (file)
+			h_dentry = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file))->f_dentry;
+		else
+			h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry));
+		h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+		IMustLock(h_inode);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_tmpdir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT3);
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	}
+
+	if (!au_test_h_perm_sio
+	    (h_tmpdir, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE,
+	     au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb))))
+		err = au_cpup_wh(dentry, bdst, len, file);
+	else {
+		struct au_cpup_wh_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.dentry	= dentry,
+			.bdst	= bdst,
+			.len	= len,
+			.file	= file
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_cpup_wh, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	/* todo: is this restore safe? */
+	if (h_tmp) {
+		mutex_unlock(&h_tmpdir->i_mutex);
+		au_set_h_iptr(dir, bdst, NULL, 0);
+		au_set_h_iptr(dir, bdst, au_igrab(h_dir), /*flags*/0);
+		au_set_h_dptr(parent, bdst, NULL);
+		au_set_h_dptr(parent, bdst, h_parent);
+	}
+	iput(h_dir);
+	dput(parent);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * generic routine for both of copy-up and copy-down.
+ * Although I've tried building a path by dcsub, I gave up this approach.
+ * Since the ancestor directory may be moved/renamed during copy.
+ */
+/* cf. revalidate function in file.c */
+int au_cp_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+	       int (*cp)(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			 struct dentry *h_parent, void *arg),
+	       void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *d, *parent, *h_parent, *real_parent;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, parent i%lu\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, (unsigned long)parent_ino(dentry));
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_ro(sb, bdst, NULL));
+	err = 0;
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	IiMustWriteLock(parent->d_inode);
+	if (IS_ROOT(parent))
+		goto out;
+
+	pin_flags = AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	au_pin_init(&pin, dentry, bdst, AuLsc_DI_PARENT3, AuLsc_I_PARENT2,
+		    pin_flags);
+
+	/* do not use au_dpage */
+	real_parent = parent;
+	while (1) {
+		dput(parent);
+		parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bdst);
+		if (h_parent)
+			goto out; /* success */
+
+		/* find top dir which is needed to cpup */
+		do {
+			d = parent;
+			dput(parent);
+			parent = dget_parent(d);
+			di_read_lock_parent3(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+			h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bdst);
+			di_read_unlock(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+		} while (!h_parent);
+
+		if (d != real_parent)
+			di_write_lock_child3(d);
+
+		/* somebody else might create while we were sleeping */
+		if (!au_h_dptr(d, bdst) || !au_h_dptr(d, bdst)->d_inode) {
+			if (au_h_dptr(d, bdst))
+				au_update_dbstart(d);
+
+			au_pin_do_set_dentry(pin.pin  + AuPin_PARENT, d);
+			err = au_do_pin(pin.pin + AuPin_PARENT,
+					au_pin_gp(&pin));
+			if (!err) {
+				err = cp(d, bdst, h_parent, arg);
+				au_unpin(&pin);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (d != real_parent)
+			di_write_unlock(d);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			break;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_cpup_dir(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+		       struct dentry *h_parent, void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = au_sio_cpup_simple(dentry, bdst, -1, AuCpup_DTIME);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_cpup_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = au_cp_dirs(dentry, bdst, au_cpup_dir, NULL);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_test_and_cpup_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *dir;
+
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, parent i%lu\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, dir->i_ino);
+	DiMustReadLock(parent);
+	IiMustReadLock(dir);
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (au_h_iptr(dir, bdst))
+		goto out;
+
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	/* someone else might change our inode while we were sleeping */
+	if (!au_h_iptr(dir, bdst))
+		err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, bdst);
+	di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/cpup.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/cpup.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/cpup.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/cpup.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * copy-up/down functions
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_CPUP_H__
+#define __AUFS_CPUP_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+
+void au_cpup_attr_timesizes(struct inode *inode);
+void au_cpup_attr_nlink(struct inode *inode, int force);
+void au_cpup_attr_changeable(struct inode *inode);
+void au_cpup_igen(struct inode *inode, struct inode *h_inode);
+void au_cpup_attr_all(struct inode *inode, int force);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* cpup flags */
+#define AuCpup_DTIME	1		/* do dtime_store/revert */
+#define AuCpup_KEEPLINO	(1 << 1)	/* do not clear the lower xino,
+					   for link(2) */
+#define au_ftest_cpup(flags, name)	((flags) & AuCpup_##name)
+#define au_fset_cpup(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuCpup_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_cpup(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuCpup_##name; }
+
+int au_sio_cpup_single(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bsrc, loff_t len, unsigned int flags,
+		       struct dentry *dst_parent);
+int au_sio_cpup_simple(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+		       unsigned int flags);
+int au_sio_cpup_wh(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst, loff_t len,
+		   struct file *file);
+
+int au_cp_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+	       int (*cp)(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			 struct dentry *h_parent, void *arg),
+	       void *arg);
+int au_cpup_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst);
+int au_test_and_cpup_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* keep timestamps when copyup */
+struct au_dtime {
+	struct dentry *dt_dentry, *dt_h_dentry;
+	struct au_hinode *dt_hinode, *dt_hdir;
+	struct timespec dt_atime, dt_mtime;
+};
+void au_dtime_store(struct au_dtime *dt, struct dentry *dentry,
+		    struct dentry *h_dentry, struct au_hinode *hinode,
+		    struct au_hinode *hdir);
+void au_dtime_revert(struct au_dtime *dt);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline void au_cpup_attr_flags(struct inode *inode,
+				      struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	inode->i_flags |= h_inode->i_flags & ~(S_DEAD | S_PRIVATE);
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_CPUP_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dcsub.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dcsub.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/dcsub.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dcsub.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sub-routines for dentry cache
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static void au_dpage_free(struct au_dpage *dpage)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!dpage);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dpage->ndentry; i++)
+		dput(dpage->dentries[i]);
+	free_page((unsigned long)dpage->dentries);
+}
+
+int au_dpages_init(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, gfp_t gfp)
+{
+	int err;
+	void *p;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	dpages->dpages = kmalloc(sizeof(*dpages->dpages), gfp);
+	if (unlikely(!dpages->dpages))
+		goto out;
+	p = (void *)__get_free_page(gfp);
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out_dpages;
+	dpages->dpages[0].ndentry = 0;
+	dpages->dpages[0].dentries = p;
+	dpages->ndpage = 1;
+	return 0; /* success */
+
+ out_dpages:
+	kfree(dpages->dpages);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_dpages_free(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dpages->ndpage; i++)
+		au_dpage_free(dpages->dpages + i);
+	kfree(dpages->dpages);
+}
+
+static int au_dpages_append(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages,
+			    struct dentry *dentry, gfp_t gfp)
+{
+	int err, sz;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+	void *p;
+
+	/* AuTraceEnter(); */
+
+	dpage = dpages->dpages + dpages->ndpage - 1;
+	AuDebugOn(!dpage);
+	sz = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(dentry);
+	if (unlikely(dpage->ndentry >= sz)) {
+		LKTRLabel(new dpage);
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		sz = dpages->ndpage * sizeof(*dpages->dpages);
+		p = au_kzrealloc(dpages->dpages, sz,
+				 sz + sizeof(*dpages->dpages), gfp);
+		if (unlikely(!p))
+			goto out;
+		dpages->dpages = p;
+		dpage = dpages->dpages + dpages->ndpage;
+		p = (void *)__get_free_page(gfp);
+		if (unlikely(!p))
+			goto out;
+		dpage->ndentry = 0;
+		dpage->dentries = p;
+		dpages->ndpage++;
+	}
+
+	dpage->dentries[dpage->ndentry++] = dget(dentry);
+	return 0; /* success */
+
+ out:
+	/* AuTraceErr(err); */
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_dcsub_pages(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, struct dentry *root,
+		   au_dpages_test test, void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *this_parent = root;
+	struct list_head *next;
+	struct super_block *sb = root->d_sb;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
+ repeat:
+	next = this_parent->d_subdirs.next;
+ resume:
+	if (this_parent->d_sb == sb
+	    && !IS_ROOT(this_parent)
+	    && atomic_read(&this_parent->d_count)
+	    && this_parent->d_inode
+	    && (!test || test(this_parent, arg))) {
+		err = au_dpages_append(dpages, this_parent, GFP_ATOMIC);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	while (next != &this_parent->d_subdirs) {
+		struct list_head *tmp = next;
+		struct dentry *dentry = list_entry(tmp, struct dentry,
+						   d_u.d_child);
+		next = tmp->next;
+		if (/*d_unhashed(dentry) || */!dentry->d_inode)
+			continue;
+		if (!list_empty(&dentry->d_subdirs)) {
+			this_parent = dentry;
+			goto repeat;
+		}
+		if (dentry->d_sb == sb
+		    && atomic_read(&dentry->d_count)
+		    && (!test || test(dentry, arg))) {
+			err = au_dpages_append(dpages, dentry, GFP_ATOMIC);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (this_parent != root) {
+		next = this_parent->d_u.d_child.next;
+		this_parent = this_parent->d_parent; /* dcache_lock is locked */
+		goto resume;
+	}
+ out:
+	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
+#if 0 /* debug */
+	if (!err) {
+		int i, j;
+		j = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < dpages->ndpage; i++) {
+			if ((dpages->dpages + i)->ndentry)
+				AuDbg("%d: %d\n",
+				      i, (dpages->dpages + i)->ndentry);
+			j += (dpages->dpages + i)->ndentry;
+		}
+		if (j)
+			AuDbg("ndpage %d, %d\n", dpages->ndpage, j);
+	}
+#endif
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_dcsub_pages_rev(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       int do_include, au_dpages_test test, void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
+	if (do_include && (!test || test(dentry, arg))) {
+		err = au_dpages_append(dpages, dentry, GFP_ATOMIC);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+	while (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
+		dentry = dentry->d_parent; /* dcache_lock is locked */
+		if (!test || test(dentry, arg)) {
+			err = au_dpages_append(dpages, dentry, GFP_ATOMIC);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out:
+	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_test_subdir(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2)
+{
+	struct dentry *trap, **dentries;
+	int err, i, j;
+	struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d1), AuDLNPair(d2));
+
+	trap = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	err = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_dcsub_pages_rev(&dpages, d1, /*do_include*/1, NULL, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_dpages;
+
+	trap = d1;
+	for (i = 0; !err && i < dpages.ndpage; i++) {
+		dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+		dentries = dpage->dentries;
+		for (j = 0; !err && j < dpage->ndentry; j++) {
+			struct dentry *d;
+			d = dentries[j];
+			err = (d == d2);
+			if (!err)
+				trap = d;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!err)
+		trap = NULL;
+
+ out_dpages:
+	au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(trap);
+	return trap;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dcsub.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dcsub.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/dcsub.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dcsub.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sub-routines for dentry cache
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_DCSUB_H__
+#define __AUFS_DCSUB_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/dcache.h>
+
+struct au_dpage {
+	int ndentry;
+	struct dentry **dentries;
+};
+
+struct au_dcsub_pages {
+	int ndpage;
+	struct au_dpage *dpages;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_dpages_init(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, gfp_t gfp);
+void au_dpages_free(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages);
+typedef int (*au_dpages_test)(struct dentry *dentry, void *arg);
+int au_dcsub_pages(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, struct dentry *root,
+		   au_dpages_test test, void *arg);
+int au_dcsub_pages_rev(struct au_dcsub_pages *dpages, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       int do_include, au_dpages_test test, void *arg);
+struct dentry *au_test_subdir(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2);
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_DCSUB_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/debug.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/debug.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/debug.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/debug.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * debug print functions
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+atomic_t au_cond = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
+
+char *au_plevel = KERN_DEBUG;
+#define dpri(fmt, arg...) do { \
+	if (LktrCond) \
+		printk("%s" fmt, au_plevel, ##arg); \
+} while (0)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_dpri_whlist(struct au_nhash *whlist)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		head = whlist->heads + i;
+		hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, wh_hash)
+			dpri("b%d, %.*s, %d\n",
+			     tpos->wh_bindex,
+			     tpos->wh_str.len, tpos->wh_str.name,
+			     tpos->wh_str.len);
+	}
+}
+
+void au_dpri_vdir(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	int i;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p;
+	unsigned char *o;
+
+	if (!vdir || IS_ERR(vdir)) {
+		dpri("err %ld\n", PTR_ERR(vdir));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	dpri("nblk %d, deblk %p, last{%d, %p}, ver %lu\n",
+	     vdir->vd_nblk, vdir->vd_deblk,
+	     vdir->vd_last.i, vdir->vd_last.p.p, vdir->vd_version);
+	for (i = 0; i < vdir->vd_nblk; i++) {
+		p.deblk = vdir->vd_deblk[i];
+		o = p.p;
+		dpri("[%d]: %p\n", i, o);
+	}
+}
+
+static int do_pri_inode(aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct inode *inode,
+			struct dentry *wh)
+{
+	char *n = NULL;
+	int l = 0, ntfy = 0;
+
+	if (!inode || IS_ERR(inode)) {
+		dpri("i%d: err %ld\n", bindex, PTR_ERR(inode));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/* the type of i_blocks depends upon CONFIG_LSF */
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(inode->i_blocks) != sizeof(unsigned long)
+		     && sizeof(inode->i_blocks) != sizeof(u64));
+	if (wh) {
+		n = (void *)wh->d_name.name;
+		l = wh->d_name.len;
+	}
+
+	ntfy = au_test_inotify(inode);
+	dpri("i%d: i%lu, %s, cnt %d, nl %u, 0%o, ntfy %d, sz %llu, blk %llu,"
+	     " ct %lld, np %lu, st 0x%lx, f 0x%x, g %x%s%.*s\n",
+	     bindex,
+	     inode->i_ino, inode->i_sb ? au_sbtype(inode->i_sb) : "??",
+	     atomic_read(&inode->i_count), inode->i_nlink, inode->i_mode,
+	     ntfy,
+	     i_size_read(inode), (unsigned long long)inode->i_blocks,
+	     (long long)timespec_to_ns(&inode->i_ctime) & 0x0ffff,
+	     inode->i_mapping ? inode->i_mapping->nrpages : 0,
+	     inode->i_state, inode->i_flags, inode->i_generation,
+	     l ? ", wh " : "", l, n);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void au_dpri_inode(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	int err;
+
+	err = do_pri_inode(-1, inode, NULL);
+	if (err || !au_test_aufs(inode->i_sb))
+		return;
+
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	if (!iinfo)
+		return;
+	dpri("i-1: bstart %d, bend %d, gen %d\n",
+	     iinfo->ii_bstart, iinfo->ii_bend, au_iigen(inode));
+	if (iinfo->ii_bstart < 0)
+		return;
+	for (bindex = iinfo->ii_bstart; bindex <= iinfo->ii_bend; bindex++)
+		do_pri_inode(bindex, iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_inode,
+			     iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_whdentry);
+}
+
+static int do_pri_dentry(aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct dentry *dentry,
+			 struct list_head *intent)
+{
+	struct dentry *wh = NULL;
+
+	if (!dentry || IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		dpri("d%d: err %ld\n", bindex, PTR_ERR(dentry));
+		return -1;
+	}
+	/* do not call dget_parent() here */
+	dpri("d%d: %.*s?/%.*s, %s, cnt %d, flags 0x%x, intent %d\n",
+	     bindex,
+	     AuDLNPair(dentry->d_parent), AuDLNPair(dentry),
+	     dentry->d_sb ? au_sbtype(dentry->d_sb) : "??",
+	     atomic_read(&dentry->d_count), dentry->d_flags, !!intent);
+	if (bindex >= 0 && dentry->d_inode && au_test_aufs(dentry->d_sb)) {
+		struct au_iinfo *iinfo = au_ii(dentry->d_inode);
+		if (iinfo)
+			wh = iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_whdentry;
+	}
+	do_pri_inode(bindex, dentry->d_inode, wh);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static struct list_head *au_dbg_h_intent(struct au_dinfo *dinfo,
+					 aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+	return dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bindex].hd_intent_list;
+#else
+	return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+void au_dpri_dentry(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	int err;
+
+	err = do_pri_dentry(-1, dentry, NULL);
+	if (err || !au_test_aufs(dentry->d_sb))
+		return;
+
+	dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+	if (!dinfo)
+		return;
+	dpri("d-1: bstart %d, bend %d, bwh %d, bdiropq %d, gen %d\n",
+	     dinfo->di_bstart, dinfo->di_bend,
+	     dinfo->di_bwh, dinfo->di_bdiropq, au_digen(dentry));
+	if (dinfo->di_bstart < 0)
+		return;
+	for (bindex = dinfo->di_bstart; bindex <= dinfo->di_bend; bindex++)
+		do_pri_dentry(bindex, dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bindex].hd_dentry,
+			      au_dbg_h_intent(dinfo, bindex));
+}
+
+static int do_pri_file(aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct file *file)
+{
+	char a[32];
+
+	if (!file || IS_ERR(file)) {
+		dpri("f%d: err %ld\n", bindex, PTR_ERR(file));
+		return -1;
+	}
+	a[0] = 0;
+	if (bindex < 0
+	    && file->f_dentry
+	    && au_test_aufs(file->f_dentry->d_sb)
+	    && au_fi(file))
+		snprintf(a, sizeof(a), ", mmapped %d", au_test_mmapped(file));
+	dpri("f%d: mode 0x%x, flags 0%o, cnt %ld, pos %llu%s\n",
+	     bindex, file->f_mode, file->f_flags, (long)file_count(file),
+	     file->f_pos, a);
+	if (file->f_dentry)
+		do_pri_dentry(bindex, file->f_dentry, NULL);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void au_dpri_file(struct file *file)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	int err;
+
+	err = do_pri_file(-1, file);
+	if (err || !file->f_dentry || !au_test_aufs(file->f_dentry->d_sb))
+		return;
+
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+	if (!finfo)
+		return;
+	if (finfo->fi_bstart < 0)
+		return;
+	for (bindex = finfo->fi_bstart; bindex <= finfo->fi_bend; bindex++) {
+		struct au_hfile *hf;
+		hf = finfo->fi_hfile + bindex;
+		do_pri_file(bindex, hf ? hf->hf_file : NULL);
+	}
+}
+
+static int do_pri_br(aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	struct vfsmount *mnt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	if (!br || IS_ERR(br)
+	    || !(mnt = br->br_mnt) || IS_ERR(mnt)
+	    || !(sb = mnt->mnt_sb) || IS_ERR(sb)) {
+		dpri("s%d: err %ld\n", bindex, PTR_ERR(br));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	dpri("s%d: {perm 0x%x, cnt %d, wbr %p}, "
+	     "%s, dev 0x%02x%02x, flags 0x%lx, cnt(BIAS) %d, active %d, "
+	     "xino %d\n",
+	     bindex, br->br_perm, au_br_count(br), br->br_wbr,
+	     au_sbtype(sb), MAJOR(sb->s_dev), MINOR(sb->s_dev),
+	     sb->s_flags, sb->s_count - S_BIAS,
+	     atomic_read(&sb->s_active), !!br->br_xino.xi_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void au_dpri_sb(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	int err;
+	/* to reuduce stack size */
+	struct {
+		struct vfsmount mnt;
+		struct au_branch fake;
+	} *a;
+
+	/* this function can be called from magic sysrq */
+	a = kzalloc(sizeof(*a), GFP_ATOMIC);
+	if (unlikely(!a)) {
+		dpri("no memory\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	a->mnt.mnt_sb = sb;
+	a->fake.br_perm = 0;
+	a->fake.br_mnt = &a->mnt;
+	a->fake.br_xino.xi_file = NULL;
+	atomic_set(&a->fake.br_count, 0);
+	smp_mb(); /* atomic_set */
+	err = do_pri_br(-1, &a->fake);
+	kfree(a);
+	dpri("dev 0x%x\n", sb->s_dev);
+	if (err || !au_test_aufs(sb))
+		return;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (!sbinfo)
+		return;
+	dpri("nw %d, gen %u, kobj %d\n",
+	     atomic_read(&sbinfo->si_nowait.nw_len), sbinfo->si_generation,
+	     atomic_read(&sbinfo->si_kobj.kref.refcount));
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= sbinfo->si_bend; bindex++)
+		do_pri_br(bindex, sbinfo->si_branch[0 + bindex]);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_dbg_sleep(int sec)
+{
+	static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(wq);
+	wait_event_timeout(wq, 0, sec * HZ);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_sleep_jiffy(int jiffy)
+{
+	static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(wq);
+	wait_event_timeout(wq, 0, jiffy);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_iattr(struct iattr *ia)
+{
+#define AuBit(name)	if (ia->ia_valid & ATTR_ ## name) \
+				dpri(#name "\n")
+	AuBit(MODE);
+	AuBit(UID);
+	AuBit(GID);
+	AuBit(SIZE);
+	AuBit(ATIME);
+	AuBit(MTIME);
+	AuBit(CTIME);
+	AuBit(ATIME_SET);
+	AuBit(MTIME_SET);
+	AuBit(FORCE);
+	AuBit(ATTR_FLAG);
+	AuBit(KILL_SUID);
+	AuBit(KILL_SGID);
+	AuBit(FILE);
+	AuBit(KILL_PRIV);
+	AuBit(OPEN);
+	AuBit(TIMES_SET);
+#undef	AuBit
+	dpri("ia_file %p\n", ia->ia_file);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_debug_sbinfo_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+#ifdef ForceInotify
+	au_opt_set_udba(sbinfo->si_mntflags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+#endif
+#ifdef ForceDlgt
+	au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+#endif
+#ifdef ForceNoPlink
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK);
+#endif
+#ifdef ForceNoXino
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINO);
+#endif
+#ifdef ForceNoRefrof
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, REFROF);
+#endif
+#ifdef ForceShwh
+	au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SHWH);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+	{
+		int i;
+		for (i = 0; i < AuDbgLock_Last; i++)
+			au_spl_init(sbinfo->si_dbg_lock + i);
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+int __init au_debug_init(void)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_vdir_destr destr;
+
+	bindex = -1;
+	AuDebugOn(bindex >= 0);
+
+	destr.len = -1;
+	AuDebugOn(destr.len < NAME_MAX);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_4KSTACKS
+	AuWarn("CONFIG_4KSTACKS is defined.\n");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ForceBrs
+	sysaufs_brs = 1;
+#endif
+
+#if 0 /* verbose debug */
+	{
+		union {
+			struct au_branch *br;
+			struct au_dinfo *di;
+			struct au_finfo *fi;
+			struct au_iinfo *ii;
+			struct au_hinode *hi;
+			struct au_sbinfo *si;
+			struct au_vdir_destr *destr;
+			struct au_vdir_de *de;
+			struct au_vdir_wh *wh;
+			struct au_vdir *vd;
+		} u;
+
+		pr_info("br{"
+			"xino %d, "
+			"id %d, perm %d, mnt %d, count %d, "
+			"wbr %d, "
+			"xup %d, xrun %d, "
+			"gen %d, "
+			"sa %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_xino),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_id),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_perm),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_mnt),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_count),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), wbr),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_xino_upper),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_xino_running),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_generation),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.br), br_sabr),
+			sizeof(*u.br));
+		pr_info("di{gen %d, rwsem %d, bstart %d, bend %d, bwh %d, "
+			"bdiropq %d, hdentry %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_generation),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_rwsem),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_bstart),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_bend),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_bwh),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_bdiropq),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.di), di_hdentry),
+			sizeof(*u.di));
+		pr_info("fi{gen %d, rwsem %d, hfile %d, bstart %d, bend %d, "
+			"h_vm_ops %d, vdir_cach %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_generation),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_rwsem),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_hfile),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_bstart),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_bend),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_h_vm_ops),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.fi), fi_vdir_cache),
+			sizeof(*u.fi));
+		pr_info("ii{gen %d, hsb %d, "
+			"rwsem %d, bstart %d, bend %d, hinode %d, vdir %d} "
+			"%d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_generation),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_hsb1),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_rwsem),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_bstart),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_bend),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_hinode),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.ii), ii_vdir),
+			sizeof(*u.ii));
+		pr_info("hi{inode %d, id %d, notify %d, wh %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.hi), hi_inode),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.hi), hi_id),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.hi), hi_notify),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.hi), hi_whdentry),
+			sizeof(*u.hi));
+		pr_info("si{nwt %d, rwsem %d, gen %d, stat %d, "
+			"bend %d, last id %d, br %d, "
+			"cpup %d, creat %d, ops %d, ops %d, "
+			"rr %d, mfs %d, "
+			"mntflags %d, "
+			"xread %d, xwrite %d, xib %d, xmtx %d, buf %d, "
+			"xlast %d, xnext %d, "
+			"rdcache %d, "
+			"dirwh %d, "
+			"pl %d, "
+			"mnt %d, "
+			"sys %d, "
+			/* "lvma_l %d, lvma %d" */
+			"} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_nowait),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_rwsem),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_generation),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), au_si_status),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_bend),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_last_br_id),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_branch),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_copyup),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_create),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_copyup_ops),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_create_ops),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_rr_next),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_wbr_mfs),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_mntflags),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xread),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xwrite),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xib),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xib_mtx),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xib_buf),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xib_last_pindex),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_xib_next_bit),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_rdcache),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_dirwh),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_plink),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_mnt),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_sa),
+			/*offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_lvma_lock),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.si), si_lvma),*/
+			sizeof(*u.si));
+		pr_info("destr{len %d, name %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.destr), len),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.destr), name),
+			sizeof(*u.destr));
+		pr_info("de{ino %d, type %d, str %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.de), de_ino),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.de), de_type),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.de), de_str),
+			sizeof(*u.de));
+		pr_info("wh{hash %d, bindex %d, str %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.wh), wh_hash),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.wh), wh_bindex),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.wh), wh_str),
+			sizeof(*u.wh));
+		pr_info("vd{deblk %d, nblk %d, last %d, ver %d, jiffy %d} %d\n",
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.vd), vd_deblk),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.vd), vd_nblk),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.vd), vd_last),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.vd), vd_version),
+			offsetof(typeof(*u.vd), vd_jiffy),
+			sizeof(*u.vd));
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/debug.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/debug.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/debug.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/debug.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * debug print functions
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_DEBUG_H__
+#define __AUFS_DEBUG_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <linux/vt_kern.h>
+#include <linux/sysrq.h>
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make it an inlined function */
+#define MtxMustLock(mtx)	AuDebugOn(!mutex_is_locked(mtx))
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+/* sparse warns about pointer */
+#define AuDebugOn(a)		BUG_ON(!!(a))
+extern atomic_t au_cond;
+#define au_debug_on()		atomic_inc_return(&au_cond)
+#define au_debug_off()		atomic_dec_return(&au_cond)
+static inline int au_debug_test(void)
+{
+	return atomic_read(&au_cond);
+}
+#else
+#define AuDebugOn(a)		do {} while (0)
+#define au_debug_on()		do {} while (0)
+#define au_debug_off()		do {} while (0)
+static inline int au_debug_test(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* debug print */
+#if defined(CONFIG_LKTR) || defined(CONFIG_LKTR_MODULE)
+#include <linux/lktr.h>
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+#undef LktrCond
+#define LktrCond	unlikely(au_debug_test() || (lktr_cond && lktr_cond()))
+#endif
+#else
+#define LktrCond			au_debug_test()
+#define LKTRDumpVma(pre, vma, suf)	do {} while (0)
+#define LKTRDumpStack()			do {} while (0)
+#define LKTRTrace(fmt, args...) do { \
+	if (LktrCond) \
+		AuDbg(fmt, ##args); \
+} while (0)
+#define LKTRLabel(label)		LKTRTrace("%s\n", #label)
+#endif /* CONFIG_LKTR */
+
+#define AuTraceErr(e) do { \
+	if (unlikely((e) < 0)) \
+		LKTRTrace("err %d\n", (int)(e)); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuTraceErrPtr(p) do { \
+	if (IS_ERR(p)) \
+		LKTRTrace("err %ld\n", PTR_ERR(p)); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuTraceEnter()	LKTRLabel(enter)
+
+/* dirty macros for debug print, use with "%.*s" and caution */
+#define AuLNPair(qstr)		(qstr)->len, (qstr)->name
+#define AuDLNPair(d)		AuLNPair(&(d)->d_name)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define AuDpri(lvl, fmt, arg...) \
+	printk(lvl AUFS_NAME " %s:%d:%s[%d]: " fmt, \
+	       __func__, __LINE__, current->comm, current->pid, ##arg)
+#define AuDbg(fmt, arg...)	AuDpri(KERN_DEBUG, fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuInfo(fmt, arg...)	AuDpri(KERN_INFO, fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuWarn(fmt, arg...)	AuDpri(KERN_WARNING, fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuErr(fmt, arg...)	AuDpri(KERN_ERR, fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuIOErr(fmt, arg...)	AuErr("I/O Error, " fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuIOErrWhck(fmt, arg...) AuErr("I/O Error, try whck. " fmt, ##arg)
+#define AuWarn1(fmt, arg...) do { \
+	static unsigned char _c; \
+	if (!_c++) \
+		AuWarn(fmt, ##arg); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuErr1(fmt, arg...) do { \
+	static unsigned char _c; \
+	if (!_c++) \
+		AuErr(fmt, ##arg); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuIOErr1(fmt, arg...) do { \
+	static unsigned char _c; \
+	if (!_c++) \
+		AuIOErr(fmt, ##arg); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuUnsupportMsg	"This operation is not supported." \
+			" Please report this application to aufs-users ML."
+#define AuUnsupport(fmt, args...) do { \
+	AuErr(AuUnsupportMsg "\n" fmt, ##args); \
+	dump_stack(); \
+} while (0)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_sbinfo;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+extern char *au_plevel;
+struct au_nhash;
+void au_dpri_whlist(struct au_nhash *whlist);
+struct au_vdir;
+void au_dpri_vdir(struct au_vdir *vdir);
+void au_dpri_inode(struct inode *inode);
+void au_dpri_dentry(struct dentry *dentry);
+void au_dpri_file(struct file *filp);
+void au_dpri_sb(struct super_block *sb);
+void au_dbg_sleep(int sec);
+void au_dbg_sleep_jiffy(int jiffy);
+
+#ifndef ATTR_TIMES_SET
+#define ATTR_TIMES_SET 0
+#endif
+void au_dbg_iattr(struct iattr *ia);
+int __init au_debug_init(void);
+void au_debug_sbinfo_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo);
+#define AuDbgWhlist(w) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#w "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_whlist(w); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgVdir(v) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#v "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_vdir(v); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgInode(i) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#i "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_inode(i); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgDentry(d) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#d "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_dentry(d); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgFile(f) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#f "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_file(f); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgSb(sb) do { \
+	LKTRTrace(#sb "\n"); \
+	au_dpri_sb(sb); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgSleep(sec) do { \
+	AuDbg("sleep %d sec\n", sec); \
+	au_dbg_sleep(sec); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgSleepJiffy(jiffy) do { \
+	AuDbg("sleep %d jiffies\n", jiffy); \
+	au_dbg_sleep_jiffy(jiffy); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgIAttr(ia) do { \
+	AuDbg("ia_valid 0x%x\n", (ia)->ia_valid); \
+	au_dbg_iattr(ia); \
+} while (0)
+#else
+static inline int au_debug_init(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+static inline void au_debug_sbinfo_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#define AuDbgWhlist(w)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgVdir(v)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgInode(i)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgDentry(d)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgFile(f)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgSb(sb)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgSleep(sec)		do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgSleepJiffy(jiffy)	do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgIAttr(ia)		do {} while (0)
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+#ifdef DbgUdbaRace
+#define AuDbgSleep_UdbaRace()	AuDbgSleep(DbgUdbaRace)
+#else
+#define AuDbgSleep_UdbaRace()	do {} while (0)
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ
+int __init au_sysrq_init(void);
+void au_sysrq_fin(void);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_HW_CONSOLE
+#define au_dbg_blocked() do { \
+	WARN_ON(1); \
+	handle_sysrq('w', vc_cons[fg_console].d->vc_tty); \
+} while (0)
+#else
+#define au_dbg_blocked()	do {} while (0)
+#endif
+
+#else
+static inline int au_sysrq_init(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#define au_sysrq_fin()		do {} while (0)
+#define au_dbg_blocked()	do {} while (0)
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ */
+
+enum {
+	AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKING,
+	AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKED,
+	AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKING,
+	AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKED,
+	AuDbgLock_II_LOCKING,
+	AuDbgLock_II_LOCKED,
+	AuDbgLock_Last
+};
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+void au_dbg_locking_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locked_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locked_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locking_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc);
+void au_dbg_locking_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locked_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc);
+void au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc);
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags);
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc);
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags);
+#else
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+static inline
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK */
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_DEBUG_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dentry.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dentry.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/dentry.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dentry.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * lookup and dentry operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * au_lkup_one() is a generic abstract entry function which calls
+ * lookup_one_len() or __lookup_hash() finally. it is some condisions that makes
+ * lookup complicated, which are nfs branch, open-intent and dlgt mode.
+ */
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS) || defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT)
+/* cf. lookup_one_len() in linux/fs/namei.c */
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			   struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, ndx{%d, 0x%x}\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(parent), len, name, !!ndx->nfsmnt, ndx->flags);
+
+	ndx->nd_file = NULL;
+	if (!ndx->nfsmnt)
+		dentry = au_lkup_one_dlgt(name, parent, len, ndx->flags);
+	else
+		dentry = au_lkup_hash(name, parent, len, ndx);
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS || CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT */
+
+struct au_lkup_one_args {
+	struct dentry **errp;
+	const char *name;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	int len;
+	struct au_ndx *ndx;
+};
+
+static void au_call_lkup_one(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_lkup_one_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = au_lkup_one(a->name, a->parent, a->len, a->ndx);
+}
+
+#define AuLkup_ALLOW_NEG	1
+#define AuLkup_DLGT		(1 << 1)
+#define AuLkup_DIRPERM1		(1 << 2)
+#define au_ftest_lkup(flags, name)	((flags) & AuLkup_##name)
+#define au_fset_lkup(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuLkup_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_lkup(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuLkup_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuLkup_DLGT
+#define AuLkup_DLGT	0
+#undef AuLkup_DIRPERM1
+#define AuLkup_DIRPERM1	0
+#endif
+
+struct au_do_lookup_args {
+	unsigned int		flags;
+	mode_t			type;
+	struct nameidata	*nd;
+};
+
+/*
+ * returns positive/negative dentry, NULL or an error.
+ * NULL means whiteout-ed or not-found.
+ */
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+struct dentry *au_do_lookup(struct dentry *h_parent, struct dentry *dentry,
+			    aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct qstr *wh_name,
+			    struct au_do_lookup_args *args)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	int err, wh_found, opq;
+	unsigned char wh_able;
+	struct inode *h_dir, *h_inode, *inode;
+	struct qstr *name;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int nd_flags;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= args->nd
+	};
+	const int allow_neg = au_ftest_lkup(args->flags, ALLOW_NEG);
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, b%d, {flags 0x%x, type 0%o, nd %d}\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(h_parent), AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex,
+		  args->flags, args->type, !!args->nd);
+	if (args->nd)
+		LKTRTrace("nd{0x%x}\n", args->nd->flags);
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+
+	nd_flags = 0;
+	wh_found = 0;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bindex);
+	if (au_ftest_lkup(args->flags, DLGT))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	if (au_ftest_lkup(args->flags, DIRPERM1))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DIRPERM1);
+	LKTRTrace("nfsmnt %p\n", ndx.nfsmnt);
+	ndx.br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	wh_able = !!au_br_whable(ndx.br->br_perm);
+	name = &dentry->d_name;
+	if (wh_able)
+		wh_found = au_test_robr_wh(name, h_parent, wh_name,
+					   /*try_sio*/0, &ndx);
+	h_dentry = ERR_PTR(wh_found);
+	if (!wh_found)
+		goto real_lookup;
+	if (unlikely(wh_found < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* We found a whiteout */
+	/* au_set_dbend(dentry, bindex); */
+	au_set_dbwh(dentry, bindex);
+	if (!allow_neg)
+		return NULL; /* success */
+	if (ndx.nd
+	    && au_test_nfs(h_parent->d_sb)
+	    && (ndx.nd->flags & LOOKUP_CREATE)) {
+		nd_flags = ndx.nd->flags;
+		ndx.nd->flags &= ~(LOOKUP_OPEN | LOOKUP_CREATE);
+	}
+
+ real_lookup:
+	/* do not superio. */
+	h_dentry = au_lkup_one(name->name, h_parent, name->len, &ndx);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_dentry))
+		goto out;
+	AuDebugOn(d_unhashed(h_dentry));
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	if (!h_inode) {
+		if (!allow_neg)
+			goto out_neg;
+	} else if (wh_found
+		   || (args->type && args->type != (h_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT)))
+		goto out_neg;
+
+	if (au_dbend(dentry) <= bindex)
+		au_set_dbend(dentry, bindex);
+	if (au_dbstart(dentry) < 0 || bindex < au_dbstart(dentry))
+		au_set_dbstart(dentry, bindex);
+	au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, h_dentry);
+
+	err = au_br_nfs_h_intent(ndx.nd_file, dentry, bindex, args->nd);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		h_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (!h_inode || !S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode) || !wh_able
+	    || (inode && !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)))
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	opq = au_diropq_test(h_dentry, &ndx);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+	if (opq > 0)
+		au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, bindex);
+	else if (unlikely(opq < 0)) {
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, NULL);
+		h_dentry = ERR_PTR(opq);
+	}
+	goto out;
+
+ out_neg:
+	dput(h_dentry);
+	h_dentry = NULL;
+ out:
+	if (nd_flags)
+		ndx.nd->flags |= (nd_flags & (LOOKUP_OPEN | LOOKUP_CREATE));
+	AuTraceErrPtr(h_dentry);
+	return h_dentry;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns the number of hidden positive dentries,
+ * otherwise an error.
+ * can be called at unlinking with @type is zero.
+ */
+int au_lkup_dentry(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bstart, mode_t type,
+		   struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int npositive, err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, btail, bdiropq;
+	unsigned char isdir;
+	struct qstr whname;
+	struct au_do_lookup_args args = {
+		.type	= type,
+		.nd	= nd
+	};
+	const struct qstr *name = &dentry->d_name;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, type 0%o\n", AuLNPair(name), bstart, type);
+	AuDebugOn(bstart < 0 || IS_ROOT(dentry));
+
+	/* dir may not be locked */
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+
+	err = au_test_robr_shwh(dentry->d_sb, name);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = au_wh_name_alloc(name->name, name->len, &whname);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	isdir = !!(inode && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+	args.flags = 0;
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_lkup(args.flags, DLGT);
+	if (au_test_dirperm1(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_lkup(args.flags, DIRPERM1);
+	if (!type)
+		au_fset_lkup(args.flags, ALLOW_NEG);
+	npositive = 0;
+	btail = au_dbtaildir(parent);
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		struct dentry *h_parent, *h_dentry;
+		struct inode *h_inode, *h_dir;
+
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (h_dentry) {
+			if (h_dentry->d_inode)
+				npositive++;
+			if (type != S_IFDIR)
+				break;
+			continue;
+		}
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+		if (!h_parent)
+			continue;
+		h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+		if (!h_dir || !S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode))
+			continue;
+
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+		h_dentry = au_do_lookup(h_parent, dentry, bindex, &whname,
+					&args);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_dentry))
+			goto out_wh;
+		au_fclr_lkup(args.flags, ALLOW_NEG);
+
+		if (au_dbwh(dentry) >= 0)
+			break;
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+		if (!h_inode)
+			continue;
+		npositive++;
+		if (!args.type)
+			args.type = h_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT;
+		if (args.type != S_IFDIR)
+			break;
+		else if (isdir) {
+			/* the type of lowers may be different */
+			bdiropq = au_dbdiropq(dentry);
+			if (bdiropq >= 0 && bdiropq <= bindex)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (npositive) {
+		LKTRLabel(positive);
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+	}
+	err = npositive;
+	if (!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_NONE) && au_dbstart(dentry) < 0)
+		/* both of real entry and whiteout found */
+		err = -EIO;
+
+ out_wh:
+	au_wh_name_free(&whname);
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_sio_lkup_one(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			       struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int wkq_err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(parent), len, name);
+
+	if (!au_test_h_perm_sio(parent->d_inode, MAY_EXEC,
+				au_ftest_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT)))
+		dentry = au_lkup_one(name, parent, len, ndx);
+	else {
+		/* todo: ugly? */
+		unsigned int flags = ndx->flags;
+		struct au_lkup_one_args args = {
+			.errp	= &dentry,
+			.name	= name,
+			.parent	= parent,
+			.len	= len,
+			.ndx	= ndx
+		};
+
+		au_fclr_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT);
+		au_fclr_ndx(ndx->flags, DIRPERM1);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_lkup_one, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			dentry = ERR_PTR(wkq_err);
+		ndx->flags = flags;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+/*
+ * lookup @dentry on @bindex which should be negative.
+ */
+int au_lkup_neg(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent, *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex);
+	/* dir may not be locked */
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(!parent || !parent->d_inode
+		  || !S_ISDIR(parent->d_inode->i_mode));
+	h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir || !S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bindex);
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	if (au_test_dirperm1(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DIRPERM1);
+	h_dentry = au_sio_lkup_one(dentry->d_name.name, h_parent,
+				   dentry->d_name.len, &ndx);
+	err = PTR_ERR(h_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_dentry))
+		goto out;
+	if (unlikely(h_dentry->d_inode)) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		AuIOErr("b%d %.*s should be negative.\n",
+			bindex, AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+		dput(h_dentry);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (bindex < au_dbstart(dentry))
+		au_set_dbstart(dentry, bindex);
+	if (au_dbend(dentry) < bindex)
+		au_set_dbend(dentry, bindex);
+	au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, h_dentry);
+	err = 0;
+
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns the number of found hidden positive dentries,
+ * otherwise an error.
+ */
+int au_refresh_hdentry(struct dentry *dentry, mode_t type)
+{
+	int npositive, new_sz;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, parent_bend, parent_bstart, bwh, bdiropq, bend;
+	struct au_hdentry *p;
+	au_gen_t sgen;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, type 0%o\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), type);
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+	sgen = au_sigen(sb);
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(au_digen(parent) != sgen
+		  || au_iigen(parent->d_inode) != sgen);
+
+	npositive = -ENOMEM;
+	new_sz = sizeof(*dinfo->di_hdentry) * (au_sbend(sb) + 1);
+	dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+	p = au_kzrealloc(dinfo->di_hdentry, sizeof(*p) * (dinfo->di_bend + 1),
+			 new_sz, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out;
+	dinfo->di_hdentry = p;
+
+	bend = dinfo->di_bend;
+	bwh = dinfo->di_bwh;
+	bdiropq = dinfo->di_bdiropq;
+	p += dinfo->di_bstart;
+	for (bindex = dinfo->di_bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++, p++) {
+		struct dentry *hd, *hdp;
+		struct au_hdentry tmp, *q;
+		aufs_bindex_t new_bindex;
+
+		hd = p->hd_dentry;
+		if (!hd)
+			continue;
+		hdp = dget_parent(hd);
+		if (hdp == au_h_dptr(parent, bindex)) {
+			dput(hdp);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		new_bindex = au_find_dbindex(parent, hdp);
+		dput(hdp);
+		AuDebugOn(new_bindex == bindex);
+		if (dinfo->di_bwh == bindex)
+			bwh = new_bindex;
+		if (dinfo->di_bdiropq == bindex)
+			bdiropq = new_bindex;
+		/* todo: test more? */
+		if (new_bindex < 0) {
+			au_hdput(p, /*do_free*/0);
+			p->hd_dentry = NULL;
+			continue;
+		}
+		/* swap two hidden dentries, and loop again */
+		q = dinfo->di_hdentry + new_bindex;
+		tmp = *q;
+		*q = *p;
+		*p = tmp;
+		if (tmp.hd_dentry) {
+			bindex--;
+			p--;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* todo: test more? */
+	dinfo->di_bwh = -1;
+	if (bwh >= 0 && bwh <= au_sbend(sb) && au_sbr_whable(sb, bwh))
+		dinfo->di_bwh = bwh;
+	dinfo->di_bdiropq = -1;
+	if (bdiropq >= 0
+	    && bdiropq <= au_sbend(sb)
+	    && au_sbr_whable(sb, bdiropq))
+		dinfo->di_bdiropq = bdiropq;
+	parent_bend = au_dbend(parent);
+	p = dinfo->di_hdentry;
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= parent_bend; bindex++, p++)
+		if (p->hd_dentry) {
+			dinfo->di_bstart = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+	p = dinfo->di_hdentry + parent_bend;
+	for (bindex = parent_bend; bindex >= 0; bindex--, p--)
+		if (p->hd_dentry) {
+			dinfo->di_bend = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	npositive = 0;
+	parent_bstart = au_dbstart(parent);
+	if (type != S_IFDIR && dinfo->di_bstart == parent_bstart)
+		goto out_dgen; /* success */
+
+	npositive = au_lkup_dentry(dentry, parent_bstart, type, /*nd*/NULL);
+	if (npositive < 0)
+		goto out;
+	if (dinfo->di_bwh >= 0 && dinfo->di_bwh <= dinfo->di_bstart)
+		d_drop(dentry);
+
+ out_dgen:
+	au_update_digen(dentry);
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(npositive);
+	return npositive;
+}
+
+static int au_lock_nd(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int locked = 0;
+	if (nd && dentry != nd->path.dentry) {
+		di_read_lock_parent(nd->path.dentry, 0);
+		locked = 1;
+	}
+	return locked;
+}
+
+static void au_unlock_nd(int locked, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	if (locked)
+		di_read_unlock(nd->path.dentry, 0);
+}
+
+/* #define TestingFuse */
+static noinline_for_stack
+int au_do_h_d_reval(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		    struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	int err, valid, e;
+	int (*reval)(struct dentry *, struct nameidata *);
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct nameidata fake_nd, *p;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, nd %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, !!nd);
+
+	err = 0;
+	reval = NULL;
+	if (h_dentry->d_op)
+		reval = h_dentry->d_op->d_revalidate;
+	if (!reval)
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	if (nd) {
+		memcpy(&fake_nd, nd, sizeof(*nd));
+		err = au_fake_intent(&fake_nd, au_sbr(sb, bindex));
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+	p = au_fake_dm(&fake_nd, nd, sb, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ERR(p));
+	AuDebugOn(nd && p != &fake_nd);
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	/* it may return tri-state */
+	valid = reval(h_dentry, p);
+	if (unlikely(valid < 0))
+		err = valid;
+	else if (!valid)
+		err = -EINVAL;
+	else
+		AuDebugOn(err);
+
+	if (p) {
+		AuDebugOn(!nd);
+		e = au_hin_after_reval(p, dentry, bindex, nd->intent.open.file);
+#ifndef TestingFuse
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(p->path.mnt, h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+#endif
+		if (unlikely(e && !err))
+			err = e;
+	}
+#ifndef TestingFuse
+	else
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+#endif
+	au_fake_dm_release(p);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+int h_d_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
+		   struct nameidata *nd, int do_udba)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, btail, bstart, ibs, ibe;
+	unsigned char plus, locked, unhashed, is_root, h_plus;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *first, *h_inode, *h_cached_inode;
+	umode_t mode, h_mode;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct qstr *name;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, nd %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), !!nd);
+	AuDebugOn(inode && au_digen(dentry) != au_iigen(inode));
+
+	err = 0;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	plus = 0;
+	mode = 0;
+	first = NULL;
+	ibs = -1;
+	ibe = -1;
+	unhashed = !!d_unhashed(dentry);
+	is_root = !!IS_ROOT(dentry);
+	name = &dentry->d_name;
+
+	/*
+	 * Theoretically, REVAL test should be unnecessary in case of INOTIFY.
+	 * But inotify doesn't fire some necessary events,
+	 *	IN_ATTRIB for atime/nlink/pageio
+	 *	IN_DELETE for NFS dentry
+	 * Let's do REVAL test too.
+	 */
+	if (do_udba && inode) {
+		mode = (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT);
+		plus = (inode->i_nlink > 0);
+		first = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+		ibs = au_ibstart(inode);
+		ibe = au_ibend(inode);
+	}
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	btail = bstart;
+	if (inode && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
+		btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+	locked = !!au_lock_nd(dentry, nd);
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+
+		LKTRTrace("b%d, %.*s\n", bindex, AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+#ifdef TestingFuse
+		/* force re-lookup for fuse, in order to update attributes */
+		if (au_test_fuse(h_dentry->d_sb))
+			goto err;
+#endif
+
+		if (unlikely(do_udba
+			     && !is_root
+			     && (unhashed != !!d_unhashed(h_dentry)
+				 || name->len != h_dentry->d_name.len
+				 || memcmp(name->name, h_dentry->d_name.name,
+					   name->len)
+				     ))) {
+			LKTRTrace("unhash 0x%x 0x%x, %.*s %.*s\n",
+				  unhashed, d_unhashed(h_dentry),
+				  AuDLNPair(dentry), AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+			goto err;
+		}
+
+		err = au_do_h_d_reval(dentry, bindex, nd, h_dentry);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			/* do not goto err, to keep the errno */
+			break;
+
+		/* todo: plink too? */
+		if (!do_udba)
+			continue;
+
+		/* UDBA tests */
+		h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+		if (unlikely(!!inode != !!h_inode))
+			goto err;
+
+		h_plus = plus;
+		h_mode = mode;
+		h_cached_inode = h_inode;
+		if (h_inode) {
+			h_mode = (h_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT);
+			h_plus = (h_inode->i_nlink > 0);
+		}
+		if (inode && ibs <= bindex && bindex <= ibe)
+			h_cached_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+
+		LKTRTrace("{%d, 0%o, %p}, h{%d, 0%o, %p}\n",
+			  plus, mode, h_cached_inode,
+			  h_plus, h_mode, h_inode);
+		if (unlikely(plus != h_plus
+			     || mode != h_mode
+			     || h_cached_inode != h_inode))
+			goto err;
+		continue;
+
+	err:
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		break;
+	}
+	au_unlock_nd(locked, nd);
+
+	/*
+	 * judging by timestamps is meaningless since some filesystem uses
+	 * CURRENT_TIME_SEC instead of CURRENT_TIME.
+	 */
+	/*
+	 * NFS may stop IN_DELETE because of DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED.
+	 */
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int simple_reval_dpath(struct dentry *dentry, au_gen_t sgen)
+{
+	int err;
+	mode_t type;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, sgen %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), sgen);
+	SiMustAnyLock(dentry->d_sb);
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode);
+
+	if (au_digen(dentry) == sgen && au_iigen(inode) == sgen)
+		return 0;
+
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	di_read_lock_parent(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	AuDebugOn(au_digen(parent) != sgen
+		  || au_iigen(parent->d_inode) != sgen);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	{
+		int i, j;
+		struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+		struct au_dpage *dpage;
+		struct dentry **dentries;
+
+		err = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+		AuDebugOn(err);
+		err = au_dcsub_pages_rev(&dpages, parent, /*do_include*/1, NULL,
+					 NULL);
+		AuDebugOn(err);
+		for (i = dpages.ndpage - 1; !err && i >= 0; i--) {
+			dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+			dentries = dpage->dentries;
+			for (j = dpage->ndentry - 1; !err && j >= 0; j--)
+				AuDebugOn(au_digen(dentries[j]) != sgen);
+		}
+		au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+	}
+#endif
+	type = (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT);
+	/* returns a number of positive dentries */
+	err = au_refresh_hdentry(dentry, type);
+	if (err >= 0)
+		err = au_refresh_hinode(inode, dentry);
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_reval_dpath(struct dentry *dentry, au_gen_t sgen)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *d, *parent;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, sgen %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), sgen);
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry->d_inode);
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+
+	if (!au_ftest_si(au_sbi(dentry->d_sb), FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS))
+		return simple_reval_dpath(dentry, sgen);
+
+	/* slow loop, keep it simple and stupid */
+	/* cf: au_cpup_dirs() */
+	err = 0;
+	parent = NULL;
+	while (au_digen(dentry) != sgen || au_iigen(dentry->d_inode) != sgen) {
+		d = dentry;
+		while (1) {
+			dput(parent);
+			parent = dget_parent(d);
+			if (au_digen(parent) == sgen
+			    && au_iigen(parent->d_inode) == sgen)
+				break;
+			d = parent;
+		}
+
+		inode = d->d_inode;
+		if (d != dentry)
+			di_write_lock_child(d);
+
+		/* someone might update our dentry while we were sleeping */
+		if (au_digen(d) != sgen || au_iigen(d->d_inode) != sgen) {
+			di_read_lock_parent(parent, AuLock_IR);
+			/* returns a number of positive dentries */
+			err = au_refresh_hdentry(d, inode->i_mode & S_IFMT);
+			if (err >= 0)
+				err = au_refresh_hinode(inode, d);
+			di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+		}
+
+		if (d != dentry)
+			di_write_unlock(d);
+		dput(parent);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			break;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * THIS IS A BOOLEAN FUNCTION: returns 1 if valid, 0 otherwise.
+ * nfsd passes NULL as nameidata.
+ */
+static int aufs_d_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int valid, err;
+	au_gen_t sgen;
+	unsigned char do_udba;
+	struct nameidata tmp_nd, *ndp;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("dentry %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	if (nd && nd->path.dentry)
+		LKTRTrace("nd{%.*s, 0x%x}\n",
+			  AuDLNPair(nd->path.dentry), nd->flags);
+	/*
+	 * dir case: AuDebugOn(dentry->d_parent != nd->dentry);
+	 * remove failure case:AuDebugOn(!IS_ROOT(dentry)
+	 * 				 && d_unhashed(dentry));
+	*/
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry->d_fsdata);
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_FLUSH | AuLock_DW);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	sgen = au_sigen(sb);
+	if (au_digen(dentry) != sgen) {
+		AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+#ifdef ForceInotify
+		AuDbg("UDBA or digen, %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+#endif
+		if (inode)
+			err = au_reval_dpath(dentry, sgen);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_dgrade;
+		AuDebugOn(au_digen(dentry) != sgen);
+	}
+	if (inode && au_iigen(inode) != sgen) {
+		AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+#ifdef ForceInotify
+		AuDbg("UDBA or survived, %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+#endif
+		err = au_refresh_hinode(inode, dentry);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_dgrade;
+		AuDebugOn(au_iigen(inode) != sgen);
+	}
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+
+#if 0 /* todo: support it? */
+	/* parent dir i_nlink is not updated in the case of setattr */
+	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
+		mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+		ii_write_lock(inode);
+		au_cpup_attr_nlink(inode);
+		ii_write_unlock(inode);
+		mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	AuDebugOn(au_digen(dentry) != sgen);
+	AuDebugOn(inode && au_iigen(inode) != sgen);
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	do_udba = !au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_NONE);
+	if (do_udba && inode) {
+		aufs_bindex_t bstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+		if (bstart >= 0
+		    && au_test_higen(inode, au_h_iptr(inode, bstart)))
+			goto out;
+	}
+	ndp = au_dup_nd(au_sbi(sb), &tmp_nd, nd);
+#if 0
+	if (nd) {
+		path = nd->path;
+		nd->path.dentry = au_h_dptr(nd->path.dentry, bindex);
+	if (fake_nd->path.dentry) {
+		fake_nd->path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex);
+		AuDebugOn(!fake_nd->path.mnt);
+		path_get(&fake_nd->path);
+		nd->path.
+			}
+	}
+#endif
+	err = h_d_revalidate(dentry, inode, ndp, do_udba);
+	if (unlikely(!err && do_udba && au_dbstart(dentry) < 0))
+		/* both of real entry and whiteout found */
+		err = -EIO;
+	goto out;
+
+ out_dgrade:
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+ out:
+	au_store_fmode_exec(nd, inode);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	valid = !err;
+	if (!valid)
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s invalid\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	return valid;
+}
+
+static void aufs_d_release(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!d_unhashed(dentry));
+
+	dinfo = dentry->d_fsdata;
+	if (!dinfo)
+		return;
+
+	/* dentry may not be revalidated */
+	bindex = dinfo->di_bstart;
+	if (bindex >= 0) {
+		struct au_hdentry *p;
+		bend = dinfo->di_bend;
+		AuDebugOn(bend < bindex);
+		p = dinfo->di_hdentry + bindex;
+		while (bindex++ <= bend) {
+			if (p->hd_dentry)
+				au_hdput(p, /*do_free*/1);
+			p++;
+		}
+	}
+	kfree(dinfo->di_hdentry);
+	au_rwsem_destroy(&dinfo->di_rwsem);
+	au_cache_free_dinfo(dinfo);
+	au_hin_di_reinit(dentry);
+}
+
+struct dentry_operations aufs_dop = {
+	.d_revalidate	= aufs_d_revalidate,
+	.d_release	= aufs_d_release,
+	/* never use d_delete, especially in case of nfs server */
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dentry.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dentry.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/dentry.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dentry.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * lookup and dentry operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_DENTRY_H__
+#define __AUFS_DENTRY_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "super.h"
+#include "vfsub.h"
+
+/* nameidata open_intent */
+enum {
+	AuIntent_AUFS,
+	AuIntent_BRANCH,
+	AuIntent_Last
+};
+
+struct au_hdintent {
+	struct list_head	hdi_list;
+	struct file		*hdi_file[AuIntent_Last];
+};
+
+struct au_hdentry {
+	struct dentry		*hd_dentry;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+	spinlock_t		hd_lock; /* intest_list */
+	struct list_head	*hd_intent_list;
+#endif
+};
+
+struct au_dinfo {
+	atomic_t		di_generation;
+
+	struct au_rwsem		di_rwsem;
+	aufs_bindex_t		di_bstart, di_bend, di_bwh, di_bdiropq;
+	struct au_hdentry	*di_hdentry;
+};
+
+/* nameidata extension flags */
+#define AuNdx_DLGT	1
+#define AuNdx_DIRPERM1	(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_ndx(flags, name)	((flags) & AuNdx_##name)
+#define au_fset_ndx(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuNdx_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_ndx(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuNdx_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuNdx_DLGT
+#define AuNdx_DLGT	0
+#undef AuNdx_DIRPERM1
+#define AuNdx_DIRPERM1	0
+#endif
+
+struct au_ndx {
+	struct vfsmount *nfsmnt;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct nameidata *nd;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct file *nd_file;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline void au_do_h_dentry_init(struct au_hdentry *hdentry)
+{
+	hdentry->hd_dentry = NULL;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+static inline void au_h_dentry_init(struct au_hdentry *hdentry)
+{
+	au_do_h_dentry_init(hdentry);
+	spin_lock_init(&hdentry->hd_lock);
+}
+
+static inline void au_h_dentry_init_all(struct au_hdentry *hdentry, int n)
+{
+	while (n--)
+		spin_lock_init(&hdentry[n].hd_lock);
+}
+
+/* br_nfs.c */
+struct file *au_h_intent(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct file *file);
+int au_br_nfs_h_intent(struct file *nd_file, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct nameidata *nd);
+void au_hintent_put(struct au_hdentry *hd, int do_free);
+int au_fake_intent(struct nameidata *nd, struct au_branch *br);
+int au_hin_after_reval(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct file *file);
+struct dentry *au_lkup_hash(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			    struct au_ndx *ndx);
+#else
+
+static inline void au_h_dentry_init(struct au_hdentry *hdentry)
+{
+	au_do_h_dentry_init(hdentry);
+}
+
+static inline void au_h_dentry_init_all(struct au_hdentry *hdentry, int n)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline
+struct file *au_h_intent(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct file *file)
+{
+	/* return ERR_PTR(-ENOSYS); */
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_br_nfs_h_intent(struct file *nd_file, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_hintent_put(struct au_hdentry *hd, int do_free)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline int au_fake_intent(struct nameidata *nd, struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_hin_after_reval(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry,
+		       aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct file *file)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_lkup_hash(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			    struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	/* return ERR_PTR(-ENOSYS); */
+	return vfsub_lookup_one_len(name, parent, len);
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+/* dlgt.c */
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one_dlgt(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				int len, unsigned int flags);
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS)
+/* regardelss kernel version */
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one_dlgt(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				int len, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return vfsub_lookup_one_len(name, parent, len);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* dentry.c */
+extern struct dentry_operations aufs_dop;
+#if defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS) || defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT)
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			   struct au_ndx *ndx);
+#else
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			   struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	/* todo? ndx->nd_file = NULL; */
+	return vfsub_lookup_one_len(name, parent, len);
+}
+#endif
+struct dentry *au_sio_lkup_one(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, int len,
+			       struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int au_lkup_dentry(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bstart, mode_t type,
+		   struct nameidata *nd);
+int au_lkup_neg(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+int au_refresh_hdentry(struct dentry *dentry, mode_t type);
+int au_reval_dpath(struct dentry *dentry, au_gen_t sgen);
+
+/* dinfo.c */
+int au_alloc_dinfo(struct dentry *dentry);
+struct au_dinfo *au_di(struct dentry *dentry);
+
+void di_read_lock(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc);
+void di_read_unlock(struct dentry *d, int flags);
+void di_downgrade_lock(struct dentry *d, int flags);
+void di_write_lock(struct dentry *d, unsigned int lsc);
+void di_write_unlock(struct dentry *d);
+void di_write_lock2_child(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int isdir);
+void di_write_lock2_parent(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int isdir);
+void di_write_unlock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2);
+
+struct dentry *au_h_dptr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtail(struct dentry *dentry);
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtaildir(struct dentry *dentry);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtail_generic(struct dentry *dentry);
+#endif
+
+void au_set_dbdiropq(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+void au_set_h_dptr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct dentry *h_dentry);
+
+void au_update_dbrange(struct dentry *dentry, int do_put_zero);
+void au_update_dbstart(struct dentry *dentry);
+void au_update_dbend(struct dentry *dentry);
+int au_find_dbindex(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *h_dentry);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* todo: memory barrier? */
+static inline au_gen_t au_digen(struct dentry *d)
+{
+	return atomic_read(&au_di(d)->di_generation);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+static inline au_gen_t au_digen_dec(struct dentry *d)
+{
+	return atomic_dec_return(&au_di(d)->di_generation);
+}
+
+static inline void au_hin_di_reinit(struct dentry *d)
+{
+	d->d_fsdata = NULL;
+}
+#else
+static inline void au_hin_di_reinit(struct dentry *d)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* lock subclass for dinfo */
+enum {
+	AuLsc_DI_CHILD,		/* child first */
+	AuLsc_DI_CHILD2,	/* rename(2), link(2), and cpup at hinotify */
+	AuLsc_DI_CHILD3,	/* copyup dirs */
+	AuLsc_DI_PARENT,
+	AuLsc_DI_PARENT2,
+	AuLsc_DI_PARENT3,
+	AuLsc_DI_PARENT4
+};
+
+/*
+ * di_read_lock_child, di_write_lock_child,
+ * di_read_lock_child2, di_write_lock_child2,
+ * di_read_lock_child3, di_write_lock_child3,
+ * di_read_lock_parent, di_write_lock_parent,
+ * di_read_lock_parent2, di_write_lock_parent2,
+ * di_read_lock_parent3, di_write_lock_parent3,
+ * di_read_lock_parent4, di_write_lock_parent4,
+ */
+#define AuReadLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+static inline void di_read_lock_##name(struct dentry *d, int flags) \
+{ di_read_lock(d, flags, AuLsc_DI_##lsc); }
+
+#define AuWriteLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+static inline void di_write_lock_##name(struct dentry *d) \
+{ di_write_lock(d, AuLsc_DI_##lsc); }
+
+#define AuRWLockFuncs(name, lsc) \
+	AuReadLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+	AuWriteLockFunc(name, lsc)
+
+AuRWLockFuncs(child, CHILD);
+AuRWLockFuncs(child2, CHILD2);
+AuRWLockFuncs(child3, CHILD3);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent, PARENT);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent2, PARENT2);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent3, PARENT3);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent4, PARENT4);
+
+#undef AuReadLockFunc
+#undef AuWriteLockFunc
+#undef AuRWLockFuncs
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define DiMustReadLock(d) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((d)->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustReadLock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define DiMustWriteLock(d) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((d)->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustWriteLock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define DiMustAnyLock(d) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((d)->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define DiMustNoWaiters(d)	AuRwMustNoWaiters(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_dbstart(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	return au_di(dentry)->di_bstart;
+}
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_dbend(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	return au_di(dentry)->di_bend;
+}
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_dbwh(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	return au_di(dentry)->di_bwh;
+}
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_dbdiropq(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(dentry->d_inode
+		  && dentry->d_inode->i_mode
+		  && !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+	return au_di(dentry)->di_bdiropq;
+}
+
+/* todo: hard/soft set? */
+static inline void au_set_dbstart(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) < bindex);
+	/* */
+	au_di(dentry)->di_bstart = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_dbend(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) < bindex
+		  || bindex < au_dbstart(dentry));
+	au_di(dentry)->di_bend = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_dbwh(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) < bindex);
+	/* dbwh can be outside of bstart - bend range */
+	au_di(dentry)->di_bwh = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_hdput(struct au_hdentry *hd, int do_free)
+{
+	au_hintent_put(hd, do_free);
+	dput(hd->hd_dentry);
+}
+
+static inline void au_update_digen(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry->d_sb);
+	atomic_set(&au_di(dentry)->di_generation, au_sigen(dentry->d_sb));
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_DENTRY_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dinfo.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dinfo.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/dinfo.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dinfo.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * dentry private data
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+int au_alloc_dinfo(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	int nbr;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(dentry->d_fsdata);
+
+	dinfo = au_cache_alloc_dinfo();
+	if (dinfo) {
+		sb = dentry->d_sb;
+		nbr = au_sbend(sb) + 1;
+		if (nbr <= 0)
+			nbr = 1;
+		dinfo->di_hdentry = kcalloc(nbr, sizeof(*dinfo->di_hdentry),
+					    GFP_NOFS);
+		if (dinfo->di_hdentry) {
+			au_h_dentry_init_all(dinfo->di_hdentry, nbr);
+			atomic_set(&dinfo->di_generation, au_sigen(sb));
+			/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+			au_rw_init_wlock_nested(&dinfo->di_rwsem,
+						AuLsc_DI_CHILD);
+			au_dbg_locked_di_reg(dentry, AuLock_DW, AuLsc_DI_CHILD);
+			dinfo->di_bstart = -1;
+			dinfo->di_bend = -1;
+			dinfo->di_bwh = -1;
+			dinfo->di_bdiropq = -1;
+
+			dentry->d_fsdata = dinfo;
+			dentry->d_op = &aufs_dop;
+			return 0; /* success */
+		}
+		au_cache_free_dinfo(dinfo);
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(-ENOMEM);
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+struct au_dinfo *au_di(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo = dentry->d_fsdata;
+	AuDebugOn(!dinfo
+		 || !dinfo->di_hdentry
+		 /* || au_sbi(dentry->d_sb)->si_bend < dinfo->di_bend */
+		 || dinfo->di_bend < dinfo->di_bstart
+		 /* dbwh can be outside of this range */
+		 || (0 <= dinfo->di_bdiropq
+		     && (dinfo->di_bdiropq < dinfo->di_bstart
+			 /* || dinfo->di_bend < dinfo->di_bdiropq */))
+		);
+	return dinfo;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void do_ii_write_lock(struct inode *inode, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	switch (lsc) {
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD:
+		ii_write_lock_child(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD2:
+		ii_write_lock_child2(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD3:
+		ii_write_lock_child3(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT:
+		ii_write_lock_parent(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT2:
+		ii_write_lock_parent2(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT3:
+		ii_write_lock_parent3(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT4:
+		ii_write_lock_parent4(inode);
+		break;
+	default:
+		BUG();
+	}
+}
+
+static void do_ii_read_lock(struct inode *inode, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	switch (lsc) {
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD:
+		ii_read_lock_child(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD2:
+		ii_read_lock_child2(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_CHILD3:
+		ii_read_lock_child3(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT:
+		ii_read_lock_parent(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT2:
+		ii_read_lock_parent2(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT3:
+		ii_read_lock_parent3(inode);
+		break;
+	case AuLsc_DI_PARENT4:
+		ii_read_lock_parent4(inode);
+		break;
+	default:
+		BUG();
+	}
+}
+
+void di_read_lock(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %u\n", AuDLNPair(d), lsc);
+	SiMustAnyLock(d->d_sb);
+
+	/* todo: always nested? */
+	au_dbg_locking_di_reg(d, flags, lsc);
+	au_rw_read_lock_nested(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem, lsc);
+	au_dbg_locking_di_unreg(d, flags);
+	au_dbg_locked_di_reg(d, flags, lsc);
+	if (d->d_inode) {
+		if (au_ftest_lock(flags, IW))
+			do_ii_write_lock(d->d_inode, lsc);
+		else if (au_ftest_lock(flags, IR))
+			do_ii_read_lock(d->d_inode, lsc);
+	}
+}
+
+void di_read_unlock(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d));
+	SiMustAnyLock(d->d_sb);
+
+	if (d->d_inode) {
+		if (au_ftest_lock(flags, IW))
+			ii_write_unlock(d->d_inode);
+		else if (au_ftest_lock(flags, IR))
+			ii_read_unlock(d->d_inode);
+	}
+	au_rw_read_unlock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem);
+	au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(d, flags);
+}
+
+void di_downgrade_lock(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	SiMustAnyLock(d->d_sb);
+
+	au_rw_dgrade_lock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem);
+	if (d->d_inode && au_ftest_lock(flags, IR))
+		ii_downgrade_lock(d->d_inode);
+}
+
+void di_write_lock(struct dentry *d, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %u\n", AuDLNPair(d), lsc);
+	SiMustAnyLock(d->d_sb);
+
+	/* todo: always nested? */
+	au_dbg_locking_di_reg(d, AuLock_IW, lsc);
+	au_rw_write_lock_nested(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem, lsc);
+	au_dbg_locking_di_unreg(d, AuLock_IW);
+	au_dbg_locked_di_reg(d, AuLock_IW, lsc);
+	if (d->d_inode)
+		do_ii_write_lock(d->d_inode, lsc);
+}
+
+void di_write_unlock(struct dentry *d)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d));
+	SiMustAnyLock(d->d_sb);
+
+	if (d->d_inode)
+		ii_write_unlock(d->d_inode);
+	au_rw_write_unlock(&au_di(d)->di_rwsem);
+	au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(d, AuLock_IW);
+}
+
+void di_write_lock2_child(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int isdir)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(d1 == d2
+		  || d1->d_inode == d2->d_inode
+		  || d1->d_sb != d2->d_sb);
+
+	if (isdir && au_test_subdir(d1, d2)) {
+		di_write_lock_child(d1);
+		di_write_lock_child2(d2);
+	} else {
+		/* there should be no races */
+		di_write_lock_child(d2);
+		di_write_lock_child2(d1);
+	}
+}
+
+void di_write_lock2_parent(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int isdir)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(d1 == d2
+		  || d1->d_inode == d2->d_inode
+		  || d1->d_sb != d2->d_sb);
+
+	if (isdir && au_test_subdir(d1, d2)) {
+		di_write_lock_parent(d1);
+		di_write_lock_parent2(d2);
+	} else {
+		/* there should be no races */
+		di_write_lock_parent(d2);
+		di_write_lock_parent2(d1);
+	}
+}
+
+void di_write_unlock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2)
+{
+	di_write_unlock(d1);
+	if (d1->d_inode == d2->d_inode) {
+		au_rw_write_unlock(&au_di(d2)->di_rwsem);
+		au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(d2, AuLock_IW);
+	} else
+		di_write_unlock(d2);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct dentry *au_h_dptr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct dentry *d;
+
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	if (au_dbstart(dentry) < 0 || bindex < au_dbstart(dentry))
+		return NULL;
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < 0
+		  /* || bindex > au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) */);
+	d = au_di(dentry)->di_hdentry[0 + bindex].hd_dentry;
+	AuDebugOn(d && (atomic_read(&d->d_count) <= 0));
+	return d;
+}
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtail(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bwh;
+
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	if (0 <= bend) {
+		bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+		if (!bwh)
+			return bwh;
+		if (0 < bwh && bwh < bend)
+			return bwh - 1;
+	}
+	return bend;
+}
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtaildir(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bopq;
+
+	AuDebugOn(dentry->d_inode
+		  && dentry->d_inode->i_mode
+		  && !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	bend = au_dbtail(dentry);
+	if (0 <= bend) {
+		bopq = au_dbdiropq(dentry);
+		AuDebugOn(bend < bopq);
+		if (0 <= bopq && bopq < bend)
+			bend = bopq;
+	}
+	return bend;
+}
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+aufs_bindex_t au_dbtail_generic(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (inode && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
+		return au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+	else
+		return au_dbtail(dentry);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_set_dbdiropq(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) < bindex);
+	AuDebugOn((bindex >= 0
+		   && (bindex < au_dbstart(dentry)
+		       || au_dbend(dentry) < bindex))
+		  || (dentry->d_inode
+		      && dentry->d_inode->i_mode
+		      && !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)));
+	au_di(dentry)->di_bdiropq = bindex;
+}
+
+void au_set_h_dptr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	struct au_hdentry *hd = au_di(dentry)->di_hdentry + bindex;
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < au_di(dentry)->di_bstart
+		  || bindex > au_di(dentry)->di_bend
+		  || (h_dentry && atomic_read(&h_dentry->d_count) <= 0)
+		  || (h_dentry && hd->hd_dentry)
+		);
+	if (hd->hd_dentry)
+		au_hdput(hd, /*do_free*/0);
+	hd->hd_dentry = h_dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_update_dbrange(struct dentry *dentry, int do_put_zero)
+{
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct dentry *h_d;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), do_put_zero);
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+
+	dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+	if (!dinfo || dinfo->di_bstart < 0)
+		return;
+
+	if (do_put_zero) {
+		for (bindex = dinfo->di_bstart; bindex <= dinfo->di_bend;
+		     bindex++) {
+			h_d = dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bindex].hd_dentry;
+			if (h_d && !h_d->d_inode)
+				au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	dinfo->di_bstart = -1;
+	while (++dinfo->di_bstart <= dinfo->di_bend)
+		if (dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + dinfo->di_bstart].hd_dentry)
+			break;
+	if (dinfo->di_bstart > dinfo->di_bend) {
+		dinfo->di_bstart = -1;
+		dinfo->di_bend = -1;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	dinfo->di_bend++;
+	while (0 <= --dinfo->di_bend)
+		if (dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + dinfo->di_bend].hd_dentry)
+			break;
+	AuDebugOn(dinfo->di_bstart > dinfo->di_bend || dinfo->di_bend < 0);
+}
+
+void au_update_dbstart(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		bstart = au_dbstart(dentry),
+		bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		if (h_dentry->d_inode) {
+			au_set_dbstart(dentry, bindex);
+			return;
+		}
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, NULL);
+	}
+}
+
+void au_update_dbend(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		bstart = au_dbstart(dentry),
+		bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+	for (bindex = bend; bindex <= bstart; bindex--) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		if (h_dentry->d_inode) {
+			au_set_dbend(dentry, bindex);
+			return;
+		}
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bindex, NULL);
+	}
+}
+
+int au_find_dbindex(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(dentry); bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex) == h_dentry)
+			return bindex;
+	return -1;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dir.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dir.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/dir.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dir.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * directory operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static int reopen_dir(struct file *file)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry, *h_dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, btail, bstart;
+	struct file *h_file;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	/* open all hidden dirs */
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+#if 1 /* todo: necessary? */
+	for (bindex = au_fbstart(file); bindex < bstart; bindex++)
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+#endif
+	au_set_fbstart(file, bstart);
+	btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+#if 1 /* todo: necessary? */
+	for (bindex = au_fbend(file); btail < bindex; bindex--)
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+#endif
+	au_set_fbend(file, btail);
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		h_file = au_h_fptr(file, bindex);
+		if (h_file) {
+			AuDebugOn(h_file->f_dentry != h_dentry);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		h_file = au_h_open(dentry, bindex, file->f_flags, file);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_file);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_file))
+			goto out; /* close all? */
+		/* cpup_file_flags(h_file, file); */
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, h_file);
+	}
+	au_update_figen(file);
+	/* todo: necessary? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+	err = 0;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int do_open_dir(struct file *file, int flags)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, btail;
+	struct dentry *dentry, *h_dentry;
+	struct file *h_file;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, 0x%x\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), flags);
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry->d_inode || !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = 0;
+	au_set_fvdir_cache(file, NULL);
+	file->f_version = dentry->d_inode->i_version;
+	bindex = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	au_set_fbstart(file, bindex);
+	btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+	au_set_fbend(file, btail);
+	for (; !err && bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+
+		h_file = au_h_open(dentry, bindex, flags, file);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_file)) {
+			err = PTR_ERR(h_file);
+			break;
+		}
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, h_file);
+	}
+	au_update_figen(file);
+	/* todo: necessary? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+	if (!err)
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	/* close all */
+	for (bindex = au_fbstart(file); bindex <= btail; bindex++)
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+	au_set_fbstart(file, -1);
+	au_set_fbend(file, -1);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_open_dir(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	return au_do_open(inode, file, do_open_dir);
+}
+
+static int aufs_release_dir(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+{
+	struct au_vdir *vdir_cache;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	sb = file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	fi_write_lock(file);
+	vdir_cache = au_fvdir_cache(file);
+	if (vdir_cache)
+		au_vdir_free(vdir_cache);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+	au_finfo_fin(file);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int fsync_dir(struct dentry *dentry, int datasync)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), datasync);
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(dentry); !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		struct dentry *h_dentry;
+		struct inode *h_inode;
+		struct file_operations *fop;
+
+		if (au_test_ro(sb, bindex, inode))
+			continue;
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+		if (!h_inode)
+			continue;
+
+		/* no mnt_want_write() */
+		/* cf. fs/nsfd/vfs.c and fs/nfsd/nfs4recover.c */
+		/* todo: inotiry fired? */
+		mutex_lock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+		fop = (void *)h_inode->i_fop;
+		err = filemap_fdatawrite(h_inode->i_mapping);
+		if (!err && fop && fop->fsync)
+			err = fop->fsync(NULL, h_dentry, datasync);
+		if (!err)
+			err = filemap_fdatawrite(h_inode->i_mapping);
+		if (!err)
+			au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+		mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * @file may be NULL
+ */
+static int aufs_fsync_dir(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry,
+			  int datasync)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), datasync);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	if (file) {
+		err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, reopen_dir, /*wlock*/1,
+					/*locked*/1);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	} else
+		di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+
+	if (file) {
+		bend = au_fbend(file);
+		for (bindex = au_fbstart(file); !err && bindex <= bend;
+		     bindex++) {
+			h_file = au_h_fptr(file, bindex);
+			if (!h_file || au_test_ro(sb, bindex, inode))
+				continue;
+
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			if (h_file->f_op && h_file->f_op->fsync) {
+				/* todo: try do_fsync() in fs/sync.c? */
+				mutex_lock(&h_file->f_mapping->host->i_mutex);
+				err = h_file->f_op->fsync
+					(h_file, h_file->f_dentry, datasync);
+				if (!err)
+					au_update_fuse_h_inode
+						(h_file->f_vfsmnt,
+						 h_file->f_dentry);
+				/*ignore*/
+				mutex_unlock(&h_file->f_mapping->host->i_mutex);
+			}
+		}
+	} else
+		err = fsync_dir(dentry, datasync);
+	au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode);
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+	if (file)
+		fi_write_unlock(file);
+
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int aufs_readdir(struct file *file, void *dirent, filldir_t filldir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), file->f_pos);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, reopen_dir, /*wlock*/1, /*locked*/1);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_vdir_init(file);
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	if (!au_test_nfsd(current)) {
+		err = au_vdir_fill_de(file, dirent, filldir);
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * nfsd filldir may call lookup_one_len(), vfs_getattr(),
+		 * encode_fh() and others.
+		 */
+		struct inode *h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+
+		di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+		si_read_unlock(sb);
+		lockdep_off();
+		err = au_vdir_fill_de(file, dirent, filldir);
+		lockdep_on();
+		fsstack_copy_attr_atime(inode, h_inode);
+		fi_write_unlock(file);
+
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+		return err;
+	}
+
+	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(inode, au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode)));
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define AuTestEmpty_WHONLY	1
+#define AuTestEmpty_DLGT	(1 << 1)
+#define AuTestEmpty_DIRPERM1	(1 << 2)
+#define AuTestEmpty_CALLED	(1 << 3)
+#define AuTestEmpty_SHWH	(1 << 4)
+#define au_ftest_testempty(flags, name)	((flags) & AuTestEmpty_##name)
+#define au_fset_testempty(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuTestEmpty_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_testempty(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuTestEmpty_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuTestEmpty_DLGT
+#define AuTestEmpty_DLGT	0
+#undef AuTestEmpty_DIRPERM1
+#define AuTestEmpty_DIRPERM1	0
+#endif
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+#undef AuTestEmpty_SHWH
+#define AuTestEmpty_SHWH	0
+#endif
+
+struct test_empty_arg {
+	struct au_nhash *whlist;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+};
+
+static int test_empty_cb(void *__arg, const char *__name, int namelen,
+			 loff_t offset, u64 ino, unsigned int d_type)
+{
+	struct test_empty_arg *arg = __arg;
+	char *name = (void *)__name;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", namelen, name);
+
+	arg->err = 0;
+	au_fset_testempty(arg->flags, CALLED);
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	if (name[0] == '.'
+	    && (namelen == 1 || (name[1] == '.' && namelen == 2)))
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	if (namelen <= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN
+	    || memcmp(name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN)) {
+		if (au_ftest_testempty(arg->flags, WHONLY)
+		    && !au_nhash_test_known_wh(arg->whlist, name, namelen))
+			arg->err = -ENOTEMPTY;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	name += AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+	namelen -= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+	if (!au_nhash_test_known_wh(arg->whlist, name, namelen))
+		arg->err = au_nhash_append_wh
+			(arg->whlist, name, namelen, ino, d_type, arg->bindex,
+			 au_ftest_testempty(arg->flags, SHWH));
+
+ out:
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	AuTraceErr(arg->err);
+	return arg->err;
+}
+
+static int do_test_empty(struct dentry *dentry, struct test_empty_arg *arg)
+{
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct file *h_file;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, {%p, 0x%x, %d}\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), arg->whlist, arg->flags, arg->bindex);
+
+	h_file = au_h_open(dentry, arg->bindex,
+			   O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK | O_DIRECTORY | O_LARGEFILE,
+			   /*file*/NULL);
+	err = PTR_ERR(h_file);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_file))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb), UDBA_INOTIFY)
+	    && !h_file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_nlink)
+		goto out_put;
+
+	dlgt = au_ftest_testempty(arg->flags, DLGT);
+	do {
+		arg->err = 0;
+		au_fclr_testempty(arg->flags, CALLED);
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		err = vfsub_readdir(h_file, test_empty_cb, arg, dlgt);
+		if (err >= 0)
+			err = arg->err;
+	} while (!err && au_ftest_testempty(arg->flags, CALLED));
+
+ out_put:
+	fput(h_file);
+	au_sbr_put(dentry->d_sb, arg->bindex);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct do_test_empty_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct test_empty_arg *arg;
+};
+
+static void call_do_test_empty(void *args)
+{
+	struct do_test_empty_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_test_empty(a->dentry, a->arg);
+}
+
+static int sio_test_empty(struct dentry *dentry, struct test_empty_arg *arg)
+{
+	int err, wkq_err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, arg->bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	err = au_test_h_perm_sio(h_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_READ,
+				 au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb)));
+	mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+	if (!err)
+		err = do_test_empty(dentry, arg);
+	else {
+		struct do_test_empty_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.dentry	= dentry,
+			.arg	= arg
+		};
+		unsigned int flags = arg->flags;
+
+		au_fclr_testempty(arg->flags, DLGT);
+		au_fclr_testempty(arg->flags, DIRPERM1);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_do_test_empty, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		arg->flags = flags;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_test_empty_lower(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct test_empty_arg arg;
+	struct au_nhash *whlist;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bstart, btail;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode || !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	whlist = au_nhash_new(GFP_NOFS);
+	err = PTR_ERR(whlist);
+	if (IS_ERR(whlist))
+		goto out;
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb);
+	arg.whlist = whlist;
+	arg.flags = 0;
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_testempty(arg.flags, DLGT);
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, SHWH))
+		au_fset_testempty(arg.flags, SHWH);
+	arg.bindex = bstart;
+	err = do_test_empty(dentry, &arg);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_whlist;
+
+	au_fset_testempty(arg.flags, WHONLY);
+	if (au_test_dirperm1(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_testempty(arg.flags, DIRPERM1);
+	btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+	for (bindex = bstart + 1; !err && bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		struct dentry *h_dentry;
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (h_dentry && h_dentry->d_inode) {
+			arg.bindex = bindex;
+			err = do_test_empty(dentry, &arg);
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_whlist:
+	au_nhash_del(whlist);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_test_empty(struct dentry *dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct test_empty_arg arg;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, btail;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode || !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = 0;
+	arg.whlist = whlist;
+	arg.flags = AuTestEmpty_WHONLY;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb), SHWH))
+		au_fset_testempty(arg.flags, SHWH);
+	btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(dentry); !err && bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		struct dentry *h_dentry;
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (h_dentry && h_dentry->d_inode) {
+			arg.bindex = bindex;
+			err = sio_test_empty(dentry, &arg);
+		}
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct file_operations aufs_dir_fop = {
+	.read		= generic_read_dir,
+	.readdir	= aufs_readdir,
+	/* .unlocked_ioctl	= aufs_ioctl_dir, */
+	.open		= aufs_open_dir,
+	.release	= aufs_release_dir,
+	.flush		= aufs_flush,
+	.fsync		= aufs_fsync_dir,
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dir.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dir.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/dir.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dir.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * directory operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_DIR_H__
+#define __AUFS_DIR_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* need to be faster and smaller */
+
+/* todo: changeable? */
+#define AuSize_DEBLK	512
+#define AuSize_NHASH	32
+#if AuSize_DEBLK < NAME_MAX || PAGE_SIZE < AuSize_DEBLK
+#error invalid size AuSize_DEBLK
+#endif
+
+typedef char au_vdir_deblk_t[AuSize_DEBLK];
+
+struct au_nhash {
+	struct hlist_head heads[AuSize_NHASH];
+};
+
+struct au_vdir_destr {
+	unsigned char	len;
+	char		name[0];
+} __packed;
+
+struct au_vdir_dehstr {
+	struct hlist_node	hash;
+	struct au_vdir_destr	*str;
+};
+
+struct au_vdir_de {
+	ino_t			de_ino;
+	unsigned char		de_type;
+	/* caution: packed */
+	struct au_vdir_destr	de_str;
+} __packed;
+
+struct au_vdir_wh {
+	struct hlist_node	wh_hash;
+	aufs_bindex_t		wh_bindex;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+	ino_t			wh_ino;
+	unsigned char		wh_type;
+	/* caution: packed */
+#endif
+	struct au_vdir_destr	wh_str;
+} __packed;
+
+union au_vdir_deblk_p {
+	unsigned char		*p;
+	au_vdir_deblk_t		*deblk;
+	struct au_vdir_de	*de;
+};
+
+struct au_vdir {
+	au_vdir_deblk_t	**vd_deblk;
+	int		vd_nblk;
+	struct {
+		int			i;
+		union au_vdir_deblk_p	p;
+	} vd_last;
+
+	unsigned long	vd_version;
+	unsigned long	vd_jiffy;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* dir.c */
+extern struct file_operations aufs_dir_fop;
+int au_test_empty_lower(struct dentry *dentry);
+int au_test_empty(struct dentry *dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist);
+
+/* vdir.c */
+struct au_nhash *au_nhash_new(gfp_t gfp);
+void au_nhash_del(struct au_nhash *nhash);
+void au_nhash_init(struct au_nhash *nhash);
+void au_nhash_move(struct au_nhash *dst, struct au_nhash *src);
+void au_nhash_fin(struct au_nhash *nhash);
+int au_nhash_test_longer_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, aufs_bindex_t btgt,
+			    int limit);
+int au_nhash_test_known_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, char *name, int namelen);
+int au_nhash_append_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, char *name, int namelen,
+		       ino_t ino, unsigned int d_type, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		       unsigned char shwh);
+void au_vdir_free(struct au_vdir *vdir);
+int au_vdir_init(struct file *file);
+int au_vdir_fill_de(struct file *file, void *dirent, filldir_t filldir);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline
+void au_shwh_init_wh(struct au_vdir_wh *wh, ino_t ino, unsigned char d_type)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+	wh->wh_ino = ino;
+	wh->wh_type = d_type;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void au_add_nlink(struct inode *dir, struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(dir->i_mode) || !S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+	dir->i_nlink += h_dir->i_nlink - 2;
+	if (h_dir->i_nlink < 2)
+		dir->i_nlink += 2;
+}
+
+static inline void au_sub_nlink(struct inode *dir, struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(dir->i_mode) || !S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+	dir->i_nlink -= h_dir->i_nlink - 2;
+	if (h_dir->i_nlink < 2)
+		dir->i_nlink -= 2;
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_DIR_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/dlgt.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dlgt.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/dlgt.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/dlgt.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * lookup functions in 'delegate' mode
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_lookup_one_len_args {
+	struct dentry **errp;
+	const char *name;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	int len;
+};
+
+static void au_call_lookup_one_len(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_lookup_one_len_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = vfsub_lookup_one_len(a->name, a->parent, a->len);
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_lkup_one_dlgt(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				int len, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int dirperm1;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, 0x%x\n", AuDLNPair(parent), len, name, flags);
+
+	dirperm1 = au_ftest_ndx(flags, DIRPERM1);
+	if (!dirperm1 && !au_ftest_ndx(flags, DLGT))
+		dentry = vfsub_lookup_one_len(name, parent, len);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct au_lookup_one_len_args args = {
+			.errp	= &dentry,
+			.name	= name,
+			.parent	= parent,
+			.len	= len
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_lookup_one_len, &args,
+				      /*dlgt*/!dirperm1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			dentry = ERR_PTR(wkq_err);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct security_inode_permission_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	int mask;
+	struct nameidata *fake_nd;
+};
+
+static void call_security_inode_permission(void *args)
+{
+	struct security_inode_permission_args *a = args;
+	LKTRTrace("fsuid %d\n", current_fsuid());
+	*a->errp = vfsub_security_inode_permission(a->h_inode, a->mask,
+						   a->fake_nd);
+}
+
+int au_security_inode_permission(struct inode *h_inode, int mask,
+				 struct nameidata *fake_nd, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!dlgt)
+		err = vfsub_security_inode_permission(h_inode, mask, fake_nd);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct security_inode_permission_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.h_inode	= h_inode,
+			.mask		= mask,
+			.fake_nd	= fake_nd
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_security_inode_permission, &args,
+				      /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/export.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/export.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/export.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/export.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * export via nfs
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/exportfs.h>
+#include <linux/mnt_namespace.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+union conv {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+	__u32 a[2];
+#else
+	__u32 a[1];
+#endif
+	ino_t ino;
+};
+
+static ino_t decode_ino(__u32 *a)
+{
+	union conv u;
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(u.ino) != sizeof(u.a));
+	u.a[0] = a[0];
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+	u.a[1] = a[1];
+#endif
+	return u.ino;
+}
+
+static void encode_ino(__u32 *a, ino_t ino)
+{
+	union conv u;
+
+	u.ino = ino;
+	a[0] = u.a[0];
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+	a[1] = u.a[1];
+#endif
+}
+
+/* NFS file handle */
+enum {
+	Fh_br_id,
+	Fh_sigen,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+	/* support 64bit inode number */
+	Fh_ino1,
+	Fh_ino2,
+	Fh_dir_ino1,
+	Fh_dir_ino2,
+#else
+	Fh_ino1,
+	Fh_dir_ino1,
+#endif
+	Fh_igen,
+	Fh_h_type,
+	Fh_tail,
+
+	Fh_ino = Fh_ino1,
+	Fh_dir_ino = Fh_dir_ino1
+};
+
+static int au_test_anon(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	return !!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_DISCONNECTED);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* inode generation external table */
+
+int au_xigen_inc(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err;
+	loff_t pos;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	__u32 igen;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", (unsigned long)inode->i_ino);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	if (unlikely(!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb))))
+		goto out;
+
+	pos = inode->i_ino;
+	pos *= sizeof(igen);
+	igen = inode->i_generation + 1;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	sz = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, sbinfo->si_xigen, &igen,
+			 sizeof(igen), &pos);
+	if (sz == sizeof(igen))
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	err = sz;
+	if (unlikely(sz >= 0)) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		AuIOErr("xigen error (%zd)\n", sz);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_xigen_new(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err;
+	loff_t pos;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *file;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+
+	err = 0;
+	/* todo: dirty, at mount time */
+	if (inode->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO)
+		goto out;
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	if (unlikely(!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb))))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -EFBIG;
+	pos = inode->i_ino;
+	if (unlikely(Au_LOFF_MAX / sizeof(inode->i_generation) - 1 < pos)) {
+		AuIOErr1("too large i%lld\n", pos);
+		goto out;
+	}
+	pos *= sizeof(inode->i_generation);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	file = sbinfo->si_xigen;
+	BUG_ON(!file);
+
+	if (i_size_read(file->f_dentry->d_inode)
+	    < pos + sizeof(inode->i_generation)) {
+		inode->i_generation = atomic_inc_return(&sbinfo->si_xigen_next);
+		sz = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, file, &inode->i_generation,
+				 sizeof(inode->i_generation), &pos);
+	} else
+		sz = xino_fread(sbinfo->si_xread, file, &inode->i_generation,
+				sizeof(inode->i_generation), &pos);
+	if (sz == sizeof(inode->i_generation))
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	err = sz;
+	if (unlikely(sz >= 0)) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		AuIOErr("xigen error (%zd)\n", sz);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_xigen_set(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *file;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(base->f_dentry));
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	file = au_xino_create2(sb, base, sbinfo->si_xigen);
+	err = PTR_ERR(file);
+	if (IS_ERR(file))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+	if (sbinfo->si_xigen)
+		fput(sbinfo->si_xigen);
+	sbinfo->si_xigen = file;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_xigen_clr(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (sbinfo->si_xigen) {
+		fput(sbinfo->si_xigen);
+		sbinfo->si_xigen = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct dentry *decode_by_ino(struct super_block *sb, ino_t ino,
+				    ino_t dir_ino)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry, *d;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	au_gen_t sigen;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, diri%lu\n",
+		  (unsigned long)ino, (unsigned long)dir_ino);
+
+	dentry = NULL;
+	inode = ilookup(sb, ino);
+	if (!inode)
+		goto out;
+
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+	sigen = au_sigen(sb);
+	if (unlikely(is_bad_inode(inode)
+		     || IS_DEADDIR(inode)
+		     || sigen != au_iigen(inode)))
+		goto out_iput;
+
+	dentry = NULL;
+	if (!dir_ino || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
+		dentry = d_find_alias(inode);
+	else {
+		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
+		list_for_each_entry(d, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias)
+			if (!au_test_anon(d)
+			    && d->d_parent->d_inode->i_ino == dir_ino) {
+				dentry = dget_locked(d);
+				break;
+			}
+		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
+	}
+	if (unlikely(dentry && sigen != au_digen(dentry))) {
+		dput(dentry);
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+	}
+
+ out_iput:
+	iput(inode);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* todo: dirty? */
+/*
+ * when you mntput() for the return value of this function,
+ * you have to store it to your local var.
+ * ie. never mntput si_mntcache directly.
+ */
+static struct vfsmount *au_do_mnt_get(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct mnt_namespace *ns;
+	struct vfsmount *pos, *mnt;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	/* vfsmount_lock is not exported */
+	/* no get/put ?? */
+	AuDebugOn(!current->nsproxy);
+	ns = current->nsproxy->mnt_ns;
+	AuDebugOn(!ns);
+	mnt = NULL;
+	/* the order (reverse) will not be a problem */
+	list_for_each_entry(pos, &ns->list, mnt_list)
+		if (pos->mnt_sb == sb) {
+			mnt = pos;
+			break;
+		}
+	AuDebugOn(!mnt);
+
+	return mntget(mnt);
+}
+
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+static struct vfsmount *au_mnt_get(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct vfsmount *mnt;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_mntcache_lock);
+	if (sbinfo->si_mntcache)
+		mnt = mntget(sbinfo->si_mntcache);
+	else {
+		sbinfo->si_mntcache = au_do_mnt_get(sb);
+		mnt = sbinfo->si_mntcache;
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_mntcache_lock);
+	return mnt;
+}
+#else
+static struct vfsmount *au_mnt_get(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return au_do_mnt_get(sb);
+}
+#endif
+
+struct au_nfsd_si_lock {
+	const au_gen_t sigen;
+	const aufs_bindex_t br_id;
+	unsigned char force_lock;
+};
+
+static aufs_bindex_t si_nfsd_read_lock(struct super_block *sb,
+				       struct au_nfsd_si_lock *nsi_lock)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+
+	/* branch id may be wrapped around */
+	bindex = au_br_index(sb, nsi_lock->br_id);
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+	if (bindex >= 0 && nsi_lock->sigen + AUFS_BRANCH_MAX > au_sigen(sb))
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	if (!nsi_lock->force_lock)
+		si_read_unlock(sb);
+	bindex = -1;
+
+ out:
+	return bindex;
+}
+
+struct find_name_by_ino {
+	int called, found;
+	ino_t ino;
+	char *name;
+	int namelen;
+};
+
+static int
+find_name_by_ino(void *arg, const char *name, int namelen, loff_t offset,
+		 u64 ino, unsigned int d_type)
+{
+	struct find_name_by_ino *a = arg;
+
+	a->called++;
+	if (a->ino != ino)
+		return 0;
+
+	memcpy(a->name, name, namelen);
+	a->namelen = namelen;
+	a->found = 1;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static struct dentry *au_lkup_by_ino(struct path *path, ino_t ino,
+				     struct au_nfsd_si_lock *nsi_lock)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry, *parent;
+	struct file *file;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct find_name_by_ino arg;
+	int err;
+
+	parent = path->dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu\n", AuDLNPair(parent), (unsigned long)ino);
+
+	if (nsi_lock)
+		si_read_unlock(parent->d_sb);
+	path_get(path);
+	file = dentry_open(parent, path->mnt, au_dir_roflags, file->f_cred);
+	dentry = (void *)file;
+	if (IS_ERR(file))
+		goto out;
+
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	arg.name = __getname();
+	if (unlikely(!arg.name))
+		goto out_file;
+	arg.ino = ino;
+	arg.found = 0;
+	do {
+		arg.called = 0;
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		err = vfsub_readdir(file, find_name_by_ino, &arg, /*dlgt*/0);
+	} while (!err && !arg.found && arg.called);
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_name;
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+	if (!arg.found)
+		goto out_name;
+
+	/* do not call au_lkup_one(), nor dlgt */
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock(&dir->i_mutex);
+	dentry = vfsub_lookup_one_len(arg.name, parent, arg.namelen);
+	mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
+		goto out_name;
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_anon(dentry));
+	if (unlikely(!dentry->d_inode)) {
+		dput(dentry);
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+	}
+
+ out_name:
+	__putname(arg.name);
+ out_file:
+	fput(file);
+ out:
+	if (unlikely(nsi_lock
+		     && si_nfsd_read_lock(parent->d_sb, nsi_lock) < 0))
+		if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+			dput(dentry);
+			dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+		}
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+struct dentry *decode_by_dir_ino(struct super_block *sb, ino_t ino,
+				 ino_t dir_ino, struct au_nfsd_si_lock *nsi_lock)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry, *parent;
+	struct path path;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, diri%lu\n",
+		  (unsigned long)ino, (unsigned long)dir_ino);
+
+	parent = sb->s_root;
+	if (dir_ino != AUFS_ROOT_INO) {
+		parent = decode_by_ino(sb, dir_ino, 0);
+		dentry = parent;
+		if (!parent)
+			goto out;
+		if (IS_ERR(parent))
+			goto out;
+		AuDebugOn(au_test_anon(parent));
+	} else
+		dget(parent);
+
+	path.dentry = parent;
+	path.mnt = au_mnt_get(sb);
+	dentry = au_lkup_by_ino(&path, ino, nsi_lock);
+	path_put(&path);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int h_acceptable(void *expv, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static char *au_build_path(struct dentry *h_parent, struct path *h_rootpath,
+			   char *buf, int len, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	char *p;
+	int n;
+	struct path path;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	p = d_path(h_rootpath, buf, len);
+	if (IS_ERR(p))
+		goto out;
+	n = strlen(p);
+
+	path.mnt = h_rootpath->mnt;
+	path.dentry = h_parent;
+	p = d_path(&path, buf, len);
+	if (IS_ERR(p))
+		goto out;
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", p);
+	if (n != 1)
+		p += n;
+	LKTRTrace("%p, %s, %ld\n",
+		  p, p, (long)(p - buf));
+
+	path.mnt = au_mnt_get(sb);
+	path.dentry = sb->s_root;
+	p = d_path(&path, buf, len - strlen(p));
+	mntput(path.mnt);
+	if (IS_ERR(p))
+		goto out;
+	if (n != 1)
+		p[strlen(p)] = '/';
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", p);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(p);
+	return p;
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+struct dentry *decode_by_path(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			      ino_t ino, __u32 *fh, int fh_len,
+			      struct au_nfsd_si_lock *nsi_lock)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry, *h_parent, *root;
+	struct super_block *h_sb;
+	char *pathname, *p;
+	struct vfsmount *h_mnt;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	int err;
+	struct nameidata nd;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	/* au_br_get(br); */
+	h_mnt = br->br_mnt;
+	h_sb = h_mnt->mnt_sb;
+	LKTRTrace("%s, h_decode_fh\n", au_sbtype(h_sb));
+	/* in linux-2.6.24, it takes struct fid * as file handle */
+	/* todo: call lower fh_to_dentry()? fh_to_parent()? */
+	h_parent = exportfs_decode_fh(h_mnt, (void *)(fh + Fh_tail),
+				      fh_len - Fh_tail, fh[Fh_h_type],
+				      h_acceptable, /*context*/NULL);
+	dentry = h_parent;
+	if (unlikely(!h_parent || IS_ERR(h_parent))) {
+		AuWarn1("%s decode_fh failed, %ld\n",
+			au_sbtype(h_sb), PTR_ERR(h_parent));
+		goto out;
+	}
+	dentry = NULL;
+	if (unlikely(au_test_anon(h_parent))) {
+		AuWarn1("%s decode_fh returned a disconnected dentry\n",
+			au_sbtype(h_sb));
+		goto out_h_parent;
+	}
+
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	pathname = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!pathname))
+		goto out_h_parent;
+
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	nd.path.mnt = h_mnt;
+	di_read_lock_parent(root, !AuLock_IR);
+	nd.path.dentry = au_h_dptr(root, bindex);
+	di_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+	p = au_build_path(h_parent, &nd.path, pathname, PAGE_SIZE, sb);
+	dentry = (void *)p;
+	if (IS_ERR(p))
+		goto out_pathname;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", p);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	err = vfsub_path_lookup(p, LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY, &nd);
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_relock;
+
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_anon(nd.path.dentry));
+	if (unlikely(!nd.path.dentry->d_inode))
+		goto out_nd;
+
+	if (ino != nd.path.dentry->d_inode->i_ino)
+		dentry = au_lkup_by_ino(&nd.path, ino, /*nsi_lock*/NULL);
+	else
+		dentry = dget(nd.path.dentry);
+
+ out_nd:
+	path_put(&nd.path);
+ out_relock:
+	if (unlikely(si_nfsd_read_lock(sb, nsi_lock) < 0))
+		if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+			dput(dentry);
+			dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+		}
+ out_pathname:
+	free_page((unsigned long)pathname);
+ out_h_parent:
+	dput(h_parent);
+ out:
+	/* au_br_put(br); */
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct dentry *
+aufs_fh_to_dentry(struct super_block *sb, struct fid *fid, int fh_len,
+		  int fh_type)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	__u32 *fh = fid->raw;
+	ino_t ino, dir_ino;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_nfsd_si_lock nsi_lock = {
+		.sigen		= fh[Fh_sigen],
+		.br_id		= fh[Fh_br_id],
+		.force_lock	= 0
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%d, fh{br_id %u, sigen %u, i%u, diri%u, g%u}\n",
+		  fh_type, fh[Fh_br_id], fh[Fh_sigen], fh[Fh_ino],
+		  fh[Fh_dir_ino], fh[Fh_igen]);
+	AuDebugOn(fh_len < Fh_tail);
+
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+	/* branch id may be wrapped around */
+	bindex = si_nfsd_read_lock(sb, &nsi_lock);
+	if (unlikely(bindex < 0))
+		goto out;
+	nsi_lock.force_lock = 1;
+
+	/* is this inode still cached? */
+	ino = decode_ino(fh + Fh_ino);
+	AuDebugOn(ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO);
+	dir_ino = decode_ino(fh + Fh_dir_ino);
+	dentry = decode_by_ino(sb, ino, dir_ino);
+	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	if (dentry)
+		goto accept;
+
+	/* is the parent dir cached? */
+	dentry = decode_by_dir_ino(sb, ino, dir_ino, &nsi_lock);
+	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	if (dentry)
+		goto accept;
+
+	/* lookup path */
+	dentry = decode_by_path(sb, bindex, ino, fh, fh_len, &nsi_lock);
+	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	if (unlikely(!dentry))
+		/* todo?: make it ESTALE */
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+ accept:
+	LKTRLabel(accept);
+	if (dentry->d_inode->i_generation == fh[Fh_igen])
+		goto out_unlock; /* success */
+
+	LKTRLabel(stale);
+	dput(dentry);
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+ out_unlock:
+	LKTRLabel(out_unlock);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+ out:
+	LKTRLabel(out);
+	if (0 && IS_ERR(dentry))
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+/* support subtreecheck option */
+static struct dentry *aufs_fh_to_parent(struct super_block *sb, struct fid *fid,
+					int fh_len, int fh_type)
+{
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	__u32 *fh = fid->raw;
+	ino_t dir_ino;
+
+	dir_ino = decode_ino(fh + Fh_dir_ino);
+	parent = decode_by_ino(sb, dir_ino, 0);
+	if (IS_ERR(parent))
+		goto out;
+	if (!parent)
+		parent = decode_by_path(sb, au_br_index(sb, fh[Fh_br_id]),
+					dir_ino, fh, fh_len);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(parent);
+	return parent;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int aufs_encode_fh(struct dentry *dentry, __u32 *fh, int *max_len,
+			  int connectable)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct super_block *sb, *h_sb;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, max %d, conn %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), *max_len, connectable);
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_anon(dentry));
+
+	parent = NULL;
+	err = -ENOSPC;
+	if (unlikely(*max_len <= Fh_tail)) {
+		AuWarn1("NFSv2 client (max_len %d)?\n", *max_len);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = FILEID_ROOT;
+	if (IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
+		AuDebugOn(dentry->d_inode->i_ino != AUFS_ROOT_INO);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	h_parent = NULL;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_FLUSH | AuLock_IR);
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	di_read_lock_parent(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	{
+		unsigned int mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+
+		if (unlikely(!au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags)))
+			AuWarn1("NFS-exporting requires xino\n");
+		if (unlikely(0 && !au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY)))
+			AuWarn1("udba=inotify is recommended "
+				"for NFS-exporting\n");
+	}
+#endif
+
+	bend = au_dbtaildir(parent);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(parent); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+		if (h_parent) {
+			dget(h_parent);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (unlikely(!h_parent))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	err = -EPERM;
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	h_sb = br->br_mnt->mnt_sb;
+	if (unlikely(!h_sb->s_export_op)) {
+		AuErr1("%s branch is not exportable\n", au_sbtype(h_sb));
+		goto out_dput;
+	}
+
+	fh[Fh_br_id] = br->br_id;
+	fh[Fh_sigen] = au_sigen(sb);
+	encode_ino(fh + Fh_ino, inode->i_ino);
+	encode_ino(fh + Fh_dir_ino, parent->d_inode->i_ino);
+	fh[Fh_igen] = inode->i_generation;
+
+	*max_len -= Fh_tail;
+	/* in linux-2.6.24, it takes struct fid * as file handle */
+	fh[Fh_h_type] = exportfs_encode_fh(h_parent, (void *)(fh + Fh_tail),
+					   max_len,
+					   /*connectable or subtreecheck*/0);
+	err = fh[Fh_h_type];
+	*max_len += Fh_tail;
+	/* todo: macros? */
+	if (err != 255)
+		err = 99;
+	else
+		AuWarn1("%s encode_fh failed\n", au_sbtype(h_sb));
+
+ out_dput:
+	dput(h_parent);
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+	dput(parent);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		err = 255;
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct export_operations aufs_export_op = {
+	.fh_to_dentry	= aufs_fh_to_dentry,
+	//.fh_to_parent	= aufs_fh_to_parent,
+	.encode_fh	= aufs_encode_fh
+};
+
+void au_export_init(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	__u32 u;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	sb->s_export_op = &aufs_export_op;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	sbinfo->si_xigen = NULL;
+	get_random_bytes(&u, sizeof(u));
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(u) != sizeof(int));
+	atomic_set(&sbinfo->si_xigen_next, u);
+	memset(&sbinfo->si_xinodir, 0, sizeof(struct path));
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/file.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/file.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/file.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/file.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * handling file/dir, and address_space operation
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/pagemap.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/*
+ * a dirty trick for handling FMODE_EXEC and deny_write_access().
+ * because FMODE_EXEC flag is not passed to f_op->open(),
+ * set it to file->private_data temporary.
+ */
+#if !defined(CONFIG_AUFS_MODULE) || defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH)
+int au_store_fmode_exec(struct nameidata *nd, struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err;
+	union {
+		void *p;
+		unsigned long ul;
+	} u;
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (nd
+	    && (nd->flags & LOOKUP_OPEN)
+	    && nd->intent.open.file
+	    && (nd->intent.open.flags & FMODE_EXEC)
+	    && inode
+	    && S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
+		u.ul = nd->intent.open.flags;
+		nd->intent.open.file->private_data = u.p;
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		err = 1;
+	}
+
+	return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* drop flags for writing */
+unsigned int au_file_roflags(unsigned int flags)
+{
+	flags &= ~(O_WRONLY | O_RDWR | O_APPEND | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC);
+	flags |= O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME;
+	return flags;
+}
+
+/* common functions to regular file and dir */
+struct file *au_h_open(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex, int flags,
+		       struct file *file)
+{
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, flags 0%o, f %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, flags, !!file);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+
+	/* a race condition can happen between open and unlink/rmdir */
+	h_file = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+	if (unlikely((!d_unhashed(dentry) && d_unhashed(h_dentry))
+		     || !h_inode))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	au_br_get(br);
+	/* drop flags for writing */
+	if (au_test_ro(sb, bindex, dentry->d_inode))
+		flags = au_file_roflags(flags);
+	flags &= ~O_CREAT;
+
+	h_file = NULL;
+	if (file && au_test_nfs(h_dentry->d_sb))
+		h_file = au_h_intent(dentry, bindex, file);
+	if (!h_file)
+		h_file = dentry_open(dget(h_dentry), mntget(br->br_mnt), flags, file->f_cred);
+
+	/*
+	 * a dirty trick for handling FMODE_EXEC and deny_write_access().
+	 */
+	if (file && (file->f_mode & FMODE_EXEC)) {
+		h_file->f_mode |= FMODE_EXEC;
+		smp_mb(); /* flush f_mode */
+		err = au_deny_write_access(h_file);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			fput(h_file);
+			h_file = ERR_PTR(err);
+		}
+	}
+	if (IS_ERR(h_file))
+		au_br_put(br);
+
+out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(h_file);
+	return h_file;
+}
+
+static int do_coo(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bstart)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bcpup;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+	DiMustWriteLock(dentry);
+
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	err = AuWbrCopyup(au_sbi(sb), dentry);
+	bcpup = err;
+	if (err < 0) {
+		err = 0; /* stop copyup, it is not an error */
+		goto out_dgrade;
+	}
+	err = 0;
+
+	if (!au_h_dptr(parent, bcpup)) {
+		err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, bcpup);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_dgrade;
+	}
+
+	di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_pin(&pin, dentry, bcpup, pin_flags);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	h_mtx = &au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart)->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	AuDebugOn(au_h_dptr(dentry, bcpup));
+	err = au_sio_cpup_simple(dentry, bcpup, -1, AuCpup_DTIME);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+	goto out;
+
+ out_dgrade:
+	di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+ out:
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_do_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
+	       int (*open)(struct file *file, int flags))
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	unsigned char coo;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	coo = 0;
+	if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY))
+		switch (au_mntflags(sb) & AuOptMask_COO) {
+		case AuOpt_COO_LEAF:
+			coo = !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
+			break;
+		case AuOpt_COO_ALL:
+			coo = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	err = au_finfo_init(file);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (!coo)
+		di_read_lock_child(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	else {
+		di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+		bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+		if (au_test_ro(sb, bstart, dentry->d_inode)) {
+			err = do_coo(dentry, bstart);
+			if (err) {
+				di_write_unlock(dentry);
+				goto out_finfo;
+			}
+		}
+		di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	}
+
+	err = open(file, file->f_flags);
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+
+ out_finfo:
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		au_finfo_fin(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_reopen_nondir(struct file *file)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bindex, bend;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct file *h_file, *h_file_tmp;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	//bstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)
+		  || !au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart)->d_inode);
+
+	h_file_tmp = NULL;
+	if (au_fbstart(file) == bstart) {
+		h_file = au_h_fptr(file, bstart);
+		if (file->f_mode == h_file->f_mode)
+			return 0; /* success */
+		h_file_tmp = h_file;
+		get_file(h_file_tmp);
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bstart, NULL);
+	}
+	AuDebugOn(au_fbstart(file) < bstart
+		  || au_fi(file)->fi_hfile[0 + bstart].hf_file);
+
+	h_file = au_h_open(dentry, bstart, file->f_flags & ~O_TRUNC, file);
+	err = PTR_ERR(h_file);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_file))
+		goto out; /* todo: close all? */
+	err = 0;
+	/* cpup_file_flags(h_file, file); */
+	au_set_fbstart(file, bstart);
+	au_set_h_fptr(file, bstart, h_file);
+	au_update_figen(file);
+	/* todo: necessary? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+
+	/* close lower files */
+	bend = au_fbend(file);
+	for (bindex = bstart + 1; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+	au_set_fbend(file, bstart);
+
+ out:
+	if (h_file_tmp)
+		fput(h_file_tmp);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_ready_to_write_wh(struct file *file, loff_t len,
+				aufs_bindex_t bcpup)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t old_bstart;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct dentry *dentry, *hi_wh, *old_h_dentry;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	hi_wh = au_hi_wh(inode, bcpup);
+	if (!hi_wh)
+		err = au_sio_cpup_wh(dentry, bcpup, len, file);
+	else {
+		/* already copied-up after unlink */
+		dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+		old_bstart = dinfo->di_bstart;
+		dinfo->di_bstart = bcpup;
+		old_h_dentry = dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bcpup].hd_dentry;
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bcpup].hd_dentry = hi_wh;
+		err = au_reopen_nondir(file);
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bcpup].hd_dentry = old_h_dentry;
+		dinfo->di_bstart = old_bstart;
+	}
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	if (!err && inode->i_nlink > 1 && au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK))
+		au_plink_append(sb, inode, au_h_dptr(dentry, bcpup), bcpup);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * prepare the @file for writing.
+ */
+int au_ready_to_write(struct file *file, loff_t len, struct au_pin *pin)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bcpup;
+	struct dentry *dentry, *parent, *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode, *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, len %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), len);
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	bstart = au_fbstart(file);
+	AuDebugOn(au_fbr(file, bstart) != au_sbr(sb, bstart));
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+	LKTRTrace("rdonly %d, bstart %d\n",
+		  au_test_ro(sb, bstart, inode), bstart);
+
+	err = au_test_ro(sb, bstart, inode);
+	if (!err && (au_h_fptr(file, bstart)->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)) {
+		err = au_pin(pin, dentry, bstart, /*flags*/0);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* need to cpup */
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	err = AuWbrCopyup(au_sbi(sb), dentry);
+	bcpup = err;
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_dgrade;
+	err = 0;
+
+	if (!au_h_dptr(parent, bcpup)) {
+		err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, bcpup);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_dgrade;
+	}
+
+	pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_pin(pin, dentry, bcpup, pin_flags);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_dgrade;
+
+	AuDebugOn(au_fbstart(file) != bstart);
+	h_dentry = au_h_fptr(file, bstart)->f_dentry;
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	if (d_unhashed(dentry) /* || d_unhashed(h_dentry) */
+	    /* || !h_inode->i_nlink */) {
+		err = au_ready_to_write_wh(file, len, bcpup);
+		di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	} else {
+		di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+		if (!au_h_dptr(dentry, bcpup))
+			err = au_sio_cpup_simple(dentry, bcpup, len,
+						 AuCpup_DTIME);
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+		if (!err)
+			err = au_reopen_nondir(file);
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	if (!err) {
+		au_unpin_gp(pin);
+		au_pin_set_parent_lflag(pin, /*lflag*/0);
+		goto out_dput; /* success */
+	}
+	au_unpin(pin);
+	goto out_unlock;
+
+ out_dgrade:
+	di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+ out_dput:
+	dput(parent);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_file_refresh_by_inode(struct file *file, int *need_reopen)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, new_bstart, old_bstart;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+	struct dentry *dentry, *parent, *old_h_dentry, *hi_wh;
+	struct inode *inode, *dir;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_dinfo *dinfo;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+
+	err = 0;
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+ again:
+	bstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+	if (bstart == finfo->fi_bstart)
+		goto out;
+
+	new_bstart = bstart;
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	if (au_test_ro(sb, bstart, inode)) {
+		di_read_lock_parent(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+		err = AuWbrCopyup(au_sbi(sb), dentry);
+		new_bstart = err;
+		di_read_unlock(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+		if (unlikely(err < 0))
+			goto out_dput;
+		err = 0;
+	}
+	/* someone else might change our inode while we were sleeping */
+	/* todo: test more? */
+	if (bstart != au_ibstart(inode)) {
+		err = 0;
+		dput(parent);
+		goto again;
+	}
+	di_read_lock_parent(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	bstart = new_bstart;
+
+	hi_wh = au_hi_wh(inode, bstart);
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, PLINK)
+	    && au_plink_test(sb, inode)
+	    && !d_unhashed(dentry)) {
+		err = au_test_and_cpup_dirs(dentry, bstart);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+
+		/* always superio. */
+#if 1
+		err = au_pin(&pin, dentry, bstart, pin_flags);
+		if (!err)
+			err = au_sio_cpup_simple(dentry, bstart, -1,
+						 AuCpup_DTIME);
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+#else /* reserved for future use */
+		if (!au_test_wkq(current)) {
+			int wkq_err;
+			struct cpup_pseudo_link_args args = {
+				.errp		= &err,
+				.dentry		= dentry,
+				.bdst		= bstart,
+				.do_lock	= 1
+			};
+			wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_cpup_pseudo_link, &args);
+			if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+				err = wkq_err;
+		} else
+			err = cpup_pseudo_link(dentry, bstart, /*do_lock*/1);
+#endif
+	} else if (hi_wh) {
+		/* already copied-up after unlink */
+		dinfo = au_di(dentry);
+		old_bstart = dinfo->di_bstart;
+		dinfo->di_bstart = bstart;
+		old_h_dentry = dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry;
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry = hi_wh;
+		err = au_reopen_nondir(file);
+		dinfo->di_hdentry[0 + bstart].hd_dentry = old_h_dentry;
+		dinfo->di_bstart = old_bstart;
+		*need_reopen = 0;
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+ out_dput:
+	dput(parent);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * after branch manipulating, refresh the file.
+ */
+static int refresh_file(struct file *file, int (*reopen)(struct file *file))
+{
+	int err, new_sz, need_reopen;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex, brid;
+	struct au_hfile *p;
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	DiMustAnyLock(dentry);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+	new_sz = sizeof(*finfo->fi_hfile) * (au_sbend(sb) + 1);
+	p = au_kzrealloc(finfo->fi_hfile, sizeof(*p) * (finfo->fi_bend + 1),
+			 new_sz, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out;
+	finfo->fi_hfile = p;
+
+	p += finfo->fi_bstart;
+	brid = p->hf_br->br_id;
+	bend = finfo->fi_bend;
+	for (bindex = finfo->fi_bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++, p++) {
+		struct au_hfile tmp, *q;
+		aufs_bindex_t new_bindex;
+
+		if (!p->hf_file)
+			continue;
+		new_bindex = au_find_bindex(sb, p->hf_br);
+		if (new_bindex == bindex)
+			continue;
+		/* todo: test more? */
+		if (new_bindex < 0) {
+			au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* swap two hidden inode, and loop again */
+		q = finfo->fi_hfile + new_bindex;
+		tmp = *q;
+		*q = *p;
+		*p = tmp;
+		if (tmp.hf_file) {
+			bindex--;
+			p--;
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		aufs_bindex_t s = finfo->fi_bstart, e = finfo->fi_bend;
+		finfo->fi_bstart = 0;
+		finfo->fi_bend = au_sbend(sb);
+		finfo->fi_bstart = s;
+		finfo->fi_bend = e;
+	}
+
+	p = finfo->fi_hfile;
+	if (!au_test_mmapped(file) && !d_unhashed(dentry)) {
+		bend = au_sbend(sb);
+		for (finfo->fi_bstart = 0; finfo->fi_bstart <= bend;
+		     finfo->fi_bstart++, p++)
+			if (p->hf_file) {
+				if (p->hf_file->f_dentry
+				    && p->hf_file->f_dentry->d_inode)
+					break;
+				else
+					au_hfput(p);
+			}
+	} else {
+		bend = au_br_index(sb, brid);
+		for (finfo->fi_bstart = 0; finfo->fi_bstart < bend;
+		     finfo->fi_bstart++, p++)
+			if (p->hf_file)
+				au_hfput(p);
+		bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	}
+
+	p = finfo->fi_hfile + bend;
+	for (finfo->fi_bend = bend; finfo->fi_bend >= finfo->fi_bstart;
+	     finfo->fi_bend--, p--)
+		if (p->hf_file) {
+			if (p->hf_file->f_dentry
+			    && p->hf_file->f_dentry->d_inode)
+				break;
+			else
+				au_hfput(p);
+		}
+	AuDebugOn(finfo->fi_bend < finfo->fi_bstart);
+
+	err = 0;
+	need_reopen = 1;
+	if (!au_test_mmapped(file))
+		err = au_file_refresh_by_inode(file, &need_reopen);
+	if (!err && need_reopen && !d_unhashed(dentry))
+		err = reopen(file);
+	if (!err) {
+		au_update_figen(file);
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+
+	/* error, close all hidden files */
+	bend = au_fbend(file);
+	for (bindex = au_fbstart(file); bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* common function to regular file and dir */
+int au_reval_and_lock_fdi(struct file *file, int (*reopen)(struct file *file),
+			  int wlock, int locked)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	unsigned char pseudo_link;
+	au_gen_t sgen, fgen;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, w %d, l %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), wlock, locked);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sgen = au_sigen(sb);
+	fi_write_lock(file);
+	fgen = au_figen(file);
+	di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	pseudo_link = (bstart != au_ibstart(dentry->d_inode));
+	if (sgen == fgen && !pseudo_link && au_fbstart(file) == bstart) {
+		if (!wlock) {
+			di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+			fi_downgrade_lock(file);
+		}
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	LKTRTrace("sgen %d, fgen %d\n", sgen, fgen);
+	if (sgen != au_digen(dentry)
+	    || sgen != au_iigen(dentry->d_inode)) {
+		/*
+		 * d_path() and path_lookup() is a simple and good approach
+		 * to revalidate. but si_rwsem in DEBUG_RWSEM will cause a
+		 * deadlock. removed the code.
+		 */
+		err = au_reval_dpath(dentry, sgen);
+		if (unlikely(err < 0))
+			goto out;
+		AuDebugOn(au_digen(dentry) != sgen
+			  || au_iigen(dentry->d_inode) != sgen);
+	}
+
+	err = refresh_file(file, reopen
+			   /* , au_opt_test(au_mnt_flags(sb), REFROF) */);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (!wlock) {
+			di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+			fi_downgrade_lock(file);
+		}
+	} else {
+		di_write_unlock(dentry);
+		fi_write_unlock(file);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* cf. aufs_nopage() */
+/* for madvise(2) */
+static int aufs_readpage(struct file *file, struct page *page)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	unlock_page(page);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* they will never be called. */
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 28)
+static int aufs_prepare_write(struct file *file, struct page *page,
+			      unsigned from, unsigned to)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static int aufs_commit_write(struct file *file, struct page *page,
+			     unsigned from, unsigned to)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+#endif
+static int aufs_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
+			    loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
+			    struct page **pagep, void **fsdata)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static int aufs_write_end(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
+			  loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
+			  struct page *page, void *fsdata)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static int aufs_writepage(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static void aufs_sync_page(struct page *page)
+{ AuUnsupport(); }
+
+static int aufs_set_page_dirty(struct page *page)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static void aufs_invalidatepage(struct page *page, unsigned long offset)
+{ AuUnsupport(); }
+static int aufs_releasepage(struct page *page, gfp_t gfp)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+static ssize_t aufs_direct_IO(int rw, struct kiocb *iocb,
+			      const struct iovec *iov, loff_t offset,
+			      unsigned long nr_segs)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return 0; }
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+static struct page *aufs_get_xip_page(struct address_space *mapping,
+				      sector_t offset, int create)
+{ AuUnsupport(); return NULL; }
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+struct address_space_operations aufs_aop = {
+	.readpage	= aufs_readpage,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	.writepage	= aufs_writepage,
+	.sync_page	= aufs_sync_page,
+	.set_page_dirty	= aufs_set_page_dirty,
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 28)
+	.prepare_write	= aufs_prepare_write,
+	.commit_write	= aufs_commit_write,
+#endif
+	.write_begin	= aufs_write_begin,
+	.write_end	= aufs_write_end,
+	.invalidatepage	= aufs_invalidatepage,
+	.releasepage	= aufs_releasepage,
+	.direct_IO	= aufs_direct_IO,
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+	.get_xip_page	= aufs_get_xip_page,
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/file.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/file.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/file.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/file.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * file operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_FILE_H__
+#define __AUFS_FILE_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/file.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "dentry.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "super.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_branch;
+struct au_hfile {
+	struct file		*hf_file;
+	struct au_branch	*hf_br;
+};
+
+struct au_vdir;
+struct au_finfo {
+	atomic_t		fi_generation;
+
+	struct au_rwsem		fi_rwsem;
+	struct au_hfile		*fi_hfile;
+	aufs_bindex_t		fi_bstart, fi_bend;
+
+	union {
+		struct vm_operations_struct	*fi_h_vm_ops;
+		struct au_vdir			*fi_vdir_cache;
+	};
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* file.c */
+extern struct address_space_operations aufs_aop;
+unsigned int au_file_roflags(unsigned int flags);
+struct file *au_h_open(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex, int flags,
+		       struct file *file);
+int au_do_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
+	       int (*open)(struct file *file, int flags));
+int au_reopen_nondir(struct file *file);
+struct au_pin;
+int au_ready_to_write(struct file *file, loff_t len, struct au_pin *pin);
+int au_reval_and_lock_fdi(struct file *file, int (*reopen)(struct file *file),
+			  int wlock, int locked);
+
+/* f_op.c */
+extern struct file_operations aufs_file_fop;
+int aufs_flush(struct file *file, fl_owner_t id);
+
+/* finfo.c */
+struct au_finfo *au_fi(struct file *file);
+struct au_branch *au_fbr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+struct file *au_h_fptr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+
+void au_hfput(struct au_hfile *hf);
+void au_set_h_fptr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct file *h_file);
+
+void au_finfo_fin(struct file *file);
+int au_finfo_init(struct file *file);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR
+/* robr.c */
+struct file *au_robr_safe_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma);
+void au_robr_reset_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct file *file);
+#else
+static inline struct file *au_robr_safe_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+	struct file *file;
+
+	file = vma->vm_file;
+	if (file->private_data && au_test_aufs(file->f_dentry->d_sb))
+		return file;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_robr_reset_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct file *file)
+{
+	vma->vm_file = file;
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* flush vm_file */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR */
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+/* ioctl.c */
+long aufs_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
+long aufs_ioctl_dir(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* todo: memory barrier? */
+static inline au_gen_t au_figen(struct file *f)
+{
+	return atomic_read(&au_fi(f)->fi_generation);
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_mmapped(struct file *f)
+{
+	return !!(au_fi(f)->fi_h_vm_ops);
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_aufs_file(struct file *f)
+{
+	return !(f->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mode
+		 & (S_IFCHR | S_IFBLK | S_IFIFO | S_IFSOCK));
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if !defined(CONFIG_AUFS_MODULE) || defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH)
+int au_store_fmode_exec(struct nameidata *nd, struct inode *inode);
+
+static inline int au_deny_write_access(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_file->f_dentry));
+	return deny_write_access(h_file);
+}
+
+static inline void au_allow_write_access(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	allow_write_access(h_file);
+}
+
+#else
+
+static inline int au_store_fmode_exec(struct nameidata *nd, struct inode *inode)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int au_deny_write_access(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_allow_write_access(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * fi_read_lock, fi_write_lock,
+ * fi_read_unlock, fi_write_unlock, fi_downgrade_lock
+ */
+AuSimpleRwsemFuncs(fi, struct file *f, au_fi(f)->fi_rwsem);
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define FiMustReadLock(f) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((f)->f_dentry->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustReadLock(&au_fi(f)->fi_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define FiMustWriteLock(f) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((f)->f_dentry->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustWriteLock(&au_fi(f)->fi_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define FiMustAnyLock(f) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((f)->f_dentry->d_sb); \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(&au_fi(f)->fi_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define FiMustNoWaiters(f)	AuRwMustNoWaiters(&au_fi(f)->fi_rwsem)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* todo: hard/soft set? */
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_fbstart(struct file *file)
+{
+	FiMustAnyLock(file);
+	return au_fi(file)->fi_bstart;
+}
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_fbend(struct file *file)
+{
+	FiMustAnyLock(file);
+	return au_fi(file)->fi_bend;
+}
+
+static inline struct au_vdir *au_fvdir_cache(struct file *file)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(&au_fi(file)->fi_rwsem);
+#else
+	FiMustAnyLock(file);
+#endif
+	return au_fi(file)->fi_vdir_cache;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_fbstart(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(file->f_dentry->d_sb) < bindex);
+	au_fi(file)->fi_bstart = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_fbend(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(file->f_dentry->d_sb) < bindex
+		  || bindex < au_fbstart(file));
+	au_fi(file)->fi_bend = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_fvdir_cache(struct file *file,
+				      struct au_vdir *vdir_cache)
+{
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mode)
+		  || (au_fi(file)->fi_vdir_cache && vdir_cache));
+	au_fi(file)->fi_vdir_cache = vdir_cache;
+}
+
+static inline void au_update_figen(struct file *file)
+{
+	atomic_set(&au_fi(file)->fi_generation, au_digen(file->f_dentry));
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_FILE_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/finfo.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/finfo.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/finfo.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/finfo.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * file private data
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+struct au_finfo *au_fi(struct file *file)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo = file->private_data;
+	AuDebugOn(!finfo
+		  || !finfo->fi_hfile
+		  || (0 < finfo->fi_bend
+		      && (/* au_sbi(file->f_dentry->d_sb)->si_bend
+			     < finfo->fi_bend
+			     || */ finfo->fi_bend < finfo->fi_bstart)));
+	return finfo;
+}
+
+struct au_branch *au_fbr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo = au_fi(file);
+	struct au_hfile *hf;
+
+	FiMustAnyLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!finfo
+		  || finfo->fi_bstart < 0
+		  || bindex < finfo->fi_bstart
+		  || finfo->fi_bend < bindex);
+	hf = finfo->fi_hfile + bindex;
+	AuDebugOn(hf->hf_br && au_br_count(hf->hf_br) <= 0);
+	return hf->hf_br;
+}
+
+struct file *au_h_fptr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo = au_fi(file);
+	struct au_hfile *hf;
+
+	FiMustAnyLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!finfo
+		  || finfo->fi_bstart < 0
+		  || bindex < finfo->fi_bstart
+		  || finfo->fi_bend < bindex);
+	hf = finfo->fi_hfile + bindex;
+	AuDebugOn(hf->hf_file
+		  && file_count(hf->hf_file) <= 0
+		  && au_br_count(hf->hf_br) <= 0);
+	return hf->hf_file;
+}
+
+void au_hfput(struct au_hfile *hf)
+{
+	if (hf->hf_file->f_mode & FMODE_EXEC)
+		au_allow_write_access(hf->hf_file);
+	fput(hf->hf_file);
+	hf->hf_file = NULL;
+	AuDebugOn(!hf->hf_br);
+	au_br_put(hf->hf_br);
+	hf->hf_br = NULL;
+}
+
+void au_set_h_fptr(struct file *file, aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct file *val)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo = au_fi(file);
+	struct au_hfile *hf;
+
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!finfo
+		  || finfo->fi_bstart < 0
+		  || bindex < finfo->fi_bstart
+		  || finfo->fi_bend < bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(val && file_count(val) <= 0);
+	hf = finfo->fi_hfile + bindex;
+	AuDebugOn(val && hf->hf_file);
+	if (hf->hf_file)
+		au_hfput(hf);
+	if (val) {
+		hf->hf_file = val;
+		hf->hf_br = au_sbr(file->f_dentry->d_sb, bindex);
+	}
+}
+
+void au_finfo_fin(struct file *file)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	SiMustAnyLock(dentry->d_sb);
+
+	fi_write_lock(file);
+	bend = au_fbend(file);
+	bindex = au_fbstart(file);
+	if (bindex >= 0)
+		for (; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+			au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, NULL);
+
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	if (finfo->fi_bstart >= 0) {
+		bend = au_fbend(file);
+		for (bindex = finfo->fi_bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+			struct au_hfile *hf;
+			hf = finfo->fi_hfile + bindex;
+			AuDebugOn(hf->hf_file || hf->hf_br);
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	kfree(finfo->fi_hfile);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+	au_rwsem_destroy(&finfo->fi_rwsem);
+	au_cache_free_finfo(finfo);
+}
+
+int au_finfo_init(struct file *file)
+{
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	union {
+		void *p;
+		unsigned long ul;
+	} u;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!dentry->d_inode);
+
+	finfo = au_cache_alloc_finfo();
+	if (finfo) {
+		finfo->fi_hfile = kcalloc(au_sbend(dentry->d_sb) + 1,
+					  sizeof(*finfo->fi_hfile), GFP_NOFS);
+		if (finfo->fi_hfile) {
+			au_rw_init_wlock(&finfo->fi_rwsem);
+			//au_dbg_lock_fi_reg(file);
+			finfo->fi_bstart = -1;
+			finfo->fi_bend = -1;
+			atomic_set(&finfo->fi_generation, au_digen(dentry));
+			/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+
+			/*
+			 * a dirty trick for handling FMODE_EXEC and
+			 * deny_write_access().
+			 * because FMODE_EXEC flag is not passed to
+			 * f_op->open(),
+			 * aufs set it to file->private_data temporary in lookup
+			 * or dentry revalidation operations.
+			 * restore the flag to f_mode here.
+			 */
+			u.p = file->private_data;
+			if (u.ul & FMODE_EXEC) {
+				file->f_mode |= FMODE_EXEC;
+				smp_mb(); /* flush f_mode */
+			}
+
+			file->private_data = finfo;
+			return 0; /* success */
+		}
+		au_cache_free_finfo(finfo);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(-ENOMEM);
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/f_op.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/f_op.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/f_op.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/f_op.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * file and vm operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
+#include <linux/poll.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* common function to regular file and dir */
+int aufs_flush(struct file *file, fl_owner_t id)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct file *h_file;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	si_noflush_read_lock(dentry->d_sb);
+	fi_read_lock(file);
+	di_read_lock_child(dentry, AuLock_IW);
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_fbend(file);
+	for (bindex = au_fbstart(file); !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_file = au_h_fptr(file, bindex);
+		if (h_file && h_file->f_op && h_file->f_op->flush) {
+			err = h_file->f_op->flush(h_file, id);
+			if (!err)
+				au_update_fuse_h_inode
+					(h_file->f_vfsmnt, h_file->f_dentry);
+			/*ignore*/
+		}
+	}
+	au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dentry->d_inode);
+
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IW);
+	fi_read_unlock(file);
+	si_read_unlock(dentry->d_sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int do_open_nondir(struct file *file, int flags)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, flags 0%o\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), flags);
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = 0;
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+	finfo->fi_h_vm_ops = NULL;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	bindex = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex)->d_inode);
+	/* O_TRUNC is processed already */
+	BUG_ON(au_test_ro(sb, bindex, inode) && (flags & O_TRUNC));
+
+	h_file = au_h_open(dentry, bindex, flags, file);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_file))
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_file);
+	else {
+		au_set_fbstart(file, bindex);
+		au_set_fbend(file, bindex);
+		au_set_h_fptr(file, bindex, h_file);
+		au_update_figen(file);
+		/* todo: necessary? */
+		/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+		err = 0;
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_open_nondir(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	return au_do_open(inode, file, do_open_nondir);
+}
+
+static int aufs_release_nondir(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb = file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	au_finfo_fin(file);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static ssize_t aufs_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count,
+			 loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, cnt %zu, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), count, *ppos);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/0,
+				    /*locked*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* support LSM and notify */
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	h_inode = h_file->f_dentry->d_inode;
+	err = vfsub_read_u(h_file, buf, count, ppos,
+			   au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb)));
+	/* todo: necessary? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(dentry->d_inode, h_file->f_dentry->d_inode);
+
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_read_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static ssize_t aufs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf,
+			  size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	char __user *buf = (char __user *)ubuf;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	int hinotify;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, cnt %zu, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), count, *ppos);
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	hinotify = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags), 0);
+
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/1,
+				    /*locked*/1);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_ready_to_write(file, -1, &pin);
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	bstart = au_fbstart(file);
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, bstart);
+	if (!hinotify) {
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+		err = vfsub_write_u(h_file, buf, count, ppos, &vargs);
+	} else {
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_MODIFY, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+		err = vfsub_write_u(h_file, buf, count, ppos, &vargs);
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+	}
+	au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode);
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+static int au_test_loopback(void)
+{
+	const char c = current->comm[4];
+	/* true if a kernel thread named 'loop[0-9].*' accesses a file */
+	const int loopback = (current->mm == NULL
+			      && '0' <= c && c <= '9'
+			      && strncmp(current->comm, "loop", 4) == 0);
+	return loopback;
+}
+
+static ssize_t aufs_splice_read(struct file *file, loff_t *ppos,
+				struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+				unsigned int flags)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld, len %zu\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), *ppos, len);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/0,
+				    /*locked*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	/* support LSM and notify */
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	if (au_test_loopback()) {
+		file->f_mapping = h_file->f_mapping;
+		smp_mb(); /* unnecessary? */
+	}
+	err = vfsub_splice_to(h_file, ppos, pipe, len, flags,
+			      au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb)));
+	/* todo: necessasry? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(dentry->d_inode, h_file->f_dentry->d_inode);
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_read_unlock(file);
+
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+aufs_splice_write(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *file, loff_t *ppos,
+		  size_t len, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	/* struct au_hin_ignore ign; */
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, len %zu, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), len, *ppos);
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, /*&ign*/NULL, au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags), 0);
+
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/1,
+				    /*locked*/1);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_ready_to_write(file, -1, &pin);
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	/* support LSM and notify */
+	/* current vfs_splice_from() doesn't fire up the inotify event */
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	h_inode = h_file->f_dentry->d_inode;
+	if (1 || !au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY)) {
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+		err = vfsub_splice_from(pipe, h_file, ppos, len, flags, &vargs);
+	}
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	else {
+		struct dentry *parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_MODIFY, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+		err = vfsub_splice_from(pipe, h_file, ppos, len, flags, &vargs);
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+	}
+#endif
+	au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode);
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int aufs_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct file *file, *h_file;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(wq);
+	struct au_finfo *finfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!vma || !vma->vm_file);
+	/* todo: non-robr mode, user vm_file as it is? */
+	wait_event(wq, (file = au_robr_safe_file(vma)));
+	AuDebugOn(!au_test_aufs(file->f_dentry->d_sb));
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode));
+
+	/* do not revalidate, no si lock */
+	finfo = au_fi(file);
+	h_file = finfo->fi_hfile[0 + finfo->fi_bstart].hf_file;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_file || !au_test_mmapped(file));
+	fi_write_lock(file);
+	vma->vm_file = h_file;
+	err = finfo->fi_h_vm_ops->fault(vma, vmf);
+	/* todo: necessary? */
+	/* file->f_ra = h_file->f_ra; */
+	au_robr_reset_file(vma, file);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+#if 0 /* def CONFIG_SMP */
+	/* wake_up_nr(&wq, online_cpu - 1); */
+	wake_up_all(&wq);
+#else
+	wake_up(&wq);
+#endif
+
+	if (!(err & VM_FAULT_ERROR)) {
+#if 0 /* debug */
+		struct page *page;
+		page = vmf->page;
+		AuDbg("%p, %d\n", page, page_mapcount(page));
+
+		page->mapping = file->f_mapping;
+		get_page(page);
+		file->f_mapping = h_file->f_mapping;
+		touch_atime(NULL, dentry);
+		inode->i_atime = h_file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_atime;
+#endif
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static struct vm_operations_struct aufs_vm_ops = {
+	.fault		= aufs_fault,
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	.open		= aufs_vmaopen,
+	.close		= aufs_vmaclose,
+	unsigned long (*nopfn)(struct vm_area_struct *area,
+			       unsigned long address);
+	page_mkwrite(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page)
+#endif
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct vm_operations_struct *au_vm_ops(struct file *h_file,
+					      struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+	struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	au_br_nfs_lockdep_off(h_file->f_vfsmnt->mnt_sb);
+	err = h_file->f_op->mmap(h_file, vma);
+	au_br_nfs_lockdep_on(h_file->f_vfsmnt->mnt_sb);
+	vm_ops = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	vm_ops = vma->vm_ops;
+	err = do_munmap(current->mm, vma->vm_start,
+			vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuIOErr("failed internal unmapping %.*s, %d\n",
+			AuDLNPair(h_file->f_dentry), err);
+		vm_ops = ERR_PTR(-EIO);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(vm_ops);
+	return vm_ops;
+}
+
+static int aufs_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned char wlock, mmapped;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %lx, len %lu\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), vma->vm_start,
+		  vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISREG(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+	AuDebugOn(down_write_trylock(&vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem));
+
+	mmapped = au_test_mmapped(file); /* can be harmless race condition */
+	wlock = !!(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, wlock | !mmapped,
+				/*locked*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (wlock) {
+		struct au_pin pin;
+
+		err = au_ready_to_write(file, -1, &pin);
+		di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+		au_unpin(&pin);
+	} else if (!mmapped)
+		di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	if (au_test_fuse(h_file->f_dentry->d_sb)) {
+		/*
+		 * by this assignment, f_mapping will differs from aufs inode
+		 * i_mapping.
+		 * if someone else mixes the use of f_dentry->d_inode and
+		 * f_mapping->host, then a problem may arise.
+		 */
+		file->f_mapping = h_file->f_mapping;
+	}
+
+	if (0 && h_file->f_op->mmap == generic_file_mmap) {
+		err = generic_file_mmap(file, vma); /* instead of h_file */
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+		au_fi(file)->fi_h_vm_ops = vma->vm_ops;
+	} else {
+		vm_ops = NULL;
+		if (!mmapped) {
+			vm_ops = au_vm_ops(h_file, vma);
+			err = PTR_ERR(vm_ops);
+			if (IS_ERR(vm_ops))
+				goto out_unlock;
+		}
+
+		err = generic_file_mmap(file, vma);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+		vma->vm_ops = &aufs_vm_ops;
+		/* test again */
+		if (!au_test_mmapped(file)) {
+			FiMustWriteLock(file);
+			au_fi(file)->fi_h_vm_ops = vm_ops;
+		}
+	}
+
+	file_accessed(h_file);
+	au_update_fuse_h_inode(h_file->f_vfsmnt, h_file->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(dentry->d_inode, h_file->f_dentry->d_inode);
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	if (!wlock && mmapped)
+		fi_read_unlock(file);
+	else
+		fi_write_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static unsigned int aufs_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait)
+{
+	unsigned int mask;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, wait %p\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), wait);
+	AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	/* We should pretend an error happened. */
+	mask = POLLERR /* | POLLIN | POLLOUT */;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/0,
+				    /*locked*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* it is not an error of hidden_file has no operation */
+	mask = DEFAULT_POLLMASK;
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	if (h_file->f_op && h_file->f_op->poll)
+		mask = h_file->f_op->poll(h_file, wait);
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_read_unlock(file);
+
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr((int)mask);
+	return mask;
+}
+
+static int aufs_fsync_nondir(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry,
+			     int datasync)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), datasync);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+
+	IMustLock(file->f_mapping->host);
+	if (inode != file->f_mapping->host) {
+		mutex_unlock(&file->f_mapping->host->i_mutex);
+		mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = 0; /* -EBADF; */ /* posix? */
+	if (unlikely(!(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/1,
+				    /*locked*/1);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_ready_to_write(file, -1, &pin);
+	di_downgrade_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	if (h_file->f_op && h_file->f_op->fsync) {
+		struct mutex *h_mtx = &h_file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mutex;
+
+		mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		err = h_file->f_op->fsync(h_file, h_file->f_dentry, datasync);
+		if (!err)
+			au_update_fuse_h_inode(h_file->f_vfsmnt,
+					       h_file->f_dentry);
+		au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode);
+		mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_write_unlock(file);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	if (inode != file->f_mapping->host) {
+		mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+		mutex_lock(&file->f_mapping->host->i_mutex);
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_fasync(int fd, struct file *file, int flag)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct file *h_file;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), flag);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_reval_and_lock_fdi(file, au_reopen_nondir, /*wlock*/0,
+				    /*locked*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	h_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	if (h_file->f_op && h_file->f_op->fasync)
+		err = h_file->f_op->fasync(fd, h_file, flag);
+	di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	fi_read_unlock(file);
+
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct file_operations aufs_file_fop = {
+	/*
+	 * while generic_file_llseek/_unlocked() don't use BKL,
+	 * don't use it since it operates file->f_mapping->host.
+	 * in aufs, it may be a real file and may confuse users by UDBA.
+	 */
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27)
+	/* .llseek		= generic_file_llseek, */
+#endif
+	.read		= aufs_read,
+	.write		= aufs_write,
+	.poll		= aufs_poll,
+	/* .unlocked_ioctl	= aufs_ioctl, */
+	.mmap		= aufs_mmap,
+	.open		= aufs_open_nondir,
+	.flush		= aufs_flush,
+	.release	= aufs_release_nondir,
+	.fsync		= aufs_fsync_nondir,
+	.fasync		= aufs_fasync,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+	.splice_write	= aufs_splice_write,
+	.splice_read	= aufs_splice_read,
+#endif
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/getattr.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/getattr.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/getattr.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/getattr.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode attributes on NFS/FUSE branch or HINOTIFY
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static struct dentry *
+au_h_dget_any(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t *bindex)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t ib, db;
+
+	/* must be positive dentry */
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), inode->i_ino);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	db = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	ib = au_ibstart(inode);
+	if (db == ib) {
+		*bindex = db;
+		h_dentry = dget(au_h_dptr(dentry, db));
+		if (h_dentry)
+			goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	*bindex = ib;
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, ib);
+	h_dentry = d_find_alias(h_inode);
+	if (h_dentry)
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+#if 0
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK)
+	    && au_plink_test(sb, inode)) {
+		h_dentry = au_plink_lkup(sb, ib, inode);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_dentry))
+			goto out;
+		AuDebugOn(!h_dentry->d_inode);
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+#endif
+
+	h_dentry = dget(au_hi_wh(inode, ib));
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(h_dentry);
+	return h_dentry;
+}
+
+int aufs_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, struct kstat *st)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	unsigned char did_lock;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb, *h_sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	err = 0;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (dentry != sb->s_root) {
+		di_read_lock_parent(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+		inode = dentry->d_inode;
+		did_lock = 1;
+
+		/* todo: test bit inotify option too? */
+		bindex = au_ibstart(inode);
+		h_sb = au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex);
+		/* todo: fix this condition */
+		if ((au_opt_test(mnt_flags, PLINK) && au_plink_test(sb, inode))
+		    /* au_iigen(inode) == au_sigen(sb) */
+		    || (!au_test_fuse(h_sb) && !au_test_nfs(h_sb)))
+			goto fill;
+
+		h_dentry = au_h_dget_any(dentry, &bindex);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_dentry))
+			goto out;
+	} else {
+		/* lock free root dinfo */
+		did_lock = 0;
+		bindex = 0;
+		inode = dentry->d_inode;
+		h_dentry = dget(au_di(dentry)->di_hdentry->hd_dentry);
+	}
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	if (h_dentry && h_dentry->d_inode)
+		err = vfsub_getattr(au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex), h_dentry, st,
+				    au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags));
+	dput(h_dentry);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* todo: I don't like this approach */
+		au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/0);
+	fill:
+		generic_fillattr(inode, st);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	if (did_lock)
+		di_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/hinode.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hinode.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/hinode.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hinode.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * lower (branch filesystem) inode and setting inotify
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_HINODE_H__
+#define __AUFS_HINODE_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/inotify.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "super.h"
+#include "vfsub.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_hinotify {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	struct au_splhead	hin_ignore;
+	struct inotify_watch	hin_watch;
+	struct inode		*hin_aufs_inode;	/* no get/put */
+#endif
+};
+
+struct au_hinode {
+	struct inode		*hi_inode;
+	aufs_bindex_t		hi_id;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	struct au_hinotify	*hi_notify;
+#endif
+
+	/* reference to the copied-up whiteout with get/put */
+	struct dentry		*hi_whdentry;
+};
+
+struct au_hin_ignore {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	struct list_head	ign_list;
+
+	pid_t			ign_pid;
+	__u32			ign_events, ign_handled;
+	struct au_hinode	*ign_hinode;
+#endif
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+/* inotify events */
+static const __u32 AuInMask = (IN_MOVE | IN_DELETE | IN_CREATE
+			       /* | IN_ACCESS */
+			       | IN_MODIFY | IN_ATTRIB
+			       /* | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF */
+	);
+
+static inline
+void au_hin_init(struct au_hinode *hinode, struct au_hinotify *val)
+{
+	hinode->hi_notify = val;
+}
+
+/* hinotify.c */
+int au_hin_alloc(struct au_hinode *hinode, struct inode *inode,
+		 struct inode *h_inode);
+void au_hin_free(struct au_hinode *hinode);
+void au_hin_ctl(struct au_hinode *hinode, const __u32 mask);
+void au_reset_hinotify(struct inode *inode, unsigned int flags);
+
+int au_hin_verify_gen(struct dentry *dentry);
+
+int __init au_inotify_init(void);
+void au_inotify_fin(void);
+
+static inline void au_hin_suspend(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	au_hin_ctl(hinode, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void au_hin_resume(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	au_hin_ctl(hinode, AuInMask);
+}
+
+#else
+
+static inline
+void au_hin_init(struct au_hinode *hinode, struct au_hinotify *val)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_hin_alloc(struct au_hinode *hinode, struct inode *inode,
+		 struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline void au_hin_free(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline void au_reset_hinotify(struct inode *inode, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline int au_hin_verify_gen(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int au_inotify_init(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#define au_inotify_fin()	do {} while (0)
+
+static inline void au_hin_suspend(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline void au_hin_resume(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY */
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY) && defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG)
+static inline void au_hin_list_del(struct list_head *e)
+{
+	list_del_init(e);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_hin_list(struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+#else
+static inline void au_hin_list_del(struct list_head *e)
+{
+	list_del(e);
+}
+
+static inline void au_dbg_hin_list(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_HINODE_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/hin_or_dlgt.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hin_or_dlgt.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/hin_or_dlgt.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hin_or_dlgt.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sub-routines for vfs in hinotify or dlgt mode
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+#if !defined(CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY) && !defined(CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT)
+#error mis-configuraion or Makefile
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct permission_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	int mask;
+	struct nameidata *nd;
+};
+
+static void call_permission(void *args)
+{
+	struct permission_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_permission(a->inode, a->mask, a->nd);
+}
+
+int vfsub_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask, struct nameidata *nd,
+		     int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_permission(inode, mask, nd);
+	else {
+		int err, wkq_err;
+		struct permission_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.inode	= inode,
+			.mask	= mask,
+			.nd	= nd
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_permission, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		return err;
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct create_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int mode;
+	struct nameidata *nd;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_create(void *args)
+{
+	struct create_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_create(a->dir, a->dentry, a->mode, a->nd);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		 struct nameidata *nd, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct create_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.dir	= dir,
+		.dentry	= dentry,
+		.mode	= mode,
+		.nd	= nd,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_create(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_create, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct symlink_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	const char *symname;
+	int mode;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_symlink(void *args)
+{
+	struct symlink_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_symlink(a->dir, a->dentry, a->symname, a->mode);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname,
+		  int mode, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct symlink_args args = {
+		.errp		= &err,
+		.dir		= dir,
+		.dentry		= dentry,
+		.symname	= symname,
+		.mode		= mode,
+		.vargs		= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_symlink(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_symlink, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct mknod_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int mode;
+	dev_t dev;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_mknod(void *args)
+{
+	struct mknod_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_mknod(a->dir, a->dentry, a->mode, a->dev);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct mknod_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.dir	= dir,
+		.dentry	= dentry,
+		.mode	= mode,
+		.dev	= dev,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_mknod(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_mknod, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct mkdir_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int mode;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_mkdir(void *args)
+{
+	struct mkdir_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_mkdir(a->dir, a->dentry, a->mode);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct mkdir_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.dir	= dir,
+		.dentry	= dentry,
+		.mode	= mode,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_mkdir(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_mkdir, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct link_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *src_dentry, *dentry;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_link(void *args)
+{
+	struct link_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_link(a->src_dentry, a->dir, a->dentry);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+	       struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct link_args args = {
+		.errp		= &err,
+		.src_dentry	= src_dentry,
+		.dir		= dir,
+		.dentry		= dentry,
+		.vargs		= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_link(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_link, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct rename_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *src_dir, *dir;
+	struct dentry *src_dentry, *dentry;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_rename(void *args)
+{
+	struct rename_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_rename(a->src_dir, a->src_dentry, a->dir,
+				   a->dentry);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		 struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct rename_args args = {
+		.errp		= &err,
+		.src_dir	= src_dir,
+		.src_dentry	= src_dentry,
+		.dir		= dir,
+		.dentry		= dentry,
+		.vargs		= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_rename(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_rename, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct rmdir_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_rmdir(void *args)
+{
+	struct rmdir_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_rmdir(a->dir, a->dentry);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct rmdir_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.dir	= dir,
+		.dentry	= dentry,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_rmdir(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_rmdir, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct read_args {
+	ssize_t *errp;
+	struct file *file;
+	union {
+		void *kbuf;
+		char __user *ubuf;
+	};
+	size_t count;
+	loff_t *ppos;
+};
+
+static void call_read_k(void *args)
+{
+	struct read_args *a = args;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, cnt %zu, pos %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(a->file->f_dentry), a->count, *a->ppos);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_read_k(a->file, a->kbuf, a->count, a->ppos);
+}
+
+ssize_t vfsub_read_u(struct file *file, char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		     loff_t *ppos, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_read_u(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		ssize_t err, read;
+		struct read_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.file	= file,
+			.count	= count,
+			.ppos	= ppos
+		};
+
+		if (!count)
+			return 0;
+
+		/*
+		 * workaround an application bug.
+		 * generally, read(2) or write(2) may return the value shorter
+		 * than requested. But many applications don't support it,
+		 * for example bash.
+		 */
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		if (args.count > PAGE_SIZE)
+			args.count = PAGE_SIZE;
+		args.kbuf = kmalloc(args.count, GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!args.kbuf))
+			goto out;
+
+		read = 0;
+		do {
+			wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_read_k, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+			if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+				err = wkq_err;
+			if (unlikely(err > 0
+				     && copy_to_user(ubuf, args.kbuf, err))) {
+				err = -EFAULT;
+				goto out_free;
+			} else if (!err)
+				break;
+			else if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto out_free;
+			count -= err;
+			/* do not read too much because of file i/o pointer */
+			if (count < args.count)
+				args.count = count;
+			ubuf += err;
+			read += err;
+		} while (count);
+		smp_mb(); /* flush ubuf */
+		err = read;
+
+	out_free:
+		kfree(args.kbuf);
+	out:
+		return err;
+	}
+}
+
+ssize_t vfsub_read_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		     int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_read_k(file, kbuf, count, ppos);
+	else {
+		ssize_t err;
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct read_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.file	= file,
+			.count	= count,
+			.ppos	= ppos
+		};
+		args.kbuf = kbuf;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_read_k, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		return err;
+	}
+}
+
+struct write_args {
+	ssize_t *errp;
+	struct file *file;
+	union {
+		void *kbuf;
+		const char __user *ubuf;
+	};
+	size_t count;
+	loff_t *ppos;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_write_k(void *args)
+{
+	struct write_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_write_k(a->file, a->kbuf, a->count, a->ppos);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp <= 0))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+ssize_t vfsub_write_u(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		      loff_t *ppos, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT)) {
+		vfsub_ignore(vargs);
+		err = do_vfsub_write_u(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+		if (unlikely(err <= 0))
+			vfsub_unignore(vargs);
+		au_dbg_hin_list(vargs);
+	} else {
+		ssize_t written;
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct write_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.file	= file,
+			.count	= count,
+			.ppos	= ppos,
+			.vargs	= vargs
+		};
+
+		if (!count)
+			return 0;
+
+		/*
+		 * workaround an application bug.
+		 * generally, read(2) or write(2) may return the value shorter
+		 * than requested. But many applications don't support it,
+		 * for example bash.
+		 */
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		if (args.count > PAGE_SIZE)
+			args.count = PAGE_SIZE;
+		args.kbuf = kmalloc(args.count, GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!args.kbuf))
+			goto out;
+
+		written = 0;
+		do {
+			if (unlikely(copy_from_user(args.kbuf, ubuf,
+						    args.count))) {
+				err = -EFAULT;
+				goto out_free;
+			}
+
+			wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_write_k, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+			if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+				err = wkq_err;
+			if (err > 0) {
+				count -= err;
+				if (count < args.count)
+					args.count = count;
+				ubuf += err;
+				written += err;
+			} else if (!err)
+				break;
+			else if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto out_free;
+		} while (count);
+		err = written;
+
+	out_free:
+		kfree(args.kbuf);
+	}
+ out:
+	return err;
+}
+
+ssize_t vfsub_write_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		      struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	struct write_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.file	= file,
+		.count	= count,
+		.ppos	= ppos,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	args.kbuf = kbuf;
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_write_k(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_write_k, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct readdir_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct file *file;
+	filldir_t filldir;
+	void *arg;
+};
+
+static void call_readdir(void *args)
+{
+	struct readdir_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_readdir(a->file, a->filldir, a->arg);
+}
+
+int vfsub_readdir(struct file *file, filldir_t filldir, void *arg, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_readdir(file, filldir, arg);
+	else {
+		int err, wkq_err;
+		struct readdir_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.file		= file,
+			.filldir	= filldir,
+			.arg		= arg
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_readdir, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		return err;
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct splice_to_args {
+	long *errp;
+	struct file *in;
+	loff_t *ppos;
+	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
+	size_t len;
+	unsigned int flags;
+};
+
+static void call_splice_to(void *args)
+{
+	struct splice_to_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_splice_to(a->in, a->ppos, a->pipe, a->len,
+				      a->flags);
+}
+
+long vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+		     struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+		     unsigned int flags, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_splice_to(in, ppos, pipe, len, flags);
+	else {
+		long err;
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct splice_to_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.in	= in,
+			.ppos	= ppos,
+			.pipe	= pipe,
+			.len	= len,
+			.flags	= flags
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_splice_to, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		return err;
+	}
+}
+
+struct splice_from_args {
+	long *errp;
+	struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
+	struct file *out;
+	loff_t *ppos;
+	size_t len;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_splice_from(void *args)
+{
+	struct splice_from_args *a = args;
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_splice_from(a->pipe, a->out, a->ppos, a->len,
+					a->flags);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp < 0))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+}
+
+long vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+		       loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags,
+		       struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	long err;
+	struct splice_from_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.pipe	= pipe,
+		.out	= out,
+		.ppos	= ppos,
+		.len	= len,
+		.flags	= flags,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT))
+		call_splice_from(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_splice_from, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct getattr_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct vfsmount *mnt;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct kstat *st;
+};
+
+static void call_getattr(void *args)
+{
+	struct getattr_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_getattr(a->mnt, a->dentry, a->st);
+}
+
+int vfsub_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, struct kstat *st,
+		  int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		return do_vfsub_getattr(mnt, dentry, st);
+	else {
+		int err, wkq_err;
+		struct getattr_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.mnt	= mnt,
+			.dentry	= dentry,
+			.st	= st
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_getattr, &args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		return err;
+	}
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/hinotify.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hinotify.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/hinotify.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/hinotify.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1146 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * internal/hidden inotify handler
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/*
+#ifdef DbgInotify
+#define AuDbgHin(args...)	AuDbg(##args)
+#else
+#define AuDbgHin(args...)	do {} while ()
+#endif
+*/
+
+static struct inotify_handle *in_handle;
+
+AuCacheFuncs(hinotify, AuCache_HINOTIFY);
+
+int au_hin_alloc(struct au_hinode *hinode, struct inode *inode,
+		 struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_hinotify *hin;
+	s32 wd;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, hi%lu\n", inode->i_ino, h_inode->i_ino);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	hin = au_cache_alloc_hinotify();
+	if (hin) {
+		AuDebugOn(hinode->hi_notify);
+		hinode->hi_notify = hin;
+		au_spl_init(&hin->hin_ignore);
+		hin->hin_aufs_inode = inode;
+
+		inotify_init_watch(&hin->hin_watch);
+		wd = inotify_add_watch(in_handle, &hin->hin_watch, h_inode,
+				       AuInMask);
+		if (wd >= 0)
+			return 0; /* success */
+
+		err = wd;
+		put_inotify_watch(&hin->hin_watch);
+		au_cache_free_hinotify(hin);
+		hinode->hi_notify = NULL;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_hin_free(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_hinotify *hin;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	hin = hinode->hi_notify;
+	if (hin) {
+		err = 0;
+		if (atomic_read(&hin->hin_watch.count))
+			err = inotify_rm_watch(in_handle, &hin->hin_watch);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			/* it means the watch is already removed */
+			LKTRTrace("failed inotify_rm_watch() %d\n", err);
+		au_cache_free_hinotify(hin);
+		hinode->hi_notify = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_hin_ctl(struct au_hinode *hinode, const __u32 mask)
+{
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct inotify_watch *watch;
+
+	h_inode = hinode->hi_inode;
+	LKTRTrace("hi%lu, sb %p, 0x%x\n", h_inode->i_ino, h_inode->i_sb, mask);
+	IMustLock(h_inode);
+	if (!hinode->hi_notify)
+		return;
+
+	watch = &hinode->hi_notify->hin_watch;
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	{
+		u32 wd;
+		wd = inotify_find_update_watch(in_handle, h_inode, mask);
+		AuTraceErr(wd);
+		/* ignore an err; */
+	}
+#else
+	/* struct inotify_handle is hidden */
+	mutex_lock(&h_inode->inotify_mutex);
+	/* mutex_lock(&watch->ih->mutex); */
+	watch->mask = mask;
+	/* mutex_unlock(&watch->ih->mutex); */
+	mutex_unlock(&h_inode->inotify_mutex);
+#endif
+	LKTRTrace("watch %p, mask %u\n", watch, watch->mask);
+}
+
+void au_reset_hinotify(struct inode *inode, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct inode *hi;
+	struct dentry *iwhdentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, 0x%x\n", inode->i_ino, flags);
+
+	bend = au_ibend(inode);
+	for (bindex = au_ibstart(inode); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		hi = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (hi) {
+			/* mutex_lock_nested(&hi->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD); */
+			iwhdentry = au_hi_wh(inode, bindex);
+			if (iwhdentry)
+				dget(iwhdentry);
+			au_igrab(hi);
+			au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, NULL, 0);
+			au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, au_igrab(hi),
+				      flags & ~AuHi_XINO);
+			iput(hi);
+			dput(iwhdentry);
+			/* mutex_unlock(&hi->i_mutex); */
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_unpin_gp(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	struct au_pin1 *gp;
+
+	gp = au_pin_gp(args);
+	AuDebugOn(!gp);
+	if (gp->dentry)
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(gp->dentry));
+	else
+		AuTraceEnter();
+
+	au_do_unpin(gp, NULL);
+}
+
+int au_hin_verify_gen(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	au_gen_t sigen;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	if (!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		return 0;
+
+	sigen = au_sigen(dentry->d_sb);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	return au_digen(dentry) != sigen
+		|| (inode && au_iigen(inode) != sigen);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* cf. fsnotify_change() */
+__u32 vfsub_events_notify_change(struct iattr *ia)
+{
+	__u32 events;
+	const unsigned int amtime = (ATTR_ATIME | ATTR_MTIME);
+
+	events = 0;
+	if ((ia->ia_valid & (ATTR_UID | ATTR_GID | ATTR_MODE))
+	    || (ia->ia_valid & amtime) == amtime)
+		events |= IN_ATTRIB;
+	if ((ia->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE)
+	    || (ia->ia_valid & amtime) == ATTR_MTIME)
+		events |= IN_MODIFY;
+	return events;
+}
+
+void vfsub_ign_hinode(struct vfsub_args *vargs, __u32 events,
+		      struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	struct au_hinotify *hin;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_hin_ignore *ign;
+
+	if (!hinode)
+		return;
+
+	hin = hinode->hi_notify;
+	if (!hin || !hin->hin_watch.mask)
+		return;
+
+	sb = hin->hin_aufs_inode->i_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY));
+
+	ign = vargs->ignore + vargs->nignore++;
+	ign->ign_events = events;
+	ign->ign_handled = 0;
+	ign->ign_hinode = hinode;
+
+	{
+		struct inode *h_inode;
+		h_inode = hinode->hi_inode;
+		if (!mutex_is_locked(&h_inode->i_mutex))
+			au_dbg_blocked();
+		IMustLock(h_inode);
+	}
+}
+
+static void au_hin_ignore(struct au_hin_ignore *ign)
+{
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+	__u32 events;
+	struct au_hinotify *hin;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	hinode = ign->ign_hinode;
+	events = ign->ign_events;
+	LKTRTrace("0x%x\n", events);
+	AuDebugOn(!hinode || !events);
+
+	hin = hinode->hi_notify;
+	h_inode = hinode->hi_inode;
+	if (h_inode && hin) {
+		LKTRTrace("hi%lu\n", h_inode->i_ino);
+#ifdef DbgInotify
+		AuDbg("hi%lu, 0x%x\n", h_inode->i_ino, events);
+#endif
+
+		au_spl_add(&ign->ign_list, &hin->hin_ignore);
+		/* AuDbg("list_add %p, 0x%x\n", ign, events); */
+	}
+#if 1 /* todo: test dlgt */
+	else
+		/*
+		 * it may happen by this scenario.
+		 * - a file and its parent dir exist on two branches
+		 * - a file on the upper branch is opened
+		 * - the parent dir and the file are removed by udba
+		 * - the parent is re-accessed, and new dentry/inode in
+		 *   aufs is generated for it, based upon the one on the lower
+		 *   branch
+		 * - the opened file is re-accessed, re-validated, and it may be
+		 *   re-connected to the new parent dentry
+		 * it means the file in aufs cannot get the actual removed
+		 * parent dir on the branch.
+		 */
+		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ign->ign_list);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void au_hin_unignore(struct au_hin_ignore *ign)
+{
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+	__u32 events;
+	struct au_hinotify *hin;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	hinode = ign->ign_hinode;
+	events = ign->ign_events;
+	LKTRTrace("0x%x\n", events);
+	/* AuDbg("0x%x\n", events); */
+	AuDebugOn(!hinode || !events);
+
+	hin = hinode->hi_notify;
+	h_inode = hinode->hi_inode;
+	if (!h_inode || !hin)
+		return;
+	LKTRTrace("hi%lu\n", h_inode->i_ino);
+#ifdef DbgInotify
+	AuDbg("hi%lu, 0x%x\n", h_inode->i_ino, events);
+#endif
+
+	spin_lock(&hin->hin_ignore.spin);
+	au_hin_list_del(&ign->ign_list);
+	spin_unlock(&hin->hin_ignore.spin);
+	/* AuDbg("list_del %p, 0x%x\n", ign, events); */
+}
+
+static int au_hin_test_ignore(u32 mask, struct au_hinotify *hin)
+{
+	int do_ignore;
+	u32 events;
+	struct au_hin_ignore *ign, *tmp;
+	struct list_head *head;
+
+	do_ignore = 0;
+	head = &hin->hin_ignore.head;
+	spin_lock(&hin->hin_ignore.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(ign, tmp, head, ign_list) {
+		/* AuDbg("ign %p\n", ign); */
+		if (ign->ign_pid == current->pid) {
+			events = (mask & ign->ign_events);
+			if (events) {
+				do_ignore = 1;
+				ign->ign_handled |= events;
+				if (ign->ign_events == ign->ign_handled) {
+					list_del_init(&ign->ign_list);
+					/*
+					AuDbg("list_del %p, 0x%x\n",
+					      ign, events);
+					*/
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&hin->hin_ignore.spin);
+
+	return do_ignore;
+}
+
+void vfsub_ignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int n;
+	struct au_hin_ignore *ign;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	n = vargs->nignore;
+	if (!n)
+		return;
+
+	ign = vargs->ignore;
+	hinode = ign->ign_hinode;
+	sb = hinode->hi_notify->hin_aufs_inode->i_sb;
+	h_inode = hinode->hi_inode;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY)) {
+		if (!mutex_is_locked(&h_inode->i_mutex))
+			au_dbg_blocked();
+		IMustLock(h_inode);
+	}
+	while (n-- > 0) {
+		ign->ign_pid = current->pid;
+		au_hin_ignore(ign++);
+	}
+}
+
+void vfsub_unignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int n;
+	struct au_hin_ignore *ign;
+
+	n = vargs->nignore;
+	if (!n)
+		return;
+
+	ign = vargs->ignore;
+	while (n-- > 0)
+		au_hin_unignore(ign++);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+void au_dbg_hin_list(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int n;
+	struct au_hin_ignore *ign;
+
+	n = vargs->nignore;
+	if (!n)
+		return;
+
+	ign = vargs->ignore;
+	while (n-- > 0) {
+		/* AuDebugOn(!list_empty(&ign++->ign_list)); */
+		if (list_empty(&ign++->ign_list))
+			continue;
+		ign--;
+		AuDbg("%d: pid %d, 0x%x\n",
+		      n + 1, ign->ign_pid, ign->ign_events);
+		au_hin_unignore(ign);
+		ign++;
+		au_dbg_blocked();
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static char *in_name(u32 mask)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+#define test_ret(flag)	if (mask & flag) \
+				return #flag;
+	test_ret(IN_ACCESS);
+	test_ret(IN_MODIFY);
+	test_ret(IN_ATTRIB);
+	test_ret(IN_CLOSE_WRITE);
+	test_ret(IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE);
+	test_ret(IN_OPEN);
+	test_ret(IN_MOVED_FROM);
+	test_ret(IN_MOVED_TO);
+	test_ret(IN_CREATE);
+	test_ret(IN_DELETE);
+	test_ret(IN_DELETE_SELF);
+	test_ret(IN_MOVE_SELF);
+	test_ret(IN_UNMOUNT);
+	test_ret(IN_Q_OVERFLOW);
+	test_ret(IN_IGNORED);
+	return "";
+#undef test_ret
+#else
+	return "??";
+#endif
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct dentry *lookup_wlock_by_name(char *name, unsigned int nlen,
+					   struct inode *dir)
+{
+	struct dentry *dentry, *d, *parent;
+	struct qstr *dname;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, dir%lu\n", nlen, name, dir->i_ino);
+
+	parent = d_find_alias(dir);
+	if (!parent)
+		return NULL;
+
+	dentry = NULL;
+	spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(d, &parent->d_subdirs, d_u.d_child) {
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d));
+		dname = &d->d_name;
+		if (dname->len != nlen || memcmp(dname->name, name, nlen))
+			continue;
+		if (!atomic_read(&d->d_count) || !d->d_fsdata) {
+			spin_lock(&d->d_lock);
+			__d_drop(d);
+			spin_unlock(&d->d_lock);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		dentry = dget(d);
+		break;
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
+	dput(parent);
+
+	if (dentry) {
+#if 0
+	lktr_set_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	AuDbgDentry(dentry);
+	lktr_clear_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+#endif
+		di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+	}
+	return dentry;
+}
+
+static struct inode *lookup_wlock_by_ino(struct super_block *sb,
+					 aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino)
+{
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe;
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, hi%lu\n", bindex, (unsigned long)h_ino);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb)));
+
+	inode = NULL;
+	err = au_xino_read(sb, bindex, h_ino, &xinoe);
+	if (!err && xinoe.ino)
+		inode = ilookup(sb, xinoe.ino);
+	if (!inode)
+		goto out;
+	if (unlikely(inode->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO)) {
+		AuWarn("wrong root branch\n");
+		iput(inode);
+		inode = NULL;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	ii_write_lock_child(inode);
+
+ out:
+	return inode;
+}
+
+static int hin_xino(struct inode *inode, struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend, bfound, bstart;
+	struct inode *h_i;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, hi%lu\n", inode->i_ino, h_inode->i_ino);
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (unlikely(inode->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO)) {
+		AuWarn("branch root dir was changed\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	bfound = -1;
+	bend = au_ibend(inode);
+	bstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	if (bindex == bend) {
+		/* keep this ino in rename case */
+		goto out;
+	}
+#endif
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		if (au_h_iptr(inode, bindex) == h_inode) {
+			bfound = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (bfound < 0)
+		goto out;
+
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_i = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (h_i)
+			err = au_xino_write0(inode->i_sb, bindex, h_i->i_ino,
+					     0);
+		/* ignore this error */
+		/* bad action? */
+	}
+
+	/* children inode number will be broken */
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int hin_gen_tree(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err, i, j, ndentry;
+	struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+	struct dentry **dentries;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	err = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_dcsub_pages(&dpages, dentry, NULL, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_dpages;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dpages.ndpage; i++) {
+		dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+		dentries = dpage->dentries;
+		ndentry = dpage->ndentry;
+		for (j = 0; j < ndentry; j++) {
+			struct dentry *d;
+			d = dentries[j];
+			LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(d));
+			if (IS_ROOT(d))
+				continue;
+
+			d_drop(d);
+			au_digen_dec(d);
+			if (d->d_inode)
+				/* todo: reset children xino?
+				   cached children only? */
+				au_iigen_dec(d->d_inode);
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_dpages:
+	au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+
+	/* discard children */
+	dentry_unhash(dentry);
+	dput(dentry);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * return 0 if processed.
+ */
+static int hin_gen_by_inode(char *name, unsigned int nlen, struct inode *inode,
+			    const unsigned int isdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *d;
+	struct qstr *dname;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu\n", nlen, name, inode->i_ino);
+
+	err = 1;
+	if (unlikely(inode->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO)) {
+		AuWarn("branch root dir was changed\n");
+		err = 0;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (!isdir) {
+		AuDebugOn(!name);
+		au_iigen_dec(inode);
+		spin_lock(&dcache_lock);
+		list_for_each_entry(d, &inode->i_dentry, d_alias) {
+			dname = &d->d_name;
+			if (dname->len != nlen
+			    && memcmp(dname->name, name, nlen))
+				continue;
+			err = 0;
+			spin_lock(&d->d_lock);
+			__d_drop(d);
+			au_digen_dec(d);
+			spin_unlock(&d->d_lock);
+			break;
+		}
+		spin_unlock(&dcache_lock);
+	} else {
+		au_fset_si(au_sbi(inode->i_sb), FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS);
+		d = d_find_alias(inode);
+		if (!d) {
+			au_iigen_dec(inode);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		dname = &d->d_name;
+		if (dname->len == nlen && !memcmp(dname->name, name, nlen))
+			err = hin_gen_tree(d);
+		dput(d);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int hin_gen_by_name(struct dentry *dentry, const unsigned int isdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (IS_ROOT(dentry)
+	    /* || (inode && inode->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO) */
+		) {
+		AuWarn("branch root dir was changed\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!isdir) {
+		d_drop(dentry);
+		au_digen_dec(dentry);
+		if (inode)
+			au_iigen_dec(inode);
+	} else {
+		au_fset_si(au_sbi(dentry->d_sb), FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS);
+		if (inode)
+			err = hin_gen_tree(dentry);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void hin_attr(struct inode *inode, struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, hi%lu\n", inode->i_ino, h_inode->i_ino);
+
+	if (au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode)) != h_inode)
+		return;
+
+	h_dentry = d_find_alias(h_inode);
+	if (h_dentry) {
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, h_dentry);
+		/* ignore an error*/
+		dput(h_dentry);
+	}
+
+	au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/1);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* hinotify job flags */
+#define AuHinJob_XINO0	1
+#define AuHinJob_GEN	(1 << 1)
+#define AuHinJob_DIRENT	(1 << 2)
+#define AuHinJob_ATTR	(1 << 3)
+#define AuHinJob_ISDIR	(1 << 4)
+#define AuHinJob_TRYXINO0 (1 << 5)
+#define AuHinJob_MNTPNT	(1 << 6)
+#define au_ftest_hinjob(flags, name)	((flags) & AuHinJob_##name)
+#define au_fset_hinjob(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuHinJob_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_hinjob(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuHinJob_##name; }
+
+struct hin_job_args {
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode, *dir, *h_dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	char *h_name;
+	int h_nlen;
+};
+
+static int hin_job(struct hin_job_args *a)
+{
+	const unsigned int isdir = au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, ISDIR);
+
+	/* reset xino */
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, XINO0) && a->inode)
+		hin_xino(a->inode, a->h_inode);
+	/* ignore this error */
+
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, TRYXINO0)
+	    && a->inode
+	    && a->h_inode) {
+		mutex_lock_nested(&a->h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		if (!a->h_inode->i_nlink)
+			hin_xino(a->inode, a->h_inode);
+		/* ignore this error */
+		mutex_unlock(&a->h_inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+
+	/* make the generation obsolete */
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, GEN)) {
+		int err = -1;
+		if (a->inode)
+			err = hin_gen_by_inode(a->h_name, a->h_nlen, a->inode,
+					       isdir);
+		if (err && a->dentry)
+			hin_gen_by_name(a->dentry, isdir);
+		/* ignore this error */
+	}
+
+	/* make dir entries obsolete */
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, DIRENT) && a->inode) {
+		struct au_vdir *vdir;
+		IiMustWriteLock(a->inode);
+		vdir = au_ivdir(a->inode);
+		if (vdir)
+			vdir->vd_jiffy = 0;
+		/* IMustLock(a->inode); */
+		/* a->inode->i_version++; */
+	}
+
+	/* update the attr */
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, ATTR) && a->inode && a->h_inode) {
+		mutex_lock_nested(&a->h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		hin_attr(a->inode, a->h_inode);
+		mutex_unlock(&a->h_inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+
+	/* can do nothing but warn */
+	if (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags, MNTPNT)
+	    && a->dentry
+	    && d_mountpoint(a->dentry))
+		AuWarn("mount-point %.*s is removed or renamed\n",
+		       AuDLNPair(a->dentry));
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+enum { CHILD, PARENT };
+struct postproc_args {
+	struct inode *h_dir, *dir, *h_child_inode;
+	u32 mask;
+	unsigned int flags[2];
+	unsigned int h_child_nlen;
+	char h_child_name[];
+};
+
+static void postproc(void *_args)
+{
+	struct postproc_args *a = _args;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend, bfound;
+	unsigned char xino, try_iput;
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	ino_t h_ino;
+	struct hin_job_args args;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!_args);
+	AuDebugOn(!a->h_dir);
+	AuDebugOn(!a->dir);
+	AuDebugOn(!a->mask);
+	LKTRTrace("mask 0x%x %s, i%lu, hi%lu, hci%lu\n",
+		  a->mask, in_name(a->mask), a->dir->i_ino, a->h_dir->i_ino,
+		  a->h_child_inode ? a->h_child_inode->i_ino : 0);
+
+	inode = NULL;
+	dentry = NULL;
+	/*
+	 * do not lock a->dir->i_mutex here
+	 * because of d_revalidate() may cause a deadlock.
+	 */
+#if 0
+	/*
+	 * just wait for the dir becoming non-busy.
+	 * for instance, prevent NFSD lookup from "nlink == 0" message.
+	 * but it is not guranteed.
+	 */
+	mutex_lock(&a->dir->i_mutex);
+	mutex_unlock(&a->dir->i_mutex);
+#endif
+
+	sb = a->dir->i_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(!sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!sbinfo);
+	/* big aufs lock */
+	si_noflush_write_lock(sb);
+
+	ii_read_lock_parent(a->dir);
+	bfound = -1;
+	bend = au_ibend(a->dir);
+	for (bindex = au_ibstart(a->dir); bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (au_h_iptr(a->dir, bindex) == a->h_dir) {
+			bfound = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+	ii_read_unlock(a->dir);
+	if (unlikely(bfound < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	xino = !!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb));
+	h_ino = 0;
+	if (a->h_child_inode)
+		h_ino = a->h_child_inode->i_ino;
+
+	if (a->h_child_nlen
+	    && (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], GEN)
+		|| au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], MNTPNT)))
+		dentry = lookup_wlock_by_name(a->h_child_name, a->h_child_nlen,
+					      a->dir);
+	try_iput = 0;
+	if (dentry)
+		inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (xino && !inode && h_ino
+	    && (au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], XINO0)
+		|| au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], TRYXINO0)
+		|| au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], GEN)
+		|| au_ftest_hinjob(a->flags[CHILD], ATTR))) {
+		inode = lookup_wlock_by_ino(sb, bfound, h_ino);
+		try_iput = 1;
+	    }
+
+	args.flags = a->flags[CHILD];
+	args.dentry = dentry;
+	args.inode = inode;
+	args.h_inode = a->h_child_inode;
+	args.dir = a->dir;
+	args.h_dir = a->h_dir;
+	args.h_name = a->h_child_name;
+	args.h_nlen = a->h_child_nlen;
+	err = hin_job(&args);
+	if (dentry) {
+		if (dentry->d_fsdata)
+			di_write_unlock(dentry);
+		dput(dentry);
+	}
+	if (inode && try_iput) {
+		ii_write_unlock(inode);
+		iput(inode);
+	}
+
+	ii_write_lock_parent(a->dir);
+	args.flags = a->flags[PARENT];
+	args.dentry = NULL;
+	args.inode = a->dir;
+	args.h_inode = a->h_dir;
+	args.dir = NULL;
+	args.h_dir = NULL;
+	args.h_name = NULL;
+	args.h_nlen = 0;
+	err = hin_job(&args);
+	ii_write_unlock(a->dir);
+
+ out:
+	au_nwt_done(&sbinfo->si_nowait);
+	si_write_unlock(sb);
+
+	iput(a->h_child_inode);
+	iput(a->h_dir);
+	iput(a->dir);
+	kfree(a);
+}
+
+static void aufs_inotify(struct inotify_watch *watch, u32 wd, u32 mask,
+			 u32 cookie, const char *h_child_name,
+			 struct inode *h_child_inode)
+{
+	struct au_hinotify *hinotify;
+	struct postproc_args *args;
+	int len, wkq_err;
+	unsigned char isdir, isroot, wh;
+	char *p;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	unsigned int flags[2];
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, wd %d, mask 0x%x %s, cookie 0x%x, hcname %s, hi%lu\n",
+		  watch->inode->i_ino, wd, mask, in_name(mask), cookie,
+		  h_child_name ? h_child_name : "",
+		  h_child_inode ? h_child_inode->i_ino : 0);
+
+	/* if IN_UNMOUNT happens, there must be another bug */
+	if (mask & (IN_IGNORED | IN_UNMOUNT)) {
+		put_inotify_watch(watch);
+		return;
+	}
+
+#ifdef DbgInotify
+	if (!h_child_name || strcmp(h_child_name, AUFS_XINO_FNAME))
+		AuDbg("i%lu, wd %d, mask 0x%x %s, cookie 0x%x, hcname %s,"
+		      " hi%lu\n",
+		      watch->inode->i_ino, wd, mask, in_name(mask), cookie,
+		      h_child_name ? h_child_name : "",
+		      h_child_inode ? h_child_inode->i_ino : 0);
+#endif
+
+	hinotify = container_of(watch, struct au_hinotify, hin_watch);
+	AuDebugOn(!hinotify || !hinotify->hin_aufs_inode);
+	if (au_hin_test_ignore(mask, hinotify)) {
+#ifdef DbgInotify
+		AuDbg("ignored\n");
+#endif
+		return;
+	}
+#if 0 /* tmp debug */
+	if (h_child_name && !strcmp(h_child_name, AUFS_XINO_FNAME)) {
+	AuDbg("i%lu, wd %d, mask 0x%x %s, cookie 0x%x, hcname %s, hi%lu\n",
+		  watch->inode->i_ino, wd, mask, in_name(mask), cookie,
+		  h_child_name ? h_child_name : "",
+		  h_child_inode ? h_child_inode->i_ino : 0);
+	//au_dbg_blocked();
+	}
+#endif
+
+	dir = igrab(hinotify->hin_aufs_inode);
+	if (!dir)
+		return;
+	isroot = (dir->i_ino == AUFS_ROOT_INO);
+	len = 0;
+	wh = 0;
+	if (h_child_name) {
+		len = strlen(h_child_name);
+		if (!memcmp(h_child_name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN)) {
+			h_child_name += AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+			len -= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+			wh = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	isdir = 0;
+	if (h_child_inode)
+		isdir = !!S_ISDIR(h_child_inode->i_mode);
+	flags[PARENT] = AuHinJob_ISDIR;
+	flags[CHILD] = 0;
+	if (isdir)
+		flags[CHILD] = AuHinJob_ISDIR;
+	switch (mask & IN_ALL_EVENTS) {
+	case IN_MODIFY:
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+	case IN_ATTRIB:
+		if (h_child_inode) {
+			if (!wh)
+				au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], ATTR);
+		} else
+			au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], ATTR);
+		break;
+
+		/* IN_MOVED_FROM is the first event in rename(2) */
+	case IN_MOVED_FROM:
+	case IN_MOVED_TO:
+		AuDebugOn(!h_child_name || !h_child_inode);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], GEN);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], ATTR);
+		if (1 || isdir)
+			au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], XINO0);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], MNTPNT);
+
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], ATTR);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], DIRENT);
+		break;
+
+	case IN_CREATE:
+		AuDebugOn(!h_child_name || !h_child_inode);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], ATTR);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], DIRENT);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], GEN);
+		/* hard link */
+		if (!isdir && h_child_inode->i_nlink > 1)
+			au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], ATTR);
+		break;
+
+	case IN_DELETE:
+		/*
+		 * aufs never be able to get this child inode.
+		 * revalidation should be in d_revalidate()
+		 * by checking i_nlink, i_generation or d_unhashed().
+		 */
+		AuDebugOn(!h_child_name);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], ATTR);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], DIRENT);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], GEN);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], TRYXINO0);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[CHILD], MNTPNT);
+		break;
+
+	case IN_DELETE_SELF:
+#if 0
+		if (!isroot)
+			au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], GEN);
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+#endif
+
+	case IN_MOVE_SELF:
+#if 0
+		/*
+		 * when an inotify is set to an aufs inode,
+		 * such inode can be isolated and this event can be fired
+		 * solely.
+		 */
+		AuDebugOn(h_child_name || h_child_inode);
+		if (unlikely(isroot)) {
+			AuWarn("root branch was moved\n");
+			iput(dir);
+			return;
+		}
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], XINO0);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], GEN);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], ATTR);
+		au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], DIRENT);
+		/* au_fset_hinjob(flags[PARENT], MNTPNT); */
+		break;
+#endif
+
+	case IN_ACCESS:
+	default:
+		AuDebugOn(1);
+	}
+
+	if (wh)
+		h_child_inode = NULL;
+
+	/* iput() and kfree() will be called in postproc() */
+	/*
+	 * inotify_mutex is already acquired and kmalloc/prune_icache may lock
+	 * iprune_mutex. strange.
+	 */
+	lockdep_off();
+	args = kmalloc(sizeof(*args) + len + 1, GFP_NOFS);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (unlikely(!args)) {
+		AuErr1("no memory\n");
+		iput(dir);
+		return;
+	}
+	args->flags[PARENT] = flags[PARENT];
+	args->flags[CHILD] = flags[CHILD];
+	args->mask = mask;
+	args->dir = dir;
+	args->h_dir = igrab(watch->inode);
+	if (h_child_inode)
+		h_child_inode = igrab(h_child_inode); /* can be NULL */
+	args->h_child_inode = h_child_inode;
+	args->h_child_nlen = len;
+	if (len) {
+		p = (void *)args;
+		p += sizeof(*args);
+		memcpy(p, h_child_name, len + 1);
+	}
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	wkq_err = au_wkq_nowait(postproc, args, dir->i_sb, /*dlgt*/0);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+		AuErr("wkq %d\n", wkq_err);
+}
+
+static void aufs_inotify_destroy(struct inotify_watch *watch)
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+static struct inotify_operations aufs_inotify_ops = {
+	.handle_event	= aufs_inotify,
+	.destroy_watch	= aufs_inotify_destroy
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void au_hin_destroy_cache(void)
+{
+	kmem_cache_destroy(au_cachep[AuCache_HINOTIFY]);
+	au_cachep[AuCache_HINOTIFY] = NULL;
+}
+
+int __init au_inotify_init(void)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	au_cachep[AuCache_HINOTIFY] = AuCache(au_hinotify);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_HINOTIFY]) {
+		err = 0;
+		in_handle = inotify_init(&aufs_inotify_ops);
+		if (IS_ERR(in_handle)) {
+			err = PTR_ERR(in_handle);
+			au_hin_destroy_cache();
+		}
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_inotify_fin(void)
+{
+	inotify_destroy(in_handle);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_HINOTIFY])
+		au_hin_destroy_cache();
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/iinfo.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/iinfo.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/iinfo.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/iinfo.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode private data
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+struct au_iinfo *au_ii(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+
+	iinfo = &(container_of(inode, struct aufs_icntnr, vfs_inode)->iinfo);
+	/* bad_inode case */
+	if (unlikely(!iinfo->ii_hinode))
+		return NULL;
+	AuDebugOn(!iinfo->ii_hinode
+		  /* || au_sbi(inode->i_sb)->si_bend < iinfo->ii_bend */
+		  || iinfo->ii_bend < iinfo->ii_bstart);
+	return iinfo;
+}
+
+struct inode *au_h_iptr(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct inode *hidden_inode;
+
+	/* lock free root dinfo/inode */
+	if (inode->i_ino != AUFS_ROOT_INO) {
+		IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+		AuDebugOn(bindex < 0 || au_ibend(inode) < bindex);
+	} else {
+		SiMustAnyLock(inode->i_sb);
+		AuDebugOn(bindex < 0 || au_sbend(inode->i_sb) < bindex);
+	}
+	hidden_inode = au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(hidden_inode && atomic_read(&hidden_inode->i_count) <= 0);
+	return hidden_inode;
+}
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_ii_br_id(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < 0
+		  || au_ibend(inode) < bindex
+		  || !au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_inode);
+	return au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_id;
+}
+
+/* todo: hard/soft set? */
+void au_set_ibstart(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(inode->i_sb) < bindex);
+	iinfo->ii_bstart = bindex;
+	h_inode = iinfo->ii_hinode[bindex + 0].hi_inode;
+	if (h_inode)
+		au_cpup_igen(inode, h_inode);
+}
+
+unsigned int au_hi_flags(struct inode *inode, int isdir)
+{
+	unsigned int flags;
+	const unsigned int mnt_flags = au_mntflags(inode->i_sb);
+
+	flags = 0;
+	if (au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_hi(flags, XINO);
+	if (isdir && au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_hi(flags, NOTIFY);
+	return flags;
+}
+
+void au_set_h_iptr(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct inode *h_inode, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+	struct inode *hi;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, b%d, hi%lu, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  inode->i_ino, bindex, h_inode ? h_inode->i_ino : 0, flags);
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	hinode = iinfo->ii_hinode + bindex;
+	hi = hinode->hi_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < au_ibstart(inode) || au_ibend(inode) < bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(h_inode && atomic_read(&h_inode->i_count) <= 0);
+	AuDebugOn(h_inode && hi);
+
+	if (hi)
+		au_hiput(hinode);
+	hinode->hi_inode = h_inode;
+	if (h_inode) {
+		int err;
+		struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
+
+		if (bindex == iinfo->ii_bstart)
+			au_cpup_igen(inode, h_inode);
+		hinode->hi_id = au_sbr_id(sb, bindex);
+		if (au_ftest_hi(flags, XINO)) {
+			struct au_xino_entry xinoe = {
+				.ino	= inode->i_ino,
+				/* .h_gen	= h_inode->i_generation */
+			};
+			err = au_xino_write(sb, bindex, h_inode->i_ino, &xinoe);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				AuIOErr1("failed au_xino_write() %d\n", err);
+		}
+
+		if (au_ftest_hi(flags, NOTIFY)
+		    && au_br_hinotifyable(au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex))) {
+			err = au_hin_alloc(hinode, inode, h_inode);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				AuIOErr1("au_hin_alloc() %d\n", err);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void au_set_hi_wh(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		  struct dentry *h_wh)
+{
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	hinode = au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode + bindex;
+	AuDebugOn(hinode->hi_whdentry);
+	hinode->hi_whdentry = h_wh;
+}
+
+void au_update_iigen(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!inode->i_sb);
+	atomic_set(&au_ii(inode)->ii_generation, au_sigen(inode->i_sb));
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+}
+
+/* it may be called at remount time, too */
+void au_update_brange(struct inode *inode, int do_put_zero)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %d\n", inode->i_ino, do_put_zero);
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	if (!iinfo || iinfo->ii_bstart < 0)
+		return;
+
+	if (do_put_zero) {
+		aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+		for (bindex = iinfo->ii_bstart; bindex <= iinfo->ii_bend;
+		     bindex++) {
+			struct inode *h_i;
+			h_i = iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + bindex].hi_inode;
+			if (h_i && !h_i->i_nlink)
+				au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, NULL, 0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	iinfo->ii_bstart = -1;
+	while (++iinfo->ii_bstart <= iinfo->ii_bend)
+		if (iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + iinfo->ii_bstart].hi_inode)
+			break;
+	if (iinfo->ii_bstart > iinfo->ii_bend) {
+		iinfo->ii_bstart = -1;
+		iinfo->ii_bend = -1;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	iinfo->ii_bend++;
+	while (0 <= --iinfo->ii_bend)
+		if (iinfo->ii_hinode[0 + iinfo->ii_bend].hi_inode)
+			break;
+	AuDebugOn(iinfo->ii_bstart > iinfo->ii_bend || iinfo->ii_bend < 0);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_iinfo_init(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	int nbr, i;
+
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	AuDebugOn(!sb);
+	iinfo = &(container_of(inode, struct aufs_icntnr, vfs_inode)->iinfo);
+	AuDebugOn(iinfo->ii_hinode);
+	nbr = au_sbend(sb) + 1;
+	if (nbr <= 0)
+		nbr = 1;
+	iinfo->ii_hinode = kcalloc(nbr, sizeof(*iinfo->ii_hinode), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (iinfo->ii_hinode) {
+		for (i = 0; i < nbr; i++)
+			iinfo->ii_hinode[i].hi_id = -1;
+		atomic_set(&iinfo->ii_generation, au_sigen(sb));
+		/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+		au_rw_init_nolock(&iinfo->ii_rwsem);
+		iinfo->ii_bstart = -1;
+		iinfo->ii_bend = -1;
+		iinfo->ii_vdir = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static int au_iinfo_write0(struct super_block *sb, struct au_hinode *hinode,
+			   ino_t ino)
+{
+	int err, locked;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+
+	err = 0;
+	locked = si_noflush_read_trylock(sb); /* crucio! */
+	bindex = au_br_index(sb, hinode->hi_id);
+	if (bindex >= 0)
+		err = au_xino_write0(sb, bindex, hinode->hi_inode->i_ino, ino);
+	/* error action? */
+	if (locked)
+		si_read_unlock(sb);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_iinfo_fin(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend;
+	unsigned char unlinked;
+	struct au_hinode *hi;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	ino_t ino;
+
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	/* bad_inode case */
+	if (!iinfo)
+		return;
+
+	if (iinfo->ii_vdir)
+		au_vdir_free(iinfo->ii_vdir);
+
+	if (iinfo->ii_bstart >= 0) {
+		sb = inode->i_sb;
+		unlinked = !inode->i_nlink;
+		ino = 0;
+		if (unlinked)
+			ino = inode->i_ino;
+		hi = iinfo->ii_hinode + iinfo->ii_bstart;
+		bend = iinfo->ii_bend;
+		while (iinfo->ii_bstart++ <= bend) {
+			if (hi->hi_inode) {
+				if (unlinked || !hi->hi_inode->i_nlink) {
+					au_iinfo_write0(sb, hi, ino);
+					/* ignore this error */
+					ino = 0;
+				}
+				au_hiput(hi);
+			}
+			hi++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	kfree(iinfo->ii_hinode);
+	au_rwsem_destroy(&iinfo->ii_rwsem);
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/inode.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/inode.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/inode.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/inode.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode functions
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+int au_refresh_hinode_self(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err, new_sz, update;
+	struct inode *first;
+	struct au_hinode *p, *q, tmp;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend, new_bindex;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	update = 0;
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	new_sz = sizeof(*iinfo->ii_hinode) * (bend + 1);
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	p = au_kzrealloc(iinfo->ii_hinode, sizeof(*p) * (iinfo->ii_bend + 1),
+			 new_sz, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out;
+
+	iinfo->ii_hinode = p;
+	p = iinfo->ii_hinode + iinfo->ii_bstart;
+	first = p->hi_inode;
+	err = 0;
+	for (bindex = iinfo->ii_bstart; bindex <= iinfo->ii_bend;
+	     bindex++, p++) {
+		if (!p->hi_inode)
+			continue;
+
+		new_bindex = au_br_index(sb, p->hi_id);
+		if (new_bindex == bindex)
+			continue;
+		if (new_bindex < 0) {
+			update++;
+			au_hiput(p);
+			p->hi_inode = NULL;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (new_bindex < iinfo->ii_bstart)
+			iinfo->ii_bstart = new_bindex;
+		if (iinfo->ii_bend < new_bindex)
+			iinfo->ii_bend = new_bindex;
+		/* swap two hidden inode, and loop again */
+		q = iinfo->ii_hinode + new_bindex;
+		tmp = *q;
+		*q = *p;
+		*p = tmp;
+		if (tmp.hi_inode) {
+			bindex--;
+			p--;
+		}
+	}
+	au_update_brange(inode, /*do_put_zero*/0);
+
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (1 || first != au_h_iptr(inode, iinfo->ii_bstart))
+		au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/0);
+	if (update && S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
+		inode->i_version++;
+	au_update_iigen(inode);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_refresh_hinode(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err, update;
+	struct inode *first;
+	struct au_hinode *p;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char isdir;
+	unsigned int flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+
+	err = au_refresh_hinode_self(inode);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	update = 0;
+	p = iinfo->ii_hinode + iinfo->ii_bstart;
+	first = p->hi_inode;
+	isdir = S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
+	flags = au_hi_flags(inode, isdir);
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(dentry); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		struct inode *hi;
+		struct dentry *hd;
+
+		hd = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!hd || !hd->d_inode)
+			continue;
+
+		if (iinfo->ii_bstart <= bindex && bindex <= iinfo->ii_bend) {
+			hi = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+			if (hi) {
+				if (hi == hd->d_inode)
+					continue;
+				err = -ESTALE;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (bindex < iinfo->ii_bstart)
+			iinfo->ii_bstart = bindex;
+		if (iinfo->ii_bend < bindex)
+			iinfo->ii_bend = bindex;
+		au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, au_igrab(hd->d_inode), flags);
+		update++;
+	}
+	au_update_brange(inode, /*do_put_zero*/0);
+
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (1 || first != au_h_iptr(inode, iinfo->ii_bstart))
+		au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/0);
+	if (update && isdir)
+		inode->i_version++;
+	au_update_iigen(inode);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int set_inode(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	umode_t mode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bstart, btail;
+	unsigned char isdir;
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+	unsigned int flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!(inode->i_state & I_NEW));
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+
+	err = 0;
+	isdir = 0;
+	mode = h_inode->i_mode;
+	switch (mode & S_IFMT) {
+	case S_IFREG:
+		btail = au_dbtail(dentry);
+		inode->i_op = &aufs_iop;
+		inode->i_fop = &aufs_file_fop;
+		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &aufs_aop;
+		break;
+	case S_IFDIR:
+		isdir = 1;
+		btail = au_dbtaildir(dentry);
+		inode->i_op = &aufs_dir_iop;
+		inode->i_fop = &aufs_dir_fop;
+		break;
+	case S_IFLNK:
+		btail = au_dbtail(dentry);
+		inode->i_op = &aufs_symlink_iop;
+		/* inode->i_fop = &aufs_file_fop; */
+		break;
+	case S_IFBLK:
+	case S_IFCHR:
+	case S_IFIFO:
+	case S_IFSOCK:
+		btail = au_dbtail(dentry);
+		inode->i_op = &aufs_iop;
+		init_special_inode(inode, mode,
+				   au_h_rdev(h_inode, /*h_mnt*/NULL, h_dentry));
+		break;
+	default:
+		AuIOErr("Unknown file type 0%o\n", mode);
+		err = -EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* do not set inotify for whiteouted dirs (SHWH mode) */
+	flags = au_hi_flags(inode, isdir);
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb), SHWH)
+	    && au_ftest_hi(flags, NOTIFY)
+	    && dentry->d_name.len > AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN
+	    && !memcmp(dentry->d_name.name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN))
+		au_fclr_hi(flags, NOTIFY);
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	iinfo->ii_bstart = bstart;
+	iinfo->ii_bend = btail;
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= btail; bindex++) {
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+		if (!h_dentry)
+			continue;
+		AuDebugOn(!h_dentry->d_inode);
+		au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, au_igrab(h_dentry->d_inode),
+			      flags);
+	}
+	au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/1);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* successful returns with iinfo write_locked */
+/* todo: return with unlocked? */
+static int reval_inode(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry, int *matched)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *h_inode, *h_dinode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	*matched = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * before this function, if aufs got any iinfo lock, it must be only
+	 * one, the parent dir.
+	 * it can happen by UDBA and the obsoleted inode number.
+	 */
+	err = -EIO;
+	if (unlikely(inode->i_ino == parent_ino(dentry)))
+		goto out;
+
+	h_dinode = au_h_dptr(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry))->d_inode;
+	/* mutex_lock_nested(&inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD); */
+	ii_write_lock_new_child(inode);
+	/* it happend */
+	if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(inode)))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_ibend(inode);
+	for (bindex = au_ibstart(inode); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (h_inode && h_inode == h_dinode) {
+			/* && (ibs != bstart
+			   || !au_test_higen(inode, h_inode))); */
+			*matched = 1;
+			err = 0;
+			if (au_iigen(inode) != au_digen(dentry))
+				err = au_refresh_hinode(inode, dentry);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		ii_write_unlock(inode);
+	/* mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex); */
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* successful returns with iinfo write_locked */
+/* todo: return with unlocked? */
+struct inode *au_new_inode(struct dentry *dentry, int must_new)
+{
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	ino_t h_ino;
+	int err, match;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+
+	h_ino = h_inode->i_ino;
+	err = au_xino_read(sb, bstart, h_ino, &xinoe);
+	inode = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+ new_ino:
+	if (!xinoe.ino) {
+		xinoe.ino = au_xino_new_ino(sb);
+		if (!xinoe.ino) {
+			inode = ERR_PTR(-EIO);
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", (unsigned long)xinoe.ino);
+	inode = au_iget_locked(sb, xinoe.ino);
+	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
+	if (IS_ERR(inode))
+		goto out;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%lx, new %d\n", inode->i_state, !!(inode->i_state & I_NEW));
+	if (inode->i_state & I_NEW) {
+		ii_write_lock_new_child(inode);
+		err = set_inode(inode, dentry);
+		unlock_new_inode(inode);
+		if (!err)
+			goto out; /* success */
+		iget_failed(inode);
+		ii_write_unlock(inode);
+		goto out_iput;
+	} else if (!must_new) {
+		AuDebugOn(inode->i_state & I_LOCK);
+		err = reval_inode(inode, dentry, &match);
+		if (!err)
+			goto out; /* success */
+		else if (match)
+			goto out_iput;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_test_unique_ino(h_dentry, h_ino)))
+		AuWarn1("Un-notified UDBA or repeatedly renamed dir,"
+			" b%d, %s, %.*s, hi%lu, i%lu.\n",
+			bstart, au_sbtype(h_dentry->d_sb), AuDLNPair(dentry),
+			(unsigned long)h_ino, (unsigned long)xinoe.ino);
+	xinoe.ino = 0;
+	err = au_xino_write0(sb, bstart, h_ino, 0);
+	if (!err) {
+		iput(inode);
+		goto new_ino;
+	}
+	/* force noxino? */
+
+ out_iput:
+	iput(inode);
+	inode = ERR_PTR(err);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(inode);
+	return inode;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_test_ro(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex));
+
+	/* pseudo-link after flushed may out of bounds */
+	if (!err
+	    && inode
+	    && au_ibstart(inode) <= bindex
+	    && bindex <= au_ibend(inode)) {
+		/*
+		 * permission check is unnecessary since vfsub routine
+		 * will be called later
+		 */
+		struct inode *hi = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (hi)
+			err = IS_IMMUTABLE(hi) ? -EROFS : 0;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_test_h_perm(struct inode *h_inode, int mask, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!current_fsuid())
+		return 0;
+	/* todo: fake nameidata? */
+	return vfsub_permission(h_inode, mask, NULL, dlgt);
+}
+
+int au_test_h_perm_sio(struct inode *h_inode, int mask, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (au_test_nfs(h_inode->i_sb)
+	    && (mask & MAY_WRITE)
+	    && S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode))
+		mask |= MAY_READ; /* force permission check */
+	return au_test_h_perm(h_inode, mask, dlgt);
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/inode.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/inode.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/inode.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/inode.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_INODE_H__
+#define __AUFS_INODE_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "hinode.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "super.h"
+
+struct au_hinode;
+struct au_vdir;
+struct au_iinfo {
+	atomic_t		ii_generation;
+	struct super_block	*ii_hsb1;	/* no get/put */
+
+	struct au_rwsem		ii_rwsem;
+	aufs_bindex_t		ii_bstart, ii_bend;
+	__u32			ii_higen;
+	struct au_hinode	*ii_hinode;
+	struct au_vdir		*ii_vdir;
+};
+
+struct aufs_icntnr {
+	struct au_iinfo iinfo;
+	struct inode vfs_inode;
+};
+
+/* au_pin flags */
+#define AuPin_DI_LOCKED		1
+#define AuPin_DO_GPARENT	(1 << 1)
+#define AuPin_MNT_WRITE		(1 << 2)
+#define AuPin_VFS_RENAME	(1 << 3)
+/* will be set automatically */
+#define AuPin_VERIFY		(1 << 4)
+#define au_ftest_pin(flags, name)	((flags) & AuPin_##name)
+#define au_fset_pin(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuPin_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_pin(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuPin_##name; }
+
+struct au_pin1 {
+	/* input */
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	unsigned char lsc_di, lsc_hi, flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+
+	/* output */
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+};
+
+enum {AuPin_PARENT, AuPin_GPARENT};
+struct au_pin {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	struct au_pin1 pin[2];
+#else
+	struct au_pin1 pin[1]; /* no grand parent */
+#endif
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* inode.c */
+int au_refresh_hinode_self(struct inode *inode);
+int au_refresh_hinode(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *dentry);
+struct inode *au_new_inode(struct dentry *dentry, int must_new);
+int au_test_ro(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct inode *inode);
+int au_test_h_perm(struct inode *h_inode, int mask, int dlgt);
+int au_test_h_perm_sio(struct inode *h_inode, int mask, int dlgt);
+
+/* i_op.c */
+extern struct inode_operations aufs_iop, aufs_symlink_iop, aufs_dir_iop;
+
+/* au_wr_dir flags */
+#define AuWrDir_ADD_ENTRY	1
+#define AuWrDir_ISDIR		(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_wrdir(flags, name)	((flags) & AuWrDir_##name)
+#define au_fset_wrdir(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuWrDir_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_wrdir(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuWrDir_##name; }
+
+struct au_wr_dir_args {
+	aufs_bindex_t force_btgt;
+	unsigned char flags;
+};
+int au_wr_dir(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+	      struct au_wr_dir_args *args);
+
+void au_pin_init(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 aufs_bindex_t bindex, int lsc_di, int lsc_hi,
+		 unsigned char flags);
+int au_pin(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	   unsigned char flags) __must_check;
+int au_do_pin(struct au_pin1 *p, struct au_pin1 *gp) __must_check;
+void au_do_unpin(struct au_pin1 *p, struct au_pin1 *gp);
+
+/* i_op_add.c */
+struct au_ndx;
+int au_may_add(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct dentry *h_parent, int isdir, struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int aufs_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev);
+int aufs_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname);
+int aufs_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		struct nameidata *nd);
+int aufs_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+	      struct dentry *dentry);
+int aufs_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode);
+
+/* i_op_del.c */
+int au_wr_dir_need_wh(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir, aufs_bindex_t *bcpup);
+int au_may_del(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct dentry *h_parent, int isdir, struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int aufs_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+int aufs_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+
+/* i_op_ren.c */
+int au_wbr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t btgt);
+int aufs_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+/* dlgt.c */
+int au_security_inode_permission(struct inode *h_inode, int mask,
+				 struct nameidata *fake_nd, int dlgt);
+#else
+static inline
+int au_security_inode_permission(struct inode *h_inode, int mask,
+				 struct nameidata *fake_nd, int dlgt)
+{
+	return vfsub_security_inode_permission(h_inode, mask, fake_nd);
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR
+/* getattr.c */
+int aufs_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, struct kstat *st);
+#endif
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+/* xattr.c */
+int aufs_setxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, const void *value,
+		  size_t sz, int flags);
+ssize_t aufs_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, void *value,
+		      size_t sz);
+ssize_t aufs_listxattr(struct dentry *dentry, char *list, size_t sz);
+int aufs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name);
+#endif
+
+/* iinfo.c */
+struct au_iinfo *au_ii(struct inode *inode);
+struct inode *au_h_iptr(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+aufs_bindex_t au_ii_br_id(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+
+void au_set_ibstart(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+void au_set_hi_wh(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		  struct dentry *h_wh);
+unsigned int au_hi_flags(struct inode *inode, int isdir);
+
+/* hinode flags */
+#define AuHi_XINO	1
+#define AuHi_NOTIFY	(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_hi(flags, name)	((flags) & AuHi_##name)
+#define au_fset_hi(flags, name)		{ (flags) |= AuHi_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_hi(flags, name)		{ (flags) &= ~AuHi_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+#undef AuHi_NOTIFY
+#define AuHi_NOTIFY	0
+#endif
+
+void au_set_h_iptr(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct inode *h_inode, unsigned int flags);
+
+void au_update_iigen(struct inode *inode);
+void au_update_brange(struct inode *inode, int do_put_zero);
+
+int au_iinfo_init(struct inode *inode);
+void au_iinfo_fin(struct inode *inode);
+
+/* plink.c */
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+void au_plink_list(struct super_block *sb);
+#else
+static inline void au_plink_list(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+#endif
+int au_plink_test(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode);
+struct dentry *au_plink_lkup(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			     struct inode *inode);
+void au_plink_append(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode,
+		     struct dentry *h_dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+void au_plink_put(struct super_block *sb);
+void au_plink_half_refresh(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t br_id);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* lock subclass for iinfo */
+enum {
+	AuLsc_II_CHILD,		/* child first */
+	AuLsc_II_CHILD2,	/* rename(2), link(2), and cpup at hinotify */
+	AuLsc_II_CHILD3,	/* copyup dirs */
+	AuLsc_II_PARENT,	/* see AuLsc_I_PARENT in vfsub.h */
+	AuLsc_II_PARENT2,
+	AuLsc_II_PARENT3,
+	AuLsc_II_PARENT4,
+	AuLsc_II_NEW_CHILD,
+};
+
+/*
+ * ii_read_lock_child, ii_write_lock_child,
+ * ii_read_lock_child2, ii_write_lock_child2,
+ * ii_read_lock_child3, ii_write_lock_child3,
+ * ii_read_lock_parent, ii_write_lock_parent,
+ * ii_read_lock_parent2, ii_write_lock_parent2,
+ * ii_read_lock_parent3, ii_write_lock_parent3,
+ * ii_read_lock_parent4, ii_write_lock_parent4,
+ * ii_read_lock_new_child, ii_write_lock_new_child,
+ */
+#define AuReadLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+static inline void ii_read_lock_##name(struct inode *i) \
+{ \
+	au_dbg_locking_ii_reg(i, 0, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+	au_rw_read_lock_nested(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+	au_dbg_locking_ii_unreg(i, 0); \
+	au_dbg_locked_ii_reg(i, 0, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+}
+
+#define AuWriteLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+static inline void ii_write_lock_##name(struct inode *i) \
+{ \
+	au_dbg_locking_ii_reg(i, 1, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+	au_rw_write_lock_nested(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+	au_dbg_locking_ii_unreg(i, 1); \
+	au_dbg_locked_ii_reg(i, 1, AuLsc_II_##lsc); \
+}
+
+#define AuRWLockFuncs(name, lsc) \
+	AuReadLockFunc(name, lsc) \
+	AuWriteLockFunc(name, lsc)
+
+AuRWLockFuncs(child, CHILD);
+AuRWLockFuncs(child2, CHILD2);
+AuRWLockFuncs(child3, CHILD3);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent, PARENT);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent2, PARENT2);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent3, PARENT3);
+AuRWLockFuncs(parent4, PARENT4);
+AuRWLockFuncs(new_child, NEW_CHILD);
+
+#undef AuReadLockFunc
+#undef AuWriteLockFunc
+#undef AuRWLockFuncs
+
+/*
+ * ii_read_unlock, ii_write_unlock, ii_downgrade_lock
+ */
+AuSimpleUnlockRwsemFuncs(ii_do, struct inode *i, au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem);
+static inline void ii_read_unlock(struct inode *i)
+{
+	ii_do_read_unlock(i);
+	au_dbg_locked_ii_unreg(i, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void ii_write_unlock(struct inode *i)
+{
+	ii_do_write_unlock(i);
+	au_dbg_locked_ii_unreg(i, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void ii_downgrade_lock(struct inode *i)
+{
+	ii_do_downgrade_lock(i);
+}
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define IiMustReadLock(i) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((i)->i_sb); \
+	AuRwMustReadLock(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define IiMustWriteLock(i) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((i)->i_sb); \
+	AuRwMustWriteLock(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define IiMustAnyLock(i) do { \
+	SiMustAnyLock((i)->i_sb); \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define IiMustNoWaiters(i)	AuRwMustNoWaiters(&au_ii(i)->ii_rwsem)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline struct inode *au_igrab(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	if (inode) {
+		AuDebugOn(!atomic_read(&inode->i_count));
+		atomic_inc_return(&inode->i_count);
+	}
+	return inode;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_ibstart(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	/* lock free root dinfo/inode */
+	if (inode->i_ino != AUFS_ROOT_INO)
+		IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	else
+		SiMustAnyLock(inode->i_sb);
+	return au_ii(inode)->ii_bstart;
+}
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_ibend(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	/* lock free root dinfo/inode */
+	if (inode->i_ino != AUFS_ROOT_INO)
+		IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	else
+		SiMustAnyLock(inode->i_sb);
+	return au_ii(inode)->ii_bend;
+}
+
+static inline struct au_vdir *au_ivdir(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+	return au_ii(inode)->ii_vdir;
+}
+
+static inline struct dentry *au_hi_wh(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_hinode *hinode;
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	hinode = au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode + bindex;
+	return hinode->hi_whdentry;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_ibend(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(au_sbend(inode->i_sb) < bindex || bindex < au_ibstart(inode));
+	au_ii(inode)->ii_bend = bindex;
+}
+
+static inline void au_set_ivdir(struct inode *inode, struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || (au_ii(inode)->ii_vdir && vdir));
+	au_ii(inode)->ii_vdir = vdir;
+}
+
+static inline void au_hiput(struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	au_hin_free(hinode);
+	dput(hinode->hi_whdentry);
+	iput(hinode->hi_inode);
+}
+
+static inline struct au_hinode *au_hi(struct inode *inode, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	/* todo: this lock check causes some unnecessary locks in callers. */
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+	return au_ii(inode)->ii_hinode + bindex;
+}
+
+/* tiny test for inode number */
+/* tmpfs generation is too rough */
+static inline int au_test_higen(struct inode *inode, struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	struct au_iinfo *iinfo;
+
+	IiMustAnyLock(inode);
+
+	iinfo = au_ii(inode);
+	return !(iinfo->ii_hsb1 == h_inode->i_sb
+		 && iinfo->ii_higen == h_inode->i_generation);
+}
+
+static inline au_gen_t au_iigen(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	return atomic_read(&au_ii(inode)->ii_generation);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+static inline au_gen_t au_iigen_dec(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	/* AuDbg("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino); */
+	return atomic_dec_return(&au_ii(inode)->ii_generation);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+static inline struct au_pin1 *au_pin_gp(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return args->pin + AuPin_GPARENT;
+}
+
+/* hinotify.c */
+void au_unpin_gp(struct au_pin *args);
+
+#else
+
+static inline struct au_pin1 *au_pin_gp(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void au_unpin_gp(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* HINOTIFY */
+
+static inline void au_unpin(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	au_do_unpin(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT, au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+
+static inline
+struct au_hinode *au_do_pinned_hdir(struct au_pin1 *pin)
+{
+	if (pin && pin->parent)
+		return au_hi(pin->parent->d_inode, pin->bindex);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_do_pinned_h_parent(struct au_pin1 *pin);
+
+static inline struct dentry *au_do_pinned_parent(struct au_pin1 *pin)
+{
+	if (pin)
+		return pin->parent;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline struct inode *au_do_pinned_h_dir(struct au_pin1 *pin)
+{
+	if (pin)
+		return pin->h_dir;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_pin_do_set_dentry(struct au_pin1 *pin, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	if (pin)
+		pin->dentry = dentry;
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_pin_do_set_parent(struct au_pin1 *pin, struct dentry *parent)
+{
+	if (pin) {
+		dput(pin->parent);
+		pin->parent = dget(parent);
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void au_pin_do_set_h_dir(struct au_pin1 *pin, struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	if (pin) {
+		iput(pin->h_dir);
+		pin->h_dir = au_igrab(h_dir);
+	}
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_pin_do_set_parent_lflag(struct au_pin1 *pin, unsigned char lflag)
+{
+	if (pin) {
+		/* dirty macros require brackets */
+		if (lflag) {
+			au_fset_pin(pin->flags, DI_LOCKED);
+		} else {
+			au_fclr_pin(pin->flags, DI_LOCKED);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static inline
+struct au_hinode *au_pinned_hdir(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_hdir(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT);
+}
+
+static inline
+struct au_hinode *au_pinned_hgdir(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_hdir(au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_pinned_h_parent(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_h_parent(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT);
+}
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_pinned_h_gparent(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_h_parent(au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_pinned_parent(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_parent(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT);
+}
+
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_pinned_gparent(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_parent(au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+
+static inline
+struct inode *au_pinned_h_dir(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_h_dir(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT);
+}
+
+static inline
+struct inode *au_pinned_h_gdir(struct au_pin *args)
+{
+	return au_do_pinned_h_dir(au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+
+static inline void au_pin_set_parent(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *d)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_parent(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT, d);
+}
+
+static inline void au_pin_set_gparent(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *d)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_parent(au_pin_gp(args), d);
+}
+
+static inline void au_pin_set_h_dir(struct au_pin *args, struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_h_dir(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT, h_dir);
+}
+
+static inline void au_pin_set_h_gdir(struct au_pin *args, struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_h_dir(au_pin_gp(args), h_dir);
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_pin_set_parent_lflag(struct au_pin *args, unsigned char lflag)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_parent_lflag(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT, lflag);
+}
+
+static inline
+void au_pin_set_gparent_lflag(struct au_pin *args, unsigned char lflag)
+{
+	au_pin_do_set_parent_lflag(au_pin_gp(args), lflag);
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_INODE_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/i_op_add.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_add.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/i_op_add.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_add.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode operations (add entry)
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/*
+ * final procedure of adding a new entry, except link(2).
+ * remove whiteout, instantiate, copyup the parent dir's times and size
+ * and update version.
+ * if it failed, re-create the removed whiteout.
+ */
+static int epilog(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		  struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	aufs_bindex_t bwh;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_dir;
+	struct dentry *wh;
+	struct au_ndx ndx;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("wh %p, %.*s\n", wh_dentry, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	bwh = -1;
+	if (wh_dentry) {
+		h_dir = wh_dentry->d_parent->d_inode; /* dir inode is locked */
+		IMustLock(h_dir);
+		AuDebugOn(au_h_iptr(dir, bindex) != h_dir);
+		bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+		err = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_hi(dir, bindex), wh_dentry, dentry,
+					  /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	inode = au_new_inode(dentry, /*must_new*/1);
+	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
+		d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
+		dir = dentry->d_parent->d_inode; /* dir inode is locked */
+		IMustLock(dir);
+		/* or always cpup dir mtime? */
+		if (au_ibstart(dir) == au_dbstart(dentry))
+			au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dir);
+		dir->i_version++;
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+
+	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
+	if (!wh_dentry)
+		goto out;
+
+	/* revert */
+	ndx.flags = 0;
+	if (au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb)))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bwh);
+	ndx.nd = NULL;
+	/* ndx.br = NULL; */
+	/* dir inode is locked */
+	wh = au_wh_create(dentry, bwh, wh_dentry->d_parent, &ndx);
+	rerr = PTR_ERR(wh);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh)) {
+		AuIOErr("%.*s reverting whiteout failed(%d, %d)\n",
+			AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+		err = -EIO;
+	} else
+		dput(wh);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * simple tests for the adding inode operations.
+ * following the checks in vfs, plus the parent-child relationship.
+ */
+int au_may_add(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct dentry *h_parent, int isdir, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err, exist;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	umode_t h_mode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, b%d, dir %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(h_parent), AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, isdir);
+
+	exist = !!dentry->d_inode;
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	if (!exist) {
+		err = -EEXIST;
+		if (unlikely(h_inode))
+			goto out;
+	} else {
+		/* rename(2) case */
+		err = -EIO;
+		if (unlikely(!h_inode || !h_inode->i_nlink))
+			goto out;
+
+		h_mode = h_inode->i_mode;
+		if (!isdir) {
+			err = -EISDIR;
+			if (unlikely(S_ISDIR(h_mode)))
+				goto out;
+		} else if (unlikely(!S_ISDIR(h_mode))) {
+			err = -ENOTDIR;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	/* expected parent dir is locked */
+	if (unlikely(h_parent != h_dentry->d_parent))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb), UDBA_INOTIFY)) {
+		struct dentry *h_latest;
+		struct qstr *qstr = &dentry->d_name;
+
+		err = -EACCES;
+		if (unlikely(au_test_h_perm
+			     (h_parent->d_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE,
+			      au_ftest_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT))))
+			goto out;
+
+		h_latest = au_sio_lkup_one(qstr->name, h_parent, qstr->len,
+					   ndx);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_latest);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_latest))
+			goto out;
+		err = -EIO;
+		dput(h_latest);
+		/* fuse d_revalidate always return 0 for negative dentries */
+		if (h_latest == h_dentry || au_test_fuse(h_dentry->d_sb))
+			err = 0;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * initial procedure of adding a new entry.
+ * prepare writable branch and the parent dir, lock it,
+ * lookup whiteout for the new entry.
+ */
+static struct dentry*
+lock_hdir_lkup_wh(struct dentry *dentry, struct au_dtime *dt,
+		  struct dentry *src_dentry, struct au_pin *pin,
+		  struct au_wr_dir_args *wr_dir_args)
+{
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry, *h_parent;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bcpup;
+	struct au_ndx ndx;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, src %p\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), src_dentry);
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	err = au_wr_dir(dentry, src_dentry, wr_dir_args);
+	bcpup = err;
+	wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (dt && au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_pin(pin, dentry, bcpup, pin_flags);
+	wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bcpup);
+	ndx.flags = 0;
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	ndx.nd = NULL;
+	/* ndx.br = NULL; */
+	/* ndx.nd_file = NULL; */
+
+	h_parent = au_pinned_h_parent(pin);
+	if (!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_NONE) && au_dbstart(dentry) == bcpup) {
+		struct nameidata nd;
+
+		if (ndx.nfsmnt) {
+			/* todo: dirty? */
+			ndx.nd = &nd;
+			ndx.br = au_sbr(sb, bcpup);
+			memset(&nd, 0, sizeof(nd));
+			nd.flags = LOOKUP_CREATE;
+			nd.intent.open.flags = O_EXCL;
+		}
+		err = au_may_add(dentry, bcpup, h_parent,
+				 au_ftest_wrdir(wr_dir_args->flags, ISDIR),
+				 &ndx);
+		wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unpin;
+		ndx.nd = NULL;
+		ndx.br = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (dt)
+		au_dtime_store(dt, au_pinned_parent(pin), h_parent,
+			       au_pinned_hdir(pin), au_pinned_hgdir(pin));
+
+	wh_dentry = NULL;
+	if (/* bcpup != bstart || */ bcpup != au_dbwh(dentry))
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	wh_dentry = au_wh_lkup(h_parent, &dentry->d_name, &ndx);
+
+ out_unpin:
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		au_unpin(pin);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(wh_dentry);
+	return wh_dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+enum { Mknod, Symlink, Creat };
+struct simple_arg {
+	int type;
+	union {
+		struct {
+			int mode;
+			struct nameidata *nd;
+		} c;
+		struct {
+			const char *symname;
+		} s;
+		struct {
+			int mode;
+			dev_t dev;
+		} m;
+	} u;
+};
+
+static int add_simple(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		      struct simple_arg *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry, *wh_dentry, *parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	unsigned char created;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct au_wr_dir_args wr_dir_args = {
+		.force_btgt	= -1,
+		.flags		= AuWrDir_ADD_ENTRY
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("type %d, %.*s\n", arg->type, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	sb = dir->i_sb;
+	parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb)), 0);
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	wh_dentry = lock_hdir_lkup_wh(dentry, &dt, /*src_dentry*/NULL, &pin,
+				      &wr_dir_args);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	h_dir = au_pinned_h_dir(&pin);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+
+	switch (arg->type) {
+	case Creat:
+		AuDebugOn(au_test_nfs(h_dir->i_sb) && !arg->u.c.nd);
+		err = au_h_create(h_dir, h_dentry, arg->u.c.mode, &vargs,
+				  arg->u.c.nd, au_nfsmnt(sb, bstart));
+		break;
+	case Symlink:
+		err = vfsub_symlink(h_dir, h_dentry, arg->u.s.symname,
+				    S_IALLUGO, &vargs);
+		break;
+	case Mknod:
+		err = vfsub_mknod(h_dir, h_dentry, arg->u.m.mode, arg->u.m.dev,
+				  &vargs);
+		break;
+	default:
+		BUG();
+	}
+	created = !err;
+	if (!err)
+		err = epilog(dir, bstart, wh_dentry, dentry);
+
+	/* revert */
+	if (unlikely(created && err && h_dentry->d_inode)) {
+		int rerr;
+		vfsub_args_reinit(&vargs);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+		rerr = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, h_dentry, &vargs);
+		if (rerr) {
+			AuIOErr("%.*s revert failure(%d, %d)\n",
+				AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+			err = -EIO;
+		}
+		/* todo: inotify will be fired to the grand parent dir? */
+		au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	}
+
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+
+ out:
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	}
+	di_write_unlock(parent);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+
+int aufs_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev)
+{
+	struct simple_arg arg = {
+		.type = Mknod,
+		.u.m = {
+			.mode	= mode,
+			.dev	= dev
+		}
+	};
+	return add_simple(dir, dentry, &arg);
+}
+
+int aufs_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname)
+{
+	struct simple_arg arg = {
+		.type = Symlink,
+		.u.s.symname = symname
+	};
+	return add_simple(dir, dentry, &arg);
+}
+
+int aufs_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	struct simple_arg arg = {
+		.type = Creat,
+		.u.c = {
+			.mode	= mode,
+			.nd	= nd
+		}
+	};
+	return add_simple(dir, dentry, &arg);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_link_args {
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bdst, bsrc;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct dentry *src_parent, *parent;
+};
+
+static int au_cpup_before_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+			       struct dentry *dentry, struct au_link_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	const int hinotify = au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+
+	LKTRTrace("src %.*s, i%lu, dst %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(src_dentry), dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	di_read_lock_parent(a->src_parent, AuLock_IR);
+	err = au_test_and_cpup_dirs(src_dentry, a->bdst);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(src_dentry) != a->bsrc);
+	h_mtx = &au_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bsrc)->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	a->pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (hinotify)
+		au_fset_pin(a->pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_pin(&a->pin, src_dentry, a->bdst, a->pin_flags);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	/* todo: no KEEPLINO because of noplink? */
+	err = au_sio_cpup_simple(src_dentry, a->bdst, -1,
+				 AuCpup_DTIME /* | AuCpup_KEEPLINO */);
+	mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	au_unpin(&a->pin);
+
+ out:
+	di_read_unlock(a->src_parent, AuLock_IR);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_cpup_or_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct au_link_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct dentry *h_src_dentry;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(src_dentry) != a->bsrc);
+
+	bstart = au_ibstart(src_dentry->d_inode);
+	h_inode = NULL;
+	if (bstart <= a->bdst)
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(src_dentry->d_inode, a->bdst);
+	if (!h_inode || !h_inode->i_nlink) {
+		/* copyup src_dentry as the name of dentry. */
+		au_set_dbstart(src_dentry, a->bdst);
+		au_set_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bdst, dget(a->h_dentry));
+		h_inode = au_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bsrc)->d_inode;
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		err = au_sio_cpup_single(src_dentry, a->bdst, a->bsrc, -1,
+					 AuCpup_KEEPLINO, a->parent);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+		au_set_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bdst, NULL);
+		au_set_dbstart(src_dentry, a->bsrc);
+	} else {
+		/* the inode of src_dentry already exists on a.bdst branch */
+		h_src_dentry = d_find_alias(h_inode);
+		if (h_src_dentry) {
+			/* vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs); */
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_CREATE,
+					 au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin));
+			err = vfsub_link(h_src_dentry, au_pinned_h_dir(&a->pin),
+					 a->h_dentry, &a->vargs);
+			dput(h_src_dentry);
+		} else {
+			AuIOErr("no dentry found for i%lu on b%d\n",
+				h_inode->i_ino, a->bdst);
+			err = -EIO;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!err)
+		au_plink_append(src_dentry->d_sb, src_dentry->d_inode,
+				a->h_dentry, a->bdst);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int aufs_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+	      struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_link_args *a;
+	struct au_wr_dir_args wr_dir_args = {
+		/* .force_btgt	= -1, */
+		.flags		= AuWrDir_ADD_ENTRY
+	};
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry, *h_src_dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("src %.*s, i%lu, dst %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(src_dentry), dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	inode = src_dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	a = kzalloc(sizeof(*a), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!a))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	a->parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	aufs_read_and_write_lock2(dentry, src_dentry, /*AuLock_FLUSH*/0);
+	a->src_parent = dget_parent(src_dentry);
+	wr_dir_args.force_btgt = au_dbstart(src_dentry);
+	a->mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	vfsub_args_init(&a->vargs, &a->ign, au_test_dlgt(a->mnt_flags), 0);
+
+	di_write_lock_parent(a->parent);
+	wr_dir_args.force_btgt = au_wbr(dentry, wr_dir_args.force_btgt);
+	wh_dentry = lock_hdir_lkup_wh(dentry, &dt, src_dentry, &a->pin,
+				      &wr_dir_args);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	err = 0;
+
+	a->bdst = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	a->h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, a->bdst);
+
+	/* todo: minor optimize,
+	   their sb may be same while their bindex differs? */
+	a->bsrc = au_dbstart(src_dentry);
+	if (au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, PLINK)) {
+		if (a->bdst < a->bsrc
+		    /* && h_src_dentry->d_sb != a->h_dentry->d_sb */)
+			err = au_cpup_or_link(src_dentry, a);
+		else {
+			h_src_dentry = au_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bdst);
+			AuDebugOn(!h_src_dentry);
+			AuDebugOn(!h_src_dentry->d_inode);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_CREATE,
+					 au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin));
+			err = vfsub_link(h_src_dentry, au_pinned_h_dir(&a->pin),
+					 a->h_dentry, &a->vargs);
+		}
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * copyup src_dentry to the branch we process,
+		 * and then link(2) to it.
+		 */
+		if (a->bdst < a->bsrc
+		    /* && h_src_dentry->d_sb != a->h_dentry->d_sb */) {
+			au_unpin(&a->pin);
+			di_write_unlock(a->parent);
+			err = au_cpup_before_link(src_dentry, dir, dentry, a);
+			if (!err) {
+				a->pin_flags
+					= AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+				if (au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+					au_fset_pin(a->pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+				di_write_lock_parent(a->parent);
+				err = au_pin(&a->pin, dentry, a->bdst,
+					     a->pin_flags);
+				if (unlikely(err))
+					goto out_wh;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!err) {
+			/* vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs); */
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_CREATE,
+					 au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin));
+			h_src_dentry = au_h_dptr(src_dentry, a->bdst);
+			err = vfsub_link(h_src_dentry, au_pinned_h_dir(&a->pin),
+					 a->h_dentry, &a->vargs);
+		}
+	}
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unpin;
+
+	if (wh_dentry) {
+		err = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin), wh_dentry,
+					  dentry, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_revert;
+	}
+
+#if 0 /* cannot support it */
+	/* fuse has different memory inode for the same inode number */
+	if (au_test_fuse(a->h_dentry->d_sb)) {
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		d_drop(a->h_dentry);
+		/*d_drop(h_src_dentry);
+		  d_drop(src_dentry);*/
+		inc_nlink(a->inode);
+		a->inode->i_ctime = dir->i_ctime;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	dir->i_version++;
+	if (au_ibstart(dir) == au_dbstart(dentry))
+		au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dir);
+	if (!d_unhashed(a->h_dentry)
+	    /* || h_old_inode->i_nlink <= nlink */
+	    /* || SB_NFS(h_src_dentry->d_sb) */) {
+		d_instantiate(dentry, au_igrab(inode));
+		inc_nlink(inode);
+		inode->i_ctime = dir->i_ctime;
+	} else
+		/* nfs case (< 2.6.15) */
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	goto out_unpin; /* success */
+
+ out_revert:
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_DELETE, au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin));
+	rerr = vfsub_unlink(au_pinned_h_dir(&a->pin), a->h_dentry, &a->vargs);
+	if (!rerr)
+		goto out_dt;
+	AuIOErr("%.*s reverting failed(%d, %d)\n",
+		AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+	err = -EIO;
+ out_dt:
+	d_drop(dentry);
+	au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+ out_unpin:
+	au_unpin(&a->pin);
+ out_wh:
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+ out_unlock:
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	}
+	di_write_unlock(a->parent);
+	dput(a->src_parent);
+	aufs_read_and_write_unlock2(dentry, src_dentry);
+	kfree(a);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+
+int aufs_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry, *wh_dentry, *parent, *opq_dentry;
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	unsigned char diropq, dlgt;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct au_wr_dir_args wr_dir_args = {
+		.force_btgt	= -1,
+		.flags		= AuWrDir_ADD_ENTRY | AuWrDir_ISDIR
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, mode 0%o\n",
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), mode);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	wh_dentry = lock_hdir_lkup_wh(dentry, &dt, /*src_dentry*/NULL, &pin,
+				      &wr_dir_args);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	bindex = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+	err = vfsub_mkdir(au_pinned_h_dir(&pin), h_dentry, mode, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	/* make the dir opaque */
+	diropq = 0;
+	h_mtx = &h_dentry->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	if (wh_dentry || au_opt_test(mnt_flags, ALWAYS_DIROPQ)) {
+		mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		opq_dentry = au_diropq_create(dentry, bindex, /*dlgt*/0);
+		mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+		err = PTR_ERR(opq_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(opq_dentry))
+			goto out_dir;
+		dput(opq_dentry);
+		diropq = 1;
+	}
+
+	err = epilog(dir, bindex, wh_dentry, dentry);
+	if (!err) {
+		inc_nlink(dir);
+		goto out_unlock; /* success */
+	}
+
+	/* revert */
+	if (diropq) {
+		LKTRLabel(revert opq);
+		mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		rerr = au_diropq_remove(dentry, bindex, dlgt);
+		mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+		if (rerr) {
+			AuIOErr("%.*s reverting diropq failed(%d, %d)\n",
+				AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+			err = -EIO;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_dir:
+	LKTRLabel(revert dir);
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+	rerr = vfsub_rmdir(au_pinned_h_dir(&pin), h_dentry, &vargs);
+	if (rerr) {
+		AuIOErr("%.*s reverting dir failed(%d, %d)\n",
+			AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+		err = -EIO;
+	}
+	d_drop(dentry);
+	au_dtime_revert(&dt);
+ out_unlock:
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+ out:
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	}
+	di_write_unlock(parent);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/i_op.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/i_op.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1049 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode operations (except add/del/rename)
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27)
+static int h_permission(struct inode *h_inode, int mask,
+			struct vfsmount *h_mnt, int brperm, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err, submask;
+	const int write_mask = (mask & (MAY_WRITE | MAY_APPEND));
+
+	LKTRTrace("ino %lu, mask 0x%x, brperm 0x%x\n",
+		  h_inode->i_ino, mask, brperm);
+
+	err = -EACCES;
+	if ((write_mask && IS_IMMUTABLE(h_inode))
+	    || ((mask & MAY_EXEC) && S_ISREG(h_inode->i_mode)
+		&& (h_mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NOEXEC)))
+		goto out;
+
+	/*
+	 * - skip hidden fs test in the case of write to ro branch.
+	 * - nfs dir permission write check is optimized, but a policy for
+	 *   link/rename requires a real check.
+	 */
+	submask = mask & ~MAY_APPEND;
+	if ((write_mask && !au_br_writable(brperm))
+	    || (au_test_nfs(h_inode->i_sb) && S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode)
+		&& write_mask && !(mask & MAY_READ))
+	    || !h_inode->i_op
+	    || !h_inode->i_op->permission) {
+		/* LKTRLabel(generic_permission); */
+		err = generic_permission(h_inode, submask, NULL);
+	} else {
+		/* LKTRLabel(h_inode->permission); */
+		err = h_inode->i_op->permission(h_inode, submask);
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+	}
+
+#if 1 /* todo: export? */
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_security_inode_permission(h_inode, mask, NULL,
+						   dlgt);
+#endif
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	const unsigned char isdir = S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	const int write_mask = (mask & (MAY_WRITE | MAY_APPEND));
+
+	LKTRTrace("ino %lu, mask 0x%x, isdir %d, write_mask %d\n",
+		  inode->i_ino, mask, isdir, write_mask);
+
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	ii_read_lock_child(inode);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+
+	if (!isdir || write_mask || au_test_dirperm1(mnt_flags)) {
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+		AuDebugOn(!h_inode
+			  || ((h_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT)
+			      != (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT)));
+		err = 0;
+		bindex = au_ibstart(inode);
+		LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+		err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex),
+				   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+
+		if (write_mask && !err) {
+			/* test whether the upper writable branch exists */
+			err = -EROFS;
+			for (; bindex >= 0; bindex--)
+				if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex))) {
+					err = 0;
+					break;
+				}
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* non-write to dir */
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_ibend(inode);
+	for (bindex = au_ibstart(inode); !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (!h_inode)
+			continue;
+		AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode));
+
+		LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+		err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex),
+				   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	ii_read_unlock(inode);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+#else
+
+static int silly_lock(struct inode *inode, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int locked = 0;
+	struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, nd %p\n", inode->i_ino, nd);
+
+	if (!nd || !nd->path.dentry) {
+		si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+		ii_read_lock_child(inode);
+	} else if (nd->path.dentry->d_inode != inode) {
+		locked = 1;
+		/* lock child first, then parent */
+		si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+		ii_read_lock_child(inode);
+		di_read_lock_parent(nd->path.dentry, 0);
+	} else {
+		locked = 2;
+		aufs_read_lock(nd->path.dentry, AuLock_FLUSH | AuLock_IR);
+	}
+	return locked;
+}
+
+static void silly_unlock(int locked, struct inode *inode, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("locked %d, i%lu, nd %p\n", locked, inode->i_ino, nd);
+
+	switch (locked) {
+	case 0:
+		ii_read_unlock(inode);
+		si_read_unlock(sb);
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		di_read_unlock(nd->path.dentry, 0);
+		ii_read_unlock(inode);
+		si_read_unlock(sb);
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		aufs_read_unlock(nd->path.dentry, AuLock_IR);
+		break;
+	default:
+		BUG();
+	}
+}
+
+static int h_permission(struct inode *h_inode, int mask,
+			struct nameidata *fake_nd, int brperm, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err, submask;
+	const int write_mask = (mask & (MAY_WRITE | MAY_APPEND));
+
+	LKTRTrace("ino %lu, mask 0x%x, brperm 0x%x\n",
+		  h_inode->i_ino, mask, brperm);
+
+	err = -EACCES;
+	if ((write_mask && IS_IMMUTABLE(h_inode))
+	    || ((mask & MAY_EXEC) && S_ISREG(h_inode->i_mode)
+		&& fake_nd && fake_nd->path.mnt
+		&& (fake_nd->path.mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NOEXEC)))
+		goto out;
+
+	/*
+	 * - skip hidden fs test in the case of write to ro branch.
+	 * - nfs dir permission write check is optimized, but a policy for
+	 *   link/rename requires a real check.
+	 */
+	submask = mask & ~MAY_APPEND;
+	if ((write_mask && !au_br_writable(brperm))
+	    || (au_test_nfs(h_inode->i_sb) && S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode)
+		&& write_mask && !(mask & MAY_READ))
+	    || !h_inode->i_op
+	    || !h_inode->i_op->permission) {
+		/* LKTRLabel(generic_permission); */
+		err = generic_permission(h_inode, submask, NULL);
+	} else {
+		/* LKTRLabel(h_inode->permission); */
+		err = h_inode->i_op->permission(h_inode, submask, fake_nd);
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+	}
+
+#if 1 /* todo: export? */
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_security_inode_permission(h_inode, mask, fake_nd,
+						   dlgt);
+#endif
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char locked, dlgt, do_nd;
+	const unsigned char isdir = S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct path path;
+	const int write_mask = (mask & (MAY_WRITE | MAY_APPEND));
+
+	LKTRTrace("ino %lu, mask 0x%x, isdir %d, write_mask %d, "
+		  "nd %d{%d, %d}\n",
+		  inode->i_ino, mask, isdir, write_mask,
+		  !!nd, nd ? !!nd->path.dentry : 0, nd ? !!nd->path.mnt : 0);
+
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	locked = silly_lock(inode, nd);
+	do_nd = (nd && locked >= 1);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+
+	if (!isdir || write_mask || au_test_dirperm1(mnt_flags)) {
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, au_ibstart(inode));
+		AuDebugOn(!h_inode
+			  || ((h_inode->i_mode & S_IFMT)
+			      != (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT)));
+		err = 0;
+		bindex = au_ibstart(inode);
+		LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+		if (do_nd) {
+			path = nd->path;
+			nd->path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex);
+			nd->path.dentry = au_h_dptr(nd->path.dentry, bindex);
+			path_get(&nd->path);
+			err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, nd,
+					   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+			path_put(&nd->path);
+			nd->path = path;
+		} else {
+			AuDebugOn(nd && nd->path.mnt);
+			err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, nd,
+					   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+		}
+
+		if (write_mask && !err) {
+			/* test whether the upper writable branch exists */
+			err = -EROFS;
+			for (; bindex >= 0; bindex--)
+				if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex))) {
+					err = 0;
+					break;
+				}
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* non-write to dir */
+	if (do_nd)
+		path = nd->path;
+	else {
+		path.mnt = NULL;
+		path.dentry = NULL;
+	}
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_ibend(inode);
+	for (bindex = au_ibstart(inode); !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		if (!h_inode)
+			continue;
+		AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode));
+
+		LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+		if (do_nd) {
+			nd->path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex);
+			nd->path.dentry = au_h_dptr(path.dentry, bindex);
+			path_get(&nd->path);
+			err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, nd,
+					   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+			path_put(&nd->path);
+		} else {
+			AuDebugOn(nd && nd->path.mnt);
+			err = h_permission(h_inode, mask, nd,
+					   au_sbr_perm(sb, bindex), dlgt);
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_nd)
+		nd->path = path;
+
+ out:
+	silly_unlock(locked, inode, nd);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+#endif /* KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27) */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct dentry *aufs_lookup(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+				  struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	struct dentry *ret, *parent;
+	int err, npositive;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	struct nameidata tmp_nd, *ndp;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct mutex *mtx;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("dir %lu, %.*s, nd{0x%x}\n",
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), nd ? nd->flags : 0);
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	sb = dir->i_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	err = au_alloc_dinfo(dentry);
+	ret = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* nd can be NULL */
+	ndp = au_dup_nd(au_sbi(sb), &tmp_nd, nd);
+	parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	di_read_lock_parent(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	npositive = au_lkup_dentry(dentry, au_dbstart(parent), /*type*/0, ndp);
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	err = npositive;
+	ret = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	inode = NULL;
+	if (npositive) {
+		bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+		h_inode = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart)->d_inode;
+		AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+		if (!S_ISDIR(h_inode->i_mode)) {
+			/*
+			 * stop 'race'-ing between hardlinks under different
+			 * parents.
+			 */
+			mtx = &au_sbr(sb, bstart)->br_xino.xi_nondir_mtx;
+			mutex_lock(mtx);
+			inode = au_new_inode(dentry, /*must_new*/0);
+			mutex_unlock(mtx);
+		} else
+			inode = au_new_inode(dentry, /*must_new*/0);
+		ret = (void *)inode;
+	}
+	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
+		ret = d_splice_alias(inode, dentry);
+		if (unlikely(IS_ERR(ret) && inode))
+			ii_write_unlock(inode);
+		AuDebugOn(nd
+			  && (nd->flags & LOOKUP_OPEN)
+			  && nd->intent.open.file
+			  && nd->intent.open.file->f_dentry);
+		au_store_fmode_exec(nd, inode);
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(ret);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * decide the branch and the parent dir where we will create a new entry.
+ * returns new bindex or an error.
+ * copyup the parent dir if needed.
+ */
+int au_wr_dir(struct dentry *dentry, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+	      struct au_wr_dir_args *args)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bcpup, bstart, src_bstart;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	const int add_entry = au_ftest_wrdir(args->flags, ADD_ENTRY);
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, src %p, {%d, 0x%x}\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), src_dentry, args->force_btgt, args->flags);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	bcpup = bstart;
+	if (args->force_btgt < 0) {
+		if (src_dentry) {
+			src_bstart = au_dbstart(src_dentry);
+			if (src_bstart < bstart)
+				bcpup = src_bstart;
+		} else if (add_entry) {
+			err = AuWbrCreate(sbinfo, dentry,
+					  au_ftest_wrdir(args->flags, ISDIR));
+			bcpup = err;
+		}
+
+		if (bcpup < 0 || au_test_ro(sb, bcpup, dentry->d_inode)) {
+			if (add_entry)
+				err = AuWbrCopyup(sbinfo, dentry);
+			else {
+				if (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
+					di_read_lock_parent(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+					err = AuWbrCopyup(sbinfo, dentry);
+					di_read_unlock(parent, !AuLock_IR);
+				} else
+					err = AuWbrCopyup(sbinfo, dentry);
+			}
+			bcpup = err;
+			if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto out;
+		}
+	} else {
+		bcpup = args->force_btgt;
+		AuDebugOn(au_test_ro(sb, bcpup, dentry->d_inode));
+	}
+	LKTRTrace("bstart %d, bcpup %d\n", bstart, bcpup);
+	if (bstart < bcpup)
+		au_update_dbrange(dentry, /*do_put_zero*/1);
+
+	err = bcpup;
+	if (bcpup == bstart)
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	/* copyup the new parent into the branch we process */
+	if (add_entry) {
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+		IMustLock(parent->d_inode);
+		DiMustWriteLock(parent);
+		IiMustWriteLock(parent->d_inode);
+	} else
+		di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!au_h_dptr(parent, bcpup)) {
+		if (bstart < bcpup)
+			err = au_cpdown_dirs(dentry, bcpup);
+		else
+			err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, bcpup);
+	}
+	if (!err && add_entry) {
+		struct dentry *h_parent;
+		struct inode *h_dir;
+
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bcpup);
+		AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+		h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+		AuDebugOn(!h_dir);
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+		err = au_lkup_neg(dentry, bcpup);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+		if (bstart < bcpup && au_dbstart(dentry) < 0) {
+			au_set_dbstart(dentry, 0);
+			au_update_dbrange(dentry, /*do_put_zero*/0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!add_entry)
+		di_write_unlock(parent);
+	if (!err)
+		err = bcpup; /* success */
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	LKTRTrace("err %d\n", err);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct dentry *au_do_pinned_h_parent(struct au_pin1 *pin)
+{
+	if (pin && pin->parent)
+		return au_h_dptr(pin->parent, pin->bindex);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void au_do_unpin(struct au_pin1 *p, struct au_pin1 *gp)
+{
+	if (p->dentry)
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(p->dentry));
+	LKTRTrace("p{%d, %d, %d, %d, 0x%x}, gp %p\n",
+		  p->lsc_di, p->lsc_hi, !!p->parent, !!p->h_dir, p->flags, gp);
+
+	if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, MNT_WRITE))
+		au_br_drop_write(au_sbr(p->dentry->d_sb, p->bindex));
+	if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, VFS_RENAME))
+		vfsub_unlock_rename_mutex(au_sbr_sb(p->dentry->d_sb,
+						    p->bindex));
+	if (!p->h_dir)
+		return;
+
+	mutex_unlock(&p->h_dir->i_mutex);
+	if (gp)
+		au_do_unpin(gp, NULL);
+	if (!au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DI_LOCKED))
+		di_read_unlock(p->parent, AuLock_IR);
+	iput(p->h_dir);
+	dput(p->parent);
+	p->parent = NULL;
+	p->h_dir = NULL;
+}
+
+int au_do_pin(struct au_pin1 *p, struct au_pin1 *gp)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d, b%d, 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(p->dentry), !!gp, p->bindex, p->flags);
+	AuDebugOn(au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DO_GPARENT) && !gp);
+	/* AuDebugOn(!do_gp && gp); */
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (IS_ROOT(p->dentry)) {
+		if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, VFS_RENAME))
+			vfsub_lock_rename_mutex(au_sbr_sb(p->dentry->d_sb,
+							  p->bindex));
+		if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, MNT_WRITE)) {
+			err = au_br_want_write(au_sbr(p->dentry->d_sb,
+						      p->bindex));
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				au_fclr_pin(p->flags, MNT_WRITE);
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	h_dentry = NULL;
+	if (p->bindex <= au_dbend(p->dentry))
+		h_dentry = au_h_dptr(p->dentry, p->bindex);
+
+	p->parent = dget_parent(p->dentry);
+	if (!au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DI_LOCKED))
+		di_read_lock(p->parent, AuLock_IR, p->lsc_di);
+	else
+		DiMustAnyLock(p->parent);
+	AuDebugOn(!p->parent->d_inode);
+	p->h_dir = au_igrab(au_h_iptr(p->parent->d_inode, p->bindex));
+	/* udba case */
+	if (unlikely(au_ftest_pin(p->flags, VERIFY) && !p->h_dir)) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		if (!au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DI_LOCKED))
+			di_read_unlock(p->parent, AuLock_IR);
+		dput(p->parent);
+		p->parent = NULL;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DO_GPARENT)) {
+		gp->dentry = p->parent;
+		err = au_do_pin(gp, NULL);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			gp->dentry = NULL;
+	}
+	if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, VFS_RENAME))
+		vfsub_lock_rename_mutex(p->h_dir->i_sb);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&p->h_dir->i_mutex, p->lsc_hi);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* todo: call d_revalidate() here? */
+#if 0
+		if (h_dentry && h_dentry->d_op && h_dentry->d_op->d_revalidate
+		    && !h_dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(h_dentry, NULL))
+			err = -EIO;
+#endif
+		if (!h_dentry
+		    || !au_ftest_pin(p->flags, VERIFY)
+		    || !au_verify_parent(h_dentry, p->h_dir)) {
+			if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, MNT_WRITE)) {
+				err = au_br_want_write(au_sbr(p->dentry->d_sb,
+							      p->bindex));
+				if (unlikely(err))
+					au_fclr_pin(p->flags, MNT_WRITE);
+			}
+			if (!err)
+				goto out; /* success */
+		} else
+			err = -EIO;
+	}
+
+	AuDbgDentry(p->dentry);
+	AuDbgDentry(h_dentry);
+	AuDbgDentry(p->parent);
+	AuDbgInode(p->h_dir);
+	if (h_dentry)
+		AuDbgDentry(h_dentry->d_parent);
+
+	au_do_unpin(p, gp);
+	if (au_ftest_pin(p->flags, DO_GPARENT))
+		gp->dentry = NULL;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_pin_init(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 aufs_bindex_t bindex, int lsc_di, int lsc_hi,
+		 unsigned char flags)
+{
+	struct au_pin1 *p;
+	unsigned char f;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	memset(args, 0, sizeof(*args));
+	p = args->pin + AuPin_PARENT;
+	p->dentry = dentry;
+	p->lsc_di = lsc_di;
+	p->lsc_hi = lsc_hi;
+	p->flags = flags;
+	p->bindex = bindex;
+	if (!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb), UDBA_NONE))
+		au_fset_pin(p->flags, VERIFY);
+	if (!au_ftest_pin(flags, DO_GPARENT))
+		return;
+
+	f = p->flags;
+	p = au_pin_gp(args);
+	if (p) {
+		p->lsc_di = lsc_di + 1; /* child first */
+		p->lsc_hi = lsc_hi - 1; /* parent first */
+		p->bindex = bindex;
+		p->flags = f & ~(AuPin_MNT_WRITE
+				| AuPin_DO_GPARENT
+				| AuPin_DI_LOCKED);
+	}
+}
+
+int au_pin(struct au_pin *args, struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	   unsigned char flags)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, flags);
+
+	au_pin_init(args, dentry, bindex, AuLsc_DI_PARENT, AuLsc_I_PARENT2,
+		    flags);
+	return au_do_pin(args->pin + AuPin_PARENT, au_pin_gp(args));
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_icpup_args {
+	unsigned char isdir, hinotify, did_cpup; /* flags */
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t btgt;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign[2];
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+};
+
+/* todo: refine it */
+static int au_lock_and_icpup(struct dentry *dentry, loff_t sz,
+			     struct au_icpup_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *hi_wh, *parent;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_wr_dir_args wr_dir_args = {
+		.force_btgt	= -1,
+		.flags		= 0
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), sz);
+
+	di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	a->isdir = !!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
+	if (a->isdir)
+		au_fset_wrdir(wr_dir_args.flags, ISDIR);
+	/* plink or hi_wh() */
+	if (bstart != au_ibstart(inode))
+		wr_dir_args.force_btgt = au_ibstart(inode);
+	err = au_wr_dir(dentry, /*src_dentry*/NULL, &wr_dir_args);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_dentry;
+	a->btgt = err;
+	a->did_cpup = (err != bstart);
+	err = 0;
+
+	/* crazy udba locks */
+	a->pin_flags = AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	a->hinotify = !!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	if (a->hinotify)
+		au_fset_pin(a->pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	parent = NULL;
+	if (!IS_ROOT(dentry)) {
+		au_fset_pin(a->pin_flags, DI_LOCKED);
+		parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+		di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	}
+	err = au_pin(&a->pin, dentry, a->btgt, a->pin_flags);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		if (parent) {
+			di_write_unlock(parent);
+			dput(parent);
+		}
+		goto out_dentry;
+	}
+	a->h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	a->h_inode = a->h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!a->h_inode);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&a->h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	if (!a->did_cpup) {
+		au_unpin_gp(&a->pin);
+		if (parent) {
+			au_pin_set_parent_lflag(&a->pin, /*lflag*/0);
+			di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+			dput(parent);
+		}
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	hi_wh = NULL;
+	if (!d_unhashed(dentry)) {
+		if (parent) {
+			au_pin_set_parent_lflag(&a->pin, /*lflag*/0);
+			di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+			dput(parent);
+		}
+		err = au_sio_cpup_simple(dentry, a->btgt, sz, AuCpup_DTIME);
+		if (!err)
+			a->h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, a->btgt);
+	} else {
+		hi_wh = au_hi_wh(inode, a->btgt);
+		if (!hi_wh) {
+			err = au_sio_cpup_wh(dentry, a->btgt, sz,
+					     /*file*/NULL);
+			if (!err)
+				hi_wh = au_hi_wh(inode, a->btgt);
+			/* todo: revalidate hi_wh? */
+		}
+		if (parent) {
+			au_pin_set_parent_lflag(&a->pin, /*lflag*/0);
+			di_downgrade_lock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+			dput(parent);
+		}
+		if (!hi_wh)
+			a->h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, a->btgt);
+		else
+			a->h_dentry = hi_wh; /* do not dget here */
+	}
+
+	mutex_unlock(&a->h_inode->i_mutex);
+	a->h_inode = a->h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!a->h_inode);
+	if (!err) {
+		mutex_lock_nested(&a->h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		au_unpin_gp(&a->pin);
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	au_unpin(&a->pin);
+
+ out_dentry:
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int aufs_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *ia)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	__u32 events;
+	struct file *file;
+	loff_t sz;
+	struct au_icpup_args *a;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	a = kzalloc(sizeof(*a), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!a))
+		goto out;
+
+	file = NULL;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_read_lock(sb, AuLock_FLUSH);
+	vfsub_args_init(&a->vargs, a->ign, au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb)), 0);
+
+	if (ia->ia_valid & ATTR_FILE) {
+		/* currently ftruncate(2) only */
+		file = ia->ia_file;
+		fi_write_lock(file);
+		ia->ia_file = au_h_fptr(file, au_fbstart(file));
+	}
+
+	sz = -1;
+	if ((ia->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE)
+	    && ia->ia_size < i_size_read(inode))
+		sz = ia->ia_size;
+	err = au_lock_and_icpup(dentry, sz, a);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_si;
+	if (a->did_cpup) {
+		ia->ia_file = NULL;
+		ia->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_FILE;
+	}
+
+	if ((ia->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE)
+	    && ia->ia_size < i_size_read(inode)) {
+		err = vmtruncate(inode, ia->ia_size);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+	}
+
+	if (ia->ia_valid & (ATTR_KILL_SUID | ATTR_KILL_SGID))
+		ia->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_MODE;
+
+	events = 0;
+	if (a->hinotify) {
+		events = vfsub_events_notify_change(ia);
+		if (events) {
+			if (a->isdir)
+				vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, events,
+						 au_hi(inode, a->btgt));
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, events,
+					 au_pinned_hdir(&a->pin));
+		}
+	}
+	err = vfsub_notify_change(a->h_dentry, ia, &a->vargs);
+	if (!err)
+		au_cpup_attr_changeable(inode);
+
+ out_unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&a->h_inode->i_mutex);
+	au_unpin(&a->pin);
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+ out_si:
+	if (file) {
+		fi_write_unlock(file);
+		ia->ia_file = file;
+		ia->ia_valid |= ATTR_FILE;
+	}
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	kfree(a);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int h_readlink(struct dentry *dentry, int bindex, char __user *buf,
+		      int bufsiz)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, bufsiz);
+
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	if (unlikely(/* !h_dentry
+			|| !h_dentry->d_inode
+			|| */
+		    !h_dentry->d_inode->i_op
+		    || !h_dentry->d_inode->i_op->readlink))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	if (!au_test_ro(sb, bindex, dentry->d_inode)) {
+		touch_atime(au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex), h_dentry);
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+		fsstack_copy_attr_atime(dentry->d_inode, h_dentry->d_inode);
+	}
+	return h_dentry->d_inode->i_op->readlink(h_dentry, buf, bufsiz);
+}
+
+static int aufs_readlink(struct dentry *dentry, char __user *buf, int bufsiz)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bufsiz);
+
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	err = h_readlink(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry), buf, bufsiz);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void *aufs_follow_link(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int err;
+	char *buf;
+	mm_segment_t old_fs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, nd %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), AuDLNPair(nd->path.dentry));
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	buf = __getname();
+	if (unlikely(!buf))
+		goto out;
+
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+	old_fs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	err = h_readlink(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry), (char __user *)buf,
+			 PATH_MAX);
+	set_fs(old_fs);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_IR);
+
+	if (err >= 0) {
+		buf[err] = 0;
+		/* will be freed by put_link */
+		nd_set_link(nd, buf);
+		return NULL; /* success */
+	}
+	__putname(buf);
+
+ out:
+	path_put(&nd->path);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return ERR_PTR(err);
+}
+
+static void aufs_put_link(struct dentry *dentry, struct nameidata *nd,
+			  void *cookie)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	__putname(nd_get_link(nd));
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void aufs_truncate_range(struct inode *inode, loff_t start, loff_t end)
+{
+	AuUnsupport();
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct inode_operations aufs_symlink_iop = {
+	.permission	= aufs_permission,
+	.setattr	= aufs_setattr,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR
+	.getattr	= aufs_getattr,
+#endif
+
+	.readlink	= aufs_readlink,
+	.follow_link	= aufs_follow_link,
+	.put_link	= aufs_put_link
+};
+
+struct inode_operations aufs_dir_iop = {
+	.create		= aufs_create,
+	.lookup		= aufs_lookup,
+	.link		= aufs_link,
+	.unlink		= aufs_unlink,
+	.symlink	= aufs_symlink,
+	.mkdir		= aufs_mkdir,
+	.rmdir		= aufs_rmdir,
+	.mknod		= aufs_mknod,
+	.rename		= aufs_rename,
+
+	.permission	= aufs_permission,
+	.setattr	= aufs_setattr,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR
+	.getattr	= aufs_getattr,
+#endif
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	.setxattr	= aufs_setxattr,
+	.getxattr	= aufs_getxattr,
+	.listxattr	= aufs_listxattr,
+	.removexattr	= aufs_removexattr
+#endif
+};
+
+struct inode_operations aufs_iop = {
+	.permission	= aufs_permission,
+	.setattr	= aufs_setattr,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR
+	.getattr	= aufs_getattr,
+#endif
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	.setxattr	= aufs_setxattr,
+	.getxattr	= aufs_getxattr,
+	.listxattr	= aufs_listxattr,
+	.removexattr	= aufs_removexattr,
+#endif
+
+	.truncate_range	= aufs_truncate_range
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/i_op_del.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_del.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/i_op_del.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_del.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode operations (del entry)
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* returns,
+ * 0: wh is unnecessary
+ * plus: wh is necessary
+ * minus: error
+ */
+int au_wr_dir_need_wh(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir, aufs_bindex_t *bcpup)
+{
+	int need_wh, err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, isdir %d, *bcpup %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir, *bcpup);
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	LKTRTrace("bcpup %d, bstart %d\n", *bcpup, bstart);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	if (*bcpup < 0) {
+		*bcpup = bstart;
+		if (au_test_ro(sb, bstart, dentry->d_inode)) {
+			err = AuWbrCopyup(au_sbi(sb), dentry);
+			*bcpup = err;
+			if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto out;
+		}
+	} else
+		AuDebugOn(bstart < *bcpup
+			  || au_test_ro(sb, *bcpup, dentry->d_inode));
+	LKTRTrace("bcpup %d, bstart %d\n", *bcpup, bstart);
+
+	if (*bcpup != bstart) {
+		err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, *bcpup);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+		need_wh = 1;
+	} else {
+		aufs_bindex_t old_bend, new_bend, bdiropq = -1;
+		old_bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+		if (isdir) {
+			bdiropq = au_dbdiropq(dentry);
+			au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, -1);
+		}
+		need_wh = au_lkup_dentry(dentry, bstart + 1, /*type*/0,
+					 /*nd*/NULL);
+		err = need_wh;
+		if (isdir)
+			au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, bdiropq);
+		if (unlikely(err < 0))
+			goto out;
+		new_bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+		if (!need_wh && old_bend != new_bend) {
+			au_set_h_dptr(dentry, new_bend, NULL);
+			au_set_dbend(dentry, old_bend);
+#if 0 /* todo: remove this? */
+		} else if (!au_h_dptr(dentry, new_bend)->d_inode) {
+			LKTRTrace("negative\n");
+			au_set_h_dptr(dentry, new_bend, NULL);
+			au_set_dbend(dentry, old_bend);
+			need_wh = 0;
+#endif
+		}
+	}
+	LKTRTrace("need_wh %d\n", need_wh);
+	err = need_wh;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * simple tests for the removal inode operations.
+ * following the checks in vfs, plus the parent-child relationship.
+ */
+int au_may_del(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+	       struct dentry *h_parent, int isdir, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err, exist;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	umode_t h_mode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, b%d, dir %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(h_parent), AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, isdir);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	exist = !!dentry->d_inode;
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	if (exist) {
+		err = -ENOENT;
+		if (unlikely(!h_inode || !h_inode->i_nlink))
+			goto out;
+
+		h_mode = h_inode->i_mode;
+		if (!isdir) {
+			err = -EISDIR;
+			if (unlikely(S_ISDIR(h_mode)))
+				goto out;
+		} else if (unlikely(!S_ISDIR(h_mode))) {
+			err = -ENOTDIR;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* rename(2) case */
+		err = -EIO;
+		if (unlikely(h_inode))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = -ENOENT;
+	/* expected parent dir is locked */
+	if (unlikely(h_parent != h_dentry->d_parent))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * some filesystem may unlink a dir and corrupt its consistency.
+	 * so let's try heavy test.
+	 */
+	if (1 /*au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY)*/) {
+		struct dentry *h_latest;
+		struct qstr *qstr = &dentry->d_name;
+
+		err = -EACCES;
+		if (unlikely(au_test_h_perm(h_parent->d_inode,
+					    MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE,
+					    au_ftest_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT))))
+			goto out;
+
+		h_latest = au_sio_lkup_one(qstr->name, h_parent, qstr->len,
+					   ndx);
+		err = -EIO;
+		if (IS_ERR(h_latest))
+			goto out;
+		dput(h_latest);
+		if (h_latest == h_dentry)
+			err = 0;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static struct dentry *
+lock_hdir_create_wh(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir, aufs_bindex_t *rbcpup,
+		    struct au_dtime *dt, struct au_pin *pin)
+{
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry, *h_parent;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	int err, need_wh;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	unsigned char pin_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bcpup;
+	struct au_ndx ndx;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, isdir %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir);
+
+	need_wh = au_wr_dir_need_wh(dentry, isdir, rbcpup);
+	err = need_wh;
+	wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	bcpup = *rbcpup;
+	pin_flags = AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_MNT_WRITE;
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_fset_pin(pin_flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_pin(pin, dentry, bcpup, pin_flags);
+	wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	h_parent = au_pinned_h_parent(pin);
+	if (!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_NONE) && au_dbstart(dentry) == bcpup) {
+		ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bcpup);
+		ndx.flags = 0;
+		if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+			au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+		ndx.nd = NULL;
+		/* ndx.br = au_sbr(sb, bcpup); */
+		/* ndx.nd_file = NULL; */
+		err = au_may_del(dentry, bcpup, h_parent, isdir, &ndx);
+		wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unpin;
+	}
+
+	au_dtime_store(dt, au_pinned_parent(pin), h_parent, au_pinned_hdir(pin),
+		       au_pinned_hgdir(pin));
+	wh_dentry = NULL;
+	if (!need_wh)
+		goto out; /* success, no need to create whiteout */
+
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bcpup);
+	ndx.flags = 0;
+	if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	ndx.nd = NULL;
+	/* ndx.br = NULL; */
+	wh_dentry = au_wh_create(dentry, bcpup, h_parent, &ndx);
+	if (!IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out; /* success */
+	/* returns with the parent is locked and wh_dentry is DGETed */
+
+ out_unpin:
+	au_unpin(pin);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(wh_dentry);
+	return wh_dentry;
+}
+
+static int renwh_and_rmdir(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			   struct au_nhash *whlist, struct inode *dir)
+{
+	int rmdir_later, err;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_inode;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex);
+
+	inode = NULL;
+	h_inode = NULL;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), UDBA_INOTIFY)) {
+		inode = dentry->d_inode;
+		h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	}
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	err = au_whtmp_ren(dir, bindex, h_dentry);
+	if (inode) {
+		/* todo: bad approach? */
+		if (!err)
+			au_hin_suspend(au_hi(inode, bindex));
+		mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+	}
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (!au_test_nfs(h_dentry->d_sb)) {
+		const int dirwh = au_sbi(sb)->si_dirwh;
+		rmdir_later = (dirwh <= 1);
+		if (!rmdir_later)
+			rmdir_later = au_nhash_test_longer_wh(whlist, bindex,
+							      dirwh);
+		if (rmdir_later)
+			return rmdir_later;
+	}
+
+	err = au_whtmp_rmdir(dir, bindex, h_dentry, whlist);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuIOErr("rmdir %.*s, b%d failed, %d. ignored\n",
+			AuDLNPair(h_dentry), bindex, err);
+		/* we do not revert the inotify watch */
+		err = 0;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void epilog(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		   aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	/* todo: unnecessary? */
+	d_drop(dentry);
+	dentry->d_inode->i_ctime = dir->i_ctime;
+
+	if (atomic_read(&dentry->d_count) == 1) {
+		au_set_h_dptr(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry), NULL);
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+	}
+	if (au_ibstart(dir) == bindex)
+		au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dir);
+	dir->i_version++;
+}
+
+/* revert flags */
+#define AuRev_DLGT	1
+#define au_ftest_rev(flags, name)	((flags) & AuRev_##name)
+#define au_fset_rev(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuRev_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_rev(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuRev_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuRev_DLGT
+#define AuRev_DLGT	0
+#endif
+
+static int do_revert(int err, struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bwh,
+		     struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct dentry *dentry,
+		     struct au_dtime *dt, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	int rerr;
+
+	rerr = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_hi(dir, bwh), wh_dentry, dentry,
+				   au_ftest_rev(flags, DLGT));
+	if (!rerr) {
+		au_set_dbwh(dentry, bwh);
+		au_dtime_revert(dt);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	AuIOErr("%.*s reverting whiteout failed(%d, %d)\n",
+		AuDLNPair(dentry), err, rerr);
+	return -EIO;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int aufs_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode, *h_dir;
+	struct dentry *parent, *wh_dentry, *h_dentry;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	aufs_bindex_t bwh, bindex, bstart;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (unlikely(!inode))
+		return -ENOENT; /* possible? */
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+	bindex = -1;
+	wh_dentry = lock_hdir_create_wh(dentry, /*isdir*/0, &bindex, &dt, &pin);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	sb = dir->i_sb;
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb));
+	AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(dentry) != bstart);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	dget(h_dentry);
+
+	if (bindex == bstart) {
+		vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, au_pinned_hdir(&pin));
+		h_dir = au_pinned_h_dir(&pin);
+		err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, h_dentry, &vargs);
+	} else {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		AuDebugOn(!wh_dentry
+			  || wh_dentry->d_parent != au_h_dptr(parent, bindex));
+		h_dir = wh_dentry->d_parent->d_inode;
+		IMustLock(h_dir);
+		err = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!err) {
+		drop_nlink(inode);
+#if 0 /* todo: update plink? */
+		if (!inode->i_nlink
+		    && au_opt_test(p->a.mnt_flags, PLINK)
+		    && au_plink_test(sb, inode)
+		    /* && atomic_read(&inode->i_count) == 2) */) {
+			au_debug_on();
+			DbgInode(inode);
+			au_debug_off();
+		}
+#endif
+		/*
+		 * although this is not a dir,
+		 * set it here since we need to detect the dead inode.
+		 */
+		if (!inode->i_nlink)
+			inode->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
+		epilog(dir, dentry, bindex);
+
+		/* update target timestamps */
+		if (bindex == bstart) {
+			au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+			inode->i_ctime = h_dentry->d_inode->i_ctime;
+		} else
+			/* todo: this timestamp may be reverted later */
+			inode->i_ctime = h_dir->i_ctime;
+		goto out_unlock; /* success */
+	}
+
+	/* revert */
+	if (wh_dentry) {
+		int rerr;
+		unsigned int rev_flags;
+
+		rev_flags = 0;
+		if (dlgt)
+			au_fset_rev(rev_flags, DLGT);
+		rerr = do_revert(err, dir, bwh, wh_dentry, dentry, &dt,
+				 rev_flags);
+		if (rerr)
+			err = rerr;
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+	dput(h_dentry);
+ out:
+	di_write_unlock(parent);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
+
+int aufs_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err, rmdir_later;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct dentry *parent, *wh_dentry, *h_dentry;
+	struct au_dtime dt;
+	aufs_bindex_t bwh, bindex, bstart;
+	struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *args;
+	struct au_nhash *whlist;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_pin pin;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	err = -ENOENT; /* possible? */
+	if (unlikely(!inode))
+		goto out;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+
+	whlist = au_nhash_new(GFP_NOFS);
+	err = PTR_ERR(whlist);
+	if (IS_ERR(whlist))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	args = kmalloc(sizeof(*args), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!args))
+		goto out_whlist;
+
+	aufs_read_lock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	parent = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	di_write_lock_parent(parent);
+	err = au_test_empty(dentry, whlist);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_args;
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+	bindex = -1;
+	wh_dentry = lock_hdir_create_wh(dentry, /*isdir*/1, &bindex, &dt, &pin);
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out_args;
+
+	AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(dentry) != bstart);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart);
+	dget(h_dentry);
+
+	rmdir_later = 0;
+	if (bindex == bstart) {
+		err = renwh_and_rmdir(dentry, bstart, whlist, dir);
+		if (err > 0) {
+			rmdir_later = err;
+			err = 0;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		AuDebugOn(!wh_dentry
+			  || wh_dentry->d_parent != au_h_dptr(parent, bindex));
+		IMustLock(wh_dentry->d_parent->d_inode);
+		err = 0;
+	}
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY) && rmdir_later)
+			au_reset_hinotify(inode, /*flags*/0);
+		clear_nlink(inode);
+		inode->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
+		au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, -1);
+		epilog(dir, dentry, bindex);
+
+		if (rmdir_later) {
+			au_whtmp_kick_rmdir(dir, bstart, h_dentry, whlist,
+					    args);
+			args = NULL;
+		}
+
+		goto out_unlock; /* success */
+	}
+
+	/* revert */
+	LKTRLabel(revert);
+	if (wh_dentry) {
+		int rerr;
+		unsigned int rev_flags;
+
+		rev_flags = 0;
+		if (au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags))
+			au_fset_rev(rev_flags, DLGT);
+		rerr = do_revert(err, dir, bwh, wh_dentry, dentry, &dt,
+				 rev_flags);
+		if (rerr)
+			err = rerr;
+	}
+
+ out_unlock:
+	au_unpin(&pin);
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+	dput(h_dentry);
+ out_args:
+	di_write_unlock(parent);
+	aufs_read_unlock(dentry, AuLock_DW);
+	kfree(args);
+ out_whlist:
+	au_nhash_del(whlist);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/i_op_ren.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_ren.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/i_op_ren.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/i_op_ren.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1261 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * inode operation (rename entry)
+ * todo: this is crazy monster
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+enum { SRC, DST };
+
+#define AuRen_ISDIR	1
+#define AuRen_ISSAMEDIR	(1 << 1)
+#define AuRen_WHSRC	(1 << 2)
+#define AuRen_WHDST	(1 << 3)
+#define AuRen_DLGT	(1 << 4)
+#define AuRen_VFSLOCK	(1 << 5)
+#define AuRen_PINNED	(1 << 6)
+#define AuRen_MNT_WRITE	(1 << 7)
+#define au_ftest_ren(flags, name)	((flags) & AuRen_##name)
+#define au_fset_ren(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuRen_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_ren(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuRen_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuRen_DLGT
+#define AuRen_DLGT	0
+#endif
+
+struct au_ren_args {
+	/* original args */
+	struct dentry *src_dentry, *dentry;
+	struct inode *src_dir, *dir;
+
+	struct dentry *h_dentry[2], *h_parent[2], *h_trap, *h_locked[2];
+	/* todo: remove them */
+	struct dentry *parent[2], *gparent[2];
+	struct au_pin pin[2];
+	struct au_nhash whlist;
+	aufs_bindex_t btgt, bstart[2];
+	/* do_rename() only */
+	unsigned char need_diropq, bycpup;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_ndx ndx;
+
+	/* do_rename() only */
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign[3];
+#else
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign[2];
+#endif
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *thargs;
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry[2], *h_dst, *h_src;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define RevertFailure(fmt, args...) do { \
+		AuIOErrWhck("revert failure: " fmt " (%d, %d)\n", \
+			    ##args, err, rerr); \
+		err = -EIO; \
+	} while (0)
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+void au_ren_rev_diropq(int err, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int rerr;
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+
+	/* lock inode simply since inotify is not set to h_inode. */
+	h_mtx = &au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt)->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	rerr = au_diropq_remove(a->src_dentry, a->btgt,
+				au_ftest_ren(a->flags, DLGT));
+	mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	if (rerr)
+		RevertFailure("remove diropq %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->src_dentry));
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+void au_ren_rev_rename(int err, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int rerr;
+	struct dentry *h_d;
+	struct qstr *name = &a->src_dentry->d_name;
+
+	h_d = au_lkup_one(name->name, a->h_parent[SRC], name->len, &a->ndx);
+	rerr = PTR_ERR(h_d);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_d)) {
+		RevertFailure("au_lkup_one %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->src_dentry));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	AuDebugOn(h_d->d_inode);
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_MOVED_FROM,
+			 au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST));
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_MOVED_TO, au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + SRC));
+	rerr = vfsub_rename(au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST),
+			    au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt),
+			    au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + SRC), h_d, &a->vargs);
+	d_drop(h_d);
+	dput(h_d);
+	/* au_set_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, NULL); */
+	if (rerr)
+		RevertFailure("rename %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->src_dentry));
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+void au_ren_rev_cpup(int err, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int rerr;
+
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_DELETE, au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST));
+	rerr = vfsub_unlink(au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST), a->h_dentry[DST],
+			    &a->vargs);
+	au_set_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, NULL);
+	au_set_dbstart(a->src_dentry, a->bstart[SRC]);
+	if (rerr)
+		RevertFailure("unlink %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->h_dentry[DST]));
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+void au_ren_rev_whtmp(int err, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int rerr;
+	struct dentry *h_d;
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+	struct qstr *name = &a->dentry->d_name;
+
+	h_d = au_lkup_one(name->name, a->h_parent[DST], name->len, &a->ndx);
+	rerr = PTR_ERR(h_d);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_d)) {
+		RevertFailure("lookup %.*s", AuLNPair(name));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (h_d->d_inode) {
+		d_drop(h_d);
+		dput(h_d);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	h_mtx = &a->h_dst->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	au_hin_resume(au_hi(a->src_dentry->d_inode, a->btgt));
+	mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&a->vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_MOVED_TO | IN_MOVED_FROM,
+			 au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST));
+	rerr = vfsub_rename(au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST), a->h_dst,
+			    au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST), h_d, &a->vargs);
+	d_drop(h_d);
+	dput(h_d);
+	if (!rerr) {
+		au_set_h_dptr(a->dentry, a->btgt, NULL);
+		au_set_h_dptr(a->dentry, a->btgt, dget(a->h_dst));
+	} else
+		RevertFailure("rename %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->h_dst));
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+void au_ren_rev_whsrc(int err, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int rerr;
+
+	rerr = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + SRC),
+				   a->wh_dentry[SRC], a->src_dentry, /*dlgt*/0);
+	if (rerr)
+		RevertFailure("unlink %.*s", AuDLNPair(a->wh_dentry[SRC]));
+}
+#undef RevertFailure
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+int au_ren_or_cpup(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (au_dbstart(a->src_dentry) == a->btgt) {
+		if (a->need_diropq && au_dbdiropq(a->src_dentry) == a->btgt)
+			a->need_diropq = 0;
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_MOVED_FROM,
+				 au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + SRC));
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_MOVED_TO,
+				 au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST));
+		/* nfs_rename() calls d_delete() */
+		if (au_test_nfs(au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST)->i_sb)
+		    && a->h_dentry[DST]->d_inode
+		    && (S_ISDIR(a->h_dentry[DST]->d_inode->i_mode)
+			|| atomic_read(&a->h_dentry[DST]->d_count) <= 2))
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&a->vargs, IN_DELETE,
+					 au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST));
+		AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(a->src_dentry) != a->btgt);
+		err = vfsub_rename(au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + SRC),
+				   au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt),
+				   au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST),
+				   a->h_dentry[DST], &a->vargs);
+	} else {
+		struct mutex *h_mtx = &a->h_dentry[SRC]->d_inode->i_mutex;
+
+		a->bycpup = 1;
+		mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		au_set_dbstart(a->src_dentry, a->btgt);
+		au_set_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, dget(a->h_dentry[DST]));
+		err = au_sio_cpup_single(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, a->bstart[SRC],
+					 -1, !AuCpup_DTIME, a->parent[DST]);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			au_set_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, NULL);
+			au_set_dbstart(a->src_dentry, a->bstart[SRC]);
+		}
+		mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	}
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+int au_ren_del_whtmp(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (au_test_nfs(a->h_dst->d_sb)
+	    || !au_nhash_test_longer_wh(&a->whlist, a->btgt,
+					au_sbi(a->sb)->si_dirwh)) {
+		err = au_whtmp_rmdir(a->dir, a->btgt, a->h_dst, &a->whlist);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			AuWarn("failed removing whtmp dir %.*s (%d), "
+			       "ignored.\n", AuDLNPair(a->h_dst), err);
+	} else {
+		au_whtmp_kick_rmdir(a->dir, a->btgt, a->h_dst, &a->whlist,
+				    a->thargs);
+		dput(a->h_dst);
+		a->thargs = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+int au_ren_diropq(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *diropq;
+	struct mutex *h_mtx;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	h_mtx = &au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt)->d_inode->i_mutex;
+	mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	diropq = au_diropq_create(a->src_dentry, a->btgt,
+				  au_ftest_ren(a->flags, DLGT));
+	mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+	if (IS_ERR(diropq))
+		err = PTR_ERR(diropq);
+	dput(diropq);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+static /* noinline_for_stack */
+int do_rename(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct dentry *h_d;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, %.*s/%.*s, "
+		  "hd{%p, %p}, hp{%p, %p}, wh %p, btgt %d, bstart{%d, %d}, "
+		  "flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(a->parent[SRC]), AuDLNPair(a->src_dentry),
+		  AuDLNPair(a->parent[DST]), AuDLNPair(a->dentry),
+		  a->h_dentry[SRC], a->h_dentry[DST],
+		  a->h_parent[SRC], a->h_parent[DST],
+		  &a->whlist, a->btgt,
+		  a->bstart[SRC], a->bstart[DST],
+		  a->flags);
+
+	/* prepare workqueue args */
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISDIR) && a->h_dentry[DST]->d_inode) {
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		a->thargs = kmalloc(sizeof(*a->thargs), GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!a->thargs))
+			goto out;
+		a->h_dst = dget(a->h_dentry[DST]);
+	}
+
+	a->ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(a->sb, a->btgt);
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, DLGT))
+		au_fset_ndx(a->ndx.flags, DLGT);
+
+	/* create whiteout for src_dentry */
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, WHSRC)) {
+		a->wh_dentry[SRC] = au_wh_create(a->src_dentry, a->btgt,
+						 a->h_parent[SRC], &a->ndx);
+		err = PTR_ERR(a->wh_dentry[SRC]);
+		if (IS_ERR(a->wh_dentry[SRC]))
+			goto out_thargs;
+	}
+
+	/* lookup whiteout for dentry */
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, WHDST)) {
+		h_d = au_wh_lkup(a->h_parent[DST], &a->dentry->d_name, &a->ndx);
+		err = PTR_ERR(h_d);
+		if (IS_ERR(h_d))
+			goto out_whsrc;
+		if (!h_d->d_inode)
+			dput(h_d);
+		else
+			a->wh_dentry[DST] = h_d;
+	}
+
+	/* rename dentry to tmpwh */
+	if (a->thargs) {
+		struct au_hinode *hinode;
+
+		AuDbgDentry(a->h_dentry[DST]);
+		err = au_whtmp_ren(a->dir, a->btgt, a->h_dentry[DST]);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_whdst;
+		AuDbgDentry(a->h_dentry[DST]);
+		hinode = au_hi(a->dentry->d_inode, a->btgt);
+		/* todo: bad approach? */
+		mutex_lock_nested(&hinode->hi_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		au_hin_suspend(hinode);
+		mutex_unlock(&hinode->hi_inode->i_mutex);
+		au_set_h_dptr(a->dentry, a->btgt, NULL);
+		AuDbgDentry(a->h_dentry[DST]);
+		err = au_lkup_neg(a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_whtmp;
+		a->h_dentry[DST] = au_h_dptr(a->dentry, a->btgt);
+	}
+
+	/* cpup src */
+	if (a->h_dentry[DST]->d_inode && a->bstart[SRC] != a->btgt) {
+		struct mutex *h_mtx = &a->h_dentry[SRC]->d_inode->i_mutex;
+
+		mutex_lock_nested(h_mtx, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		err = au_sio_cpup_simple(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, -1,
+					 !AuCpup_DTIME);
+		mutex_unlock(h_mtx);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_whtmp;
+	}
+
+	/* rename by vfs_rename or cpup */
+	a->need_diropq = au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISDIR)
+		&& (a->wh_dentry[DST]
+		    || au_dbdiropq(a->dentry) == a->btgt
+		    /* hide the lower to keep xino */
+		    || a->btgt < au_dbend(a->dentry)
+		    || au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, ALWAYS_DIROPQ));
+	a->bycpup = 0;
+	vfsub_args_init(&a->vargs, a->ign, au_ftest_ren(a->flags, DLGT), 0);
+	err = au_ren_or_cpup(a);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_whtmp;
+
+	/* make dir opaque */
+	if (a->need_diropq) {
+		err = au_ren_diropq(a);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_rename;
+	}
+
+	/* update target timestamps */
+	AuDebugOn(au_dbstart(a->src_dentry) != a->btgt);
+	a->h_src = au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, a->btgt);
+	au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, a->h_src); /*ignore*/
+	/*
+	 * fsstack_copy_attr_atime(a->src_dentry->d_inode, a->h_src->d_inode);
+	 */
+	a->src_dentry->d_inode->i_ctime = a->h_src->d_inode->i_ctime;
+
+	/* remove whiteout for dentry */
+	if (a->wh_dentry[DST]) {
+		err = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_pinned_hdir(a->pin + DST),
+					  a->wh_dentry[DST], a->dentry,
+					  /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_diropq;
+	}
+
+	/* remove whtmp */
+	if (a->thargs)
+		/* ignore this error */
+		au_ren_del_whtmp(a);
+
+	err = 0;
+	goto out_success;
+
+ out_diropq:
+	if (a->need_diropq)
+		au_ren_rev_diropq(err, a);
+ out_rename:
+	if (!a->bycpup)
+		au_ren_rev_rename(err, a);
+	else
+		au_ren_rev_cpup(err, a);
+ out_whtmp:
+	if (a->thargs)
+		au_ren_rev_whtmp(err, a);
+ out_whdst:
+	dput(a->wh_dentry[DST]);
+	a->wh_dentry[DST] = NULL;
+ out_whsrc:
+	if (a->wh_dentry[SRC])
+		au_ren_rev_whsrc(err, a);
+	d_drop(a->src_dentry);
+	bend = au_dbend(a->src_dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(a->src_dentry); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_d = au_h_dptr(a->src_dentry, bindex);
+		if (h_d)
+			d_drop(h_d);
+	}
+	d_drop(a->dentry);
+	bend = au_dbend(a->dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(a->dentry); bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_d = au_h_dptr(a->dentry, bindex);
+		if (h_d)
+			d_drop(h_d);
+	}
+	au_update_dbstart(a->dentry);
+	if (a->thargs)
+		d_drop(a->h_dst);
+ out_success:
+	dput(a->wh_dentry[SRC]);
+	dput(a->wh_dentry[DST]);
+ out_thargs:
+	if (a->thargs) {
+		dput(a->h_dst);
+		kfree(a->thargs);
+	}
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if @dentry dir can be rename destination or not.
+ * success means, it is a logically empty dir.
+ */
+static int may_rename_dstdir(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t btgt,
+			     struct au_nhash *whlist)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	return au_test_empty(dentry, whlist);
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if @dentry dir can be rename source or not.
+ * if it can, return 0 and @children is filled.
+ * success means,
+ * - or, it is a logically empty dir.
+ * - or, it exists on writable branch and has no children including whiteouts
+ *       on the lower branch.
+ */
+static int may_rename_srcdir(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t btgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	if (bstart != btgt) {
+		struct au_nhash *whlist;
+
+		whlist = au_nhash_new(GFP_NOFS);
+		err = PTR_ERR(whlist);
+		if (IS_ERR(whlist))
+			goto out;
+		err = au_test_empty(dentry, whlist);
+		au_nhash_del(whlist);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (bstart == au_dbtaildir(dentry))
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	err = au_test_empty_lower(dentry);
+
+ out:
+	if (/* unlikely */(err == -ENOTEMPTY)) {
+		AuWarn1("renaming dir who has child(ren) on multiple branches,"
+			" is not supported\n");
+		err = -EXDEV;
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* mainly for link(2) and rename(2) */
+int au_wbr(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t btgt)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bdiropq, bwh;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), btgt);
+	parent = dentry->d_parent;
+	IMustLock(parent->d_inode); /* dir is locked */
+
+	bdiropq = au_dbdiropq(parent);
+	bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+	if (au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(dentry->d_sb, btgt))
+		     || (0 <= bdiropq && bdiropq < btgt)
+		     || (0 <= bwh && bwh < btgt))
+		btgt = -1;
+
+	LKTRTrace("btgt %d\n", btgt);
+	return btgt;
+}
+
+/*
+ * simple tests for rename.
+ * following the checks in vfs, plus the parent-child relationship.
+ */
+static int au_may_ren(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (a->bstart[SRC] == a->btgt) {
+		err = au_may_del(a->src_dentry, a->btgt, a->h_parent[SRC],
+				 au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISDIR), &a->ndx);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		if (unlikely(a->h_dentry[SRC] == a->h_trap))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (a->bstart[DST] != a->btgt)
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	h_inode = a->h_dentry[DST]->d_inode;
+	if (!a->dentry->d_inode) {
+		if (unlikely(h_inode))
+			goto out;
+		err = au_may_add(a->dentry, a->btgt, a->h_parent[DST],
+				 au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISDIR), &a->ndx);
+	} else {
+		if (unlikely(!h_inode || !h_inode->i_nlink))
+			goto out;
+		err = au_may_del(a->dentry, a->btgt, a->h_parent[DST],
+				 au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISDIR), &a->ndx);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+		err = -ENOTEMPTY;
+		if (unlikely(a->h_dentry[DST] == a->h_trap))
+			goto out;
+		err = 0;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	if (unlikely(err == -ENOENT || err == -EEXIST))
+		err = -EIO;
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * locking order
+ * (VFS)
+ * - src_dir and dir by lock_rename()
+ * - inode if exitsts
+ * (aufs)
+ * - lock all
+ *   + src_dentry and dentry by aufs_read_and_write_lock2() which calls,
+ *     + si_read_lock
+ *     + di_write_lock2_child()
+ *       + di_write_lock_child()
+ *	   + ii_write_lock_child()
+ *       + di_write_lock_child2()
+ *	   + ii_write_lock_child2()
+ *     + src_parent and parent
+ *       + di_write_lock_parent()
+ *	   + ii_write_lock_parent()
+ *       + di_write_lock_parent2()
+ *	   + ii_write_lock_parent2()
+ *   + if udab=inotify is specified, lock grand parents (crazy)
+ *     + di_read_lock_gparent()
+ *       + ii_read_lock_gparent()
+ *     + di_read_lock_gparent2()
+ *       + ii_read_lock_gparent2()
+ *     + mutex_lock(s_vfs_rename_mutex)
+ *     + mutex_lock_gparent()
+ *     + mutex_lock_gparent2()
+ *     + mutex_lock_parent()
+ *     + mutex_lock_parent2()
+ *   + else lower src_dir and dir by vfsub_lock_rename()
+ *   + verify the every relations between child, parent and grand parent. if any
+ *     of them failed, unlock all and return -EBUSY.
+ */
+static void au_ren_pin_init(struct au_pin *first, struct dentry *d1,
+			    struct au_pin *next, struct dentry *d2,
+			    aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	/* AuLsc_DI_PARENT3 is for higher gparent initially */
+	au_pin_init(first, d1, bindex, AuLsc_DI_PARENT2, AuLsc_I_PARENT2,
+		    AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_DO_GPARENT);
+	/* AuLsc_DI_PARENT4 is for lower gparent initially */
+	au_pin_init(next, d2, bindex, AuLsc_DI_PARENT3, AuLsc_I_PARENT4,
+		    AuPin_DI_LOCKED | AuPin_DO_GPARENT);
+}
+
+static void au_ren_fake_pin(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct au_pin1 *p;
+	struct inode *h_i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	/* they increment the ref counter */
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+		p = a->pin[i].pin + AuPin_PARENT;
+		au_pin_set_parent(a->pin + i, a->parent[i]);
+		dput(a->parent[i]);
+		h_i = a->h_parent[i]->d_inode;
+		au_pin_set_h_dir(a->pin + i, h_i);
+		iput(h_i);
+
+		if (!a->gparent[i]) {
+			au_pin_set_gparent(a->pin + i, NULL);
+			au_pin_set_h_gdir(a->pin + i, NULL);
+		} else {
+			au_pin_set_gparent(a->pin + i, a->gparent[i]);
+			dput(a->gparent[i]);
+			h_i = au_h_iptr(a->gparent[i]->d_inode, a->btgt);
+			au_pin_set_h_gdir(a->pin + i, h_i);
+			iput(h_i);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* crazy */
+/* cf. i_op.c: au_do_pin() */
+static int au_ren_pin4(int higher, int lower, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err, i, lsc;
+	struct au_pin *p;
+	struct au_pin1 *p4[4];
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+#if 0
+	lktr_set_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, i%lu, %.*s\n",
+		  a->src_dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(a->src_dentry),
+		  a->dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(a->dentry));
+	lktr_clear_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+#endif
+	LKTRTrace("%d, %d\n", higher, lower);
+
+	err = 0;
+	p = a->pin + higher;
+	p4[0] = au_pin_gp(p); /* highest */
+	p4[1] = p->pin + AuPin_PARENT;
+	p = a->pin + lower;
+	p4[2] = au_pin_gp(p);
+	p4[3] = p->pin + AuPin_PARENT;
+
+	if (a->gparent[higher]) {
+		au_pin_do_set_parent(p4[0], a->gparent[higher]);
+		au_pin_do_set_dentry(p4[0], a->parent[higher]);
+	}
+	au_pin_do_set_parent(p4[1], a->parent[higher]);
+	if (a->gparent[lower]) {
+		au_pin_do_set_parent(p4[2], a->gparent[lower]);
+		au_pin_do_set_dentry(p4[2], a->parent[lower]);
+	}
+	au_pin_do_set_parent(p4[3], a->parent[lower]);
+
+#if 0
+	lktr_set_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+		AuDbgDentry(p4[i]->parent);
+#endif
+	DiMustWriteLock(p4[3]->parent);
+	di_write_unlock(p4[1]->parent);
+	if (p4[2]->parent)
+		di_read_lock_parent2(p4[2]->parent, AuLock_IR);
+	di_write_lock_parent3(p4[1]->parent);
+	if (p4[0]->parent)
+		di_read_lock_parent4(p4[0]->parent, AuLock_IR);
+	//lktr_clear_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+
+	vfsub_lock_rename_mutex(au_sbr_sb(a->dentry->d_sb, a->btgt));
+	au_fset_ren(a->flags, VFSLOCK);
+
+	lsc = AuLsc_I_PARENT;
+	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++, lsc++) {
+		if (p4[i]->parent) {
+			h_dir = au_h_iptr(p4[i]->parent->d_inode, a->btgt);
+			au_pin_do_set_h_dir(p4[i], h_dir);
+			mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, lsc);
+		}
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static struct dentry *au_ren_pin3(int higher, int lower, struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_trap;
+	struct au_pin *p;
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%d, %d\n", higher, lower);
+
+	p = a->pin + higher;
+	AuDebugOn(!au_pin_gp(p));
+	au_fset_pin(au_pin_gp(p)->flags, VFS_RENAME);
+	err = au_do_pin(p->pin + AuPin_PARENT, au_pin_gp(p));
+	h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	p = a->pin + lower;
+	au_fclr_pin(p->pin[AuPin_PARENT].flags, DO_GPARENT);
+	err = au_do_pin(p->pin + AuPin_PARENT, NULL);
+	h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		p = a->pin + higher;
+		au_do_unpin(p->pin + AuPin_PARENT, au_pin_gp(p));
+		goto out;
+	}
+	h_trap = au_pinned_h_parent(p);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(h_trap);
+	return h_trap;
+}
+
+static struct dentry *au_ren_pin(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_trap;
+	struct inode *h_gdir;
+	int err, i, same_gp;
+
+	//lktr_set_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY));
+
+	/* gdir is not locked */
+	same_gp = 0;
+	if (!IS_ROOT(a->parent[SRC]))
+		a->gparent[SRC] = dget_parent(a->parent[SRC]);
+	if (!IS_ROOT(a->parent[DST])) {
+		a->gparent[DST] = dget_parent(a->parent[DST]);
+		same_gp = (a->gparent[SRC] == a->gparent[DST]);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * patterns
+	 * - gparent[SRC] is parent[DST]
+	 * - parent[SRC] is gparent[DST]
+	 * - gparent[SRC] is gparent[DST]
+	 * - gparent[SRC] is a descendant of parent[DST]
+	 * - parent[SRC] is an ancestor of gparent[DST]
+	 * - not within grand parent range
+	 */
+	err = 0;
+	h_trap = ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
+	if (a->gparent[SRC] == a->parent[DST]) {
+		//AuDbg("here\n");
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + DST, a->dentry, a->pin + SRC,
+				a->src_dentry, a->btgt);
+		h_trap = au_ren_pin3(DST, SRC, a);
+		if (!IS_ERR(h_trap)) {
+			h_gdir = au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + DST);
+			err = au_verify_parent(a->h_parent[SRC], h_gdir);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				h_trap = ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
+		}
+	} else if (a->parent[SRC] == a->gparent[DST] || same_gp) {
+		//AuDbg("here\n");
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + SRC, a->src_dentry, a->pin + DST,
+				a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		h_trap = au_ren_pin3(SRC, DST, a);
+		if (!IS_ERR(h_trap)) {
+			if (!same_gp)
+				h_gdir = au_pinned_h_dir(a->pin + SRC);
+			else
+				h_gdir = au_pinned_h_gdir(a->pin + SRC);
+			err = au_verify_parent(a->h_parent[DST], h_gdir);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				h_trap = ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
+		}
+	} else if (a->gparent[SRC]
+		   && (h_trap = au_test_subdir(a->gparent[SRC],
+					       a->parent[DST]))) {
+		//AuDbg("here\n");
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + DST, a->dentry, a->pin + SRC,
+				a->src_dentry, a->btgt);
+		if (a->gparent[DST]) {
+			err = au_ren_pin4(DST, SRC, a);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+		} else {
+			struct dentry *t;
+			t = au_ren_pin3(DST, SRC, a);
+			AuDebugOn(t == h_trap);
+		}
+#if 1
+	} else if (a->gparent[DST]
+		   && (h_trap = au_test_subdir(a->gparent[DST],
+					       a->parent[SRC]))) {
+		/* todo: is this really necessary? */
+		//AuDbg("here\n");
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + SRC, a->src_dentry, a->pin + DST,
+				a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		if (a->gparent[SRC]) {
+			err = au_ren_pin4(SRC, DST, a);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+		} else {
+			struct dentry *t;
+			t = au_ren_pin3(SRC, DST, a);
+			AuDebugOn(t == h_trap);
+		}
+#endif
+	} else /* if (a->gparent[DST]
+		  && (h_trap = au_test_subdir(a->gparent[DST],
+		  a->parent[SRC]))) */ {
+		//AuDbg("here\n");
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		h_trap = NULL;
+		if (a->gparent[DST])
+			h_trap = au_test_subdir(a->gparent[DST],
+						a->parent[SRC]);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + SRC, a->src_dentry, a->pin + DST,
+				a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		err = au_ren_pin4(SRC, DST, a);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+	}
+	au_fset_ren(a->flags, PINNED);
+
+	if (!IS_ERR(h_trap)) {
+		err = 0;
+		for (i = 0; !err && i < 2; i++) {
+			h_gdir = au_pinned_h_gdir(a->pin + i);
+			if (h_gdir)
+				err = au_verify_parent(a->h_parent[i], h_gdir);
+		}
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			h_trap = ERR_PTR(err);
+			//AuDbg("here\n");
+		}
+	}
+
+	dput(a->gparent[SRC]);
+	dput(a->gparent[DST]);
+	memset(a->gparent, 0, sizeof(a->gparent));
+	AuTraceErrPtr(h_trap);
+	//lktr_clear_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	return h_trap;
+}
+
+static void au_ren_unlock(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, MNT_WRITE))
+		au_mnt_drop_write(au_sbr_mnt(a->dentry->d_sb, a->btgt));
+	if (a->h_locked[0])
+		vfsub_unlock_rename(a->h_locked[0], a->h_locked[1]);
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, PINNED)) {
+		au_unpin(a->pin + SRC);
+		au_unpin(a->pin + DST);
+		memset(a->gparent, 0, sizeof(a->gparent));
+	}
+	if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, VFSLOCK))
+		vfsub_unlock_rename_mutex(au_sbr_sb(a->dentry->d_sb, a->btgt));
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		if (a->gparent[i]) {
+			di_read_unlock(a->gparent[i], AuLock_IR);
+			dput(a->gparent[i]);
+		}
+}
+
+static int au_ren_lock(struct au_ren_args *a)
+{
+	int err;
+	const int hinotify = au_opt_test(a->mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!hinotify
+	    || (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISSAMEDIR) && IS_ROOT(a->parent[SRC]))) {
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + SRC, a->src_dentry, a->pin + DST,
+				a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		a->h_locked[0] = a->h_parent[SRC];
+		a->h_locked[1] = a->h_parent[DST];
+		a->h_trap = vfsub_lock_rename(a->h_locked[0], a->h_locked[1]);
+		au_ren_fake_pin(a);
+	} else if (au_ftest_ren(a->flags, ISSAMEDIR)
+		   && !IS_ROOT(a->parent[SRC])) {
+		/* this and next block should not be compiled when
+		   hinotify is disabled */
+		/* irregular/tricky rename lock */
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		au_ren_pin_init(a->pin + SRC, a->src_dentry, a->pin + DST,
+				a->dentry, a->btgt);
+		a->gparent[SRC] = dget_parent(a->parent[SRC]);
+		di_read_lock_parent2(a->gparent[SRC], AuLock_IR);
+		a->h_locked[0] = a->h_parent[SRC];
+		a->h_locked[1] = dget_parent(a->h_parent[SRC]);
+		a->h_trap = vfsub_lock_rename(a->h_locked[0], a->h_locked[1]);
+		err = au_verify_parent(a->h_parent[SRC],
+				       a->h_locked[1]->d_inode);
+		dput(a->h_locked[1]);
+		if (!err)
+			au_ren_fake_pin(a);
+	} else {
+		/* 3 or 4 dir locks. crazy */
+		LKTRLabel(here);
+		a->h_trap = au_ren_pin(a);
+		if (IS_ERR(a->h_trap))
+			err = PTR_ERR(a->h_trap);
+	}
+
+	if (!err && au_dbstart(a->src_dentry) == a->btgt)
+		err = au_verify_parent(a->h_dentry[SRC],
+				       a->h_parent[SRC]->d_inode);
+	if (!err && au_dbstart(a->dentry) == a->btgt)
+		err = au_verify_parent(a->h_dentry[DST],
+				       a->h_parent[DST]->d_inode);
+	if (!err) {
+		err = au_br_want_write(au_sbr(a->dentry->d_sb, a->btgt));
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_unlock;
+		au_fset_ren(a->flags, MNT_WRITE);
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	err = -EBUSY;
+
+ out_unlock:
+	au_ren_unlock(a);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int aufs_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+	unsigned char do_dt_dstdir, hinotify;
+	struct inode *inode[2];
+	enum { PARENT, CHILD };
+	/* reduce stack space */
+	struct {
+		struct au_ren_args a;
+		struct au_dtime dt[2][2];
+	} *p;
+	struct au_wr_dir_args wr_dir_args = {
+		/* .force_btgt	= -1, */
+		.flags		= AuWrDir_ADD_ENTRY
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, i%lu, %.*s\n",
+		  src_dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(src_dentry),
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ROOT(src_dentry) || IS_ROOT(dentry));
+	IMustLock(src_dir);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	inode[DST] = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (inode[DST]) {
+		IMustLock(inode[DST]);
+		au_igrab(inode[DST]);
+	}
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(*p) > PAGE_SIZE);
+	p = kzalloc(sizeof(*p), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -ENOTDIR;
+	p->a.src_dir = src_dir;
+	p->a.src_dentry = src_dentry;
+	p->a.dir = dir;
+	p->a.dentry = dentry;
+	p->a.sb = src_dentry->d_sb;
+	inode[SRC] = src_dentry->d_inode;
+	p->a.flags = 0;
+	if (S_ISDIR(inode[SRC]->i_mode)) {
+		au_fset_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR);
+		if (unlikely(inode[DST] && !S_ISDIR(inode[DST]->i_mode)))
+			goto out_free;
+		aufs_read_and_write_lock2(dentry, src_dentry, AuLock_DIR);
+	} else
+		aufs_read_and_write_lock2(dentry, src_dentry, 0);
+
+	p->a.mnt_flags = au_mntflags(p->a.sb);
+	if (au_test_dlgt(p->a.mnt_flags))
+		au_fset_ren(p->a.flags, DLGT);
+	p->a.parent[SRC] = src_dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	p->a.parent[DST] = dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	au_fset_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR); /* temporary */
+	di_write_lock_parent(p->a.parent[DST]);
+
+	/* which branch we process */
+	p->a.bstart[SRC] = au_dbstart(src_dentry);
+	p->a.bstart[DST] = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR))
+		au_fset_wrdir(wr_dir_args.flags, ISDIR);
+	wr_dir_args.force_btgt = p->a.bstart[SRC];
+	if (dentry->d_inode && p->a.bstart[DST] < p->a.bstart[SRC])
+		wr_dir_args.force_btgt = p->a.bstart[DST];
+	wr_dir_args.force_btgt = au_wbr(dentry, wr_dir_args.force_btgt);
+	err = au_wr_dir(dentry, src_dentry, &wr_dir_args);
+	p->a.btgt = err;
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_unlock;
+
+	/* are they available to be renamed */
+	err = 0;
+	au_nhash_init(&p->a.whlist);
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR) && inode[DST]) {
+		au_set_dbstart(dentry, p->a.bstart[DST]);
+		err = may_rename_dstdir(dentry, p->a.btgt, &p->a.whlist);
+		au_set_dbstart(dentry, p->a.btgt);
+	}
+	p->a.h_dentry[DST] = au_h_dptr(dentry, au_dbstart(dentry));
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	/* todo: minor optimize,
+	   their sb may be same while their bindex differs? */
+	p->a.h_dentry[SRC] = au_h_dptr(src_dentry, au_dbstart(src_dentry));
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR)) {
+		err = may_rename_srcdir(src_dentry, p->a.btgt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_children;
+	}
+
+	/* prepare the writable parent dir on the same branch */
+	if (p->a.bstart[DST] == p->a.btgt) {
+		au_fset_ren(p->a.flags, WHDST);
+	} else {
+		err = au_cpup_dirs(dentry, p->a.btgt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_children;
+	}
+
+	if (src_dir != dir) {
+		/*
+		 * this temporary unlock is safe,
+		 * because both dir->i_mutex are locked.
+		 */
+		di_write_unlock(p->a.parent[DST]);
+		di_write_lock_parent(p->a.parent[SRC]);
+		err = au_wr_dir_need_wh
+			(src_dentry, au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR),
+			 &p->a.btgt);
+		di_write_unlock(p->a.parent[SRC]);
+		di_write_lock2_parent(p->a.parent[SRC], p->a.parent[DST],
+				      /*isdir*/1);
+		au_fclr_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR);
+	} else
+		err = au_wr_dir_need_wh
+			(src_dentry, au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR),
+			 &p->a.btgt);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_children;
+	if (err)
+		au_fset_ren(p->a.flags, WHSRC);
+
+	hinotify = au_opt_test(p->a.mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	p->a.h_parent[SRC] = au_h_dptr(p->a.parent[SRC], p->a.btgt);
+	p->a.h_parent[DST] = au_h_dptr(p->a.parent[DST], p->a.btgt);
+	err = au_ren_lock(&p->a);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_children;
+
+	if (!au_opt_test(p->a.mnt_flags, UDBA_NONE)) {
+		p->a.ndx.nfsmnt	= au_nfsmnt(p->a.sb, p->a.btgt);
+		if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, DLGT))
+			au_fset_ndx(p->a.ndx.flags, DLGT);
+		err = au_may_ren(&p->a);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_hdir;
+		memset(&p->a.ndx, 0, sizeof(p->a.ndx));
+	}
+
+	/* store timestamps to be revertible */
+	au_dtime_store(p->dt[PARENT] + SRC, p->a.parent[SRC],
+		       p->a.h_parent[SRC], au_pinned_hdir(p->a.pin + SRC),
+		       au_pinned_hgdir(p->a.pin + SRC)
+		       /* hgdir[SRC] */);
+	if (!au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR))
+		au_dtime_store(p->dt[PARENT] + DST, p->a.parent[DST],
+			       p->a.h_parent[DST],
+			       au_pinned_hdir(p->a.pin + DST),
+			       au_pinned_hgdir(p->a.pin + DST)
+			       /* hgdir[DST] */);
+	do_dt_dstdir = 0;
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR)) {
+		au_dtime_store(p->dt[CHILD] + SRC, src_dentry,
+			       p->a.h_dentry[SRC], au_hi(inode[SRC], p->a.btgt),
+			       au_pinned_hdir(p->a.pin + SRC));
+		if (p->a.h_dentry[DST]->d_inode) {
+			do_dt_dstdir = 1;
+			au_dtime_store(p->dt[CHILD] + DST, dentry,
+				       p->a.h_dentry[DST],
+				       au_hi(inode[DST], p->a.btgt),
+				       au_pinned_hdir(p->a.pin + DST));
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = do_rename(&p->a);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_dt;
+
+	/* update dir attributes */
+	dir->i_version++;
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR)) {
+		/* is this updating defined in POSIX? */
+		/* mutex_lock(&inode[SRC]->i_mutex); */
+		au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode[SRC]);
+		/* mutex_unlock(&inode[SRC]->i_mutex); */
+
+		au_cpup_attr_nlink(dir, /*force*/1);
+		if (inode[DST]) {
+			clear_nlink(inode[DST]);
+			au_cpup_attr_timesizes(inode[DST]);
+		}
+	}
+	if (au_ibstart(dir) == p->a.btgt)
+		au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dir);
+
+	if (!au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR)) {
+		src_dir->i_version++;
+		if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR))
+			au_cpup_attr_nlink(src_dir, /*force*/1);
+		if (au_ibstart(src_dir) == p->a.btgt)
+			au_cpup_attr_timesizes(src_dir);
+	}
+
+	/* todo: simple d_drop(src_dentry) is not enough? */
+	/* dput/iput all lower dentries */
+	au_set_dbwh(src_dentry, -1);
+	bend = au_dbend(src_dentry);
+	for (bindex = p->a.btgt + 1; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		struct dentry *hd;
+		hd = au_h_dptr(src_dentry, bindex);
+		if (hd)
+			au_set_h_dptr(src_dentry, bindex, NULL);
+	}
+	au_set_dbend(src_dentry, p->a.btgt);
+
+	if (au_opt_test(p->a.mnt_flags, PLINK)
+	    && au_plink_test(src_dentry->d_sb, inode[SRC]))
+		goto out_hdir; /* success */
+	bend = au_ibend(inode[SRC]);
+	for (bindex = p->a.btgt + 1; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		struct inode *hi;
+		hi = au_h_iptr(inode[SRC], bindex);
+		if (hi) {
+			au_xino_write0(p->a.sb, bindex, hi->i_ino, 0);
+			/* ignore this error */
+			au_set_h_iptr(inode[SRC], bindex, NULL, 0);
+		}
+	}
+	au_set_ibend(inode[SRC], p->a.btgt);
+	goto out_hdir; /* success */
+
+ out_dt:
+	au_dtime_revert(p->dt[PARENT] + SRC);
+	if (!au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR))
+		au_dtime_revert(p->dt[PARENT] + DST);
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR) && err != -EIO) {
+		struct dentry *hd;
+
+		hd = p->dt[CHILD][SRC].dt_h_dentry;
+		mutex_lock_nested(&hd->d_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		au_dtime_revert(p->dt[CHILD] + SRC);
+		mutex_unlock(&hd->d_inode->i_mutex);
+		if (do_dt_dstdir) {
+			hd = p->dt[CHILD][DST].dt_h_dentry;
+			mutex_lock_nested(&hd->d_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+			au_dtime_revert(p->dt[CHILD] + DST);
+			mutex_unlock(&hd->d_inode->i_mutex);
+		}
+	}
+ out_hdir:
+	au_ren_unlock(&p->a);
+ out_children:
+	au_nhash_fin(&p->a.whlist);
+ out_unlock:
+	if (unlikely(err && au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR))) {
+		au_update_dbstart(dentry);
+		d_drop(dentry);
+	}
+	if (!err) {
+		d_move(src_dentry, dentry);
+		if (inode[DST]
+		    && (inode[DST]->i_nlink == 1
+			|| au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISDIR)))
+				inode[DST]->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
+	}
+	if (au_ftest_ren(p->a.flags, ISSAMEDIR))
+		di_write_unlock(p->a.parent[DST]);
+	else
+		di_write_unlock2(p->a.parent[SRC], p->a.parent[DST]);
+	aufs_read_and_write_unlock2(dentry, src_dentry);
+ out_free:
+	kfree(p);
+ out:
+	iput(inode[DST]);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	//lktr_clear_pid(current->pid, LktrArrayPid);
+	if (unlikely(err == -EBUSY && au_test_nfsd(current)))
+		err = -ESTALE;
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/Makefile linux-aufs/fs/aufs/Makefile
--- linux/fs/aufs/Makefile	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/Makefile	2008-10-20 03:47:24.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# AUFS Makefile for the Linux 2.6.25 and later
+# $Id$
+
+# the environment variables are not inherited since 2.6.23
+ifdef AUFS_EXTRA_CFLAGS
+ccflags-y += ${AUFS_EXTRA_CFLAGS}
+endif
+
+########################################
+
+ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_RR_SQUASHFS
+# cf. squashfs3.2-r2 and sqlzma patch.
+ccflags-y += -DSQUASHFS_MAGIC=0x73717368
+ccflags-y += -DSQUASHFS_MAGIC_SWAP=0x68737173
+ccflags-y += -DSQUASHFS_MAGIC_LZMA=0x71736873
+ccflags-y += -DSQUASHFS_MAGIC_LZMA_SWAP=0x73687371
+endif
+
+# defined in ${srctree}/fs/fuse/inode.c
+ccflags-$(CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE) += -DFUSE_SUPER_MAGIC=0x65735546
+
+# defined in ${srctree}/fs/xfs/xfs_sb.h
+# tristate
+ifdef CONFIG_XFS_FS
+ccflags-y += -DXFS_SB_MAGIC=0x58465342
+endif
+
+# defined in ${srctree}/mm/shmem.c
+# tristate
+ifdef CONFIG_TMPFS
+ccflags-y += -DTMPFS_MAGIC=0x01021994
+endif
+
+# defined in ${srctree}fs/sysfs/mount.c
+# bool
+ccflags-$(CONFIG_SYSFS) += -DSYSFS_MAGIC=0x62656572
+
+ifndef EXTRAVERSION
+EXTRAVERSION = $(shell echo ${KERNELVERSION} | cut -f3- -d. | cut -f2- -d-)
+endif
+# for -mm tree, support the latest version only
+ifneq ($(strip $(shell echo ${EXTRAVERSION} | fgrep -- mm)),)
+ccflags-y += -DCONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH -DCONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH
+endif
+
+-include $(dir $(lastword ${MAKEFILE_LIST}))priv.mk
+#$(warning ${ccflags-y})
+
+########################################
+
+obj-$(CONFIG_AUFS) += aufs.o
+aufs-y := module.o super.o sbinfo.o branch.o xino.o sysaufs.o opts.o \
+	wkq.o vfsub.o dcsub.o \
+	cpup.o whout.o plink.o wbr_policy.o \
+	dentry.o dinfo.o \
+	file.o f_op.o finfo.o \
+	dir.o vdir.o \
+	inode.o i_op.o i_op_add.o i_op_del.o i_op_ren.o iinfo.o \
+	misc.o
+
+aufs-$(CONFIG_SYSFS) += sysfs.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS) += br_nfs.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_BR_XFS) += br_xfs.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE) += br_fuse.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT) += dlgt.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY) += hinotify.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_HIN_OR_DLGT) += hin_or_dlgt.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR) += getattr.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT) += export.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR) += robr.o
+# reserved for future use
+#aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_XATTR) += xattr.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG) += debug.o
+aufs-$(CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ) += sysrq.o
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/misc.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/misc.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/misc.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/misc.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+void *au_kzrealloc(void *p, unsigned int nused, unsigned int new_sz, gfp_t gfp)
+{
+	void *q;
+
+	LKTRTrace("p %p, nused %d, sz %d\n", p, nused, new_sz);
+	AuDebugOn(new_sz <= 0);
+	if (new_sz <= nused)
+		return p;
+
+	q = krealloc(p, new_sz, gfp);
+	if (q)
+		memset(q + nused, 0, new_sz - nused);
+	return q;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct nameidata *au_dup_nd(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo, struct nameidata *dst,
+			    struct nameidata *src)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("src %p\n", src);
+
+	if (src) {
+		*dst = *src;
+		dst->flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
+		if (sbinfo->si_wbr_create == AuWbrCreate_TDP) {
+			if ((dst->flags & LOOKUP_CREATE)
+			    && !(dst->intent.open.flags & O_CREAT))
+				dst->flags &= ~LOOKUP_CREATE;
+		} else {
+			dst->flags &= ~LOOKUP_CREATE;
+			dst->intent.open.flags &= ~O_CREAT;
+		}
+	} else
+		dst = NULL;
+
+	return dst;
+}
+
+struct nameidata *au_fake_dm(struct nameidata *fake_nd, struct nameidata *nd,
+			     struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("nd %p, b%d\n", nd, bindex);
+
+	if (!nd)
+		return NULL;
+
+	DiMustAnyLock(nd->path.dentry);
+
+	fake_nd->path.dentry = NULL;
+	fake_nd->path.mnt = NULL;
+
+	if (bindex <= au_dbend(nd->path.dentry))
+		fake_nd->path.dentry = au_h_dptr(nd->path.dentry, bindex);
+	if (fake_nd->path.dentry) {
+		fake_nd->path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex);
+		AuDebugOn(!fake_nd->path.mnt);
+		path_get(&fake_nd->path);
+	} else
+		fake_nd = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(fake_nd);
+	return fake_nd;
+}
+
+void au_fake_dm_release(struct nameidata *fake_nd)
+{
+	if (fake_nd)
+		path_put(&fake_nd->path);
+}
+
+int au_h_create(struct inode *h_dir, struct dentry *h_dentry, int mode,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct nameidata *nd,
+		struct vfsmount *nfsmnt)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("hi%lu, %.*s, 0%o, nd %d, nfsmnt %d\n",
+		  h_dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(h_dentry), mode, !!nd, !!nfsmnt);
+
+	err = -ENOSYS;
+	if (!nfsmnt)
+		err = vfsub_create(h_dir, h_dentry, mode, /*nd*/NULL, vargs);
+	else {
+		struct nameidata fake_nd;
+
+		if (nd)
+			fake_nd = *nd;
+		else
+			memset(&fake_nd, 0, sizeof(fake_nd));
+		fake_nd.path.dentry = h_dentry;
+		fake_nd.path.mnt = nfsmnt;
+		path_get(&fake_nd.path);
+		fake_nd.flags = LOOKUP_CREATE;
+		fake_nd.intent.open.flags = O_CREAT | FMODE_READ;
+		fake_nd.intent.open.create_mode = mode;
+
+		err = vfsub_create(h_dir, h_dentry, mode, &fake_nd, vargs);
+		path_put(&fake_nd.path);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* empty_zero_page is not exported on PPC before 2.6.26 */
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26) \
+	&& (defined(CONFIG_PPC) || defined(CONFIG_PPC64))
+static char *au_zp_alloc(void)
+{
+	return (void *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_NOFS);
+}
+
+static void au_zp_free(char *p)
+{
+	if (p)
+		free_page((unsigned long)p);
+}
+#else
+static char *au_zp_alloc(void)
+{
+	return page_address(ZERO_PAGE(0));
+}
+
+static void au_zp_free(char *p)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif
+
+int au_copy_file(struct file *dst, struct file *src, loff_t len,
+		 struct au_hinode *hdir, struct super_block *sb,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err, all_zero, do_kfree;
+	unsigned long blksize;
+	char *buf, *zp;
+	/* reduce stack usage */
+	struct iattr *ia;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dst->f_dentry), AuDLNPair(src->f_dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!(dst->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE));
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	{
+		struct dentry *parent;
+		parent = dget_parent(dst->f_dentry);
+		IMustLock(parent->d_inode);
+		dput(parent);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	zp = au_zp_alloc();
+	if (unlikely(!zp))
+		goto out;
+	blksize = dst->f_dentry->d_sb->s_blocksize;
+	if (!blksize || PAGE_SIZE < blksize)
+		blksize = PAGE_SIZE;
+	LKTRTrace("blksize %lu\n", blksize);
+	do_kfree = (blksize != PAGE_SIZE && blksize >= sizeof(*ia));
+	if (do_kfree)
+		buf = kmalloc(blksize, GFP_NOFS);
+	else
+		buf = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!buf))
+		goto out;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	if (len > (1 << 22))
+		AuWarn("copying a large file %lld\n", (long long)len);
+#endif
+	err = 0;
+	all_zero = 0;
+	src->f_pos = 0;
+	dst->f_pos = 0;
+	while (len) {
+		size_t sz, rbytes, wbytes;
+		char *p;
+
+		LKTRTrace("len %lld\n", len);
+		sz = blksize;
+		if (len < blksize)
+			sz = len;
+
+		/* support LSM and notify */
+		rbytes = 0;
+		/* todo: signal_pending? */
+		while (!rbytes || err == -EAGAIN || err == -EINTR) {
+			rbytes = vfsub_read_k(src, buf, sz, &src->f_pos,
+					      vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT));
+			err = rbytes;
+		}
+		if (unlikely(err < 0))
+			break;
+
+		all_zero = 0;
+		if (len >= rbytes && rbytes == blksize) {
+#if 1
+			all_zero = !memcmp(buf, zp, rbytes);
+#else /* reserved for future use */
+			unsigned long long *ullp;
+			size_t n, i;
+
+			all_zero = 1;
+			ullp = (void *)buf;
+			n = rbytes / sizeof(*ullp);
+			i = n;
+			while (n-- > 0 && all_zero)
+				all_zero = !*ullp++;
+			p = (void *)ullp;
+			i *= sizeof(*ullp);
+			for (; all_zero && i < rbytes; i++)
+				all_zero = !*p++;
+#endif
+		}
+		if (!all_zero) {
+			wbytes = rbytes;
+			p = buf;
+			while (wbytes) {
+				size_t b;
+				/* support LSM and notify */
+				vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+				vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_MODIFY, hdir);
+				b = vfsub_write_k(dst, p, wbytes, &dst->f_pos,
+						  vargs);
+				err = b;
+				/* todo: signal_pending? */
+				if (unlikely(err == -EAGAIN || err == -EINTR))
+					continue;
+				if (unlikely(err < 0))
+					break;
+				wbytes -= b;
+				p += b;
+			}
+		} else {
+			loff_t res;
+			LKTRLabel(hole);
+			res = vfsub_llseek(dst, rbytes, SEEK_CUR);
+			err = res;
+			if (unlikely(res < 0))
+				break;
+		}
+		len -= rbytes;
+		err = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* the last block may be a hole */
+	if (!err && all_zero) {
+		struct dentry *h_d = dst->f_dentry;
+		struct inode *h_i = h_d->d_inode;
+
+		LKTRLabel(last hole);
+		do {
+			/* todo: signal_pending? */
+			vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_MODIFY, hdir);
+			err = vfsub_write_k(dst, "\0", 1, &dst->f_pos, vargs);
+		} while (err == -EAGAIN || err == -EINTR);
+		if (err == 1) {
+			ia = (void *)buf;
+			ia->ia_size = dst->f_pos;
+			ia->ia_valid = ATTR_SIZE | ATTR_FILE;
+			ia->ia_file = dst;
+			vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, vfsub_events_notify_change(ia),
+					 hdir);
+			mutex_lock_nested(&h_i->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD2);
+			err = vfsub_notify_change(h_d, ia, vargs);
+			mutex_unlock(&h_i->i_mutex);
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_kfree)
+		kfree(buf);
+	else
+		free_page((unsigned long)buf);
+
+ out:
+	au_zp_free(zp);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/misc.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/misc.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/misc.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/misc.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_MISC_H__
+#define __AUFS_MISC_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+typedef unsigned int au_gen_t;
+/* see linux/include/linux/jiffies.h */
+#define AuGenYounger(a, b)	((int)(b) - (int)(a) < 0)
+#define AuGenOlder(a, b)	AufsGenYounger(b, a)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_splhead {
+	spinlock_t		spin;
+	struct list_head	head;
+};
+
+static inline void au_spl_init(struct au_splhead *spl)
+{
+	spin_lock_init(&spl->spin);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&spl->head);
+}
+
+static inline void au_spl_add(struct list_head *list, struct au_splhead *spl)
+{
+	spin_lock(&spl->spin);
+	list_add(list, &spl->head);
+	spin_unlock(&spl->spin);
+}
+
+static inline void au_spl_del(struct list_head *list, struct au_splhead *spl)
+{
+	spin_lock(&spl->spin);
+	list_del(list);
+	spin_unlock(&spl->spin);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_rwsem {
+	struct rw_semaphore	rwsem;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	atomic_t		rcnt;
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+#define AuDbgRcntInit(rw) do { \
+	atomic_set(&(rw)->rcnt, 0); \
+	smp_mb(); /* atomic set */ \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuDbgRcntInc(rw)	atomic_inc_return(&(rw)->rcnt)
+#define AuDbgRcntDec(rw)	WARN_ON(atomic_dec_return(&(rw)->rcnt) < 0)
+#else
+#define AuDbgRcntInit(rw)	do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgRcntInc(rw)	do {} while (0)
+#define AuDbgRcntDec(rw)	do {} while (0)
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+#define au_rwsem_destroy(rw)	AuDebugOn(rwsem_is_locked(&(rw)->rwsem))
+
+static inline void au_rw_init_nolock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	AuDbgRcntInit(rw);
+	init_rwsem(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_init_wlock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	au_rw_init_nolock(rw);
+	down_write(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_init_wlock_nested(struct au_rwsem *rw,
+					   unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	au_rw_init_nolock(rw);
+	down_write_nested(&rw->rwsem, lsc);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_read_lock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	down_read(&rw->rwsem);
+	AuDbgRcntInc(rw);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_read_lock_nested(struct au_rwsem *rw, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	down_read_nested(&rw->rwsem, lsc);
+	AuDbgRcntInc(rw);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_read_unlock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	AuDbgRcntDec(rw);
+	up_read(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_dgrade_lock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	AuDbgRcntInc(rw);
+	downgrade_write(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_write_lock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	down_write(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_write_lock_nested(struct au_rwsem *rw,
+					   unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	down_write_nested(&rw->rwsem, lsc);
+}
+
+static inline void au_rw_write_unlock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	up_write(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+/* why is not _nested version defined */
+static inline int au_rw_read_trylock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	int ret = down_read_trylock(&rw->rwsem);
+	if (ret)
+		AuDbgRcntInc(rw);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static inline int au_rw_write_trylock(struct au_rwsem *rw)
+{
+	return down_write_trylock(&rw->rwsem);
+}
+
+#undef AuDbgRcntInit
+#undef AuDbgRcntInc
+#undef AuDbgRcntDec
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define AuRwMustNoWaiters(rw)	AuDebugOn(!list_empty(&(rw)->rwsem.wait_list))
+#define AuRwMustAnyLock(rw)	AuDebugOn(down_write_trylock(&(rw)->rwsem))
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+#define AuRwMustReadLock(rw) do { \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(rw); \
+	AuDebugOn(!atomic_read(&(rw)->rcnt)); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuRwMustWriteLock(rw) do { \
+	AuRwMustAnyLock(rw); \
+	AuDebugOn(atomic_read(&(rw)->rcnt)); \
+} while (0)
+#else
+#define AuRwMustReadLock(rw)	AuRwMustAnyLock(rw)
+#define AuRwMustWriteLock(rw)	AuRwMustAnyLock(rw)
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG */
+
+#define AuSimpleLockRwsemFuncs(prefix, param, rwsem) \
+static inline void prefix##_read_lock(param) \
+{ au_rw_read_lock(&(rwsem)); } \
+static inline void prefix##_write_lock(param) \
+{ au_rw_write_lock(&(rwsem)); } \
+static inline int prefix##_read_trylock(param) \
+{ return au_rw_read_trylock(&(rwsem)); } \
+static inline int prefix##_write_trylock(param) \
+{ return au_rw_write_trylock(&(rwsem)); }
+/* static inline void prefix##_read_trylock_nested(param, lsc)
+{au_rw_read_trylock_nested(&(rwsem, lsc));}
+static inline void prefix##_write_trylock_nestd(param, lsc)
+{au_rw_write_trylock_nested(&(rwsem), nested);} */
+
+#define AuSimpleUnlockRwsemFuncs(prefix, param, rwsem) \
+static inline void prefix##_read_unlock(param) \
+{ au_rw_read_unlock(&(rwsem)); } \
+static inline void prefix##_write_unlock(param) \
+{ au_rw_write_unlock(&(rwsem)); } \
+static inline void prefix##_downgrade_lock(param) \
+{ au_rw_dgrade_lock(&(rwsem)); }
+
+#define AuSimpleRwsemFuncs(prefix, param, rwsem) \
+	AuSimpleLockRwsemFuncs(prefix, param, rwsem) \
+	AuSimpleUnlockRwsemFuncs(prefix, param, rwsem)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void *au_kzrealloc(void *p, unsigned int nused, unsigned int new_sz, gfp_t gfp);
+
+struct au_nd_store {
+	unsigned int		flags;
+	struct path		path;
+	struct open_intent	intent;
+};
+struct au_sbinfo;
+void au_nd_store(struct au_nd_store *store, struct nameidata *nd,
+		 struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo);
+void au_nd_revert(struct au_nd_store *store, struct nameidata *nd,
+		  struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo);
+
+struct nameidata *au_dup_nd(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo, struct nameidata *dst,
+			    struct nameidata *src);
+
+struct nameidata *au_fake_dm(struct nameidata *fake_nd, struct nameidata *nd,
+			     struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+void au_fake_dm_release(struct nameidata *fake_nd);
+struct vfsub_args;
+int au_h_create(struct inode *h_dir, struct dentry *h_dentry, int mode,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct nameidata *nd,
+		struct vfsmount *nfsmnt);
+
+struct au_hinode;
+int au_copy_file(struct file *dst, struct file *src, loff_t len,
+		 struct au_hinode *hdir, struct super_block *sb,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_MISC_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/module.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/module.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/module.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/module.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * module global variables and operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * aufs caches
+ */
+struct kmem_cache *au_cachep[AuCache_Last];
+static int __init create_cache(void)
+{
+	au_cachep[AuCache_DINFO] = AuCache(au_dinfo);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_DINFO])
+		au_cachep[AuCache_ICNTNR] = AuCache(aufs_icntnr);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_ICNTNR])
+		au_cachep[AuCache_FINFO] = AuCache(au_finfo);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_FINFO])
+		au_cachep[AuCache_VDIR] = AuCache(au_vdir);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_VDIR])
+		au_cachep[AuCache_DEHSTR] = AuCache(au_vdir_dehstr);
+	if (au_cachep[AuCache_DEHSTR])
+		return 0;
+
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static void destroy_cache(void)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < AuCache_Last; i++)
+		if (au_cachep[i]) {
+			kmem_cache_destroy(au_cachep[i]);
+			au_cachep[i] = NULL;
+		}
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+char au_esc_chars[0x20 + 3]; /* 0x01-0x20, backslash, del, and NULL */
+int au_dir_roflags;
+
+/*
+ * functions for module interface.
+ */
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+/* MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2"); */
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Junjiro Okajima");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION(AUFS_NAME " -- Another unionfs");
+MODULE_VERSION(AUFS_VERSION);
+
+/* it should be 'byte', but param_set_byte() prints it by "%c" */
+short aufs_nwkq = AUFS_NWKQ_DEF;
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(nwkq, "the number of workqueue thread, " AUFS_WKQ_NAME);
+module_param_named(nwkq, aufs_nwkq, short, S_IRUGO);
+
+int sysaufs_brs;
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(brs, "use <sysfs>/fs/aufs/si_*/brN");
+module_param_named(brs, sysaufs_brs, int, S_IRUGO);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int __init aufs_init(void)
+{
+	int err, i;
+	char *p;
+
+	au_debug_init();
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(ino_t) != sizeof(long long));
+#else
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(ino_t) != sizeof(int));
+#endif
+
+	p = au_esc_chars;
+	for (i = 1; i <= ' '; i++)
+		*p++ = i;
+	*p++ = '\\';
+	*p++ = '\x7f';
+	*p = 0;
+
+	au_dir_roflags = au_file_roflags(O_DIRECTORY | O_LARGEFILE);
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	if (unlikely(aufs_nwkq <= 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = sysaufs_init();
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+	err = au_wkq_init();
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_sysaufs;
+	err = au_inotify_init();
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_wkq;
+	err = au_sysrq_init();
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_inotify;
+
+	err = create_cache();
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_sysrq;
+
+	err = register_filesystem(&aufs_fs_type);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_cache;
+	pr_info(AUFS_NAME " " AUFS_VERSION "\n");
+	return 0; /* success */
+
+ out_cache:
+	destroy_cache();
+ out_sysrq:
+	au_sysrq_fin();
+ out_inotify:
+	au_inotify_fin();
+ out_wkq:
+	au_wkq_fin();
+ out_sysaufs:
+	sysaufs_fin();
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void __exit aufs_exit(void)
+{
+	unregister_filesystem(&aufs_fs_type);
+	destroy_cache();
+
+	au_sysrq_fin();
+	au_inotify_fin();
+	au_wkq_fin();
+	sysaufs_fin();
+}
+
+module_init(aufs_init);
+module_exit(aufs_exit);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* fake Kconfig */
+#if 1
+
+#if AUFS_BRANCH_MAX > 511 && PAGE_SIZE > 4096
+#warning pagesize is larger than 4kb, \
+	CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_511 or smaller is recommended.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+#ifndef CONFIG_SYSFS
+#error CONFIG_AUFS_STAT requires CONFIG_SYSFS.
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_STAT */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SYSAUFS
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_SYSAUFS is unnecessary for linux-2.6.25 and later.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+#ifndef CONFIG_INOTIFY
+#error enable CONFIG_INOTIFY to use CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY.
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+#if !defined(CONFIG_EXPORTFS) && !defined(CONFIG_EXPORTFS_MODULE)
+#error CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT requires CONFIG_EXPORTFS
+#endif
+#if defined(CONFIG_EXPORTFS_MODULE) && defined(CONFIG_AUFS)
+#error need CONFIG_EXPORTFS = y to link aufs statically with CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT.
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH
+#ifndef CONFIG_SECURITY
+#warning AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH is unnecessary since SECURITY is disabled.
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS
+#warning AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH is unnecessary since AUFS is not a module.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+#if !defined(CONFIG_NFS_FS) && !defined(CONFIG_NFS_FS_MODULE)
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_LHASH_PATCH is unnecessary since CONFIG_NFS_FS is disabled.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH
+#ifndef CONFIG_NFS_V4
+#warning AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH is unnecessary since NFS_V4 is disabled.
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS
+#warning AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH is unnecessary since AUFS is not a module.
+#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS
+#warning AUFS_FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH is unnecessary since AUFS is not a module.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS
+#warning AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH is unnecessary since AUFS is not a module.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_KSIZE_PATCH
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_KSIZE_PATCH is unnecessary for linux-2.6.22 and later.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE
+#if !defined(CONFIG_FUSE_FS) && !defined(CONFIG_FUSE_FS_MODULE)
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE is enabled while FUSE is disabled.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK is enabled but CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+#warning CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT will be removed in the near future.
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH
+#error mis-config. AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH is enabled but AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH.
+#endif
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+#error mis-config. AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH is enabled but AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PROVE_LOCKING
+#if MAX_LOCKDEP_SUBCLASSES < AuLsc_I_End
+#warning lockdep will not work since aufs uses deeper locks.
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/module.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/module.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/module.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/module.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * module initialization and module-global
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_MODULE_H__
+#define __AUFS_MODULE_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+/* module parameters */
+extern short aufs_nwkq;
+extern int sysaufs_brs;
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+extern char au_esc_chars[];
+extern int au_dir_roflags;
+
+/* kmem cache */
+enum {
+	AuCache_DINFO,
+	AuCache_ICNTNR,
+	AuCache_FINFO,
+	AuCache_VDIR,
+	AuCache_DEHSTR,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	AuCache_HINOTIFY,
+#endif
+	AuCache_Last
+};
+
+extern struct kmem_cache *au_cachep[];
+
+#define AuCacheArgs(type, sz)	(type), (sz), 0, SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT, NULL
+#define AuCache(type) \
+	kmem_cache_create(AuCacheArgs(#type, sizeof(struct type)))
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define AuCacheFuncs(name, index) \
+static inline void *au_cache_alloc_##name(void) \
+{ return kmem_cache_alloc(au_cachep[index], GFP_NOFS); } \
+static inline void au_cache_free_##name(void *p) \
+{ kmem_cache_free(au_cachep[index], p); }
+
+AuCacheFuncs(dinfo, AuCache_DINFO);
+AuCacheFuncs(icntnr, AuCache_ICNTNR);
+AuCacheFuncs(finfo, AuCache_FINFO);
+AuCacheFuncs(vdir, AuCache_VDIR);
+AuCacheFuncs(dehstr, AuCache_DEHSTR);
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_MODULE_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/opts.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/opts.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/opts.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/opts.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1613 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * mount options/flags
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/types.h> /* a distribution requires */
+#include <linux/parser.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+enum {
+	Opt_br,
+	Opt_add, Opt_del, Opt_mod, Opt_reorder, Opt_append, Opt_prepend,
+	Opt_idel, Opt_imod, Opt_ireorder,
+	Opt_dirwh, Opt_rdcache, Opt_deblk, Opt_nhash, Opt_rendir,
+	Opt_xino, Opt_zxino, Opt_noxino,
+	Opt_trunc_xino, Opt_trunc_xino_v, Opt_notrunc_xino,
+	Opt_trunc_xino_path, Opt_itrunc_xino,
+	Opt_xinodir,
+	Opt_trunc_xib, Opt_notrunc_xib,
+	Opt_dirperm1, Opt_nodirperm1,
+	Opt_shwh, Opt_noshwh,
+	Opt_plink, Opt_noplink, Opt_list_plink, Opt_clean_plink,
+	Opt_udba,
+	/* Opt_lock, Opt_unlock, */
+	Opt_cmd, Opt_cmd_args,
+	Opt_diropq_a, Opt_diropq_w,
+	Opt_warn_perm, Opt_nowarn_perm,
+	Opt_wbr_copyup, Opt_wbr_create,
+	Opt_coo,
+	Opt_dlgt, Opt_nodlgt,
+	Opt_refrof, Opt_norefrof,
+	Opt_verbose, Opt_noverbose,
+	Opt_sum, Opt_nosum, Opt_wsum,
+	Opt_tail, Opt_ignore, Opt_ignore_silent, Opt_err
+};
+
+static match_table_t options = {
+	{Opt_br, "br=%s"},
+	{Opt_br, "br:%s"},
+
+	{Opt_add, "add=%d:%s"},
+	{Opt_add, "add:%d:%s"},
+	{Opt_add, "ins=%d:%s"},
+	{Opt_add, "ins:%d:%s"},
+	{Opt_append, "append=%s"},
+	{Opt_append, "append:%s"},
+	{Opt_prepend, "prepend=%s"},
+	{Opt_prepend, "prepend:%s"},
+
+	{Opt_del, "del=%s"},
+	{Opt_del, "del:%s"},
+	/* {Opt_idel, "idel:%d"}, */
+	{Opt_mod, "mod=%s"},
+	{Opt_mod, "mod:%s"},
+	{Opt_imod, "imod:%d:%s"},
+
+	{Opt_dirwh, "dirwh=%d"},
+	{Opt_dirwh, "dirwh:%d"},
+
+	{Opt_xino, "xino=%s"},
+	{Opt_xino, "xino:%s"},
+#if 0 /* def CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */ /* reserved for futur use */
+	{Opt_xinodir, "xinodir=%s"},
+	{Opt_xinodir, "xinodir:%s"},
+#endif
+	{Opt_noxino, "noxino"},
+	{Opt_trunc_xino, "trunc_xino"},
+	{Opt_trunc_xino_v, "trunc_xino_v=%d:%d"},
+	{Opt_notrunc_xino, "notrunc_xino"},
+	{Opt_trunc_xino_path, "trunc_xino=%s"},
+	{Opt_trunc_xino_path, "trunc_xino:%s"},
+	{Opt_itrunc_xino, "itrunc_xino=%d"},
+	{Opt_itrunc_xino, "itrunc_xino:%d"},
+	/* {Opt_zxino, "zxino=%s"}, */
+	{Opt_trunc_xib, "trunc_xib"},
+	{Opt_notrunc_xib, "notrunc_xib"},
+
+	{Opt_plink, "plink"},
+	{Opt_noplink, "noplink"},
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	{Opt_list_plink, "list_plink"},
+#endif
+	{Opt_clean_plink, "clean_plink"},
+
+	{Opt_udba, "udba=%s"},
+
+	{Opt_diropq_a, "diropq=always"},
+	{Opt_diropq_a, "diropq=a"},
+	{Opt_diropq_w, "diropq=whiteouted"},
+	{Opt_diropq_w, "diropq=w"},
+
+	{Opt_warn_perm, "warn_perm"},
+	{Opt_nowarn_perm, "nowarn_perm"},
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+	{Opt_dlgt, "dlgt"},
+	{Opt_dirperm1, "dirperm1"},
+#endif
+	{Opt_nodlgt, "nodlgt"},
+	{Opt_nodirperm1, "nodirperm1"},
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+	{Opt_shwh, "shwh"},
+#endif
+	{Opt_noshwh, "noshwh"},
+
+	{Opt_rendir, "rendir=%d"},
+	{Opt_rendir, "rendir:%d"},
+
+	{Opt_refrof, "refrof"},
+	{Opt_norefrof, "norefrof"},
+
+	{Opt_verbose, "verbose"},
+	{Opt_verbose, "v"},
+	{Opt_noverbose, "noverbose"},
+	{Opt_noverbose, "quiet"},
+	{Opt_noverbose, "q"},
+	{Opt_noverbose, "silent"},
+
+	{Opt_sum, "sum"},
+	{Opt_nosum, "nosum"},
+	{Opt_wsum, "wsum"},
+
+	{Opt_rdcache, "rdcache=%d"},
+	{Opt_rdcache, "rdcache:%d"},
+
+	{Opt_coo, "coo=%s"},
+
+	{Opt_wbr_create, "create=%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_create, "create:%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_create, "create_policy=%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_create, "create_policy:%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "cpup=%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "cpup:%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "copyup=%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "copyup:%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "copyup_policy=%s"},
+	{Opt_wbr_copyup, "copyup_policy:%s"},
+
+	/* internal use for the scripts */
+	{Opt_ignore_silent, "si=%s"},
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	{Opt_deblk, "deblk=%d"},
+	{Opt_deblk, "deblk:%d"},
+	{Opt_nhash, "nhash=%d"},
+	{Opt_nhash, "nhash:%d"},
+#endif
+
+	{Opt_br, "dirs=%s"},
+	{Opt_ignore, "debug=%d"},
+	{Opt_ignore, "delete=whiteout"},
+	{Opt_ignore, "delete=all"},
+	{Opt_ignore, "imap=%s"},
+
+	{Opt_err, NULL}
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static const char *au_parser_pattern(int val, struct match_token *token)
+{
+	while (token->pattern) {
+		if (token->token == val)
+			return token->pattern;
+		token++;
+	}
+	BUG();
+	return "??";
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define RW		"rw"
+#define RO		"ro"
+#define WH		"wh"
+#define RR		"rr"
+#define NoLinkWH	"nolwh"
+
+static match_table_t brperms = {
+	{AuBrPerm_RR, RR},
+	{AuBrPerm_RO, RO},
+	{AuBrPerm_RW, RW},
+
+	{AuBrPerm_RRWH, RR "+" WH},
+	{AuBrPerm_ROWH, RO "+" WH},
+	{AuBrPerm_RWNoLinkWH, RW "+" NoLinkWH},
+
+	{AuBrPerm_ROWH, "nfsro"},
+	{AuBrPerm_RO, NULL}
+};
+
+static noinline_for_stack int br_perm_val(char *perm)
+{
+	int val;
+	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+
+	AuDebugOn(!perm || !*perm);
+	LKTRTrace("perm %s\n", perm);
+	val = match_token(perm, brperms, args);
+	AuTraceErr(val);
+	return val;
+}
+
+const char *au_optstr_br_perm(int brperm)
+{
+	return au_parser_pattern(brperm, (void *)brperms);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static match_table_t udbalevel = {
+	{AuOpt_UDBA_REVAL, "reval"},
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	{AuOpt_UDBA_INOTIFY, "inotify"},
+#endif
+	{AuOpt_UDBA_NONE, "none"},
+	{-1, NULL}
+};
+
+static noinline_for_stack int udba_val(char *str)
+{
+	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+	return match_token(str, udbalevel, args);
+}
+
+const char *au_optstr_udba(int udba)
+{
+	return au_parser_pattern(udba, (void *)udbalevel);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static match_table_t coolevel = {
+	{AuOpt_COO_NONE, "none"},
+	{AuOpt_COO_LEAF, "leaf"},
+	{AuOpt_COO_ALL, "all"},
+	{-1, NULL}
+};
+
+static noinline_for_stack int coo_val(char *str)
+{
+	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+	return match_token(str, coolevel, args);
+}
+
+const char *au_optstr_coo(int coo)
+{
+	return au_parser_pattern(coo, (void *)coolevel);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static match_table_t au_wbr_create_policy = {
+	{AuWbrCreate_TDP, "tdp"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_TDP, "top-down-parent"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_RR, "rr"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_RR, "round-robin"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFS, "mfs"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFS, "most-free-space"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFSV, "mfs:%d"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFSV, "most-free-space:%d"},
+
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFSRR, "mfsrr:%d"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV, "mfsrr:%d:%d"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_PMFS, "pmfs"},
+	{AuWbrCreate_PMFSV, "pmfs:%d"},
+
+	{-1, NULL}
+};
+
+/* cf. linux/lib/parser.c */
+static int au_match_ull(substring_t *s, unsigned long long *result)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int len;
+	char a[32];
+
+	err = -ERANGE;
+	len = s->to - s->from;
+	if (len + 1 <= sizeof(a)) {
+		memcpy(a, s->from, len);
+		a[len] = '\0';
+#if 1
+		err = strict_strtoull(a, 0, result);
+#else
+		char *next;
+		*result = memparse(a, &next);
+		err = *result;
+		if (!IS_ERR((void *)err))
+			err = 0;
+#endif
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_mfs_wmark(substring_t *arg, char *str,
+			    struct au_opt_wbr_create *create)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned long long ull;
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!au_match_ull(arg, &ull))
+		create->mfsrr_watermark = ull;
+	else {
+		AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", str);
+		err = -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_mfs_sec(substring_t *arg, char *str,
+			  struct au_opt_wbr_create *create)
+{
+	int n, err;
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!match_int(arg, &n) && 0 <= n)
+		create->mfs_second = n;
+	else {
+		AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", str);
+		err = -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+int au_wbr_create_val(char *str, struct au_opt_wbr_create *create)
+{
+	int err, e;
+	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+
+	err = match_token(str, au_wbr_create_policy, args);
+	create->wbr_create = err;
+	switch (err) {
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV:
+		e = au_wbr_mfs_wmark(&args[0], str, create);
+		if (!e)
+			e = au_wbr_mfs_sec(&args[1], str, create);
+		if (unlikely(e))
+			err = e;
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSRR:
+		e = au_wbr_mfs_wmark(&args[0], str, create);
+		if (unlikely(e)) {
+			err = e;
+			break;
+		}
+		/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFS:
+	case AuWbrCreate_PMFS:
+		create->mfs_second = AUFS_MFS_SECOND_DEF;
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSV:
+	case AuWbrCreate_PMFSV:
+		e = au_wbr_mfs_sec(&args[0], str, create);
+		if (unlikely(e))
+			err = e;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+const char *au_optstr_wbr_create(int wbr_create)
+{
+	return au_parser_pattern(wbr_create, (void *)au_wbr_create_policy);
+}
+
+static match_table_t au_wbr_copyup_policy = {
+	{AuWbrCopyup_TDP, "tdp"},
+	{AuWbrCopyup_TDP, "top-down-parent"},
+	{AuWbrCopyup_BUP, "bup"},
+	{AuWbrCopyup_BUP, "bottom-up-parent"},
+	{AuWbrCopyup_BU, "bu"},
+	{AuWbrCopyup_BU, "bottom-up"},
+	{-1, NULL}
+};
+
+static noinline_for_stack int au_wbr_copyup_val(char *str)
+{
+	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+	return match_token(str, au_wbr_copyup_policy, args);
+}
+
+const char *au_optstr_wbr_copyup(int wbr_copyup)
+{
+	return au_parser_pattern(wbr_copyup, (void *)au_wbr_copyup_policy);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static const int lkup_dirflags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
+
+static void dump_opts(struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	/* reduce stack space */
+	union {
+		struct au_opt_add *add;
+		struct au_opt_del *del;
+		struct au_opt_mod *mod;
+		struct au_opt_xino *xino;
+		struct au_opt_xinodir *xinodir;
+		struct au_opt_xino_itrunc *xino_itrunc;
+		struct au_opt_wbr_create *create;
+	} u;
+	struct au_opt *opt;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (/* opt < opts_tail && */ opt->type != Opt_tail) {
+		switch (opt->type) {
+		case Opt_add:
+			u.add = &opt->add;
+			LKTRTrace("add {b%d, %s, 0x%x, %p}\n",
+				  u.add->bindex, u.add->path, u.add->perm,
+				  u.add->nd.path.dentry);
+			break;
+		case Opt_del:
+		case Opt_idel:
+			u.del = &opt->del;
+			LKTRTrace("del {%s, %p}\n", u.del->path, u.del->h_root);
+			break;
+		case Opt_mod:
+		case Opt_imod:
+			u.mod = &opt->mod;
+			LKTRTrace("mod {%s, 0x%x, %p}\n",
+				  u.mod->path, u.mod->perm, u.mod->h_root);
+			break;
+		case Opt_append:
+			u.add = &opt->add;
+			LKTRTrace("append {b%d, %s, 0x%x, %p}\n",
+				  u.add->bindex, u.add->path, u.add->perm,
+				  u.add->nd.path.dentry);
+			break;
+		case Opt_prepend:
+			u.add = &opt->add;
+			LKTRTrace("prepend {b%d, %s, 0x%x, %p}\n",
+				  u.add->bindex, u.add->path, u.add->perm,
+				  u.add->nd.path.dentry);
+			break;
+		case Opt_dirwh:
+			LKTRTrace("dirwh %d\n", opt->dirwh);
+			break;
+		case Opt_rdcache:
+			LKTRTrace("rdcache %d\n", opt->rdcache);
+			break;
+		case Opt_xino:
+			u.xino = &opt->xino;
+			LKTRTrace("xino {%s %.*s}\n",
+				  u.xino->path,
+				  AuDLNPair(u.xino->file->f_dentry));
+			break;
+		case Opt_xinodir:
+			u.xinodir = &opt->xinodir;
+			LKTRTrace("xinodir {%s %.*s}\n",
+				  u.xinodir->name,
+				  AuDLNPair(u.xinodir->path.dentry));
+			break;
+		case Opt_trunc_xino:
+			LKTRLabel(trunc_xino);
+			break;
+		case Opt_notrunc_xino:
+			LKTRLabel(notrunc_xino);
+			break;
+		case Opt_trunc_xino_path:
+		case Opt_itrunc_xino:
+			u.xino_itrunc = &opt->xino_itrunc;
+			LKTRTrace("trunc_xino %d\n", u.xino_itrunc->bindex);
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_noxino:
+			LKTRLabel(noxino);
+			break;
+		case Opt_trunc_xib:
+			LKTRLabel(trunc_xib);
+			break;
+		case Opt_notrunc_xib:
+			LKTRLabel(notrunc_xib);
+			break;
+		case Opt_dirperm1:
+			LKTRLabel(dirperm1);
+			break;
+		case Opt_nodirperm1:
+			LKTRLabel(nodirperm1);
+			break;
+		case Opt_shwh:
+			LKTRLabel(shwh);
+			break;
+		case Opt_noshwh:
+			LKTRLabel(noshwh);
+			break;
+		case Opt_plink:
+			LKTRLabel(plink);
+			break;
+		case Opt_noplink:
+			LKTRLabel(noplink);
+			break;
+		case Opt_list_plink:
+			LKTRLabel(list_plink);
+			break;
+		case Opt_clean_plink:
+			LKTRLabel(clean_plink);
+			break;
+		case Opt_udba:
+			LKTRTrace("udba %d, %s\n",
+				  opt->udba, au_optstr_udba(opt->udba));
+			break;
+		case Opt_diropq_a:
+			LKTRLabel(diropq_a);
+			break;
+		case Opt_diropq_w:
+			LKTRLabel(diropq_w);
+			break;
+		case Opt_warn_perm:
+			LKTRLabel(warn_perm);
+			break;
+		case Opt_nowarn_perm:
+			LKTRLabel(nowarn_perm);
+			break;
+		case Opt_dlgt:
+			LKTRLabel(dlgt);
+			break;
+		case Opt_nodlgt:
+			LKTRLabel(nodlgt);
+			break;
+		case Opt_refrof:
+			LKTRLabel(refrof);
+			break;
+		case Opt_norefrof:
+			LKTRLabel(norefrof);
+			break;
+		case Opt_verbose:
+			LKTRLabel(verbose);
+			break;
+		case Opt_noverbose:
+			LKTRLabel(noverbose);
+			break;
+		case Opt_sum:
+			LKTRLabel(sum);
+			break;
+		case Opt_nosum:
+			LKTRLabel(nosum);
+			break;
+		case Opt_wsum:
+			LKTRLabel(wsum);
+			break;
+		case Opt_coo:
+			LKTRTrace("coo %d, %s\n",
+				  opt->coo, au_optstr_coo(opt->coo));
+			break;
+		case Opt_wbr_create:
+			u.create = &opt->wbr_create;
+			LKTRTrace("create %d, %s\n", u.create->wbr_create,
+				  au_optstr_wbr_create(u.create->wbr_create));
+			switch (u.create->wbr_create) {
+			case AuWbrCreate_MFSV:
+			case AuWbrCreate_PMFSV:
+				LKTRTrace("%d sec\n", u.create->mfs_second);
+				break;
+			case AuWbrCreate_MFSRR:
+				LKTRTrace("%llu watermark\n",
+					  u.create->mfsrr_watermark);
+				break;
+			case AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV:
+				LKTRTrace("%llu watermark, %d sec\n",
+					  u.create->mfsrr_watermark,
+					  u.create->mfs_second);
+				break;
+			}
+			break;
+		case Opt_wbr_copyup:
+			LKTRTrace("copyup %d, %s\n", opt->wbr_copyup,
+				  au_optstr_wbr_copyup(opt->wbr_copyup));
+			break;
+		default:
+			BUG();
+		}
+		opt++;
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+void au_opts_free(struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	struct au_opt *opt;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (opt->type != Opt_tail) {
+		switch (opt->type) {
+		case Opt_add:
+		case Opt_append:
+		case Opt_prepend:
+			path_put(&opt->add.nd.path);
+			break;
+		case Opt_del:
+		case Opt_idel:
+			dput(opt->del.h_root);
+			break;
+		case Opt_mod:
+		case Opt_imod:
+			dput(opt->mod.h_root);
+			break;
+		case Opt_xino:
+			fput(opt->xino.file);
+			break;
+		case Opt_xinodir:
+			path_put(&opt->xinodir.path);
+			break;
+		}
+		opt++;
+	}
+}
+
+static int opt_add(struct au_opt *opt, char *opt_str, unsigned long sb_flags,
+		   struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_opt_add *add = &opt->add;
+	char *p;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s, b%d\n", opt_str, bindex);
+
+	add->bindex = bindex;
+	add->perm = AuBrPerm_Last;
+	add->path = opt_str;
+	p = strchr(opt_str, '=');
+	if (p) {
+		*p++ = 0;
+		if (*p)
+			add->perm = br_perm_val(p);
+	}
+
+	/* LSM may detect it */
+	/* do not superio. */
+	err = vfsub_path_lookup(add->path, lkup_dirflags, &add->nd);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (!p /* && add->perm == AuBrPerm_Last */) {
+			add->perm = AuBrPerm_RO;
+			if (au_test_def_rr(add->nd.path.dentry->d_sb))
+				add->perm = AuBrPerm_RR;
+			if (!bindex && !(sb_flags & MS_RDONLY))
+				add->perm = AuBrPerm_RW;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+			add->perm = AuBrPerm_RW;
+#endif
+		}
+		opt->type = Opt_add;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	AuErr("lookup failed %s (%d)\n", add->path, err);
+	err = -EINVAL;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* called without aufs lock */
+int au_opts_parse(struct super_block *sb, char *str, struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err, n, token;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct au_opt *opt, *opt_tail;
+	char *opt_str, *p;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char skipped;
+	union {
+		struct au_opt_del *del;
+		struct au_opt_mod *mod;
+		struct au_opt_xino *xino;
+		struct au_opt_xinodir *xinodir;
+		struct au_opt_xino_itrunc *xino_itrunc;
+		struct au_opt_wbr_create *create;
+	} u;
+	struct file *file;
+	/* reduce the stack space */
+	struct {
+		substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
+		struct nameidata nd;
+	} *a;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s, nopts %d\n", str, opts->max_opt);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	a = kmalloc(sizeof(*a), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!a))
+		goto out;
+
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	err = 0;
+	bindex = 0;
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	opt_tail = opt + opts->max_opt - 1;
+	opt->type = Opt_tail;
+	while (!err && (opt_str = strsep(&str, ",")) && *opt_str) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		token = match_token(opt_str, options, a->args);
+		LKTRTrace("%s, token %d, a->args[0]{%p, %p}\n",
+			  opt_str, token, a->args[0].from, a->args[0].to);
+
+		skipped = 0;
+		switch (token) {
+		case Opt_br:
+			err = 0;
+			while (!err && (opt_str = strsep(&a->args[0].from, ":"))
+			       && *opt_str) {
+				err = opt_add(opt, opt_str, opts->sb_flags, sb,
+					      bindex++);
+				if (unlikely(!err && ++opt > opt_tail)) {
+					err = -E2BIG;
+					break;
+				}
+				opt->type = Opt_tail;
+				skipped = 1;
+			}
+			break;
+		case Opt_add:
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &n))) {
+				AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", opt_str);
+				break;
+			}
+			bindex = n;
+			err = opt_add(opt, a->args[1].from, opts->sb_flags, sb,
+				      bindex);
+			break;
+		case Opt_append:
+			err = opt_add(opt, a->args[0].from, opts->sb_flags, sb,
+				      /*dummy bindex*/1);
+			if (!err)
+				opt->type = token;
+			break;
+		case Opt_prepend:
+			err = opt_add(opt, a->args[0].from, opts->sb_flags, sb,
+				      /*bindex*/0);
+			if (!err)
+				opt->type = token;
+			break;
+		case Opt_del:
+			u.del = &opt->del;
+			u.del->path = a->args[0].from;
+			LKTRTrace("del path %s\n", u.del->path);
+			/* LSM may detect it */
+			/* do not superio. */
+			err = vfsub_path_lookup(u.del->path, lkup_dirflags,
+						&a->nd);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				AuErr("lookup failed %s (%d)\n",
+				      u.del->path, err);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.del->h_root = dget(a->nd.path.dentry);
+			path_put(&a->nd.path);
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+		case Opt_idel:
+			u.del = &opt->del;
+			u.del->path = "(indexed)";
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &n))) {
+				AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", opt_str);
+				break;
+			}
+			bindex = n;
+			aufs_read_lock(root, AuLock_FLUSH);
+			if (bindex < 0 || au_sbend(sb) < bindex) {
+				AuErr("out of bounds, %d\n", bindex);
+				aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+				break;
+			}
+			err = 0;
+			u.del->h_root = dget(au_h_dptr(root, bindex));
+			opt->type = token;
+			aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+			break;
+#endif
+		case Opt_mod:
+			u.mod = &opt->mod;
+			u.mod->path = a->args[0].from;
+			p = strchr(u.mod->path, '=');
+			if (unlikely(!p)) {
+				AuErr("no permssion %s\n", opt_str);
+				break;
+			}
+			*p++ = 0;
+			u.mod->perm = br_perm_val(p);
+			LKTRTrace("mod path %s, perm 0x%x, %s\n",
+				  u.mod->path, u.mod->perm, p);
+			/* LSM may detect it */
+			/* do not superio. */
+			err = vfsub_path_lookup(u.mod->path, lkup_dirflags,
+						&a->nd);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				AuErr("lookup failed %s (%d)\n",
+				      u.mod->path, err);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.mod->h_root = dget(a->nd.path.dentry);
+			path_put(&a->nd.path);
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+#ifdef IMOD /* reserved for future use */
+		case Opt_imod:
+			u.mod = &opt->mod;
+			u.mod->path = "(indexed)";
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &n))) {
+				AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", opt_str);
+				break;
+			}
+			bindex = n;
+			aufs_read_lock(root, AuLock_FLUSH);
+			if (bindex < 0 || au_sbend(sb) < bindex) {
+				AuErr("out of bounds, %d\n", bindex);
+				aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.mod->perm = br_perm_val(a->args[1].from);
+			LKTRTrace("mod path %s, perm 0x%x, %s\n",
+				  u.mod->path, u.mod->perm, a->args[1].from);
+			err = 0;
+			u.mod->h_root = dget(au_h_dptr(root, bindex));
+			opt->type = token;
+			aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+			break;
+#endif
+		case Opt_xino:
+			u.xino = &opt->xino;
+			file = au_xino_create(sb, a->args[0].from, /*silent*/0);
+			err = PTR_ERR(file);
+			if (IS_ERR(file))
+				break;
+			err = -EINVAL;
+			if (unlikely(file->f_dentry->d_sb == sb)) {
+				fput(file);
+				AuErr("%s must be outside\n", a->args[0].from);
+				break;
+			}
+			err = 0;
+			u.xino->file = file;
+			u.xino->path = a->args[0].from;
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+#if 0 /* def CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */ /* reserved for futur use */
+		case Opt_xinodir:
+			u.xinodir = &opt->xinodir;
+			u.xinodir->name = a->args[0].from;
+			err = vfsub_path_lookup(u.xinodir->name, lkup_dirflags,
+						&a->nd);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				AuErr("lookup failed %s (%d)\n",
+				      u.xinodir->name, err);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.xinodir->path = a->nd.path;
+			/* do not path_put() */
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+#endif
+
+		case Opt_trunc_xino_path:
+			u.xino_itrunc = &opt->xino_itrunc;
+			p = a->args[0].from;
+			LKTRTrace("trunc_xino path %s\n", p);
+			/* LSM may detect it */
+			/* do not superio. */
+			err = vfsub_path_lookup(p, lkup_dirflags, &a->nd);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				AuErr("lookup failed %s (%d)\n", p , err);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.xino_itrunc->bindex = -1;
+			aufs_read_lock(root, AuLock_FLUSH);
+			bend = au_sbend(sb);
+			for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+				if (au_h_dptr(root, bindex)
+				    == a->nd.path.dentry) {
+					u.xino_itrunc->bindex = bindex;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+			path_put(&a->nd.path);
+			if (unlikely(u.xino_itrunc->bindex < 0)) {
+				AuErr("no such branch %s\n", p);
+				err = -EINVAL;
+				break;
+			}
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_itrunc_xino:
+			u.xino_itrunc = &opt->xino_itrunc;
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &n))) {
+				AuErr("bad integer in %s\n", opt_str);
+				break;
+			}
+			u.xino_itrunc->bindex = n;
+			aufs_read_lock(root, AuLock_FLUSH);
+			if (n < 0 || au_sbend(sb) < n) {
+				AuErr("out of bounds, %d\n", n);
+				aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+				break;
+			}
+			aufs_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+			err = 0;
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_dirwh:
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &opt->dirwh)))
+				break;
+			err = 0;
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_rdcache:
+			if (unlikely(match_int(&a->args[0], &opt->rdcache)))
+				break;
+			err = 0;
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_shwh:
+			if (opts->sb_flags & MS_RDONLY) {
+				err = 0;
+				opt->type = token;
+			} else
+				AuErr("shwh requires ro\n");
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_trunc_xino:
+		case Opt_notrunc_xino:
+		case Opt_noxino:
+		case Opt_trunc_xib:
+		case Opt_notrunc_xib:
+		case Opt_dirperm1:
+		case Opt_nodirperm1:
+		case Opt_noshwh:
+		case Opt_plink:
+		case Opt_noplink:
+		case Opt_list_plink:
+		case Opt_clean_plink:
+		case Opt_diropq_a:
+		case Opt_diropq_w:
+		case Opt_warn_perm:
+		case Opt_nowarn_perm:
+		case Opt_dlgt:
+		case Opt_nodlgt:
+		case Opt_refrof:
+		case Opt_norefrof:
+		case Opt_verbose:
+		case Opt_noverbose:
+		case Opt_sum:
+		case Opt_nosum:
+		case Opt_wsum:
+			err = 0;
+			opt->type = token;
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_udba:
+			opt->udba = udba_val(a->args[0].from);
+			if (opt->udba >= 0) {
+				err = 0;
+				opt->type = token;
+			} else
+				AuErr("wrong value, %s\n", opt_str);
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_wbr_create:
+			u.create = &opt->wbr_create;
+			u.create->wbr_create
+				= au_wbr_create_val(a->args[0].from, u.create);
+			if (u.create->wbr_create >= 0) {
+				err = 0;
+				opt->type = token;
+			} else
+				AuErr("wrong value, %s\n", opt_str);
+			break;
+		case Opt_wbr_copyup:
+			opt->wbr_copyup = au_wbr_copyup_val(a->args[0].from);
+			if (opt->wbr_copyup >= 0) {
+				err = 0;
+				opt->type = token;
+			} else
+				AuErr("wrong value, %s\n", opt_str);
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_coo:
+			opt->coo = coo_val(a->args[0].from);
+			if (opt->coo >= 0) {
+				if (opt->coo == AuOpt_COO_NONE
+				    || !(opts->sb_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
+					err = 0;
+					opt->type = token;
+				} else
+					AuErr("bad %s for readonly mount\n",
+					      opt_str);
+			} else
+				AuErr("wrong value, %s\n", opt_str);
+			break;
+
+		case Opt_ignore:
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+			AuWarn("ignored %s\n", opt_str);
+#endif
+		case Opt_ignore_silent:
+			skipped = 1;
+			err = 0;
+			break;
+		case Opt_err:
+			AuErr("unknown option %s\n", opt_str);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!err && !skipped) {
+			if (unlikely(++opt > opt_tail)) {
+				err = -E2BIG;
+				opt--;
+				opt->type = Opt_tail;
+				break;
+			}
+			opt->type = Opt_tail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	kfree(a);
+	dump_opts(opts);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		au_opts_free(opts);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns,
+ * plus: processed without an error
+ * zero: unprocessed
+ */
+static int au_opt_simple(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt *opt,
+			 struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct au_opt_wbr_create *create;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 1; /* handled */
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	switch (opt->type) {
+	case Opt_udba:
+		sbinfo->si_mntflags &= ~AuOptMask_UDBA;
+		sbinfo->si_mntflags |= opt->udba;
+		opts->given_udba |= opt->udba;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_plink:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK);
+		break;
+	case Opt_noplink:
+		if (au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK))
+			au_plink_put(sb);
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK);
+		break;
+	case Opt_list_plink:
+		if (au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK))
+			au_plink_list(sb);
+		break;
+	case Opt_clean_plink:
+		if (au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, PLINK))
+			au_plink_put(sb);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_diropq_a:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, ALWAYS_DIROPQ);
+		break;
+	case Opt_diropq_w:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, ALWAYS_DIROPQ);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_dlgt:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		break;
+	case Opt_nodlgt:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_warn_perm:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, WARN_PERM);
+		break;
+	case Opt_nowarn_perm:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, WARN_PERM);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_refrof:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, REFROF);
+		break;
+	case Opt_norefrof:
+		/* au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, COO_LEAF); */
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, REFROF);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_verbose:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, VERBOSE);
+		break;
+	case Opt_noverbose:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, VERBOSE);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_sum:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SUM);
+		break;
+	case Opt_wsum:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SUM);
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SUM_W);
+	case Opt_nosum:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SUM);
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SUM_W);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_wbr_create:
+		create = &opt->wbr_create;
+		if (sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->fin) {
+			err = sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->fin(sb);
+			if (!err)
+				err = 1;
+		}
+		sbinfo->si_wbr_create = create->wbr_create;
+		sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops
+			= au_wbr_create_ops + create->wbr_create;
+		switch (create->wbr_create) {
+		case AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV:
+		case AuWbrCreate_MFSRR:
+			sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfsrr_watermark
+				= create->mfsrr_watermark;
+			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+		case AuWbrCreate_MFS:
+		case AuWbrCreate_MFSV:
+		case AuWbrCreate_PMFS:
+		case AuWbrCreate_PMFSV:
+			sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfs_expire = create->mfs_second * HZ;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->init)
+			sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->init(sb); /* ignore */
+		break;
+	case Opt_wbr_copyup:
+		sbinfo->si_wbr_copyup = opt->wbr_copyup;
+		sbinfo->si_wbr_copyup_ops = au_wbr_copyup_ops + opt->wbr_copyup;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_coo:
+		sbinfo->si_mntflags &= ~AuOptMask_COO;
+		sbinfo->si_mntflags |= opt->coo;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_dirwh:
+		sbinfo->si_dirwh = opt->dirwh;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_rdcache:
+		sbinfo->si_rdcache = opt->rdcache * HZ;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_trunc_xino:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, TRUNC_XINO);
+		break;
+	case Opt_notrunc_xino:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, TRUNC_XINO);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_dirperm1:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DIRPERM1);
+		break;
+	case Opt_nodirperm1:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DIRPERM1);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_shwh:
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SHWH);
+		break;
+	case Opt_noshwh:
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, SHWH);
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_trunc_xino_path:
+	case Opt_itrunc_xino:
+		err = au_xino_trunc(sb, opt->xino_itrunc.bindex);
+		if (!err)
+			err = 1;
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_trunc_xib:
+		au_fset_opts(opts->flags, TRUNC_XIB);
+		break;
+	case Opt_notrunc_xib:
+		au_fclr_opts(opts->flags, TRUNC_XIB);
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		err = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns tri-state.
+ * plus: processed without an error
+ * zero: unprocessed
+ * minus: error
+ */
+static int au_opt_br(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt *opt,
+		     struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err, do_refresh;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	switch (opt->type) {
+	case Opt_append:
+		opt->add.bindex = au_sbend(sb) + 1;
+		if (opt->add.bindex < 0)
+			opt->add.bindex = 0;
+		goto add;
+	case Opt_prepend:
+		opt->add.bindex = 0;
+	add:
+	case Opt_add:
+		err = au_br_add(sb, &opt->add,
+				au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, REMOUNT));
+		if (!err) {
+			err = 1;
+			au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_DIR);
+			if (au_br_whable(opt->add.perm))
+				au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_NONDIR);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_del:
+	case Opt_idel:
+		err = au_br_del(sb, &opt->del,
+				au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, REMOUNT));
+		if (!err) {
+			err = 1;
+			au_fset_opts(opts->flags, TRUNC_XIB);
+			au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_DIR);
+			au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_NONDIR);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case Opt_mod:
+	case Opt_imod:
+		err = au_br_mod(sb, &opt->mod,
+				au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, REMOUNT),
+				&do_refresh);
+		if (!err) {
+			err = 1;
+			if (do_refresh) {
+				au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_DIR);
+				au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_NONDIR);
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_opt_xino(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt *opt,
+		       struct au_opt_xino **opt_xino,
+		       struct au_opt_xinodir **opt_xinodir,
+		       struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err;
+	const int remount = !!au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, REMOUNT);
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	switch (opt->type) {
+	case Opt_xino:
+		err = au_xino_set(sb, &opt->xino, remount);
+		if (!err)
+			*opt_xino = &opt->xino;
+		break;
+#if 0 /* def CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */ /* reserved for futur use */
+	case Opt_xinodir:
+		err = au_xinodir_set(sb, &opt->xinodir, remount);
+		if (!err)
+			*opt_xinodir = &opt->xinodir;
+		break;
+#endif
+	case Opt_noxino:
+		au_xino_clr(sb);
+		*opt_xino = (void *)-1;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int verify_opts(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long sb_flags,
+		unsigned int pending, int remount)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char do_plink, skip, do_free;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct inode *dir, *h_dir;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!(mnt_flags & AuOptMask_COO));
+	AuDebugOn(!(mnt_flags & AuOptMask_UDBA));
+
+	if (!(sb_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
+		if (unlikely(!au_br_writable(au_sbr_perm(sb, 0))))
+			AuWarn("first branch should be rw\n");
+		if (unlikely(au_opt_test(mnt_flags, SHWH)))
+			AuWarn("shwh should be used with ro\n");
+	} else if (unlikely(!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, COO_NONE))) {
+		AuWarn("resetting coo for readonly mount\n");
+		au_opt_set_coo(au_sbi(sb)->si_mntflags, COO_NONE);
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(au_opt_test((mnt_flags | pending), UDBA_INOTIFY)
+		     && !au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags)))
+		AuWarn("udba=inotify requires xino\n");
+
+	err = 0;
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	dir = sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	do_plink = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, PLINK);
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		skip = 0;
+		h_dir = au_h_iptr(dir, bindex);
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		do_free = 0;
+		wbr = br->br_wbr;
+		if (wbr)
+			wbr_wh_read_lock(wbr);
+		switch (br->br_perm) {
+		case AuBrPerm_RR:
+		case AuBrPerm_RO:
+		case AuBrPerm_RRWH:
+		case AuBrPerm_ROWH:
+			do_free = !!wbr;
+			skip = (!wbr
+				|| (!wbr->wbr_whbase
+				    && !wbr->wbr_plink
+				    && !wbr->wbr_tmp));
+			break;
+
+		case AuBrPerm_RWNoLinkWH:
+			/* skip = (!br->br_whbase && !br->br_tmp); */
+			skip = (!wbr || !wbr->wbr_whbase);
+			if (skip && wbr) {
+				if (do_plink)
+					skip = !!wbr->wbr_plink;
+				else
+					skip = !wbr->wbr_plink;
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case AuBrPerm_RW:
+			/* skip = (br->br_whbase && br->br_tmp); */
+			skip = (wbr && wbr->wbr_whbase);
+			if (skip) {
+				if (do_plink)
+					skip = !!wbr->wbr_plink;
+				else
+					skip = !wbr->wbr_plink;
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			BUG();
+		}
+		if (wbr)
+			wbr_wh_read_unlock(wbr);
+
+		if (skip)
+			continue;
+
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+		if (wbr)
+			wbr_wh_write_lock(wbr);
+		err = au_wh_init(au_h_dptr(root, bindex), br, br->br_mnt, sb,
+				 bindex);
+		if (wbr)
+			wbr_wh_write_unlock(wbr);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+
+		if (!err && do_free) {
+			kfree(wbr);
+			br->br_wbr = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_opts_mount(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct au_opt *opt;
+	struct au_opt_xino *opt_xino, xino;
+	struct au_opt_xinodir *opt_xinodir;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	unsigned int tmp;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	DiMustWriteLock(sb->s_root);
+	dir = sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	IiMustWriteLock(dir);
+
+	err = 0;
+	opt_xino = NULL;
+	opt_xinodir = NULL;
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (err >= 0 && opt->type != Opt_tail)
+		err = au_opt_simple(sb, opt++, opts);
+	if (err > 0)
+		err = 0;
+	else if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* disable xino, xinodir, hinotify, dlgt temporary */
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	tmp = sbinfo->si_mntflags;
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINO);
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINODIR);
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+	au_opt_set_udba(sbinfo->si_mntflags, UDBA_REVAL);
+
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (err >= 0 && opt->type != Opt_tail)
+		err = au_opt_br(sb, opt++, opts);
+	if (err > 0)
+		err = 0;
+	else if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	if (unlikely(bend < 0)) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		AuErr("no branches\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (au_opt_test(tmp, XINO))
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINO);
+	else if (au_opt_test(tmp, XINODIR))
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINODIR);
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (!err && opt->type != Opt_tail)
+		err = au_opt_xino(sb, opt++, &opt_xino, &opt_xinodir, opts);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* todo: test this error case? */
+	err = verify_opts(sb, sb->s_flags, tmp, /*remount*/0);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* enable xino */
+	if (au_opt_test(tmp, XINO) && !opt_xino) {
+		xino.file = au_xino_def(sb);
+		err = PTR_ERR(xino.file);
+		if (IS_ERR(xino.file))
+			goto out;
+
+		br = au_xino_def_br(sbinfo);
+		err = au_xino_set(sb, &xino, /*remount*/0);
+		fput(xino.file);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+		au_xino_def_br_set(br, sbinfo);
+	}
+
+	/* restore hinotify */
+	sbinfo->si_mntflags &= ~AuOptMask_UDBA;
+	sbinfo->si_mntflags |= (tmp & AuOptMask_UDBA);
+	if (au_opt_test(tmp, UDBA_INOTIFY))
+		au_reset_hinotify(dir, au_hi_flags(dir, 1) & ~AuHi_XINO);
+
+	/* restore dlgt */
+	if (au_opt_test(tmp, DLGT))
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_opts_remount(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opts *opts)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct au_opt_xino *opt_xino;
+	struct au_opt_xinodir *opt_xinodir;
+	struct au_opt *opt;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	DiMustWriteLock(sb->s_root);
+	dir = sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	IiMustWriteLock(dir);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	dlgt = !!au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+	opt_xino = NULL;
+	opt_xinodir = NULL;
+	opt = opts->opt;
+	while (err >= 0 && opt->type != Opt_tail) {
+		err = au_opt_simple(sb, opt, opts);
+
+		/* disable it temporary */
+		dlgt = !!au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+
+		if (!err)
+			err = au_opt_br(sb, opt, opts);
+		if (!err)
+			err = au_opt_xino(sb, opt, &opt_xino, &opt_xinodir,
+					  opts);
+
+		/* restore it */
+		if (dlgt)
+			au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		opt++;
+	}
+	if (err > 0)
+		err = 0;
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+
+	/* go on even err */
+
+	/* todo: test this error case? */
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+	rerr = verify_opts(sb, opts->sb_flags, sbinfo->si_mntflags,
+			   /*remount*/1);
+	if (unlikely(dlgt))
+		au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+	if (unlikely(rerr && !err))
+		err = rerr;
+
+	if (au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, TRUNC_XIB)) {
+		rerr = au_xib_trunc(sb);
+		if (unlikely(rerr && !err))
+			err = rerr;
+	}
+
+	/* they are handled by the caller */
+	if (!au_ftest_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_DIR)
+	    && (opts->given_udba || au_opt_test_xino(sbinfo->si_mntflags)))
+		au_fset_opts(opts->flags, REFRESH_DIR);
+
+	LKTRTrace("status 0x%x\n", opts->flags);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/opts.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/opts.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/opts.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/opts.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * mount options/flags
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_OPTS_H__
+#define __AUFS_OPTS_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "wkq.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* mount flags */
+
+/* external inode number bitmap and translation table */
+#define AuOpt_XINO		1
+#define AuOpt_XINODIR		(1 << 1)
+#define AuOpt_TRUNC_XINO	(1 << 2)
+#define AuOpt_UDBA_NONE		(1 << 3)	/* users direct branch access */
+#define AuOpt_UDBA_REVAL	(1 << 4)
+#define AuOpt_UDBA_INOTIFY	(1 << 5)
+#define AuOpt_SHWH		(1 << 6)
+#define AuOpt_PLINK		(1 << 7)
+#define AuOpt_WARN_PERM		(1 << 8)
+#define AuOpt_DIRPERM1		(1 << 9)
+#define AuOpt_DLGT		(1 << 10)
+#define AuOpt_COO_NONE		(1 << 11)	/* copyup on open */
+#define AuOpt_COO_LEAF		(1 << 12)
+#define AuOpt_COO_ALL		(1 << 13)
+#define AuOpt_ALWAYS_DIROPQ	(1 << 14)
+#define AuOpt_REFROF		(1 << 15)
+#define AuOpt_VERBOSE		(1 << 16)
+#define AuOpt_SUM		(1 << 17)
+#define AuOpt_SUM_W		(1 << 18)	/* unimplemented */
+
+#if 1 /* ndef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */ /* reserved for future use */
+#undef AuOpt_XINODIR
+#define AuOpt_XINODIR		0
+#endif
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+#undef AuOpt_UDBA_INOTIFY
+#define AuOpt_UDBA_INOTIFY	0
+#endif
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+#undef AuOpt_SHWH
+#define AuOpt_SHWH		0
+#endif
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuOpt_DIRPERM1
+#define AuOpt_DIRPERM1		0
+#undef AuOpt_DLGT
+#define AuOpt_DLGT		0
+#endif
+
+/* policies to select one among multiple writable branches */
+enum {
+	AuWbrCreate_TDP,	/* top down parent */
+	AuWbrCreate_RR,		/* round robin */
+	AuWbrCreate_MFS,	/* most free space */
+	AuWbrCreate_MFSV,	/* mfs with seconds */
+	AuWbrCreate_MFSRR,	/* mfs then rr */
+	AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV,	/* mfs then rr with seconds */
+	AuWbrCreate_PMFS,	/* parent and mfs */
+	AuWbrCreate_PMFSV,	/* parent and mfs with seconds */
+
+	AuWbrCreate_Def = AuWbrCreate_TDP
+};
+
+enum {
+	AuWbrCopyup_TDP,	/* top down parent */
+	AuWbrCopyup_BUP,	/* bottom up parent */
+	AuWbrCopyup_BU,		/* bottom up */
+
+	AuWbrCopyup_Def = AuWbrCopyup_TDP
+};
+
+#define AuOptMask_COO		(AuOpt_COO_NONE \
+				 | AuOpt_COO_LEAF \
+				 | AuOpt_COO_ALL)
+#define AuOptMask_UDBA		(AuOpt_UDBA_NONE \
+				 | AuOpt_UDBA_REVAL \
+				 | AuOpt_UDBA_INOTIFY)
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+#define AuOpt_DefExtra1	AuOpt_ALWAYS_DIROPQ
+#else
+#define AuOpt_DefExtra1	0
+#endif
+
+#define AuOpt_Def	(AuOpt_XINO \
+			 | AuOpt_UDBA_REVAL \
+			 | AuOpt_WARN_PERM \
+			 | AuOpt_COO_NONE \
+			 | AuOpt_PLINK \
+			 | AuOpt_DefExtra1)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_opt_add {
+	aufs_bindex_t		bindex;
+	char			*path;
+	int			perm;
+	struct nameidata	nd;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_del {
+	char		*path;
+	struct dentry	*h_root;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_mod {
+	char		*path;
+	int		perm;
+	struct dentry	*h_root;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_xino {
+	char		*path;
+	struct file	*file;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_xinodir {
+	char		*name;
+	struct path	path;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_xino_itrunc {
+	aufs_bindex_t	bindex;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_xino_trunc_v {
+	unsigned long long	upper;
+	int			step;
+};
+
+struct au_opt_wbr_create {
+	int			wbr_create;
+	int			mfs_second;
+	unsigned long long	mfsrr_watermark;
+};
+
+struct au_opt {
+	int type;
+	union {
+		struct au_opt_xino	xino;
+		struct au_opt_xinodir	xinodir;
+		struct au_opt_xino_itrunc xino_itrunc;
+		struct au_opt_add	add;
+		struct au_opt_del	del;
+		struct au_opt_mod	mod;
+		int			dirwh;
+		int			rdcache;
+		int			deblk;
+		int			nhash;
+		int			udba;
+		int			coo;
+		struct au_opt_wbr_create wbr_create;
+		int			wbr_copyup;
+	};
+};
+
+/* opts flags */
+#define AuOpts_REMOUNT		1
+#define AuOpts_REFRESH_DIR	(1 << 1)
+#define AuOpts_REFRESH_NONDIR	(1 << 2)
+#define AuOpts_TRUNC_XIB	(1 << 3)
+#define au_ftest_opts(flags, name)	((flags) & AuOpts_##name)
+#define au_fset_opts(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuOpts_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_opts(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuOpts_##name; }
+
+struct au_opts {
+	struct au_opt	*opt;
+	int		max_opt;
+
+	unsigned int	given_udba;
+	unsigned int	flags;
+	unsigned long	sb_flags;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+const char *au_optstr_br_perm(int brperm);
+const char *au_optstr_udba(int udba);
+const char *au_optstr_coo(int coo);
+const char *au_optstr_wbr_copyup(int wbr_copyup);
+const char *au_optstr_wbr_create(int wbr_create);
+
+void au_opts_free(struct au_opts *opts);
+int au_opts_parse(struct super_block *sb, char *str, struct au_opts *opts);
+int verify_opts(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long sb_flags,
+		unsigned int pending, int remount);
+int au_opts_mount(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opts *opts);
+int au_opts_remount(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opts *opts);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#define au_opt_test(flags, name)	(flags & AuOpt_##name)
+
+static inline int au_opt_test_xino(unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return flags & (AuOpt_XINO | AuOpt_XINODIR);
+}
+
+#define au_opt_set(flags, name) do { \
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(AuOpt_##name & (AuOptMask_COO | AuOptMask_UDBA)); \
+	((flags) |= AuOpt_##name); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define au_opt_set_coo(flags, name) do { \
+	(flags) &= ~AuOptMask_COO; \
+	((flags) |= AuOpt_##name); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define au_opt_set_udba(flags, name) do { \
+	(flags) &= ~AuOptMask_UDBA; \
+	((flags) |= AuOpt_##name); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define au_opt_clr(flags, name)		{ ((flags) &= ~AuOpt_##name); }
+
+static inline int au_test_dlgt(unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return au_opt_test(flags, DLGT) && !au_test_wkq(current);
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_dirperm1(unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return au_opt_test(flags, DIRPERM1) && !au_test_wkq(current);
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_OPTS_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/plink.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/plink.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/plink.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/plink.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * pseudo-link
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+struct pseudo_link {
+	struct list_head list;
+	struct inode *inode;
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+void au_plink_list(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *plink_list;
+	struct pseudo_link *plink;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK));
+
+	plink_list = &sbinfo->si_plink.head;
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry(plink, plink_list, list)
+		AuDbg("%lu\n", plink->inode->i_ino);
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+}
+#endif
+
+int au_plink_test(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int found;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *plink_list;
+	struct pseudo_link *plink;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK));
+
+	found = 0;
+	plink_list = &sbinfo->si_plink.head;
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry(plink, plink_list, list)
+		if (plink->inode == inode) {
+			found = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+	return found;
+}
+
+/* 20 is max digits length of ulong 64 */
+#define PLINK_NAME_LEN	((20 + 1) * 2)
+
+static int plink_name(char *name, int len, struct inode *inode,
+		      aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int rlen;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, b%d\n", inode->i_ino, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(len != PLINK_NAME_LEN);
+	h_inode = au_h_iptr(inode, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_inode);
+	rlen = snprintf(name, len, "%lu.%lu", inode->i_ino, h_inode->i_ino);
+	AuDebugOn(rlen >= len);
+	return rlen;
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_plink_lkup(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			     struct inode *inode)
+{
+	struct dentry *h_dentry, *h_parent;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	char tgtname[PLINK_NAME_LEN];
+	int len;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, i%lu\n", bindex, inode->i_ino);
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+	h_parent = wbr->wbr_plink;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir);
+
+	len = plink_name(tgtname, sizeof(tgtname), inode, bindex);
+
+	/* always superio. */
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_do_nfsmnt(br->br_mnt);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD2);
+	h_dentry = au_sio_lkup_one(tgtname, h_parent, len, &ndx);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+	return h_dentry;
+}
+
+static int do_whplink(char *tgt, int len, struct dentry *h_parent,
+		      struct dentry *h_dentry, struct vfsmount *nfsmnt,
+		      struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct dentry *h_tgt;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.nfsmnt	= nfsmnt,
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb));
+	if (dlgt)
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	h_tgt = au_lkup_one(tgt, h_parent, len, &ndx);
+	err = PTR_ERR(h_tgt);
+	if (IS_ERR(h_tgt))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, NULL, dlgt, 0);
+	/* wh.plink dir is not monitored */
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	if (h_tgt->d_inode && h_tgt->d_inode != h_dentry->d_inode)
+		err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, h_tgt, &vargs);
+	if (!err && !h_tgt->d_inode) {
+		err = vfsub_link(h_dentry, h_dir, h_tgt, &vargs);
+		/* todo: unnecessary? */
+		/* inc_nlink(inode); */
+	}
+	dput(h_tgt);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct do_whplink_args {
+	int *errp;
+	char *tgt;
+	int len;
+	struct dentry *h_parent;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct vfsmount *nfsmnt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+};
+
+static void call_do_whplink(void *args)
+{
+	struct do_whplink_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_whplink(a->tgt, a->len, a->h_parent, a->h_dentry,
+			      a->nfsmnt, a->sb);
+}
+
+static int whplink(struct dentry *h_dentry, struct inode *inode,
+		   aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err, len, wkq_err;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct dentry *h_parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	char tgtname[PLINK_NAME_LEN];
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+	br = au_sbr(inode->i_sb, bindex);
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+	h_parent = wbr->wbr_plink;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir);
+
+	len = plink_name(tgtname, sizeof(tgtname), inode, bindex);
+
+	/* always superio. */
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD2);
+	if (!au_test_wkq(current)) {
+		struct do_whplink_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.tgt		= tgtname,
+			.len		= len,
+			.h_parent	= h_parent,
+			.h_dentry	= h_dentry,
+			.nfsmnt		= au_do_nfsmnt(br->br_mnt),
+			.sb		= sb
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_do_whplink, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	} else
+		err = do_whplink(tgtname, len, h_parent, h_dentry,
+				 au_do_nfsmnt(br->br_mnt), sb);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void do_put_plink(struct pseudo_link *plink, int do_del)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	iput(plink->inode);
+	if (do_del)
+		list_del(&plink->list);
+	kfree(plink);
+}
+
+void au_plink_append(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode,
+		     struct dentry *h_dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *plink_list;
+	struct pseudo_link *plink;
+	int found, err, cnt;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK));
+
+	cnt = 0;
+	found = 0;
+	plink_list = &sbinfo->si_plink.head;
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry(plink, plink_list, list) {
+		cnt++;
+		if (plink->inode == inode) {
+			found = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = 0;
+	plink = NULL;
+	if (!found) {
+		plink = kmalloc(sizeof(*plink), GFP_ATOMIC);
+		if (plink) {
+			plink->inode = au_igrab(inode);
+			list_add(&plink->list, plink_list);
+			cnt++;
+		} else
+			err = -ENOMEM;
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin);
+
+#if 0 /* todo: test here */
+	if (found)
+		return; /* success */
+#endif
+
+	if (!err)
+		err = whplink(h_dentry, inode, bindex, sb);
+
+	if (unlikely(cnt > AUFS_PLINK_WARN))
+		AuWarn1("unexpectedly many pseudo links, %d\n", cnt);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuWarn("err %d, damaged pseudo link. ignored.\n", err);
+		if (!found && plink)
+			do_put_plink(plink, /*do_del*/1);
+	}
+}
+
+void au_plink_put(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *plink_list;
+	struct pseudo_link *plink, *tmp;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK));
+
+	plink_list = &sbinfo->si_plink.head;
+	/* spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin); */
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(plink, tmp, plink_list, list)
+		do_put_plink(plink, 0);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(plink_list);
+	/* spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_plink.head); */
+}
+
+void au_plink_half_refresh(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t br_id)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *plink_list;
+	struct pseudo_link *plink, *tmp;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bend, bindex;
+	int do_put;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK));
+
+	plink_list = &sbinfo->si_plink.head;
+	/* spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin); */
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(plink, tmp, plink_list, list) {
+		do_put = 0;
+		inode = au_igrab(plink->inode);
+		ii_write_lock_child(inode);
+		bstart = au_ibstart(inode);
+		bend = au_ibend(inode);
+		if (bstart >= 0) {
+			for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+				if (!au_h_iptr(inode, bindex)
+				    || au_ii_br_id(inode, bindex) != br_id)
+					continue;
+				au_set_h_iptr(inode, bindex, NULL, 0);
+				do_put = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		} else
+			do_put_plink(plink, 1);
+
+		if (do_put) {
+			for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+				if (au_h_iptr(inode, bindex)) {
+					do_put = 0;
+					break;
+				}
+			if (do_put)
+				do_put_plink(plink, 1);
+		}
+		ii_write_unlock(inode);
+		iput(inode);
+	}
+	/* spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_plink.spin); */
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/robr.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/robr.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/robr.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/robr.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * 'robr', aufs as readonly branch of another aufs
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_test_robr_wh(struct qstr *name, struct dentry *h_parent,
+		    struct qstr *wh_name, int try_sio, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	if (strncmp(name->name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN))
+		return au_wh_test(h_parent, wh_name, try_sio, ndx);
+	return -EPERM;
+}
+
+int au_test_robr_shwh(struct super_block *sb, const struct qstr *name)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_robr_lvma {
+	struct list_head list;
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
+};
+
+struct file *au_robr_safe_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+	struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
+	struct super_block *sb = file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+	struct au_robr_lvma *lvma, *entry;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *head;
+	unsigned char found, warn;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!file->private_data || !au_test_aufs(sb))
+		return NULL;
+
+	warn = 0;
+	found = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	head = &sbinfo->si_lvma.head;
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_lvma.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, head, list) {
+		found = (entry->vma == vma);
+		if (unlikely(found))
+			break;
+	}
+	if (!found) {
+		lvma = kmalloc(sizeof(*lvma), GFP_ATOMIC);
+		if (lvma) {
+			lvma->vma = vma;
+			list_add(&lvma->list, head);
+		} else {
+			warn = 1;
+			file = NULL;
+		}
+	} else
+		file = NULL;
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_lvma.spin);
+
+	if (unlikely(warn))
+		AuWarn1("no memory for lvma\n");
+	return file;
+}
+
+void au_robr_reset_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct file *file)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb = file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+	struct au_robr_lvma *entry, *found;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct list_head *head;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!au_test_aufs(sb));
+
+	vma->vm_file = file;
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* flush vm_file */
+
+	found = NULL;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	head = &sbinfo->si_lvma.head;
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_lvma.spin);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, head, list)
+		if (entry->vma == vma) {
+			found = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	AuDebugOn(!found);
+	list_del(&found->list);
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_lvma.spin);
+	kfree(found);
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/sbinfo.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sbinfo.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/sbinfo.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sbinfo.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * superblock private data
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/*
+ * they are necessary regardless sysfs is disabled.
+ */
+void au_si_free(struct kobject *kobj)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("kobj %p\n", kobj);
+	sbinfo = container_of(kobj, struct au_sbinfo, si_kobj);
+	LKTRTrace("sbinfo %p\n", sbinfo);
+	AuDebugOn(!list_empty(&sbinfo->si_plink.head));
+
+	sb = sbinfo->si_sb;
+	si_write_lock(sb);
+	au_xino_clr(sb);
+	au_br_free(sbinfo);
+	kfree(sbinfo->si_branch);
+	au_export_put(sbinfo);
+	mutex_destroy(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	si_write_unlock(sb);
+	au_rwsem_destroy(&sbinfo->si_rwsem);
+
+	kfree(sbinfo);
+}
+
+int au_si_alloc(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	sbinfo = kmalloc(sizeof(*sbinfo), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!sbinfo))
+		goto out;
+	sbinfo->si_branch = kzalloc(sizeof(*sbinfo->si_branch), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!sbinfo->si_branch))
+		goto out_sbinfo;
+
+	memset(&sbinfo->si_kobj, 0, sizeof(sbinfo->si_kobj));
+	err = sysaufs_si_init(sbinfo);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_br;
+
+	au_rw_init_wlock(&sbinfo->si_rwsem);
+	//au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 1);
+	sbinfo->si_generation = 0;
+	sbinfo->au_si_status = 0;
+	sbinfo->si_bend = -1;
+	sbinfo->si_last_br_id = 0;
+
+	sbinfo->si_wbr_copyup = AuWbrCopyup_Def;
+	sbinfo->si_wbr_create = AuWbrCreate_Def;
+	sbinfo->si_wbr_copyup_ops = au_wbr_copyup_ops + AuWbrCopyup_Def;
+	sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops = au_wbr_create_ops + AuWbrCreate_Def;
+
+	sbinfo->si_mntflags = AuOpt_Def;
+
+	sbinfo->si_xread = NULL;
+	sbinfo->si_xwrite = NULL;
+	sbinfo->si_xib = NULL;
+	mutex_init(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	sbinfo->si_xib_buf = NULL;
+	au_xino_def_br_set(NULL, sbinfo);
+	/* leave si_xib_last_pindex and si_xib_next_bit */
+
+	au_nwt_init(&sbinfo->si_nowait);
+
+	sbinfo->si_rdcache = AUFS_RDCACHE_DEF * HZ;
+	sbinfo->si_dirwh = AUFS_DIRWH_DEF;
+
+	au_spl_init(&sbinfo->si_plink);
+
+	au_robr_lvma_init(sbinfo);
+
+	/* leave other members for sysaufs and si_mnt. */
+	sbinfo->si_sb = sb;
+
+	sb->s_fs_info = sbinfo;
+
+	au_debug_sbinfo_init(sbinfo);
+	return 0; /* success */
+
+ out_br:
+	kfree(sbinfo->si_branch);
+ out_sbinfo:
+	kfree(sbinfo);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_branch *au_sbr(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < 0 || au_sbend(sb) < bindex);
+	br = au_sbi(sb)->si_branch[0 + bindex];
+	AuDebugOn(!br);
+	return br;
+}
+
+au_gen_t au_sigen_inc(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	au_gen_t gen;
+
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	gen = ++au_sbi(sb)->si_generation;
+	au_update_digen(sb->s_root);
+	au_update_iigen(sb->s_root->d_inode);
+	sb->s_root->d_inode->i_version++;
+	return gen;
+}
+
+int au_find_bindex(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (au_sbr(sb, bindex) == br)
+			return bindex;
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* dentry and super_block lock. call at entry point */
+void aufs_read_lock(struct dentry *dentry, int flags)
+{
+	si_read_lock(dentry->d_sb, flags);
+	if (au_ftest_lock(flags, DW))
+		di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+	else
+		di_read_lock_child(dentry, flags);
+}
+
+void aufs_read_unlock(struct dentry *dentry, int flags)
+{
+	if (au_ftest_lock(flags, DW))
+		di_write_unlock(dentry);
+	else
+		di_read_unlock(dentry, flags);
+	si_read_unlock(dentry->d_sb);
+}
+
+void aufs_write_lock(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	si_write_lock(dentry->d_sb);
+	di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+}
+
+void aufs_write_unlock(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+	si_write_unlock(dentry->d_sb);
+}
+
+void aufs_read_and_write_lock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int flags)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(d1 == d2 || d1->d_sb != d2->d_sb);
+	si_read_lock(d1->d_sb, flags);
+	di_write_lock2_child(d1, d2, au_ftest_lock(flags, DIR));
+}
+
+void aufs_read_and_write_unlock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(d1 == d2 || d1->d_sb != d2->d_sb);
+	di_write_unlock2(d1, d2);
+	si_read_unlock(d1->d_sb);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_new_br_id(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t br_id;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	while (1) {
+		br_id = ++sbinfo->si_last_br_id;
+		if (br_id && au_br_index(sb, br_id) < 0)
+			return br_id;
+	}
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/super.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/super.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/super.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/super.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * mount and super_block operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
+#include <linux/seq_file.h>
+#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
+#include <linux/statfs.h>
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/*
+ * super_operations
+ */
+static struct inode *aufs_alloc_inode(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct aufs_icntnr *c;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	c = au_cache_alloc_icntnr();
+	if (c) {
+		inode_init_once(&c->vfs_inode);
+		c->vfs_inode.i_version = 1; /* sigen(sb); */
+		c->iinfo.ii_hinode = NULL;
+		return &c->vfs_inode;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void aufs_destroy_inode(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", inode->i_ino);
+
+	if (!inode->i_nlink || IS_DEADDIR(inode)) {
+		/* todo: move this lock into xigen_inc() */
+		/* in nowait task or remount, sbi is write-locked */
+		struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
+		const int locked = si_noflush_read_trylock(sb);
+
+		err = au_xigen_inc(inode);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			AuWarn1("failed resetting i_generation, %d\n", err);
+		if (locked)
+			si_read_unlock(sb);
+	}
+
+	au_iinfo_fin(inode);
+	au_cache_free_icntnr(container_of(inode, struct aufs_icntnr,
+					  vfs_inode));
+}
+
+struct inode *au_iget_locked(struct super_block *sb, ino_t ino)
+{
+	struct inode *inode;
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", (unsigned long)ino);
+
+	inode = iget_locked(sb, ino);
+	if (unlikely(!inode)) {
+		inode = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+		goto out;
+	}
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ERR(inode));
+	if (!(inode->i_state & I_NEW))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = au_xigen_new(inode);
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_iinfo_init(inode);
+	if (!err)
+		inode->i_version++;
+	else {
+		iget_failed(inode);
+		inode = ERR_PTR(err);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	/* never return NULL */
+	AuDebugOn(!inode);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(inode);
+	return inode;
+}
+
+/* lock free root dinfo */
+static int au_show_brs(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct path path;
+	struct au_hdentry *hd;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	hd = au_di(sb->s_root)->di_hdentry;
+	for (bindex = 0; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bindex);
+		path.dentry = hd[bindex].hd_dentry;
+		err = seq_path(seq, &path, au_esc_chars);
+		if (err > 0) {
+			const char *p = au_optstr_br_perm(au_sbr_perm(sb,
+								      bindex));
+			err = seq_printf(seq, "=%s", p);
+		}
+		if (!err && bindex != bend)
+			err = seq_putc(seq, ':');
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void au_show_wbr_create(struct seq_file *m, int v,
+			       struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	const char *pat;
+
+	AuDebugOn(v == AuWbrCreate_Def);
+
+	seq_printf(m, ",create=");
+	pat = au_optstr_wbr_create(v);
+	switch (v) {
+	case AuWbrCreate_TDP:
+	case AuWbrCreate_RR:
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFS:
+	case AuWbrCreate_PMFS:
+		seq_printf(m, pat);
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSV:
+		seq_printf(m, /*pat*/"mfs:%lu",
+			   sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfs_expire / HZ);
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_PMFSV:
+		seq_printf(m, /*pat*/"pmfs:%lu",
+			   sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfs_expire / HZ);
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSRR:
+		seq_printf(m, /*pat*/"mfsrr:%llu",
+			   sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfsrr_watermark);
+		break;
+	case AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV:
+		seq_printf(m, /*pat*/"mfsrr:%llu:%lu",
+			   sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfsrr_watermark,
+			   sbinfo->si_wbr_mfs.mfs_expire / HZ);
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+/* seq_file will re-call me in case of too long string */
+static int aufs_show_options(struct seq_file *m, struct vfsmount *mnt)
+{
+	int err, n;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags, v;
+	struct path path;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *xino;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	sb = mnt->mnt_sb;
+	/* lock free root dinfo */
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	seq_printf(m, ",si=%lx", au_si_mask ^ (unsigned long)sbinfo);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINO)) {
+		seq_puts(m, ",xino=");
+		xino = sbinfo->si_xib;
+		path.mnt = xino->f_vfsmnt;
+		path.dentry = xino->f_dentry;
+		err = seq_path(m, &path, au_esc_chars);
+		if (unlikely(err <= 0))
+			goto out;
+		err = 0;
+#define Deleted "\\040(deleted)"
+		m->count -= sizeof(Deleted) - 1;
+		AuDebugOn(memcmp(m->buf + m->count, Deleted,
+				 sizeof(Deleted) - 1));
+#undef Deleted
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT /* reserved for future use */
+	} else if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINODIR)) {
+		seq_puts(m, ",xinodir=");
+		seq_path(m, &sbinfo->si_xinodir, au_esc_chars);
+#endif
+	} else
+		seq_puts(m, ",noxino");
+
+#define AuBool(name, str) do { \
+	v = au_opt_test(mnt_flags, name); \
+	if (v != au_opt_test(AuOpt_Def, name)) \
+		seq_printf(m, ",%s" #str, v ? "" : "no"); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define AuStr(name, str) do { \
+	v = mnt_flags & AuOptMask_##name; \
+	if (v != (AuOpt_Def & AuOptMask_##name)) \
+		seq_printf(m, "," #str "=%s", au_optstr_##str(v)); \
+} while (0)
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+#define AuStr_BrOpt	"dirs="
+#else
+#define AuStr_BrOpt	"br:"
+#endif
+
+	AuBool(TRUNC_XINO, trunc_xino);
+	AuBool(DIRPERM1, dirperm1);
+	AuBool(SHWH, shwh);
+	AuBool(PLINK, plink);
+	AuStr(UDBA, udba);
+
+	v = sbinfo->si_wbr_create;
+	if (v != AuWbrCreate_Def)
+		au_show_wbr_create(m, v, sbinfo);
+
+	v = sbinfo->si_wbr_copyup;
+	if (v != AuWbrCopyup_Def)
+		seq_printf(m, ",cpup=%s", au_optstr_wbr_copyup(v));
+
+	v = au_opt_test(mnt_flags, ALWAYS_DIROPQ);
+	if (v != au_opt_test(AuOpt_Def, ALWAYS_DIROPQ))
+		seq_printf(m, ",diropq=%c", v ? 'a' : 'w');
+	AuBool(REFROF, refrof);
+	AuBool(DLGT, dlgt);
+	AuBool(WARN_PERM, warn_perm);
+	AuBool(VERBOSE, verbose);
+	AuBool(SUM, sum);
+	/* AuBool(SUM_W, wsum); */
+
+	n = sbinfo->si_dirwh;
+	if (n != AUFS_DIRWH_DEF)
+		seq_printf(m, ",dirwh=%d", n);
+	n = sbinfo->si_rdcache / HZ;
+	if (n != AUFS_RDCACHE_DEF)
+		seq_printf(m, ",rdcache=%d", n);
+
+	AuStr(COO, coo);
+
+ out:
+	if (!sysaufs_brs) {
+		seq_puts(m, "," AuStr_BrOpt);
+		au_show_brs(m, sb);
+	}
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	return 0;
+
+#undef AuBool
+#undef AuStr
+#undef AuStr_BrOpt
+}
+
+static u64 au_add_till_max(u64 a, u64 b)
+{
+	u64 old;
+
+	old = a;
+	a += b;
+	if (old < a)
+		return a;
+	return ULLONG_MAX;
+}
+
+static int au_statfs_sum(struct super_block *sb, struct kstatfs *buf, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex, i;
+	unsigned char shared;
+	u64 blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree;
+	struct super_block *h_sb;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	blocks = 0;
+	bfree = 0;
+	bavail = 0;
+	files = 0;
+	ffree = 0;
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = bend; bindex >= 0; bindex--) {
+		h_sb = au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex);
+		shared = 0;
+		for (i = bindex + 1; !shared && i <= bend; i++)
+			shared = au_sbr_sb(sb, i) == h_sb;
+		if (shared)
+			continue;
+
+		err = vfsub_statfs(h_sb->s_root, buf, dlgt);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+
+		blocks = au_add_till_max(blocks, buf->f_blocks);
+		bfree = au_add_till_max(bfree, buf->f_bfree);
+		bavail = au_add_till_max(bavail, buf->f_bavail);
+		files = au_add_till_max(files, buf->f_files);
+		ffree = au_add_till_max(ffree, buf->f_ffree);
+	}
+
+	buf->f_blocks = blocks;
+	buf->f_bfree = bfree;
+	buf->f_bavail = bavail;
+	buf->f_files = files;
+	buf->f_ffree = ffree;
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* todo: in case of round-robin policy, return the sum of all rw branches? */
+static int aufs_statfs(struct dentry *dentry, struct kstatfs *buf)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	/* lock free root dinfo */
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	if (!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, SUM))
+		err = vfsub_statfs(au_sbr_sb(sb, 0)->s_root, buf, dlgt);
+	else
+		err = au_statfs_sum(sb, buf, dlgt);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	if (!err) {
+		buf->f_type = AUFS_SUPER_MAGIC;
+		buf->f_namelen -= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+		memset(&buf->f_fsid, 0, sizeof(buf->f_fsid));
+	}
+	/* buf->f_bsize = buf->f_blocks = buf->f_bfree = buf->f_bavail = -1; */
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void au_fsync_br(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+	int brperm;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct super_block *h_sb;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	si_write_lock(sb);
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex < bend; bindex++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		brperm = br->br_perm;
+		if (brperm == AuBrPerm_RR || brperm == AuBrPerm_RRWH)
+			continue;
+		h_sb = br->br_mnt->mnt_sb;
+		if (bdev_read_only(h_sb->s_bdev))
+			continue;
+
+		lockdep_off();
+		down_write(&h_sb->s_umount);
+		shrink_dcache_sb(h_sb);
+		fsync_super(h_sb);
+		up_write(&h_sb->s_umount);
+		lockdep_on();
+	}
+	si_write_unlock(sb);
+#endif
+}
+
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+/* this IS NOT for super_operations */
+static void aufs_umount_begin(struct super_block *arg)
+#define AuUmountBeginSb(arg)	(arg)
+#else
+/* this IS for super_operations */
+static void aufs_umount_begin(struct vfsmount *arg, int flags)
+#define AuUmountBeginSb(arg)	((arg)->mnt_sb)
+#endif
+{
+	struct super_block *sb = AuUmountBeginSb(arg);
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	/* dont trust BKL */
+	AuDebugOn(!kernel_locked());
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (!sbinfo)
+		return;
+
+	au_fsync_br(sb);
+
+	si_write_lock(sb);
+	if (au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), PLINK))
+		au_plink_put(sb);
+	au_mnt_reset(sbinfo);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	if (sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->fin)
+		sbinfo->si_wbr_create_ops->fin(sb);
+#endif
+	si_write_unlock(sb);
+}
+
+/* final actions when unmounting a file system */
+static void aufs_put_super(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (!sbinfo)
+		return;
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+	aufs_umount_begin(sb);
+#endif
+	kobject_put(&sbinfo->si_kobj);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * refresh dentry and inode at remount time.
+ */
+static int do_refresh(struct dentry *dentry, mode_t type,
+		      unsigned int dir_flags)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, 0%o\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), type);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!inode);
+
+	di_write_lock_child(dentry);
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	di_read_lock_parent(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	/* returns a number of positive dentries */
+	err = au_refresh_hdentry(dentry, type);
+	if (err >= 0) {
+		err = au_refresh_hinode(inode, dentry);
+		if (!err && type == S_IFDIR)
+			au_reset_hinotify(inode, dir_flags);
+	}
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuErr("unrecoverable error %d, %.*s\n", err, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	di_read_unlock(parent, AuLock_IR);
+	dput(parent);
+	di_write_unlock(dentry);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int test_dir(struct dentry *dentry, void *arg)
+{
+	return S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode);
+}
+
+/* todo: merge with refresh_nondir()? */
+static int refresh_dir(struct dentry *root, au_gen_t sgen)
+{
+	int err, i, j, ndentry, e;
+	struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+	struct dentry **dentries;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	const unsigned int flags = au_hi_flags(root->d_inode, /*isdir*/1);
+
+	LKTRTrace("sgen %d\n", sgen);
+	SiMustWriteLock(root->d_sb);
+	/* dont trust BKL */
+	AuDebugOn(au_digen(root) != sgen || !kernel_locked());
+
+	err = 0;
+	list_for_each_entry(inode, &root->d_sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list)
+		if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) && au_iigen(inode) != sgen) {
+			ii_write_lock_child(inode);
+			e = au_refresh_hinode_self(inode);
+			ii_write_unlock(inode);
+			if (unlikely(e)) {
+				LKTRTrace("e %d, i%lu\n", e, inode->i_ino);
+				if (!err)
+					err = e;
+				/* go on even if err */
+			}
+		}
+
+	e = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(e)) {
+		if (!err)
+			err = e;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	e = au_dcsub_pages(&dpages, root, test_dir, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(e)) {
+		if (!err)
+			err = e;
+		goto out_dpages;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; !e && i < dpages.ndpage; i++) {
+		dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+		dentries = dpage->dentries;
+		ndentry = dpage->ndentry;
+		for (j = 0; !e && j < ndentry; j++) {
+			struct dentry *d;
+			d = dentries[j];
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+			{
+				struct dentry *parent;
+				parent = dget_parent(d);
+				AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(d->d_inode->i_mode)
+					  || IS_ROOT(d)
+					  || au_digen(parent) != sgen);
+				dput(parent);
+			}
+#endif
+			if (au_digen(d) != sgen) {
+				e = do_refresh(d, S_IFDIR, flags);
+				if (unlikely(e && !err))
+					err = e;
+				/* break on err */
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_dpages:
+	au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int test_nondir(struct dentry *dentry, void *arg)
+{
+	return !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode);
+}
+
+static int refresh_nondir(struct dentry *root, au_gen_t sgen, int do_dentry)
+{
+	int err, i, j, ndentry, e;
+	struct au_dcsub_pages dpages;
+	struct au_dpage *dpage;
+	struct dentry **dentries;
+	struct inode *inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("sgen %d\n", sgen);
+	SiMustWriteLock(root->d_sb);
+	/* dont trust BKL */
+	AuDebugOn(au_digen(root) != sgen || !kernel_locked());
+
+	err = 0;
+	list_for_each_entry(inode, &root->d_sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list)
+		if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) && au_iigen(inode) != sgen) {
+			ii_write_lock_child(inode);
+			e = au_refresh_hinode_self(inode);
+			ii_write_unlock(inode);
+			if (unlikely(e)) {
+				LKTRTrace("e %d, i%lu\n", e, inode->i_ino);
+				if (!err)
+					err = e;
+				/* go on even if err */
+			}
+		}
+
+	if (!do_dentry)
+		goto out;
+
+	e = au_dpages_init(&dpages, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(e)) {
+		if (!err)
+			err = e;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	e = au_dcsub_pages(&dpages, root, test_nondir, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(e)) {
+		if (!err)
+			err = e;
+		goto out_dpages;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dpages.ndpage; i++) {
+		dpage = dpages.dpages + i;
+		dentries = dpage->dentries;
+		ndentry = dpage->ndentry;
+		for (j = 0; j < ndentry; j++) {
+			struct dentry *d;
+			d = dentries[j];
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+			{
+				struct dentry *parent;
+				parent = dget_parent(d);
+				AuDebugOn(S_ISDIR(d->d_inode->i_mode)
+					  || au_digen(parent) != sgen);
+				dput(parent);
+			}
+#endif
+			inode = d->d_inode;
+			if (inode && au_digen(d) != sgen) {
+				e = do_refresh(d, inode->i_mode & S_IFMT, 0);
+				if (unlikely(e && !err))
+					err = e;
+				/* go on even err */
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_dpages:
+	au_dpages_free(&dpages);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* stop extra interpretation of errno in mount(8), and strange error messages */
+static int cvt_err(int err)
+{
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+
+	switch (err) {
+	case -ENOENT:
+	case -ENOTDIR:
+	case -EEXIST:
+	case -EIO:
+		err = -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* protected by s_umount */
+static int aufs_remount_fs(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	au_gen_t sigen;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_opts opts;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+
+	LKTRTrace("flags 0x%x, data %s, len %lu\n",
+		  *flags, data ? data : "NULL",
+		  (unsigned long)(data ? strlen(data) : 0));
+
+	au_fsync_br(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	if (!data || !*data) {
+		aufs_write_lock(root);
+		err = verify_opts(sb, *flags, /*pending*/0, /*remount*/1);
+		aufs_write_unlock(root);
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
+	opts.opt = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!opts.opt))
+		goto out;
+	opts.max_opt = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(*opts.opt);
+	opts.flags = AuOpts_REMOUNT;
+	opts.sb_flags = *flags;
+
+	/* parse it before aufs lock */
+	err = au_opts_parse(sb, data, &opts);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_opts;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	inode = root->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	aufs_write_lock(root);
+
+	/* au_do_opts() may return an error */
+	err = au_opts_remount(sb, &opts);
+	au_opts_free(&opts);
+
+	if (au_ftest_opts(opts.flags, REFRESH_DIR)
+	    || au_ftest_opts(opts.flags, REFRESH_NONDIR)) {
+		dlgt = !!au_opt_test(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+		au_sigen_inc(sb);
+		au_reset_hinotify(inode, au_hi_flags(inode, /*isdir*/1));
+		sigen = au_sigen(sb);
+		au_fclr_si(sbinfo, FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS);
+
+		DiMustNoWaiters(root);
+		IiMustNoWaiters(root->d_inode);
+		di_write_unlock(root);
+
+		rerr = refresh_dir(root, sigen);
+		if (unlikely(rerr)) {
+			au_fset_si(sbinfo, FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS);
+			AuWarn("Refreshing directories failed, ignores (%d)\n",
+			       rerr);
+		}
+
+		if (au_ftest_opts(opts.flags, REFRESH_NONDIR)) {
+			rerr = refresh_nondir(root, sigen, !rerr);
+			if (unlikely(rerr))
+				AuWarn("Refreshing non-directories failed,"
+				       " ignores (%d)\n", rerr);
+		}
+
+		/* aufs_write_lock() calls ..._child() */
+		di_write_lock_child(root);
+
+		au_cpup_attr_all(inode, /*force*/1);
+		if (dlgt)
+			au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, DLGT);
+	}
+
+	aufs_write_unlock(root);
+	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+
+ out_opts:
+	free_page((unsigned long)opts.opt);
+ out:
+	err = cvt_err(err);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static struct super_operations aufs_sop = {
+	.alloc_inode	= aufs_alloc_inode,
+	.destroy_inode	= aufs_destroy_inode,
+	.drop_inode	= generic_delete_inode,
+
+	.show_options	= aufs_show_options,
+	.statfs		= aufs_statfs,
+
+	.put_super	= aufs_put_super,
+	.remount_fs	= aufs_remount_fs,
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+	.umount_begin	= aufs_umount_begin
+#endif
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int alloc_root(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct dentry *root;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	inode = au_iget_locked(sb, AUFS_ROOT_INO);
+	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
+	if (IS_ERR(inode))
+		goto out;
+	inode->i_op = &aufs_dir_iop;
+	inode->i_fop = &aufs_dir_fop;
+	inode->i_mode = S_IFDIR;
+	unlock_new_inode(inode);
+	root = d_alloc_root(inode);
+	if (unlikely(!root))
+		goto out_iput;
+	err = PTR_ERR(root);
+	if (IS_ERR(root))
+		goto out_iput;
+
+	err = au_alloc_dinfo(root);
+	if (!err) {
+		sb->s_root = root;
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+	dput(root);
+	goto out; /* do not iput */
+
+ out_iput:
+	iget_failed(inode);
+	iput(inode);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+
+}
+
+static int aufs_fill_super(struct super_block *sb, void *raw_data, int silent)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_opts opts;
+	char *arg = raw_data;
+
+	if (unlikely(!arg || !*arg)) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		AuErr("no arg\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+	LKTRTrace("%s, silent %d\n", arg, silent);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
+	opts.opt = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!opts.opt))
+		goto out;
+	opts.max_opt = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(*opts.opt);
+	opts.sb_flags = sb->s_flags;
+
+	err = au_si_alloc(sb);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_opts;
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	/* all timestamps always follow the ones on the branch */
+	sb->s_flags |= MS_NOATIME | MS_NODIRATIME;
+	sb->s_op = &aufs_sop;
+	sb->s_magic = AUFS_SUPER_MAGIC;
+	au_export_init(sb);
+
+	err = alloc_root(sb);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuDebugOn(sb->s_root);
+		si_write_unlock(sb);
+		goto out_info;
+	}
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	DiMustWriteLock(root);
+	inode = root->d_inode;
+	inode->i_nlink = 2;
+
+	/*
+	 * actually we can parse options regardless aufs lock here.
+	 * but at remount time, parsing must be done before aufs lock.
+	 * so we follow the same rule.
+	 */
+	ii_write_lock_parent(inode);
+	au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 1);
+	aufs_write_unlock(root);
+	err = au_opts_parse(sb, arg, &opts);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_root;
+
+	/* lock vfs_inode first, then aufs. */
+	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	inode->i_op = &aufs_dir_iop;
+	inode->i_fop = &aufs_dir_fop;
+	aufs_write_lock(root);
+
+	sb->s_maxbytes = 0;
+	err = au_opts_mount(sb, &opts);
+	au_opts_free(&opts);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_unlock;
+	AuDebugOn(!sb->s_maxbytes);
+
+	aufs_write_unlock(root);
+	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+	goto out_opts; /* success */
+
+ out_unlock:
+	aufs_write_unlock(root);
+	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
+ out_root:
+	dput(root);
+	sb->s_root = NULL;
+ out_info:
+	kobject_put(&au_sbi(sb)->si_kobj);
+	sb->s_fs_info = NULL;
+ out_opts:
+	free_page((unsigned long)opts.opt);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	err = cvt_err(err);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int aufs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
+		       const char *dev_name, void *raw_data,
+		       struct vfsmount *mnt)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	/* all timestamps always follow the ones on the branch */
+	/* mnt->mnt_flags |= MNT_NOATIME | MNT_NODIRATIME; */
+	err = get_sb_nodev(fs_type, flags, raw_data, aufs_fill_super, mnt);
+	if (!err) {
+		sb = mnt->mnt_sb;
+		au_mnt_init(au_sbi(sb), mnt);
+		si_write_lock(sb);
+		sysaufs_brs_add(sb, 0);
+		si_write_unlock(sb);
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct file_system_type aufs_fs_type = {
+	.name		= AUFS_FSTYPE,
+	.fs_flags	=
+		FS_RENAME_DOES_D_MOVE	/* a race between rename and others*/
+		| FS_REVAL_DOT,		/* for NFS branch and udba */
+	.get_sb		= aufs_get_sb,
+	.kill_sb	= generic_shutdown_super,
+	/* no need to __module_get() and module_put(). */
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/super.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/super.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/super.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/super.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * super_block operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_SUPER_H__
+#define __AUFS_SUPER_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/cramfs_fs.h>
+#include <linux/kobject.h>
+#include <linux/magic.h>
+#include <linux/mount.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "wkq.h"
+
+typedef ssize_t (*au_readf_t)(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+typedef ssize_t (*au_writef_t)(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t,
+			       loff_t *);
+
+struct au_wbr_copyup_operations {
+	int (*copyup)(struct dentry *dentry);
+};
+
+struct au_wbr_create_operations {
+	int (*create)(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir);
+	int (*init)(struct super_block *sb);
+	int (*fin)(struct super_block *sb);
+};
+
+struct au_wbr_mfs {
+	struct mutex	mfs_lock; /* protect this structure */
+	unsigned long	mfs_jiffy;
+	unsigned long	mfs_expire;
+	aufs_bindex_t	mfs_bindex;
+
+	unsigned long long	mfsrr_bytes;
+	unsigned long long	mfsrr_watermark;
+};
+
+/* sbinfo status flags */
+/*
+ * set true when refresh_dirs() failed at remount time.
+ * then try refreshing dirs at access time again.
+ * if it is false, refreshing dirs at access time is unnecesary
+ */
+#define AuSi_FAILED_REFRESH_DIRS	1
+#define au_ftest_si(sbinfo, name)	((sbinfo)->au_si_status & AuSi_##name)
+#define au_fset_si(sbinfo, name) \
+	{ (sbinfo)->au_si_status |= AuSi_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_si(sbinfo, name) \
+	{ (sbinfo)->au_si_status &= ~AuSi_##name; }
+
+struct au_branch;
+struct au_sbinfo {
+	/* nowait tasks in the system-wide workqueue */
+	struct au_nowait_tasks	si_nowait;
+
+	struct au_rwsem		si_rwsem;
+
+	/* branch management */
+	au_gen_t		si_generation;
+
+	/* see above flags */
+	unsigned char		au_si_status;
+
+	aufs_bindex_t		si_bend;
+	aufs_bindex_t		si_last_br_id;
+	struct au_branch	**si_branch;
+
+	/* policy to select a writable branch */
+	unsigned char		si_wbr_copyup;
+	unsigned char		si_wbr_create;
+	struct au_wbr_copyup_operations *si_wbr_copyup_ops;
+	struct au_wbr_create_operations *si_wbr_create_ops;
+
+	/* round robin */
+	atomic_t		si_wbr_rr_next;
+
+	/* most free space */
+	struct au_wbr_mfs	si_wbr_mfs;
+
+	/* mount flags */
+	/* include/asm-ia64/siginfo.h defines a macro named si_flags */
+	unsigned int		si_mntflags;
+
+	/* external inode number (bitmap and translation table) */
+	au_readf_t		si_xread;
+	au_writef_t		si_xwrite;
+	struct file		*si_xib;
+	struct mutex		si_xib_mtx; /* protect xib members */
+	unsigned long		*si_xib_buf;
+	unsigned long		si_xib_last_pindex;
+	int			si_xib_next_bit;
+	/* reserved for future use */
+	/* unsigned long long	si_xib_limit; */	/* Max xib file size */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	struct au_branch	*si_xino_def_br;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+	/* i_generation */
+	struct file		*si_xigen;
+	atomic_t		si_xigen_next;
+#endif
+
+	/* readdir cache time, max, in HZ */
+	unsigned long		si_rdcache;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the number of whiteouts are larger than si_dirwh, leave all of
+	 * them after au_whtmp_ren to reduce the cost of rmdir(2).
+	 * future fsck.aufs or kernel thread will remove them later.
+	 * Otherwise, remove all whiteouts and the dir in rmdir(2).
+	 */
+	unsigned int		si_dirwh;
+
+	/*
+	 * rename(2) a directory with all children.
+	 */
+	/* reserved for future use */
+	/* int			si_rendir; */
+
+	/* pseudo_link list */ /* todo: dirty? */
+	struct au_splhead	si_plink;
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT) && LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+	/* dirty, for export, async ops, and sysfs */
+	spinlock_t		si_mntcache_lock;
+	struct vfsmount		*si_mntcache;	/* no get/put */
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * sysfs and lifetime management.
+	 * this is not a small structure and it may be a waste of memory in case
+	 * of sysfs is disabled, particulary when many aufs-es are mounted.
+	 */
+	struct kobject		si_kobj;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR
+	/* locked vma list for mmap() */ /* todo: dirty? */
+	struct au_splhead	si_lvma;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT /* reserved for future use */
+	struct path		si_xinodir;
+#endif
+
+	/* dirty, necessary for unmounting, sysfs and sysrq */
+	struct super_block	*si_sb;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+	struct au_splhead	si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_Last];
+#endif
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* policy to select one among writable branches */
+#define AuWbrCopyup(sbinfo, args...) \
+	((sbinfo)->si_wbr_copyup_ops->copyup(args))
+#define AuWbrCreate(sbinfo, args...) \
+	((sbinfo)->si_wbr_create_ops->create(args))
+
+/* flags for si_read_lock()/aufs_read_lock()/di_read_lock() */
+#define AuLock_DW		1		/* write-lock dentry */
+#define AuLock_IR		(1 << 1)	/* read-lock inode */
+#define AuLock_IW		(1 << 2)	/* write-lock inode */
+#define AuLock_FLUSH		(1 << 3)	/* wait for 'nowait' tasks */
+#define AuLock_DIR		(1 << 4)	/* target is a dir */
+#define au_ftest_lock(flags, name)	((flags) & AuLock_##name)
+#define au_fset_lock(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuLock_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_lock(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuLock_##name; }
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* super.c */
+extern struct file_system_type aufs_fs_type;
+struct inode *au_iget_locked(struct super_block *sb, ino_t ino);
+
+/* sbinfo.c */
+void au_si_free(struct kobject *kobj);
+int au_si_alloc(struct super_block *sb);
+struct au_branch *au_sbr(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+au_gen_t au_sigen_inc(struct super_block *sb);
+int au_find_bindex(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br);
+
+void aufs_read_lock(struct dentry *dentry, int flags);
+void aufs_read_unlock(struct dentry *dentry, int flags);
+void aufs_write_lock(struct dentry *dentry);
+void aufs_write_unlock(struct dentry *dentry);
+void aufs_read_and_write_lock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2, int isdir);
+void aufs_read_and_write_unlock2(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2);
+
+aufs_bindex_t au_new_br_id(struct super_block *sb);
+
+/* wbr_policy.c */
+extern struct au_wbr_copyup_operations au_wbr_copyup_ops[];
+extern struct au_wbr_create_operations au_wbr_create_ops[];
+int au_cpdown_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT) && LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+static inline void au_mnt_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo, struct vfsmount *mnt)
+{
+	spin_lock_init(&sbinfo->si_mntcache_lock);
+	sbinfo->si_mntcache = mnt;
+}
+
+static inline void au_mnt_reset(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	spin_lock(&sbinfo->si_mntcache_lock);
+	sbinfo->si_mntcache = NULL;
+	spin_unlock(&sbinfo->si_mntcache_lock);
+}
+#else
+static inline void au_mnt_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo, struct vfsmount *mnt)
+{
+	/* emptr */
+}
+
+static inline void au_mnt_reset(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	/* emptr */
+}
+#endif /* EXPORT && < 2.6.26 */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
+static inline int au_mnt_want_write(struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	return mnt_want_write(h_mnt);
+}
+
+static inline void au_mnt_drop_write(struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	mnt_drop_write(h_mnt);
+}
+#else
+static inline int au_mnt_want_write(struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_mnt_drop_write(struct vfsmount *h_mnt)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline struct au_sbinfo *au_sbi(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return sb->s_fs_info;
+}
+
+static inline const char *au_sbtype(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return sb->s_type->name;
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_aufs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return sb->s_magic == AUFS_SUPER_MAGIC;
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_nfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+	return sb->s_magic == NFS_SUPER_MAGIC;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_nfs4(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS_V4
+	return au_test_nfs(sb) && !strcmp(sb->s_type->name, "nfs4");
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_fuse(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE
+	return sb->s_magic == FUSE_SUPER_MAGIC;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_xfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_XFS
+	return sb->s_magic == XFS_SB_MAGIC;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_tmpfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_TMPFS
+	return sb->s_magic == TMPFS_MAGIC;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_ecryptfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_ECRYPT_FS) || defined(CONFIG_ECRYPT_FS_MODULE)
+	/* why don't they use s_magic? */
+	return !strcmp(sb->s_type->name, "ecryptfs");
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+static inline void au_xino_def_br_set(struct au_branch *br,
+				      struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	sbinfo->si_xino_def_br = br;
+}
+
+static inline struct au_branch *au_xino_def_br(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	return sbinfo->si_xino_def_br;
+}
+#else
+static inline void au_xino_def_br_set(struct au_branch *br,
+				      struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline struct au_branch *au_xino_def_br(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+void au_export_init(struct super_block *sb);
+
+static inline int au_test_nfsd(struct task_struct *tsk)
+{
+	return !tsk->mm && !strcmp(tsk->comm, "nfsd");
+}
+
+static inline void au_export_put(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	path_put(&sbinfo->si_xinodir);
+}
+
+int au_xigen_inc(struct inode *inode);
+int au_xigen_new(struct inode *inode);
+int au_xigen_set(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base);
+void au_xigen_clr(struct super_block *sb);
+#else
+static inline void au_export_init(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_nfsd(struct task_struct *tsk)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_export_put(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline int au_xigen_inc(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int au_xigen_new(struct inode *inode)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int au_xigen_set(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_xigen_clr(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR
+static inline int au_test_nested(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void au_robr_lvma_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	au_spl_init(&sbinfo->si_lvma);
+}
+#else
+static inline int au_test_nested(struct super_block *h_sb)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+	if (unlikely(au_test_aufs(h_sb))) {
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		AuTraceErr(err);
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+static inline void au_robr_lvma_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* lock superblock. mainly for entry point functions */
+/*
+ * si_do_noflush_read_lock, si_do_noflush_write_lock,
+ * si_do_read_unlock, si_do_write_unlock, si_do_downgrade_lock
+ */
+AuSimpleLockRwsemFuncs(si_do_noflush, struct super_block *sb,
+		       au_sbi(sb)->si_rwsem);
+AuSimpleUnlockRwsemFuncs(si_do, struct super_block *sb, au_sbi(sb)->si_rwsem);
+
+static inline void si_noflush_read_lock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	au_dbg_locking_si_reg(sb, 0);
+	si_do_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(sb, 0);
+	au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void si_noflush_write_lock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	au_dbg_locking_si_reg(sb, 1);
+	si_do_noflush_write_lock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(sb, 1);
+	au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 1);
+}
+
+static inline int si_noflush_read_trylock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int locked;
+
+	au_dbg_locking_si_reg(sb, 0);
+	locked = si_do_noflush_read_trylock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(sb, 0);
+	if (locked)
+		au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 0);
+	return locked;
+}
+
+static inline int si_noflush_write_trylock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int locked;
+
+	au_dbg_locking_si_reg(sb, 1);
+	locked = si_do_noflush_write_trylock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(sb, 1);
+	if (locked)
+		au_dbg_locked_si_reg(sb, 1);
+	return locked;
+}
+
+static inline void si_read_unlock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	si_do_read_unlock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locked_si_unreg(sb, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void si_write_unlock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	si_do_write_unlock(sb);
+	au_dbg_locked_si_unreg(sb, 1);
+}
+
+static inline void si_downgrade_lock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	si_do_downgrade_lock(sb);
+}
+
+static inline void si_read_lock(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	if (/* !au_test_nfsd(current) &&  */au_ftest_lock(flags, FLUSH))
+		au_nwt_flush(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait);
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+}
+
+static inline void si_write_lock(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	//WARN_ON(au_test_nfsd(current));
+	au_nwt_flush(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait);
+	si_noflush_write_lock(sb);
+}
+
+static inline int si_read_trylock(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	if (/* !au_test_nfsd(current) &&  */au_ftest_lock(flags, FLUSH))
+		au_nwt_flush(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait);
+	return si_noflush_read_trylock(sb);
+}
+
+static inline int si_write_trylock(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	if (/* !au_test_nfsd(current) &&  */au_ftest_lock(flags, FLUSH))
+		au_nwt_flush(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait);
+	return si_noflush_write_trylock(sb);
+}
+
+/* to debug easier, do not make them inlined functions */
+#define SiMustReadLock(sb)	AuRwMustReadLock(&au_sbi(sb)->si_rwsem)
+#define SiMustWriteLock(sb)	AuRwMustWriteLock(&au_sbi(sb)->si_rwsem)
+#define SiMustAnyLock(sb)	AuRwMustAnyLock(&au_sbi(sb)->si_rwsem)
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline aufs_bindex_t au_sbend(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	return au_sbi(sb)->si_bend;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int au_mntflags(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	return au_sbi(sb)->si_mntflags;
+}
+
+static inline au_gen_t au_sigen(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	SiMustAnyLock(sb);
+	return au_sbi(sb)->si_generation;
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_SUPER_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/sysaufs.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysaufs.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/sysaufs.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysaufs.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sysfs interface and lifetime management
+ * they are necessary regardless sysfs is disabled.
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+unsigned long au_si_mask;
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct kset *au_kset;
+
+#define AuSbiAttr(_name) { \
+	.attr   = { .name = __stringify(_name), .mode = 0444 },	\
+	.show   = sysaufs_sbi_##_name,				\
+}
+
+static struct au_sbi_attr au_sbi_attr_xino = AuSbiAttr(xino);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+static struct au_sbi_attr au_sbi_attr_xigen = AuSbiAttr(xigen);
+#endif
+struct attribute *au_sbi_attrs[] = {
+	&au_sbi_attr_xino.attr,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+	&au_sbi_attr_xigen.attr,
+#endif
+	NULL,
+};
+
+static struct sysfs_ops au_sbi_ops = {
+	.show   = sysaufs_sbi_show
+};
+
+static struct kobj_type au_sbi_ktype = {
+	.release	= au_si_free,
+	.sysfs_ops	= &au_sbi_ops,
+	.default_attrs	= au_sbi_attrs
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int sysaufs_si_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	sbinfo->si_kobj.kset = au_kset;
+	/* some people doesn't like to show a pointer in kernel */
+	err = kobject_init_and_add(&sbinfo->si_kobj, &au_sbi_ktype,
+				   NULL/*&au_kset->kobj*/,
+				   SysaufsSb_PREFIX "%lx",
+				   au_si_mask ^ (unsigned long)sbinfo);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void sysaufs_fin(void)
+{
+	sysfs_remove_group(&au_kset->kobj, au_attr_group);
+	kset_unregister(au_kset);
+}
+
+int __init sysaufs_init(void)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	get_random_bytes(&au_si_mask, sizeof(au_si_mask));
+
+	au_kset = kset_create_and_add(AUFS_NAME, NULL, fs_kobj);
+	err = PTR_ERR(au_kset);
+	if (IS_ERR(au_kset))
+		goto out;
+	err = sysfs_create_group(&au_kset->kobj, au_attr_group);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		kset_unregister(au_kset);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/sysaufs.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysaufs.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/sysaufs.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysaufs.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sysfs interface and lifetime management
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SYSAUFS_H__
+#define __SYSAUFS_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+#include "module.h"
+#include "super.h"
+
+#define SysaufsSb_PREFIX	"si_"	/* followed by %p */
+
+struct au_sbi_attr {
+	struct attribute attr;
+	int (*show)(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb);
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* sysaufs.c */
+extern unsigned long au_si_mask;
+extern struct kset *au_kset;
+extern struct attribute *au_sbi_attrs[];
+int sysaufs_si_init(struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo);
+int __init sysaufs_init(void);
+void sysaufs_fin(void);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_branch;
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
+/* sysfs.c */
+extern struct attribute_group *au_attr_group;
+extern struct kobj_type *au_ktype;
+
+int sysaufs_sbi_xino(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+int sysaufs_sbi_xigen(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb);
+#endif
+int sysaufs_sbi_mntpnt1(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb);
+ssize_t sysaufs_sbi_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
+			 char *buf);
+
+void sysaufs_br_init(struct au_branch *br);
+void sysaufs_brs_add(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+void sysaufs_brs_del(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+#else
+#define au_attr_group	NULL
+#define au_ktype	NULL
+
+static inline
+int sysaufs_sbi_xino(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+static inline
+int sysaufs_sbi_xigen(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline
+int sysaufs_sbi_mntpnt1(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline
+ssize_t sysaufs_sbi_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
+			 char *buf)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void sysaufs_br_init(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline void sysaufs_brs_add(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static inline void sysaufs_brs_del(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS */
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __SYSAUFS_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/sysfs.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysfs.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/sysfs.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysfs.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sysfs interface
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/seq_file.h>
+#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LOCAL
+static ssize_t config_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
+			   char *buf)
+{
+#define conf_bool(name)	"CONFIG_AUFS_" #name "=y\n"
+	static const char opt[] =
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS
+		"CONFIG_AUFS=y\n"
+#else
+		"CONFIG_AUFS=m\n"
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_127
+		conf_bool(BRANCH_MAX_127)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_511)
+		conf_bool(BRANCH_MAX_511)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_1023)
+		conf_bool(BRANCH_MAX_1023)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_32767)
+		conf_bool(BRANCH_MAX_32767)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+		conf_bool(STAT)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+		conf_bool(HINOTIFY)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+		conf_bool(EXPORT)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_INO_T_64
+		conf_bool(INO_T_64)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR
+		conf_bool(ROBR)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+		conf_bool(DLGT)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HIN_OR_DLGT
+		conf_bool(HIN_OR_DLGT)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+		conf_bool(SHWH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_RR_SQUASHFS
+		conf_bool(RR_SQUASHFS)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH
+		conf_bool(SEC_PERM_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+		conf_bool(SPLICE_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+		conf_bool(LHASH_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH
+		conf_bool(PUT_FILP_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS
+		conf_bool(BR_NFS)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_NFS_V4
+		conf_bool(BR_NFS_V4)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_XFS
+		conf_bool(BR_XFS)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH
+		conf_bool(FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH
+		conf_bool(DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_KSIZE_PATCH
+		conf_bool(KSIZE_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE
+		conf_bool(WORKAROUND_FUSE)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_GETATTR
+		conf_bool(GETATTR)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+		conf_bool(DEBUG)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ
+		conf_bool(MAGIC_SYSRQ)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+		conf_bool(DEBUG_LOCK)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+		conf_bool(COMPAT)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH
+		conf_bool(UNIONFS22_PATCH)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH
+		conf_bool(UNIONFS23_PATCH)
+#endif
+		;
+#undef conf_bool
+
+	char *p = buf;
+	const char *end = buf + PAGE_SIZE;
+
+	p += snprintf(p, end - p, "%s", opt);
+#ifdef DbgUdbaRace
+	if (p < end)
+		p += snprintf(p, end - p, "DbgUdbaRace=%d\n", DbgUdbaRace);
+#endif
+	if (p < end)
+		return p - buf;
+	else
+		return -EFBIG;
+}
+
+static struct kobj_attribute au_config_attr = __ATTR_RO(config);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+static ssize_t stat_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
+			 char *buf)
+{
+	char *p = buf;
+	const char *end = buf + PAGE_SIZE;
+	int i;
+
+	p += snprintf(p, end - p, "wkq max_busy:");
+	for (i = 0; p < end && i < aufs_nwkq; i++)
+		p += snprintf(p, end - p, " %u", au_wkq[i].max_busy);
+	if (p < end)
+		p += snprintf(p, end - p, ", %u(generic)\n",
+			      au_wkq[aufs_nwkq].max_busy);
+
+	if (p < end)
+		return p - buf;
+	else
+		return -EFBIG;
+}
+
+static struct kobj_attribute au_stat_attr = __ATTR_RO(stat);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+static ssize_t debug_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
+			  char *buf)
+{
+	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", au_debug_test());
+}
+
+static ssize_t debug_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
+			   const char *buf, size_t sz)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", (unsigned int)sz, buf);
+
+	if (unlikely(!sz || (*buf != '0' && *buf != '1')))
+		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+	if (*buf == '0')
+		au_debug_off();
+	else if (*buf == '1')
+		au_debug_on();
+	return sz;
+}
+
+static struct kobj_attribute au_debug_attr = __ATTR(debug, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+						    debug_show, debug_store);
+#endif
+
+static struct attribute *au_attr[] = {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LOCAL
+	&au_config_attr.attr,
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+	&au_stat_attr.attr,
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	&au_debug_attr.attr,
+#endif
+	NULL,	/* need to NULL terminate the list of attributes */
+};
+
+static struct attribute_group au_attr_group_body = {
+	.attrs = au_attr
+};
+
+struct attribute_group *au_attr_group = &au_attr_group_body;
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * they are copied from linux/lib/kobject.c,
+ * and will be exported in the future.
+ */
+static ssize_t au_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
+			    char *buf)
+{
+	struct kobj_attribute *kattr;
+	ssize_t ret = -EIO;
+
+	kattr = container_of(attr, struct kobj_attribute, attr);
+	if (kattr->show)
+		ret = kattr->show(kobj, kattr, buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+static ssize_t au_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
+			     const char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+	struct kobj_attribute *kattr;
+	ssize_t ret = -EIO;
+
+	kattr = container_of(attr, struct kobj_attribute, attr);
+	if (kattr->store)
+		ret = kattr->store(kobj, kattr, buf, count);
+	return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
+static struct sysfs_ops sysaufs_ops = {
+	.show   = au_attr_show,
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	.store  = au_attr_store
+#endif
+};
+
+static struct kobj_type au_ktype_body = {
+	.sysfs_ops = &sysaufs_ops
+};
+struct kobj_type *au_ktype = &au_ktype_body;
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static noinline_for_stack
+int sysaufs_sbi_xi(struct seq_file *seq, struct file *xf, int dlgt,
+		   int print_path)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct kstat st;
+	struct path path;
+
+	err = vfsub_getattr(xf->f_vfsmnt, xf->f_dentry, &st, dlgt);
+	if (!err) {
+		seq_printf(seq, "%llux%lu %lld",
+			   st.blocks, st.blksize, (long long)st.size);
+		if (print_path) {
+			path.dentry = xf->f_dentry;
+			path.mnt = xf->f_vfsmnt;
+			seq_putc(seq, ' ');
+			seq_path(seq, &path, au_esc_chars);
+		}
+		seq_putc(seq, '\n');
+	} else
+		seq_printf(seq, "err %d\n", err);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int sysaufs_sbi_xino(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex;
+	unsigned char dlgt, xinodir;
+	struct kstat st;
+	struct path path;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *xf;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	xinodir = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINODIR);
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags)) {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+		AuDebugOn(sbinfo->si_xib);
+		bend = au_sbend(sb);
+		for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+			AuDebugOn(au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_xino.xi_file);
+#endif
+		err = 0;
+		goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	err = sysaufs_sbi_xi(seq, sbinfo->si_xib, dlgt, xinodir);
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		xf = au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_xino.xi_file;
+		if (!xf)
+			continue;
+		seq_printf(seq, "%d: ", bindex);
+		err = vfsub_getattr(xf->f_vfsmnt, xf->f_dentry, &st, dlgt);
+		if (!err) {
+			seq_printf(seq, "%ld, %llux%lu %lld",
+				   (long)file_count(xf), st.blocks, st.blksize,
+				   (long long)st.size);
+			if (xinodir) {
+				path.dentry = xf->f_dentry;
+				path.mnt = xf->f_vfsmnt;
+				seq_putc(seq, ' ');
+				seq_path(seq, &path, au_esc_chars);
+			}
+			seq_putc(seq, '\n');
+		} else
+			seq_printf(seq, "err %d\n", err);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_EXPORT
+int sysaufs_sbi_xigen(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags))
+		err = sysaufs_sbi_xi(seq, sbinfo->si_xigen,
+				     !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, DLGT),
+				     !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, XINODIR));
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * the lifetime of branch is independent from the entry under sysfs.
+ * sysfs handles the lifetime of the entry, and never call ->show() after it is
+ * unlinked.
+ */
+#define SysaufsBr_PREFIX "br"
+static int sysaufs_sbi_br(struct seq_file *seq, struct super_block *sb,
+			  aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *root;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct path path;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	err = -ENOENT;
+	if (unlikely(au_sbend(sb) < bindex))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	root = sb->s_root;
+	di_read_lock_parent(root, !AuLock_IR);
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	path.mnt = br->br_mnt;
+	path.dentry = au_h_dptr(root, bindex);
+	seq_path(seq, &path, au_esc_chars);
+	di_read_unlock(root, !AuLock_IR);
+	seq_printf(seq, "=%s\n", au_optstr_br_perm(br->br_perm));
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct seq_file *au_seq(char *p, ssize_t len)
+{
+	struct seq_file *seq;
+
+	seq = kzalloc(sizeof(*seq), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (seq) {
+		/* todo: necessary? */
+		/* mutex_init(&seq.lock); */
+		seq->buf = p;
+		seq->size = len;
+		return seq; /* success */
+	}
+
+	seq = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(seq);
+	return seq;
+}
+
+/* todo: file size may exceed PAGE_SIZE */
+ssize_t sysaufs_sbi_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
+			 char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	long l;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct seq_file *seq;
+	char *name;
+	struct attribute **cattr;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s/%s\n", kobject_name(kobj), attr->name);
+
+	sbinfo = container_of(kobj, struct au_sbinfo, si_kobj);
+	sb = sbinfo->si_sb;
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+
+	seq = au_seq(buf, PAGE_SIZE);
+	err = PTR_ERR(seq);
+	if (IS_ERR(seq))
+		goto out;
+
+	name = (void *)attr->name;
+	cattr = au_sbi_attrs;
+	while (*cattr) {
+		if (!strcmp(name, (*cattr)->name)) {
+			err = container_of(*cattr, struct au_sbi_attr, attr)
+				->show(seq, sb);
+			goto out_seq;
+		}
+		cattr++;
+	}
+
+	if (!strncmp(name, SysaufsBr_PREFIX, sizeof(SysaufsBr_PREFIX) - 1)) {
+		name += sizeof(SysaufsBr_PREFIX) - 1;
+		err = strict_strtol(name, 10, &l);
+		if (!err)
+			err = sysaufs_sbi_br(seq, sb, (aufs_bindex_t)l);
+		goto out_seq;
+	}
+	BUG();
+
+ out_seq:
+	if (!err) {
+		err = seq->count;
+		/* sysfs limit */
+		if (unlikely(err == PAGE_SIZE))
+			err = -EFBIG;
+	}
+	kfree(seq);
+ out:
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void sysaufs_br_init(struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	br->br_attr.name = br->br_name;
+	br->br_attr.mode = S_IRUGO;
+	br->br_attr.owner = THIS_MODULE;
+}
+
+void sysaufs_brs_del(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	if (!sysaufs_brs)
+		return;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		sysfs_remove_file(&sbinfo->si_kobj,
+				  &au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_attr);
+}
+
+void sysaufs_brs_add(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct kobject *kobj;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+
+	if (!sysaufs_brs)
+		return;
+
+	kobj = &au_sbi(sb)->si_kobj;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		snprintf(br->br_name, sizeof(br->br_name),
+			 SysaufsBr_PREFIX "%d", bindex);
+		err = sysfs_create_file(kobj, &br->br_attr);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			AuWarn("failed %s under sysfs(%d)\n", br->br_name, err);
+	}
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/sysrq.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysrq.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/sysrq.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/sysrq.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * magic sysrq hanlder
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
+/* #include <linux/sysrq.h> */
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+struct au_dbg_lock {
+	struct list_head list;
+	union {
+		struct super_block	*sb;
+		struct dentry		*dentry;
+		struct inode		*inode;
+		void			*any;
+	};
+	int flags;
+	unsigned int lsc;
+	pid_t pid;
+};
+
+static void au_dbg_reg(struct au_splhead *spl, void *any, int flags,
+		       unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	struct au_dbg_lock *p = kmalloc(sizeof(*p), GFP_NOFS);
+
+	if (p) {
+		p->any = any;
+		p->flags = flags;
+		p->lsc = lsc;
+		p->pid = current->pid;
+		spin_lock(&spl->spin);
+		list_add(&p->list, &spl->head);
+		spin_unlock(&spl->spin);
+	}
+	WARN_ON(!p);
+}
+
+static void au_dbg_unreg(struct au_splhead *spl, void *any, int flags)
+{
+	struct au_dbg_lock *p, *tmp, *found;
+	struct list_head *head = &spl->head;
+	const pid_t pid = current->pid;
+
+	found = NULL;
+	spin_lock(&spl->spin);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(p, tmp, head, list)
+		if (p->any == any && p->pid == pid) {
+			list_del(&p->list);
+			found = p;
+			break;
+		}
+	spin_unlock(&spl->spin);
+	kfree(found);
+	WARN_ON(!found);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_dbg_locking_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKING, sb, flags,
+		   -1);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locking_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKING, sb, flags);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_si_reg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKED, sb, flags,
+		   -1);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_si_unreg(struct super_block *sb, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKED, sb, flags);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locking_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(d->d_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKING, d,
+		   flags, lsc);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locking_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(d->d_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKING, d,
+		     flags);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_di_reg(struct dentry *d, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(d->d_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKED, d, flags,
+		   lsc);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_di_unreg(struct dentry *d, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(d->d_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKED, d,
+		     flags);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(i->i_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_II_LOCKING, i,
+		   flags, lsc);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locking_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(i->i_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_II_LOCKING, i,
+		     flags);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_reg(struct inode *i, int flags, unsigned int lsc)
+{
+	au_dbg_reg(au_sbi(i->i_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_II_LOCKED, i, flags,
+		   lsc);
+}
+
+void au_dbg_locked_ii_unreg(struct inode *i, int flags)
+{
+	au_dbg_unreg(au_sbi(i->i_sb)->si_dbg_lock + AuDbgLock_II_LOCKED, i,
+		     flags);
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void sysrq_sb(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	char *plevel;
+	struct inode *i;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *file;
+
+	plevel = au_plevel;
+	au_plevel = KERN_WARNING;
+	au_debug_on();
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	pr_warning("si=%lx\n", au_si_mask ^ (unsigned long)sbinfo);
+	pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": superblock\n");
+	au_dpri_sb(sb);
+	pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": root dentry\n");
+	au_dpri_dentry(sb->s_root);
+	pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": root inode\n");
+	au_dpri_inode(sb->s_root->d_inode);
+	pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": isolated inode\n");
+	list_for_each_entry(i, &sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list)
+		if (list_empty(&i->i_dentry))
+			au_dpri_inode(i);
+	pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": files\n");
+	list_for_each_entry(file, &sb->s_files, f_u.fu_list)
+		if (au_test_aufs_file(file))
+			au_dpri_file(file);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+	{
+		struct au_dbg_lock *p;
+		struct list_head *head;
+
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locking si\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKING].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list)
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, 0x%x\n", p->pid, p->flags);
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locked si\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_SI_LOCKED].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list)
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, 0x%x\n", p->pid, p->flags);
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locking di\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKING].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list) {
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, 0x%x, %d\n",
+				   p->pid, p->flags, p->lsc);
+			au_dpri_dentry(p->dentry);
+		}
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locked di\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_DI_LOCKED].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list) {
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, 0x%x, %d\n",
+				   p->pid, p->flags, p->lsc);
+			au_dpri_dentry(p->dentry);
+		}
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locking ii\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_II_LOCKING].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list) {
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, %d\n", p->pid, p->lsc);
+			au_dpri_inode(p->inode);
+		}
+		pr_warning(AUFS_NAME ": locked ii\n");
+		head = &sbinfo->si_dbg_lock[AuDbgLock_II_LOCKED].head;
+		list_for_each_entry(p, head, list) {
+			pr_warning("pid: %d, %d\n", p->pid, p->lsc);
+			au_dpri_inode(p->inode);
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	au_plevel = plevel;
+	au_debug_off();
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* module parameter */
+static char *aufs_sysrq_key = "a";
+module_param_named(sysrq, aufs_sysrq_key, charp, S_IRUGO);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(sysrq, "MagicSysRq key for " AUFS_NAME);
+
+static void au_sysrq(int key, struct tty_struct *tty)
+{
+	struct kobject *kobj;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	/* spin_lock(&au_kset->list_lock); */
+	list_for_each_entry(kobj, &au_kset->list, entry) {
+		sbinfo = container_of(kobj, struct au_sbinfo, si_kobj);
+		sysrq_sb(sbinfo->si_sb);
+	}
+	/* spin_unlock(&au_kset->list_lock); */
+}
+
+static struct sysrq_key_op au_sysrq_op = {
+	.handler	= au_sysrq,
+	.help_msg	= "Aufs",
+	.action_msg	= "Aufs",
+	/* todo: test mask? */
+	.enable_mask	= SYSRQ_ENABLE_DUMP
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int __init au_sysrq_init(void)
+{
+	int err;
+	char key;
+
+	err = -1;
+	key = *aufs_sysrq_key;
+	if ('a' <= key && key <= 'z')
+		err = register_sysrq_key(key, &au_sysrq_op);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuErr("err %d, sysrq=%c\n", err, key);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_sysrq_fin(void)
+{
+	int err;
+	err = unregister_sysrq_key(*aufs_sysrq_key, &au_sysrq_op);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuErr("err %d (ignored)\n", err);
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/vdir.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vdir.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/vdir.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vdir.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,941 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * virtual or vertical directory
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static int calc_size(int namelen)
+{
+	int sz;
+
+	sz = sizeof(struct au_vdir_de) + namelen;
+	if (sizeof(ino_t) == sizeof(long)) {
+		const int mask = sizeof(ino_t) - 1;
+		if (sz & mask) {
+			sz += sizeof(ino_t);
+			sz &= ~mask;
+		}
+	}
+
+	AuDebugOn(sz % sizeof(ino_t));
+	return sz;
+}
+
+static int set_deblk_end(union au_vdir_deblk_p *p,
+			 union au_vdir_deblk_p *deblk_end)
+{
+	if (calc_size(0) <= deblk_end->p - p->p) {
+		p->de->de_str.len = 0;
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1; /* error */
+}
+
+/* returns true or false */
+static int is_deblk_end(union au_vdir_deblk_p *p,
+			union au_vdir_deblk_p *deblk_end)
+{
+	if (calc_size(0) <= deblk_end->p - p->p)
+		return !p->de->de_str.len;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static au_vdir_deblk_t *last_deblk(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	return vdir->vd_deblk[vdir->vd_nblk - 1];
+}
+
+void au_nhash_init(struct au_nhash *nhash)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++)
+		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(nhash->heads + i);
+}
+
+struct au_nhash *au_nhash_new(gfp_t gfp)
+{
+	struct au_nhash *nhash;
+
+	nhash = kmalloc(sizeof(*nhash), gfp);
+	if (nhash) {
+		au_nhash_init(nhash);
+		return nhash;
+	}
+	return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+}
+
+void au_nhash_del(struct au_nhash *nhash)
+{
+	au_nhash_fin(nhash);
+	kfree(nhash);
+}
+
+void au_nhash_move(struct au_nhash *dst, struct au_nhash *src)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	*dst = *src;
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		struct hlist_head *h;
+		h = dst->heads + i;
+		if (h->first)
+			h->first->pprev = &h->first;
+		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(src->heads + i);
+	}
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_nhash_fin(struct au_nhash *whlist)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos, *n;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		head = whlist->heads + i;
+		hlist_for_each_entry_safe(tpos, pos, n, head, wh_hash) {
+			/* hlist_del(pos); */
+			kfree(tpos);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int au_nhash_test_longer_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, aufs_bindex_t btgt,
+			    int limit)
+{
+	int n, i;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos;
+
+	LKTRTrace("limit %d\n", limit);
+
+	n = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		head = whlist->heads + i;
+		hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, wh_hash)
+			if (tpos->wh_bindex == btgt && ++n > limit)
+				return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static unsigned int au_name_hash(const unsigned char *name, unsigned int len)
+{
+	return full_name_hash(name, len) % AuSize_NHASH;
+}
+
+/* returns found(true) or not */
+int au_nhash_test_known_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, char *name, int namelen)
+{
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos;
+	struct au_vdir_destr *str;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", namelen, name);
+
+	head = whlist->heads + au_name_hash(name, namelen);
+	hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, wh_hash) {
+		str = &tpos->wh_str;
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", str->len, str->name);
+		if (str->len == namelen && !memcmp(str->name, name, namelen))
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int au_nhash_append_wh(struct au_nhash *whlist, char *name, int namelen,
+		       ino_t ino, unsigned int d_type, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		       unsigned char shwh)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_vdir_destr *str;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *wh;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", namelen, name);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	wh = kmalloc(sizeof(*wh) + namelen, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!wh))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+	wh->wh_bindex = bindex;
+	if (shwh)
+		au_shwh_init_wh(wh, ino, d_type);
+	str = &wh->wh_str;
+	str->len = namelen;
+	memcpy(str->name, name, namelen);
+	hlist_add_head(&wh->wh_hash,
+		       whlist->heads + au_name_hash(name, namelen));
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_vdir_free(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	au_vdir_deblk_t **deblk;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	deblk = vdir->vd_deblk;
+	while (vdir->vd_nblk--) {
+		kfree(*deblk);
+		deblk++;
+	}
+	kfree(vdir->vd_deblk);
+	au_cache_free_vdir(vdir);
+}
+
+static int append_deblk(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	int err, sz, i;
+	au_vdir_deblk_t **o;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p, deblk_end;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	sz = sizeof(*o) * vdir->vd_nblk;
+	o = au_kzrealloc(vdir->vd_deblk, sz, sz + sizeof(*o), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!o))
+		goto out;
+	vdir->vd_deblk = o;
+	p.deblk = kmalloc(sizeof(*p.deblk), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (p.deblk) {
+		i = vdir->vd_nblk++;
+		vdir->vd_deblk[i] = p.deblk;
+		vdir->vd_last.i = i;
+		vdir->vd_last.p.p = p.p;
+		deblk_end.deblk = p.deblk + 1;
+		err = set_deblk_end(&p, &deblk_end);
+		AuDebugOn(err);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static struct au_vdir *alloc_vdir(void)
+{
+	struct au_vdir *vdir;
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	vdir = au_cache_alloc_vdir();
+	if (unlikely(!vdir))
+		goto out;
+	vdir->vd_deblk = kzalloc(sizeof(*vdir->vd_deblk), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!vdir->vd_deblk))
+		goto out_free;
+
+	vdir->vd_nblk = 0;
+	vdir->vd_version = 0;
+	vdir->vd_jiffy = 0;
+	err = append_deblk(vdir);
+	if (!err)
+		return vdir; /* success */
+
+	kfree(vdir->vd_deblk);
+
+ out_free:
+	au_cache_free_vdir(vdir);
+ out:
+	vdir = ERR_PTR(err);
+	AuTraceErrPtr(vdir);
+	return vdir;
+}
+
+static int reinit_vdir(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p, deblk_end;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	while (vdir->vd_nblk > 1) {
+		kfree(vdir->vd_deblk[vdir->vd_nblk - 1]);
+		vdir->vd_deblk[vdir->vd_nblk - 1] = NULL;
+		vdir->vd_nblk--;
+	}
+	p.deblk = vdir->vd_deblk[0];
+	deblk_end.deblk = p.deblk + 1;
+	err = set_deblk_end(&p, &deblk_end);
+	AuDebugOn(err);
+	vdir->vd_version = 0;
+	vdir->vd_jiffy = 0;
+	vdir->vd_last.i = 0;
+	vdir->vd_last.p.deblk = vdir->vd_deblk[0];
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void free_dehlist(struct au_nhash *dehlist)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_dehstr *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos, *n;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		head = dehlist->heads + i;
+		hlist_for_each_entry_safe(tpos, pos, n, head, hash) {
+			/* hlist_del(pos); */
+			au_cache_free_dehstr(tpos);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* returns found(true) or not */
+static int test_known(struct au_nhash *delist, char *name, int namelen)
+{
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_dehstr *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos;
+	struct au_vdir_destr *str;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", namelen, name);
+
+	head = delist->heads + au_name_hash(name, namelen);
+	hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, hash) {
+		str = tpos->str;
+		LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", str->len, str->name);
+		if (str->len == namelen && !memcmp(str->name, name, namelen))
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+
+}
+
+static int append_de(struct au_vdir *vdir, char *name, int namelen, ino_t ino,
+		     unsigned int d_type, struct au_nhash *delist)
+{
+	int err, sz;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p, *room, deblk_end;
+	struct au_vdir_dehstr *dehstr;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s %d, i%lu, dt%u\n",
+		  namelen, name, namelen, (unsigned long)ino, d_type);
+
+	p.deblk = last_deblk(vdir);
+	deblk_end.deblk = p.deblk + 1;
+	room = &vdir->vd_last.p;
+	AuDebugOn(room->p < p.p || deblk_end.p <= room->p
+		  || !is_deblk_end(room, &deblk_end));
+
+	sz = calc_size(namelen);
+	if (unlikely(sz > deblk_end.p - room->p)) {
+		err = append_deblk(vdir);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+		p.deblk = last_deblk(vdir);
+		deblk_end.deblk = p.deblk + 1;
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		AuDebugOn(room->p != p.p);
+	}
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	dehstr = au_cache_alloc_dehstr();
+	if (unlikely(!dehstr))
+		goto out;
+	dehstr->str = &room->de->de_str;
+	hlist_add_head(&dehstr->hash,
+		       delist->heads + au_name_hash(name, namelen));
+
+	room->de->de_ino = ino;
+	room->de->de_type = d_type;
+	room->de->de_str.len = namelen;
+	memcpy(room->de->de_str.name, name, namelen);
+
+	err = 0;
+	room->p += sz;
+	if (unlikely(set_deblk_end(room, &deblk_end)))
+		err = append_deblk(vdir);
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_ino(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		  unsigned int d_type, ino_t *ino)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe;
+	struct mutex *mtx;
+	const int isdir = (d_type == DT_DIR);
+
+	/* prevent hardlinks from race condition */
+	mtx = NULL;
+	if (!isdir) {
+		mtx = &au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_xino.xi_nondir_mtx;
+		mutex_lock(mtx);
+	}
+	err = au_xino_read(sb, bindex, h_ino, &xinoe);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (!xinoe.ino) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		xinoe.ino = au_xino_new_ino(sb);
+		if (unlikely(!xinoe.ino))
+			goto out;
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+		struct inode *h_inode;
+		xinoe.h_gen = AuXino_INVALID_HGEN;
+		h_inode = ilookup(au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex), h_ino);
+		if (h_inode) {
+			if (!is_bad_inode(h_inode)) {
+				xinoe.h_gen = h_inode->i_generation;
+				WARN_ON(xinoe.h_gen == AuXino_INVALID_HGEN);
+			}
+			iput(h_inode);
+		}
+#endif
+		err = au_xino_write(sb, bindex, h_ino, &xinoe);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	*ino = xinoe.ino;
+
+ out:
+	if (!isdir)
+		mutex_unlock(mtx);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wh_ino(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		     unsigned int d_type, ino_t *ino)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+	return au_ino(sb, bindex, h_ino, d_type, ino);
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+#define AuFillVdir_CALLED	1
+#define AuFillVdir_SHWH		(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_fillvdir(flags, name)	((flags) & AuFillVdir_##name)
+#define au_fset_fillvdir(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuFillVdir_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_fillvdir(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuFillVdir_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+#undef AuFillVdir_SHWH
+#define AuFillVdir_SHWH		0
+#endif
+
+struct fillvdir_arg {
+	struct file		*file;
+	struct au_vdir		*vdir;
+	struct au_nhash		*delist;
+	struct au_nhash		*whlist;
+	aufs_bindex_t		bindex;
+	unsigned int		flags;
+	int			err;
+};
+
+static int fillvdir(void *__arg, const char *__name, int namelen, loff_t offset,
+		    u64 h_ino, unsigned int d_type)
+{
+	struct fillvdir_arg *arg = __arg;
+	char *name = (void *)__name;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	ino_t ino;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, namelen %d, i%llu, dt%u\n",
+		  namelen, name, namelen, (unsigned long long)h_ino, d_type);
+
+	sb = arg->file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+	bend = arg->bindex;
+	arg->err = 0;
+	au_fset_fillvdir(arg->flags, CALLED);
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	if (namelen <= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN
+	    || memcmp(name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN)) {
+		for (bindex = 0; bindex < bend; bindex++)
+			if (test_known(arg->delist + bindex, name, namelen)
+			    || au_nhash_test_known_wh(arg->whlist + bindex,
+						      name, namelen))
+				goto out; /* already exists or whiteouted */
+
+		ino = 1; /* why does gcc warns? */
+		arg->err = au_ino(sb, bend, h_ino, d_type, &ino);
+		if (!arg->err)
+			arg->err = append_de(arg->vdir, name, namelen, ino,
+					     d_type, arg->delist + bend);
+	} else {
+		name += AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+		namelen -= AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+		for (bindex = 0; bindex < bend; bindex++)
+			if (au_nhash_test_known_wh(arg->whlist + bend, name,
+						   namelen))
+				goto out; /* already whiteouted */
+
+		ino = 1; /* dummy */
+		if (au_ftest_fillvdir(arg->flags, SHWH))
+			arg->err = au_wh_ino(sb, bend, h_ino, d_type, &ino);
+		if (!arg->err)
+			arg->err = au_nhash_append_wh
+				(arg->whlist + bend, name, namelen, ino, d_type,
+				 bend, au_ftest_fillvdir(arg->flags, SHWH));
+	}
+
+ out:
+	if (!arg->err)
+		arg->vdir->vd_jiffy = jiffies;
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	AuTraceErr(arg->err);
+	return arg->err;
+}
+
+static int au_handle_shwh(struct super_block *sb, struct au_vdir *vdir,
+			  aufs_bindex_t bstart, aufs_bindex_t bend,
+			  struct au_nhash *_whlist, struct au_nhash *_delist)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SHWH
+	int err, i;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos, *n;
+	char *p, *o;
+	struct au_nhash *whlist, *delist;
+	struct au_vdir_destr *destr;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), SHWH));
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	o = p = __getname();
+	if (unlikely(!p))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	memcpy(p, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN);
+	p += AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+	for (bindex = bstart; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		whlist = _whlist + bindex;
+		delist = _delist + bindex;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+			head = whlist->heads + i;
+			hlist_for_each_entry_safe(tpos, pos, n, head, wh_hash) {
+				destr = &tpos->wh_str;
+				memcpy(p, destr->name, destr->len);
+				err = append_de(vdir, o,
+						destr->len + AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN,
+						tpos->wh_ino, tpos->wh_type,
+						delist);
+				if (unlikely(err))
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	__putname(o);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int au_do_read_vdir(struct fillvdir_arg *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	loff_t offset;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex, bstart;
+	unsigned char dlgt, shwh;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct file *hf;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	bend = au_fbend(arg->file);
+	arg->delist = kmalloc(sizeof(*arg->delist) * (bend + 1), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!arg->delist))
+		goto out;
+	arg->whlist = kmalloc(sizeof(*arg->whlist) * (bend + 1), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!arg->whlist))
+		goto out_delist;
+	err = 0;
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		au_nhash_init(arg->delist + bindex);
+		au_nhash_init(arg->whlist + bindex);
+	}
+
+	sb = arg->file->f_dentry->d_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	arg->flags = 0;
+	shwh = 0;
+	if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, SHWH)) {
+		shwh = 1;
+		au_fset_fillvdir(arg->flags, SHWH);
+	}
+	bstart = au_fbstart(arg->file);
+	for (bindex = bstart; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		hf = au_h_fptr(arg->file, bindex);
+		if (!hf)
+			continue;
+
+		offset = vfsub_llseek(hf, 0, SEEK_SET);
+		err = offset;
+		if (unlikely(offset))
+			break;
+		arg->bindex = bindex;
+		do {
+			arg->err = 0;
+			au_fclr_fillvdir(arg->flags, CALLED);
+			/* smp_mb(); */
+			err = vfsub_readdir(hf, fillvdir, arg, dlgt);
+			if (err >= 0)
+				err = arg->err;
+		} while (!err && au_ftest_fillvdir(arg->flags, CALLED));
+	}
+
+	if (!err && shwh)
+		err = au_handle_shwh(sb, arg->vdir, bstart, bend, arg->whlist,
+				     arg->delist);
+
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		free_dehlist(arg->delist + bindex);
+		au_nhash_fin(arg->whlist + bindex);
+	}
+	kfree(arg->whlist);
+
+ out_delist:
+	kfree(arg->delist);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int read_vdir(struct file *file, int may_read)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned long expire;
+	struct fillvdir_arg arg;
+	unsigned char do_read;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_vdir *vdir, *allocated;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, may %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), may_read);
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(inode);
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = 0;
+	allocated = NULL;
+	do_read = 0;
+	sb = inode->i_sb;
+	expire = au_sbi(sb)->si_rdcache;
+	vdir = au_ivdir(inode);
+	if (!vdir) {
+		AuDebugOn(au_fvdir_cache(file));
+		do_read = 1;
+		vdir = alloc_vdir();
+		err = PTR_ERR(vdir);
+		if (IS_ERR(vdir))
+			goto out;
+		err = 0;
+		allocated = vdir;
+	} else if (may_read
+		   && (inode->i_version != vdir->vd_version
+		       || time_after(jiffies, vdir->vd_jiffy + expire))) {
+		LKTRTrace("iver %llu, vdver %lu, exp %lu\n",
+			  (unsigned long long)inode->i_version,
+			  vdir->vd_version, vdir->vd_jiffy + expire);
+		do_read = 1;
+		err = reinit_vdir(vdir);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (!do_read)
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	arg.file = file;
+	arg.vdir = vdir;
+	err = au_do_read_vdir(&arg);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* todo: necessary? */
+		/* file->f_pos = 0; */
+		vdir->vd_version = inode->i_version;
+		vdir->vd_last.i = 0;
+		vdir->vd_last.p.deblk = vdir->vd_deblk[0];
+		if (allocated)
+			au_set_ivdir(inode, allocated);
+	} else if (allocated)
+		au_vdir_free(allocated);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int copy_vdir(struct au_vdir *tgt, struct au_vdir *src)
+{
+	int err, i, rerr, n;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(tgt->vd_nblk != 1);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	if (tgt->vd_nblk < src->vd_nblk) {
+		au_vdir_deblk_t **p;
+		p = au_kzrealloc(tgt->vd_deblk, sizeof(*p) * tgt->vd_nblk,
+				 sizeof(*p) * src->vd_nblk, GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!p))
+			goto out;
+		tgt->vd_deblk = p;
+	}
+
+	tgt->vd_nblk = src->vd_nblk;
+	n = src->vd_nblk;
+	memcpy(tgt->vd_deblk[0], src->vd_deblk[0], AuSize_DEBLK);
+	/* tgt->vd_last.i = 0; */
+	/* tgt->vd_last.p.deblk = tgt->vd_deblk[0]; */
+	tgt->vd_version = src->vd_version;
+	tgt->vd_jiffy = src->vd_jiffy;
+
+	for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+		tgt->vd_deblk[i] = kmalloc(AuSize_DEBLK, GFP_NOFS);
+		if (tgt->vd_deblk[i])
+			memcpy(tgt->vd_deblk[i], src->vd_deblk[i],
+			       AuSize_DEBLK);
+		else
+			goto out;
+	}
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	return 0; /* success */
+
+ out:
+	rerr = reinit_vdir(tgt);
+	BUG_ON(rerr);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_vdir_init(struct file *file)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	struct au_vdir *vdir_cache, *allocated;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), file->f_pos);
+	FiMustWriteLock(file);
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	IiMustWriteLock(inode);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = read_vdir(file, !file->f_pos);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	allocated = NULL;
+	vdir_cache = au_fvdir_cache(file);
+	if (!vdir_cache) {
+		vdir_cache = alloc_vdir();
+		err = PTR_ERR(vdir_cache);
+		if (IS_ERR(vdir_cache))
+			goto out;
+		allocated = vdir_cache;
+	} else if (!file->f_pos && vdir_cache->vd_version != file->f_version) {
+		err = reinit_vdir(vdir_cache);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out;
+	} else
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	err = copy_vdir(vdir_cache, au_ivdir(inode));
+	if (!err) {
+		file->f_version = inode->i_version;
+		if (allocated)
+			au_set_fvdir_cache(file, allocated);
+	} else if (allocated)
+		au_vdir_free(allocated);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static loff_t calc_offset(struct au_vdir *vdir)
+{
+	loff_t offset;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p;
+
+	p.deblk = vdir->vd_deblk[vdir->vd_last.i];
+	offset = vdir->vd_last.p.p - p.p;
+	offset += sizeof(*p.deblk) * vdir->vd_last.i;
+	return offset;
+}
+
+/* returns true or false */
+static int seek_vdir(struct file *file)
+{
+	int valid, i, n;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct au_vdir *vdir_cache;
+	loff_t offset;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p p, deblk_end;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), file->f_pos);
+	vdir_cache = au_fvdir_cache(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!vdir_cache);
+
+	valid = 1;
+	offset = calc_offset(vdir_cache);
+	LKTRTrace("offset %lld\n", offset);
+	if (file->f_pos == offset)
+		goto out;
+
+	vdir_cache->vd_last.i = 0;
+	vdir_cache->vd_last.p.deblk = vdir_cache->vd_deblk[0];
+	if (!file->f_pos)
+		goto out;
+
+	valid = 0;
+	i = file->f_pos / AuSize_DEBLK;
+	LKTRTrace("i %d\n", i);
+	if (i >= vdir_cache->vd_nblk)
+		goto out;
+
+	n = vdir_cache->vd_nblk;
+	for (; i < n; i++) {
+		p.deblk = vdir_cache->vd_deblk[i];
+		deblk_end.deblk = p.deblk + 1;
+		offset = i;
+		offset *= AuSize_DEBLK;
+		while (!is_deblk_end(&p, &deblk_end) && offset < file->f_pos) {
+			int l;
+			l = calc_size(p.de->de_str.len);
+			offset += l;
+			p.p += l;
+		}
+		if (!is_deblk_end(&p, &deblk_end)) {
+			valid = 1;
+			vdir_cache->vd_last.i = i;
+			vdir_cache->vd_last.p = p;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out:
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	AuTraceErr(!valid);
+	return valid;
+}
+
+int au_vdir_fill_de(struct file *file, void *dirent, filldir_t filldir)
+{
+	int err, l;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct au_vdir *vdir_cache;
+	struct au_vdir_de *de;
+	union au_vdir_deblk_p deblk_end;
+
+	dentry = file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), file->f_pos);
+	vdir_cache = au_fvdir_cache(file);
+	AuDebugOn(!vdir_cache);
+
+	if (!seek_vdir(file))
+		return 0;
+
+	while (1) {
+		deblk_end.deblk
+			= vdir_cache->vd_deblk[vdir_cache->vd_last.i] + 1;
+		while (!is_deblk_end(&vdir_cache->vd_last.p, &deblk_end)) {
+			de = vdir_cache->vd_last.p.de;
+			LKTRTrace("%.*s, off%lld, i%lu, dt%d\n",
+				  de->de_str.len, de->de_str.name,
+				  file->f_pos, (unsigned long)de->de_ino,
+				  de->de_type);
+			err = filldir(dirent, de->de_str.name, de->de_str.len,
+				      file->f_pos, de->de_ino, de->de_type);
+			if (unlikely(err)) {
+				AuTraceErr(err);
+				/* todo: ignore the error caused by udba? */
+				/* return err; */
+				return 0;
+			}
+
+			l = calc_size(de->de_str.len);
+			vdir_cache->vd_last.p.p += l;
+			file->f_pos += l;
+		}
+		if (vdir_cache->vd_last.i < vdir_cache->vd_nblk - 1) {
+			vdir_cache->vd_last.i++;
+			vdir_cache->vd_last.p.deblk
+				= vdir_cache->vd_deblk[vdir_cache->vd_last.i];
+			file->f_pos = sizeof(*vdir_cache->vd_last.p.deblk)
+				* vdir_cache->vd_last.i;
+			continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/* smp_mb(); */
+	return 0;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/vfsub.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vfsub.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/vfsub.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vfsub.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sub-routines for VFS
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void vfsub_args_init(struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct au_hin_ignore *ign,
+		     int dlgt, int force_unlink)
+{
+	do_vfsub_args_reinit(vargs, ign);
+	vargs->flags = 0;
+	if (dlgt)
+		vfsub_fset(vargs->flags, DLGT);
+	if (force_unlink)
+		vfsub_fset(vargs->flags, FORCE_UNLINK);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct file *vfsub_filp_open(const char *path, int oflags, int mode)
+{
+	struct file *err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", path);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = filp_open(path, oflags, mode);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (!IS_ERR(err))
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(err->f_vfsmnt, err->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+int vfsub_path_lookup(const char *name, unsigned int flags,
+		      struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", name);
+
+	/* lockdep_off(); */
+	err = path_lookup(name, flags, nd);
+	/* lockdep_on(); */
+	if (!err)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(nd->path.mnt, nd->path.dentry);
+	/*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct dentry *vfsub_lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				    int len)
+{
+	struct dentry *d;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(parent), len, name);
+	IMustLock(parent->d_inode);
+
+	d = lookup_one_len(name, parent, len);
+	if (!IS_ERR(d))
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, d); /*ignore*/
+	return d;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+struct dentry *vfsub__lookup_hash(struct qstr *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				  struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	struct dentry *d;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, nd %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(parent), AuLNPair(name), !!nd);
+	if (nd)
+		LKTRTrace("nd{0x%x}\n", nd->flags);
+	IMustLock(parent->d_inode);
+
+	d = __lookup_hash(name, parent, nd);
+	if (!IS_ERR(d))
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, d); /*ignore*/
+	return d;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int do_vfsub_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		    struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct vfsmount *mnt;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, 0x%x\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), mode);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	err = vfs_create(dir, dentry, mode, nd);
+	if (!err) {
+		mnt = NULL;
+		if (nd)
+			mnt = nd->path.mnt;
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(mnt, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(mnt, dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27)
+#define VfsubSymlinkArgs	dir, dentry, symname
+#else
+#define VfsubSymlinkArgs	dir, dentry, symname, mode
+#endif
+
+int do_vfsub_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		     const char *symname, int mode)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, %s, 0x%x\n",
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), symname, mode);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	err = vfs_symlink(VfsubSymlinkArgs);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		   dev_t dev)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, 0x%x\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), mode);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	err = vfs_mknod(dir, dentry, mode, dev);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+		  struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, i%lu, %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(src_dentry), dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_link(src_dentry, dir, dentry);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (!err) {
+		LKTRTrace("src_i %p, dst_i %p\n",
+			  src_dentry->d_inode, dentry->d_inode);
+		/* fuse has different memory inode for the same inumber */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, src_dentry); /*ignore*/
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		    struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, i%lu, %.*s\n",
+		  src_dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(src_dentry),
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	IMustLock(src_dir);
+	AuDebugOn(src_dir != dir && !vfsub_is_rename_mutex_locked(dir->i_sb));
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_rename(src_dir, src_dentry, dir, dentry);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (!err) {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, src_dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, src_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, 0x%x\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry), mode);
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	err = vfs_mkdir(dir, dentry, mode);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* dir inode is locked */
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry); /*ignore*/
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_rmdir(dir, dentry);
+	lockdep_on();
+	/* dir inode is locked */
+	if (!err)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	/* vfs_unlink() locks inode */
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_unlink(dir, dentry);
+	lockdep_on();
+	/* dir inode is locked */
+	if (!err)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, dentry->d_parent); /*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ssize_t do_vfsub_read_u(struct file *file, char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+			loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, cnt %zu, pos %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry), count, *ppos);
+
+	/* todo: always off, regardless nfs branch? */
+	au_br_nfs_lockdep_off(file->f_vfsmnt->mnt_sb);
+	err = vfs_read(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+	au_br_nfs_lockdep_on(file->f_vfsmnt->mnt_sb);
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(file->f_vfsmnt, file->f_dentry);
+	/*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* todo: kernel_read()? */
+ssize_t do_vfsub_read_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count,
+			loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	mm_segment_t oldfs;
+
+	oldfs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	err = do_vfsub_read_u(file, (char __user *)kbuf, count, ppos);
+	set_fs(oldfs);
+	return err;
+}
+
+ssize_t do_vfsub_write_u(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf,
+			 size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, cnt %zu, pos %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry), count, *ppos);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_write(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(file->f_vfsmnt, file->f_dentry);
+	/*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+ssize_t do_vfsub_write_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count,
+			 loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	mm_segment_t oldfs;
+
+	oldfs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	err = do_vfsub_write_u(file, (const char __user *)kbuf, count, ppos);
+	set_fs(oldfs);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int do_vfsub_readdir(struct file *file, filldir_t filldir, void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_readdir(file, filldir, arg);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(file->f_vfsmnt, file->f_dentry);
+	/*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+long do_vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+			struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+			unsigned int flags)
+{
+	long err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld, len %zu, 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(in->f_dentry), *ppos, len, flags);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_splice_to(in, ppos, pipe, len, flags);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(in->f_vfsmnt, in->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+
+long do_vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+			  loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	long err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, pos %lld, len %zu, 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(out->f_dentry), *ppos, len, flags);
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_splice_from(pipe, out, ppos, len, flags);
+	lockdep_on();
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(out->f_vfsmnt, out->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_vfsub_mkdir_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int mode;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void au_call_vfsub_mkdir(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_vfsub_mkdir_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = vfsub_mkdir(a->dir, a->dentry, a->mode, a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_sio_mkdir(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		    int dlgt)
+{
+	int err, do_sio, wkq_err;
+	struct inode *dir = hdir->hi_inode;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, /*force_unlink*/0);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+	do_sio = au_test_h_perm_sio(dir, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE, dlgt);
+	if (!do_sio)
+		err = vfsub_mkdir(dir, dentry, mode, &vargs);
+	else {
+		struct au_vfsub_mkdir_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.dir	= dir,
+			.dentry	= dentry,
+			.mode	= mode,
+			.vargs	= &vargs
+		};
+		vfsub_fclr(vargs.flags, DLGT);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_vfsub_mkdir, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct au_vfsub_rmdir_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void au_call_vfsub_rmdir(void *args)
+{
+	struct au_vfsub_rmdir_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = vfsub_rmdir(a->dir, a->dentry, a->vargs);
+}
+
+int vfsub_sio_rmdir(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err, do_sio, wkq_err;
+	struct inode *dir = hdir->hi_inode;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s\n", dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, /*force_unlink*/0);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	do_sio = au_test_h_perm_sio(dir, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE, dlgt);
+	if (!do_sio)
+		err = vfsub_rmdir(dir, dentry, &vargs);
+	else {
+		struct au_vfsub_rmdir_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.dir		= dir,
+			.dentry		= dentry,
+			.vargs		= &vargs
+		};
+		vfsub_fclr(vargs.flags, DLGT);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(au_call_vfsub_rmdir, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct notify_change_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct iattr *ia;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_notify_change(void *args)
+{
+	struct notify_change_args *a = args;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, ia_valid 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(a->h_dentry), a->ia->ia_valid);
+	h_inode = a->h_dentry->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(h_inode);
+
+	*a->errp = -EPERM;
+	if (!IS_IMMUTABLE(h_inode) && !IS_APPEND(h_inode)) {
+		vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+		lockdep_off();
+		*a->errp = notify_change(a->h_dentry, a->ia);
+		lockdep_on();
+		if (!*a->errp)
+			au_update_fuse_h_inode(NULL, a->h_dentry); /*ignore*/
+		else
+			vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+		au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+	}
+	AuTraceErr(*a->errp);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+static void vfsub_notify_change_dlgt(struct notify_change_args *args,
+				     unsigned int flags)
+{
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(flags, DLGT))
+		call_notify_change(args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_notify_change, args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			*args->errp = wkq_err;
+	}
+}
+#else
+static void vfsub_notify_change_dlgt(struct notify_change_args *args,
+				     unsigned int flags)
+{
+	call_notify_change(args);
+}
+#endif
+
+int vfsub_notify_change(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *ia,
+			struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct notify_change_args args = {
+		.errp		= &err,
+		.h_dentry	= dentry,
+		.ia		= ia,
+		.vargs		= vargs
+	};
+
+	vfsub_notify_change_dlgt(&args, vargs->flags);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int vfsub_sio_notify_change(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry,
+			    struct iattr *ia)
+{
+	int err, wkq_err;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	__u32 events;
+	struct notify_change_args args = {
+		.errp		= &err,
+		.h_dentry	= dentry,
+		.ia		= ia,
+		.vargs		= &vargs
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, 0x%x\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), ia->ia_valid);
+
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, /*dlgt*/0, /*force_unlink*/0);
+	events = vfsub_events_notify_change(ia);
+	if (events)
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, events, hdir);
+	wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_notify_change, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+	if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+		err = wkq_err;
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct unlink_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	struct vfsub_args *vargs;
+};
+
+static void call_unlink(void *args)
+{
+	struct unlink_args *a = args;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	const int stop_sillyrename = (au_test_nfs(a->dentry->d_sb)
+				      && atomic_read(&a->dentry->d_count) == 1);
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, stop_silly %d, cnt %d\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(a->dentry), stop_sillyrename,
+		  atomic_read(&a->dentry->d_count));
+
+	if (!stop_sillyrename)
+		dget(a->dentry);
+	h_inode = a->dentry->d_inode;
+	if (h_inode)
+		atomic_inc_return(&h_inode->i_count);
+	vfsub_ignore(a->vargs);
+	*a->errp = do_vfsub_unlink(a->dir, a->dentry);
+	if (unlikely(*a->errp || (a->dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED)))
+		vfsub_unignore(a->vargs);
+	au_dbg_hin_list(a->vargs);
+	if (!stop_sillyrename)
+		dput(a->dentry);
+	if (h_inode)
+		iput(h_inode);
+
+	AuTraceErr(*a->errp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * @dir: must be locked.
+ * @dentry: target dentry.
+ */
+int vfsub_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct unlink_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.dir	= dir,
+		.dentry	= dentry,
+		.vargs	= vargs
+	};
+
+	if (!vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT)
+	    && !vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, FORCE_UNLINK))
+		call_unlink(&args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_unlink, &args,
+				      vfsub_ftest(vargs->flags, DLGT));
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	}
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct statfs_args {
+	int *errp;
+	void *arg;
+	struct kstatfs *buf;
+};
+
+static void call_statfs(void *args)
+{
+	struct statfs_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = vfs_statfs(a->arg, a->buf);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+static void vfsub_statfs_dlgt(struct statfs_args *args, int dlgt)
+{
+	if (!dlgt)
+		call_statfs(args);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_statfs, args, /*dlgt*/1);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			*args->errp = wkq_err;
+	}
+}
+#else
+static void vfsub_statfs_dlgt(struct statfs_args *args, int dlgt)
+{
+	call_statfs(args);
+}
+#endif
+
+int vfsub_statfs(void *arg, struct kstatfs *buf, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct statfs_args args = {
+		.errp	= &err,
+		.arg	= arg,
+		.buf	= buf
+	};
+
+	vfsub_statfs_dlgt(&args, dlgt);
+
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/vfsub.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vfsub.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/vfsub.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/vfsub.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * sub-routines for VFS
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_VFSUB_H__
+#define __AUFS_VFSUB_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
+#include <linux/inotify.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/splice.h>
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* vfsub flags */
+#define Vfsub_DLGT		1		/* operation with delegation */
+#define Vfsub_FORCE_UNLINK	(1 << 1)	/* force unlinking */
+#define vfsub_ftest(flags, name)	((flags) & Vfsub_##name)
+#define vfsub_fset(flags, name)		{ (flags) |= Vfsub_##name; }
+#define vfsub_fclr(flags, name)		{ (flags) &= ~Vfsub_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef Vfsub_DLGT
+#define Vfsub_DLGT	0
+#endif
+
+struct au_hin_ignore;
+struct vfsub_args {
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	/* inotify events to be ignored */
+	int			nignore;
+	struct au_hin_ignore	*ignore;
+#endif
+
+	unsigned int		flags;
+};
+
+struct au_hinode;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY
+static inline
+void do_vfsub_args_reinit(struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct au_hin_ignore *ign)
+{
+	vargs->nignore = 0;
+	vargs->ignore = ign;
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_args_reinit(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	vargs->nignore = 0;
+}
+
+__u32 vfsub_events_notify_change(struct iattr *ia);
+void vfsub_ign_hinode(struct vfsub_args *vargs, __u32 events,
+		      struct au_hinode *hinode);
+void vfsub_ignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+void vfsub_unignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+#else
+static inline
+void do_vfsub_args_reinit(struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct au_hin_ignore *ign)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_args_reinit(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline __u32 vfsub_events_notify_change(struct iattr *ia)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_ign_hinode(struct vfsub_args *vargs, __u32 events,
+				    struct au_hinode *hinode)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_ignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_unignore(struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_HINOTIFY */
+
+void vfsub_args_init(struct vfsub_args *vargs, struct au_hin_ignore *ign,
+		     int dlgt, int force_unlink);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* inotify_inode_watched() is not exported */
+static inline int au_test_inotify(struct inode *inode)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_INOTIFY
+	return !list_empty(&inode->inotify_watches);
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* lock subclass for hidden inode */
+/* default MAX_LOCKDEP_SUBCLASSES(8) is not enough */
+/* reduce? gave up. */
+enum {
+	AuLsc_I_Begin = I_MUTEX_QUOTA, /* 4 */
+	AuLsc_I_PARENT,		/* hidden inode, parent first */
+	AuLsc_I_PARENT2,	/* copyup dirs */
+	AuLsc_I_PARENT3,	/* rename with hinotify */
+	AuLsc_I_PARENT4,	/* ditto */
+	AuLsc_I_CHILD,
+	AuLsc_I_CHILD2,
+	AuLsc_I_End
+};
+
+#define IMustLock(i)	MtxMustLock(&(i)->i_mutex)
+
+static inline void vfsub_lock_rename_mutex(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	lockdep_off();
+	mutex_lock(&sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
+	lockdep_on();
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_unlock_rename_mutex(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	lockdep_off();
+	mutex_unlock(&sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
+	lockdep_on();
+}
+
+static inline int vfsub_is_rename_mutex_locked(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	res = mutex_is_locked(&sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
+	lockdep_on();
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static inline
+struct dentry *vfsub_lock_rename(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2)
+{
+	struct dentry *d;
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	d = lock_rename(d1, d2);
+	lockdep_on();
+	return d;
+}
+
+static inline void vfsub_unlock_rename(struct dentry *d1, struct dentry *d2)
+{
+	lockdep_off();
+	unlock_rename(d1, d2);
+	lockdep_on();
+}
+
+static inline int au_verify_parent(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *dir)
+{
+	IMustLock(dir);
+	return /* !dir->i_nlink || */ dentry->d_parent->d_inode != dir;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE
+/* br_fuse.c */
+int au_update_fuse_h_inode(struct vfsmount *h_mnt, struct dentry *h_dentry);
+#else
+static inline
+int au_update_fuse_h_inode(struct vfsmount *h_mnt, struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BR_XFS
+/* br_xfs.c */
+dev_t au_h_rdev(struct inode *h_inode, struct vfsmount *h_mnt,
+		struct dentry *h_dentry);
+#else
+static inline
+dev_t au_h_rdev(struct inode *h_inode, struct vfsmount *h_mnt,
+		struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	return h_inode->i_rdev;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* simple abstractions, for future use */
+static inline
+int do_vfsub_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask, struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, mask 0x%x, nd %d\n", inode->i_ino, mask, !!nd);
+	IMustLock(inode);
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27)
+	return inode_permission(inode, mask);
+#else
+	return permission(inode, mask, nd);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_security_inode_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask,
+				    struct nameidata *nd)
+{
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 27)
+	mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC | MAY_APPEND;
+	return security_inode_permission(inode, mask);
+#else
+	return security_inode_permission(inode, mask, nd);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct file *vfsub_filp_open(const char *path, int oflags, int mode);
+int vfsub_path_lookup(const char *name, unsigned int flags,
+		      struct nameidata *nd);
+struct dentry *vfsub_lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				    int len);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+struct dentry *vfsub__lookup_hash(struct qstr *name, struct dentry *parent,
+				  struct nameidata *nd);
+#endif
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int do_vfsub_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		    struct nameidata *nd);
+int do_vfsub_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		     const char *symname, int mode);
+int do_vfsub_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		   dev_t dev);
+int do_vfsub_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+		  struct dentry *dentry);
+int do_vfsub_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		    struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+int do_vfsub_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode);
+int do_vfsub_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+int do_vfsub_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ssize_t do_vfsub_read_u(struct file *file, char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+			loff_t *ppos);
+/* todo: kernel_read()? */
+ssize_t do_vfsub_read_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count,
+			loff_t *ppos);
+ssize_t do_vfsub_write_u(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf,
+			 size_t count, loff_t *ppos);
+ssize_t do_vfsub_write_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count,
+			 loff_t *ppos);
+int do_vfsub_readdir(struct file *file, filldir_t filldir, void *arg);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH
+static inline void vfsub_copy_inode_size(struct inode *inode,
+					 struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
+	fsstack_copy_inode_size(inode, h_inode);
+	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
+}
+#else
+static inline void vfsub_copy_inode_size(struct inode *inode,
+					 struct inode *h_inode)
+{
+	fsstack_copy_inode_size(inode, h_inode);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH
+#define vfs_splice_to		do_splice_to
+#define vfs_splice_from		do_splice_from
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+long do_vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+			struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+			unsigned int flags);
+long do_vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+			  loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags);
+#else
+static inline
+long do_vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+			struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+			unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+static inline
+long do_vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+			  loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline loff_t vfsub_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin)
+{
+	loff_t err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry));
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	err = vfs_llseek(file, offset, origin);
+	lockdep_on();
+	return err;
+}
+
+static inline int do_vfsub_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry,
+				   struct kstat *st)
+{
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+	return vfs_getattr(mnt, dentry, st);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_HIN_OR_DLGT
+/* hin_or_dlgt.c */
+int vfsub_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask, struct nameidata *nd,
+		     int dlgt);
+
+int vfsub_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		 struct nameidata *nd, struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname,
+		  int mode, struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+	       struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		 struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+
+ssize_t vfsub_read_u(struct file *file, char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		     loff_t *ppos, int dlgt);
+ssize_t vfsub_read_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		     int dlgt);
+ssize_t vfsub_write_u(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		      loff_t *ppos, struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+ssize_t vfsub_write_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		      struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_readdir(struct file *file, filldir_t filldir, void *arg, int dlgt);
+long vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+		     struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+		     unsigned int flags, int dlgt);
+long vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+		       loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags,
+		       struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+
+int vfsub_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, struct kstat *st,
+		  int dlgt);
+#else
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask, struct nameidata *nd,
+		     int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_permission(inode, mask, nd);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_create(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		 struct nameidata *nd, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_create(dir, dentry, mode, nd);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname,
+		  int mode, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_symlink(dir, dentry, symname, mode);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t dev,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_mknod(dir, dentry, mode, dev);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_link(struct dentry *src_dentry, struct inode *dir,
+	       struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_link(src_dentry, dir, dentry);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_rename(struct inode *src_dir, struct dentry *src_dentry,
+		 struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_rename(src_dir, src_dentry, dir, dentry);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_mkdir(dir, dentry, mode);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_rmdir(dir, dentry);
+}
+
+static inline
+ssize_t vfsub_read_u(struct file *file, char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		     loff_t *ppos, int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_read_u(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+}
+
+static inline
+ssize_t vfsub_read_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		     int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_read_k(file, kbuf, count, ppos);
+}
+
+static inline
+ssize_t vfsub_write_u(struct file *file, const char __user *ubuf, size_t count,
+		      loff_t *ppos, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_write_u(file, ubuf, count, ppos);
+}
+
+static inline
+ssize_t vfsub_write_k(struct file *file, void *kbuf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
+		      struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_write_k(file, kbuf, count, ppos);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_readdir(struct file *file, filldir_t filldir, void *arg, int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_readdir(file, filldir, arg);
+}
+
+static inline
+long vfsub_splice_to(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
+		     struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, size_t len,
+		     unsigned int flags, int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_splice_to(in, ppos, pipe, len, flags);
+}
+
+static inline
+long vfsub_splice_from(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, struct file *out,
+		       loff_t *ppos, size_t len, unsigned int flags,
+		       struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_splice_from(pipe, out, ppos, len, flags);
+}
+
+static inline
+int vfsub_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry, struct kstat *st,
+		  int dlgt)
+{
+	return do_vfsub_getattr(mnt, dentry, st);
+}
+#endif /* HIN_OR_DLGT */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int vfsub_sio_mkdir(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode,
+		    int dlgt);
+int vfsub_sio_rmdir(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry, int dlgt);
+int vfsub_sio_notify_change(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *dentry,
+			    struct iattr *ia);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int vfsub_notify_change(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *ia,
+			struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
+		 struct vfsub_args *vargs);
+int vfsub_statfs(void *arg, struct kstatfs *buf, int dlgt);
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_VFSUB_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/wbr_policy.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wbr_policy.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/wbr_policy.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wbr_policy.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * policies for selecting one among multiple writable branches
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/statfs.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+static int au_cpdown_attr(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *h_dst,
+			  struct dentry *h_src)
+{
+	int err, sbits;
+	struct iattr ia;
+	struct inode *h_idst, *h_isrc;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dst));
+	h_idst = h_dst->d_inode;
+	/* todo? IMustLock(h_idst); */
+	h_isrc = h_src->d_inode;
+	/* todo? IMustLock(h_isrc); */
+
+	ia.ia_valid = ATTR_FORCE | ATTR_MODE | ATTR_UID | ATTR_GID;
+	ia.ia_mode = h_isrc->i_mode;
+	ia.ia_uid = h_isrc->i_uid;
+	ia.ia_gid = h_isrc->i_gid;
+	sbits = !!(ia.ia_mode & (S_ISUID | S_ISGID));
+	au_cpup_attr_flags(h_idst, h_isrc);
+	err = vfsub_sio_notify_change(hdir, h_dst, &ia);
+
+	/* is this nfs only? */
+	if (!err && sbits && au_test_nfs(h_dst->d_sb)) {
+		ia.ia_valid = ATTR_FORCE | ATTR_MODE;
+		ia.ia_mode = h_isrc->i_mode;
+		err = vfsub_sio_notify_change(hdir, h_dst, &ia);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct au_cpdown_dir_args {
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	unsigned int parent_opq; /* bit-flags */
+};
+
+static int au_cpdown_dir(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst,
+			 struct dentry *h_parent, void *arg)
+{
+	int err, rerr;
+	struct au_cpdown_dir_args *args = arg;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bopq, bstart;
+	unsigned char parent_opq, whed, dlgt, do_opq, made_dir, diropq;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry, *opq_dentry, *wh_dentry, *parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir, *h_inode, *inode, *dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(bstart <= bdst
+		  && bdst <= au_dbend(dentry)
+		  && au_h_dptr(dentry, bdst));
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent);
+	/* todo: safe? */
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	dput(parent);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir);
+	AuDebugOn(h_dir != au_h_iptr(dir, bdst));
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+
+	err = au_lkup_neg(dentry, bdst);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bdst);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(dentry->d_sb));
+	err = vfsub_sio_mkdir(au_hi(dir, bdst), h_dentry,
+			      S_IRWXU | S_IRUGO | S_IXUGO, dlgt);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_put;
+
+	made_dir = 1;
+	bend = au_dbend(dentry);
+	bopq = au_dbdiropq(dentry);
+	whed = (au_dbwh(dentry) == bdst);
+	if (!args->parent_opq)
+		args->parent_opq |= (bopq <= bdst);
+	parent_opq = (args->parent_opq && args->parent == dentry);
+	do_opq = 0;
+	diropq = 0;
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+	if (whed || (parent_opq && do_opq)) {
+		opq_dentry = au_diropq_create(dentry, bdst, dlgt);
+		err = PTR_ERR(opq_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(opq_dentry)) {
+			mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+			goto out_dir;
+		}
+		dput(opq_dentry);
+		diropq = 1;
+	}
+
+	err = au_cpdown_attr(au_hi(dir, bdst), h_dentry,
+			     au_h_dptr(dentry, bstart));
+	mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out_opq;
+
+	wh_dentry = NULL;
+	if (whed) {
+		wh_dentry = au_wh_lkup(h_parent, &dentry->d_name, /*ndx*/NULL);
+		err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+		if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+			goto out_opq;
+		err = 0;
+		if (wh_dentry->d_inode)
+			err = au_wh_unlink_dentry(au_hi(dir, bdst), wh_dentry,
+						  dentry, dlgt);
+		dput(wh_dentry);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_opq;
+	}
+
+	inode = dentry->d_inode;
+	if (au_ibend(inode) < bdst)
+		au_set_ibend(inode, bdst);
+	au_set_h_iptr(inode, bdst, au_igrab(h_inode), au_hi_flags(inode, 1));
+	goto out; /* success */
+
+	/* revert */
+ out_opq:
+	if (diropq) {
+		mutex_lock_nested(&h_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+		rerr = au_diropq_remove(dentry, bdst, dlgt);
+		mutex_unlock(&h_inode->i_mutex);
+		if (unlikely(rerr)) {
+			AuIOErr("failed removing diropq for %.*s b%d (%d)\n",
+				AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, rerr);
+			err = -EIO;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+ out_dir:
+	if (made_dir) {
+		rerr = vfsub_sio_rmdir(au_hi(dir, bdst), h_dentry, dlgt);
+		if (unlikely(rerr)) {
+			AuIOErr("failed removing %.*s b%d (%d)\n",
+				AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst, rerr);
+			err = -EIO;
+		}
+	}
+ out_put:
+	au_set_h_dptr(dentry, bdst, NULL);
+	if (au_dbend(dentry) == bdst)
+		au_update_dbend(dentry);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_cpdown_dirs(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bdst)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_cpdown_dir_args args = {
+		.parent		= dget_parent(dentry),
+		.parent_opq	= 0
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), bdst);
+
+	err = au_cp_dirs(dentry, bdst, au_cpdown_dir, &args);
+	dput(args.parent);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* policies for create */
+
+static int au_wbr_bu(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	for (; bindex >= 0; bindex--)
+		if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex)))
+			return bindex;
+	return -EROFS;
+}
+
+/* top down parent */
+static int au_wbr_create_tdp(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bstart, bindex;
+	unsigned char dirperm1;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, dir %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	dirperm1 = !!au_test_dirperm1(au_mntflags(sb));
+	bstart = au_dbstart(dentry);
+	AuDebugOn(bstart < 0);
+	err = bstart;
+	/* todo: can 'err' be an illegal? */
+	if (/* err >= 0 && */ !au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bstart)))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -EROFS;
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(parent); bindex < bstart; bindex++) {
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+		if (!h_parent)
+			continue;
+		h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+		if (!h_dir)
+			continue;
+
+		if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex))
+		    && (!dirperm1
+			|| au_test_h_perm(h_dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC,
+					  /*dlgt*/0))) {
+				err = bindex;
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	dput(parent);
+
+	/* bottom up here */
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		err = au_wbr_bu(sb, bstart - 1);
+
+ out:
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* an exception for the policy other than tdp */
+static int au_wbr_create_exp(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	aufs_bindex_t bwh, bdiropq;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	err = -1;
+	bwh = au_dbwh(dentry);
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	bdiropq = au_dbdiropq(parent);
+	if (bwh >= 0) {
+		if (bdiropq >= 0)
+			err = min(bdiropq, bwh);
+		else
+			err = bwh;
+		LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+	} else if (bdiropq >= 0) {
+		err = bdiropq;
+		LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+	}
+	dput(parent);
+
+	if (err >= 0 && au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(dentry->d_sb, err)))
+		err = -1;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* round robin */
+static int au_wbr_create_init_rr(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = au_wbr_bu(sb, au_sbend(sb));
+	atomic_set(&au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_rr_next, -err); /* less important */
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_create_rr(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir)
+{
+	int err, nbr;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	atomic_t *next;
+	unsigned int u;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, dir %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	next = NULL;
+	err = au_wbr_create_exp(dentry);
+	if (err >= 0)
+		goto out;
+
+	next = &au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_rr_next;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	nbr = bend + 1;
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		if (!isdir) {
+			err = atomic_dec_return(next) + 1;
+			/* modulo for 0 is meaningless */
+			if (unlikely(!err))
+				err = atomic_dec_return(next) + 1;
+		} else
+			err = atomic_read(next);
+		LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+		u = err;
+		err = u % nbr;
+		LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+		if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, err)))
+			break;
+		err = -EROFS;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	LKTRTrace("%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* most free space */
+static void *au_wbr_statfs_arg(struct au_branch *br, struct super_block *sb,
+			       aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	struct super_block *h_sb;
+
+	h_sb = br->br_mnt->mnt_sb;
+
+	if (!au_test_nfs(h_sb))
+		return h_sb->s_root;
+
+	/* sigh,,, why nfs s_root has wrong inode? */
+	return au_di(sb->s_root)->di_hdentry[0 + bindex].hd_dentry;
+}
+
+static void au_mfs(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	unsigned char dlgt;
+	int err;
+	struct kstatfs st;
+	unsigned long long b, bavail;
+	void *arg;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_wbr_mfs *mfs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	bavail = 0;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	mfs = &au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_mfs;
+	mfs->mfs_bindex = -EROFS;
+	mfs->mfsrr_bytes = 0;
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb));
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		if (au_br_rdonly(br))
+			continue;
+		AuDebugOn(!br->br_wbr);
+		arg = au_wbr_statfs_arg(br, sb, bindex);
+		if (!arg)
+			continue;
+
+		err = vfsub_statfs(arg, &st, dlgt);
+		LKTRTrace("b%d, %d, %llu\n",
+			  bindex, err, (unsigned long long)st.f_bavail);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			AuWarn1("failed statfs, b%d, %d\n", bindex, err);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* when the available size is equal, select lower one */
+		b = st.f_bavail * st.f_bsize;
+		br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes = b;
+		if (b >= bavail) {
+			bavail = b;
+			mfs->mfs_bindex = bindex;
+			mfs->mfs_jiffy = jiffies;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mfs->mfsrr_bytes = bavail;
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", mfs->mfs_bindex);
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_create_mfs(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_wbr_mfs *mfs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	err = au_wbr_create_exp(dentry);
+	if (err >= 0)
+		goto out;
+
+	mfs = &au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_mfs;
+	mutex_lock(&mfs->mfs_lock);
+	if (unlikely(time_after(jiffies, mfs->mfs_jiffy + mfs->mfs_expire)
+		     || mfs->mfs_bindex < 0
+		     || au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, mfs->mfs_bindex))))
+		au_mfs(dentry);
+	mutex_unlock(&mfs->mfs_lock);
+	err = mfs->mfs_bindex;
+
+ out:
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_create_init_mfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_wbr_mfs *mfs;
+
+	mfs = &au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_mfs;
+	LKTRTrace("expire %lu\n", mfs->mfs_expire);
+
+	mutex_init(&mfs->mfs_lock);
+	mfs->mfs_jiffy = 0;
+	mfs->mfs_bindex = -EROFS;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_create_fin_mfs(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	mutex_destroy(&au_sbi(sb)->si_wbr_mfs.mfs_lock);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* most free space and then round robin */
+static int au_wbr_create_mfsrr(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_wbr_mfs *mfs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir);
+
+	err = au_wbr_create_mfs(dentry, isdir);
+	if (err >= 0) {
+		mfs = &au_sbi(dentry->d_sb)->si_wbr_mfs;
+		LKTRTrace("%llu bytes, %llu wmark\n",
+			  mfs->mfsrr_bytes, mfs->mfsrr_watermark);
+		if (mfs->mfsrr_bytes < mfs->mfsrr_watermark)
+			err = au_wbr_create_rr(dentry, isdir);
+	}
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int au_wbr_create_init_mfsrr(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	au_wbr_create_init_mfs(sb); /* ignore */
+	err = au_wbr_create_init_rr(sb);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* top down parent and most free space */
+static int au_wbr_create_pmfs(struct dentry *dentry, int isdir)
+{
+	int err, e2;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bstart, bend;
+	unsigned char dirperm1;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	unsigned long long b;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, %d\n", AuDLNPair(dentry), isdir);
+
+	err = au_wbr_create_tdp(dentry, isdir);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(parent);
+	bend = au_dbtaildir(parent);
+	if (bstart == bend)
+		goto out_parent; /* success */
+
+	e2 = au_wbr_create_mfs(dentry, isdir);
+	if (e2 < 0)
+		goto out_parent; /* success */
+
+	/* when the available size is equal, select upper one */
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	br = au_sbr(sb, err);
+	AuDebugOn(!br->br_wbr);
+	dirperm1 = !!au_test_dirperm1(au_mntflags(sb));
+	b = br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes;
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, %llu\n", err, b);
+
+	if (dirperm1) {
+		for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+			h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+			if (!h_parent)
+				continue;
+			h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+			if (!h_dir)
+				continue;
+
+			br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+			if (!au_br_rdonly(br)
+			    && au_test_h_perm(h_dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC,
+					      /*dlgt*/0)
+			    && br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes > b) {
+				b = br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes;
+				err = bindex;
+				LKTRTrace("b%d, %llu\n", err, b);
+			}
+		}
+		if (err >= 0)
+			goto out_parent;
+	}
+	for (bindex = bstart; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+		if (!h_parent || !h_parent->d_inode)
+			continue;
+
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		if (!au_br_rdonly(br) && br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes > b) {
+			b = br->br_wbr->wbr_bytes;
+			err = bindex;
+			LKTRTrace("b%d, %llu\n", err, b);
+		}
+	}
+
+ out_parent:
+	dput(parent);
+ out:
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* policies for copyup */
+
+/* top down parent */
+static int au_wbr_copyup_tdp(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	return au_wbr_create_tdp(dentry, /*isdir, anything is ok*/0);
+}
+
+/* bottom up parent */
+static int au_wbr_copyup_bup(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *parent, *h_parent;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bstart;
+	unsigned char dirperm1;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	err = -EROFS;
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	dirperm1 = !!au_test_dirperm1(au_mntflags(sb));
+	parent = dget_parent(dentry);
+	bstart = au_dbstart(parent);
+	for (bindex = au_dbstart(dentry); bindex >= bstart; bindex--) {
+		h_parent = au_h_dptr(parent, bindex);
+		if (!h_parent)
+			continue;
+		h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+		if (!h_dir)
+			continue;
+
+		if (!au_br_rdonly(au_sbr(sb, bindex))
+		    && (!dirperm1
+			|| au_test_h_perm(h_dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC,
+					  /*dlgt*/0))) {
+			err = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	dput(parent);
+
+	/* bottom up here */
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		err = au_wbr_bu(sb, bstart - 1);
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* bottom up */
+static int au_wbr_copyup_bu(struct dentry *dentry)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(dentry));
+
+	err = au_wbr_bu(dentry->d_sb, au_dbstart(dentry));
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct au_wbr_copyup_operations au_wbr_copyup_ops[] = {
+	[AuWbrCopyup_TDP] = {
+		.copyup	= au_wbr_copyup_tdp
+	},
+	[AuWbrCopyup_BUP] = {
+		.copyup	= au_wbr_copyup_bup
+	},
+	[AuWbrCopyup_BU] = {
+		.copyup	= au_wbr_copyup_bu
+	}
+};
+
+struct au_wbr_create_operations au_wbr_create_ops[] = {
+	[AuWbrCreate_TDP] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_tdp
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_RR] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_rr,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_rr
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_MFS] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_mfs,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfs,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_MFSV] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_mfs,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfs,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_MFSRR] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_mfsrr,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfsrr,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_MFSRRV] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_mfsrr,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfsrr,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_PMFS] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_pmfs,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfs,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	},
+	[AuWbrCreate_PMFSV] = {
+		.create	= au_wbr_create_pmfs,
+		.init	= au_wbr_create_init_mfs,
+		.fin	= au_wbr_create_fin_mfs
+	}
+};
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/whout.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/whout.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/whout.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/whout.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1160 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * whiteout for logical deletion and opaque directory
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+#define WH_MASK			S_IRUGO
+
+/* If a directory contains this file, then it is opaque.  We start with the
+ * .wh. flag so that it is blocked by lookup.
+ */
+static struct qstr diropq_name = {
+	.name = AUFS_WH_DIROPQ,
+	.len = sizeof(AUFS_WH_DIROPQ) - 1
+};
+
+/*
+ * generate whiteout name, which is NOT terminated by NULL.
+ * @name: original d_name.name
+ * @len: original d_name.len
+ * @wh: whiteout qstr
+ * returns zero when succeeds, otherwise error.
+ * succeeded value as wh->name should be freed by au_wh_name_free().
+ */
+int au_wh_name_alloc(const char *name, int len, struct qstr *wh)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!name || !len || !wh);
+
+	if (unlikely(len > PATH_MAX - AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN))
+		return -ENAMETOOLONG;
+
+	wh->len = len + AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+	p = kmalloc(wh->len, GFP_NOFS);
+	wh->name = p;
+	if (p) {
+		memcpy(p, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN);
+		memcpy(p + AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN, name, len);
+		/* smp_mb(); */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+void au_wh_name_free(struct qstr *wh)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!wh || !wh->name);
+	kfree(wh->name);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * test if the @wh_name exists under @h_parent.
+ * @try_sio specifies the necessary of super-io.
+ */
+int au_wh_test(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *wh_name, int try_sio,
+	       struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	unsigned int flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s, ndx{%p, 0x%x}\n", AuDLNPair(h_parent),
+		  wh_name->len, wh_name->name, ndx->nfsmnt, ndx->flags);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+
+	flags = 0;
+	if (ndx && ndx->nd) {
+		flags = ndx->nd->flags;
+		ndx->nd->flags &= ~(LOOKUP_OPEN | LOOKUP_CREATE);
+	}
+
+	if (!try_sio)
+		wh_dentry = au_lkup_one(wh_name->name, h_parent,
+					wh_name->len, ndx);
+	else
+		wh_dentry = au_sio_lkup_one(wh_name->name, h_parent,
+					    wh_name->len, ndx);
+	if (flags)
+		ndx->nd->flags = flags;
+	err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	if (!wh_dentry->d_inode)
+		goto out_wh; /* success */
+
+	err = 1;
+	if (S_ISREG(wh_dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
+		goto out_wh; /* success */
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	AuIOErr("%.*s Invalid whiteout entry type 0%o.\n",
+		AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), wh_dentry->d_inode->i_mode);
+
+ out_wh:
+	dput(wh_dentry);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * test if the @h_dentry sets opaque or not.
+ */
+int au_diropq_test(struct dentry *h_dentry, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err, try_sio;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("dentry %.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+	h_dir = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+
+	try_sio = au_test_h_perm_sio(h_dir, MAY_EXEC,
+				     au_ftest_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT));
+	err = au_wh_test(h_dentry, &diropq_name, try_sio, ndx);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns a negative dentry whose name is unique and temporary.
+ */
+struct dentry *au_whtmp_lkup(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *prefix,
+			     struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+#define HEX_LEN 4
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	int len, i;
+	char defname[AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN * 2 + DNAME_INLINE_LEN_MIN + 1
+		     + HEX_LEN + 1], *name, *p;
+	static unsigned char cnt;
+
+	LKTRTrace("hp %.*s, prefix %.*s\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(h_parent), prefix->len, prefix->name);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_parent->d_inode);
+
+	name = defname;
+	len = sizeof(defname) - DNAME_INLINE_LEN_MIN + prefix->len - 1;
+	if (unlikely(prefix->len > DNAME_INLINE_LEN_MIN)) {
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
+		if (unlikely(len >= PATH_MAX))
+			goto out;
+		dentry = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+		name = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_NOFS);
+		if (unlikely(!name))
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* doubly whiteout-ed */
+	memcpy(name, AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN * 2);
+	p = name + AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN * 2;
+	memcpy(p, prefix->name, prefix->len);
+	p += prefix->len;
+	*p++ = '.';
+	AuDebugOn(name + len + 1 - p <= HEX_LEN);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+		sprintf(p, "%.*d", HEX_LEN, cnt++);
+		dentry = au_sio_lkup_one(name, h_parent, len, ndx);
+		if (IS_ERR(dentry) || !dentry->d_inode)
+			goto out_name;
+		dput(dentry);
+	}
+	/* AuWarn("could not get random name\n"); */
+	dentry = ERR_PTR(-EEXIST);
+	AuDbg("%.*s\n", len, name);
+	BUG();
+
+ out_name:
+	if (name != defname)
+		kfree(name);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(dentry);
+	return dentry;
+#undef HEX_LEN
+}
+
+/*
+ * rename the @dentry of @bindex to the whiteouted temporary name.
+ */
+int au_whtmp_ren(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		 struct dentry *h_dentry)
+{
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct dentry *h_parent, *tmp_dentry;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry->d_inode);
+	h_parent = h_dentry->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+
+	sb = dir->i_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	if (dlgt)
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bindex);
+	tmp_dentry = au_whtmp_lkup(h_parent, &h_dentry->d_name, &ndx);
+	err = PTR_ERR(tmp_dentry);
+	if (IS_ERR(tmp_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* under the same dir, no need to lock_rename() */
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+	AuDebugOn(!S_ISDIR(h_dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_MOVED_FROM | IN_MOVED_TO,
+			 au_hi(dir, bindex));
+	err = vfsub_rename(h_dir, h_dentry, h_dir, tmp_dentry, &vargs);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	dput(tmp_dentry);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int do_unlink_wh(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct inode *h_dir,
+			struct dentry *wh_dentry, const int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	AuDebugOn(hdir && h_dir);
+	AuDebugOn(!hdir && !h_dir);
+	if (!h_dir)
+		h_dir = hdir->hi_inode;
+	LKTRTrace("hi%lu, wh %.*s\n", h_dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(wh_dentry));
+	AuDebugOn(!wh_dentry->d_inode || !S_ISREG(wh_dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	/*
+	 * forces superio when the dir has a sticky bit.
+	 * this may be a violation of unix fs semantics.
+	 */
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt,
+			(h_dir->i_mode & S_ISVTX)
+			&& wh_dentry->d_inode->i_uid != current_fsuid());
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, wh_dentry, &vargs);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_wh_unlink_dentry(struct au_hinode *hdir, struct dentry *wh_dentry,
+			struct dentry *dentry, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, wh %.*s, d %p\n",
+		  hdir->hi_inode->i_ino, AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), dentry);
+	AuDebugOn((dentry && au_dbwh(dentry) < 0)
+		  || !wh_dentry->d_inode
+		  || !S_ISREG(wh_dentry->d_inode->i_mode));
+
+	err = do_unlink_wh(hdir, /*h_dir*/NULL, wh_dentry, dlgt);
+	if (!err && dentry)
+		au_set_dbwh(dentry, -1);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int unlink_wh_name(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *wh,
+			  struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_parent), AuLNPair(wh));
+
+	/* au_test_h_perm() is already done */
+	wh_dentry = au_lkup_one(wh->name, h_parent, wh->len, ndx);
+	if (IS_ERR(wh_dentry))
+		err = PTR_ERR(wh_dentry);
+	else {
+		err = 0;
+		if (wh_dentry->d_inode && S_ISREG(wh_dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
+			err = do_unlink_wh(/*hdir*/NULL, h_parent->d_inode,
+					   wh_dentry,
+					   au_ftest_ndx(ndx->flags, DLGT));
+		dput(wh_dentry);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void clean_wh(struct inode *h_dir, struct path *whpath,
+		     struct au_hinode *hdir, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!whpath->dentry->d_inode)
+		return;
+
+	err = au_mnt_want_write(whpath->mnt);
+	if (!err) {
+		vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+		err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, whpath->dentry, vargs);
+		au_mnt_drop_write(whpath->mnt);
+	}
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuWarn("failed unlink %.*s (%d), ignored.\n",
+		       AuDLNPair(whpath->dentry), err);
+}
+
+static void au_whdir_clean(struct inode *h_dir, struct path *whpath,
+			   struct au_hinode *hdir, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!whpath->dentry->d_inode)
+		return;
+
+	err = au_mnt_want_write(whpath->mnt);
+	if (!err) {
+		vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+		err = vfsub_rmdir(h_dir, whpath->dentry, vargs);
+		au_mnt_drop_write(whpath->mnt);
+	}
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuWarn("failed rmdir %.*s (%d), ignored.\n",
+		       AuDLNPair(whpath->dentry), err);
+}
+
+static int test_linkable(struct inode *h_dir)
+{
+	if (h_dir->i_op && h_dir->i_op->link)
+		return 0;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+/* todo: should this mkdir be done in /sbin/mount.aufs script? */
+static int au_whdir(struct inode *h_dir, struct path *path,
+		    struct au_hinode *hdir, struct vfsub_args *vargs)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	err = -EEXIST;
+	if (!path->dentry->d_inode) {
+		int mode = S_IRWXU;
+		if (au_test_nfs(path->dentry->d_sb))
+			mode |= S_IXUGO;
+		err = au_mnt_want_write(path->mnt);
+		if (!err) {
+			vfsub_args_reinit(vargs);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+			err = vfsub_mkdir(h_dir, path->dentry, mode, vargs);
+			au_mnt_drop_write(path->mnt);
+		}
+	} else if (S_ISDIR(path->dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
+		err = 0;
+	else
+		AuErr("unknown %.*s exists\n", AuDLNPair(path->dentry));
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * initialize the whiteout base file/dir for @br.
+ */
+int au_wh_init(struct dentry *h_root, struct au_branch *br,
+	       struct vfsmount *h_mnt, struct super_block *sb,
+	       aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err, i;
+	const unsigned int mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	const unsigned char do_plink = !!au_opt_test(mnt_flags, PLINK),
+		do_hinotify = au_opt_test(mnt_flags, UDBA_INOTIFY);
+	struct path path = {
+		.mnt = h_mnt
+	};
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct au_hinode *hdir;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	struct vfsmount *nfsmnt = au_do_nfsmnt(h_mnt);
+	static const struct qstr base_name[] = {
+		[AuBrWh_BASE] = {
+			.name	= AUFS_BASE_NAME,
+			.len	= sizeof(AUFS_BASE_NAME) - 1
+		},
+		[AuBrWh_PLINK] = {
+			.name	= AUFS_PLINKDIR_NAME,
+			.len	= sizeof(AUFS_PLINKDIR_NAME) - 1
+		},
+		[AuBrWh_TMP] = {
+			.name	= AUFS_TMPDIR_NAME,
+			.len	= sizeof(AUFS_TMPDIR_NAME) - 1
+		}
+	};
+	struct {
+		const struct qstr *name;
+		struct dentry *dentry;
+	} base[] = {
+		[AuBrWh_BASE] = {
+			.name	= base_name + AuBrWh_BASE,
+			.dentry	= NULL
+		},
+		[AuBrWh_PLINK] = {
+			.name	= base_name + AuBrWh_PLINK,
+			.dentry	= NULL
+		},
+		[AuBrWh_TMP] = {
+			.name	= base_name + AuBrWh_TMP,
+			.dentry	= NULL
+		}
+	};
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.nfsmnt	= nfsmnt,
+		.flags	= 0, /* always no dlgt */
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("nfsmnt %p\n", nfsmnt);
+	WbrWhMustWriteLock(wbr);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	h_dir = h_root->d_inode;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++) {
+		/* doubly whiteouted */
+		struct dentry *d;
+		d = au_wh_lkup(h_root, (void *)base[i].name, &ndx);
+		err = PTR_ERR(d);
+		if (IS_ERR(d))
+			goto out;
+		base[i].dentry = d;
+		if (!au_test_ecryptfs(d->d_sb))
+			AuDebugOn(wbr
+				  && wbr->wbr_wh[i]
+				  && wbr->wbr_wh[i] != base[i].dentry);
+		else
+			/* ecryptfs problem?: it returns different dentry */
+			AuDebugOn(wbr
+				  && wbr->wbr_wh[i]
+				  && !!wbr->wbr_wh[i] != !!base[i].dentry);
+	}
+
+	if (wbr)
+		for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++) {
+			dput(wbr->wbr_wh[i]);
+			wbr->wbr_wh[i] = NULL;
+		}
+
+	err = 0;
+	hdir = NULL;
+	if (bindex >= 0 && do_hinotify)
+		hdir = au_hi(sb->s_root->d_inode, bindex);
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags), 0);
+
+	switch (br->br_perm) {
+	case AuBrPerm_RR:
+	case AuBrPerm_RO:
+	case AuBrPerm_RRWH:
+	case AuBrPerm_ROWH:
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry;
+		clean_wh(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_PLINK].dentry;
+		au_whdir_clean(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_TMP].dentry;
+		au_whdir_clean(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		break;
+
+	case AuBrPerm_RWNoLinkWH:
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry;
+		clean_wh(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_PLINK].dentry;
+		if (do_plink) {
+			err = test_linkable(h_dir);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				goto out_nolink;
+
+			err = au_whdir(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				goto out_err;
+			wbr->wbr_plink = dget(base[AuBrWh_PLINK].dentry);
+		} else
+			au_whdir_clean(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_TMP].dentry;
+		err = au_whdir(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_err;
+		wbr->wbr_tmp = dget(base[AuBrWh_TMP].dentry);
+		break;
+
+	case AuBrPerm_RW:
+		/*
+		 * for the moment, aufs supports the branch filesystem
+		 * which does not support link(2).
+		 * testing on FAT which does not support i_op->setattr() fully
+		 * either, copyup failed.
+		 * finally, such filesystem will not be used as the writable
+		 * branch.
+		 */
+		err = test_linkable(h_dir);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_nolink;
+
+		err = -EEXIST;
+		/*
+		 * todo: should this create be done
+		 * in /sbin/mount.aufs script?
+		 */
+		if (!base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry->d_inode) {
+			err = au_mnt_want_write(h_mnt);
+			if (!err) {
+				vfsub_args_reinit(&vargs);
+				vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+				err = au_h_create
+					(h_dir, base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry,
+					 WH_MASK, &vargs, /*nd*/NULL, nfsmnt);
+				au_mnt_drop_write(h_mnt);
+			}
+		} else if (S_ISREG(base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
+			err = 0;
+		else
+			AuErr("unknown %.*s/%.*s exists\n",
+			      AuDLNPair(h_root),
+			      AuDLNPair(base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry));
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_err;
+
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_PLINK].dentry;
+		if (do_plink) {
+			err = au_whdir(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+			if (unlikely(err))
+				goto out_err;
+			wbr->wbr_plink = dget(base[AuBrWh_PLINK].dentry);
+		} else
+			au_whdir_clean(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		wbr->wbr_whbase = dget(base[AuBrWh_BASE].dentry);
+
+		path.dentry = base[AuBrWh_TMP].dentry;
+		err = au_whdir(h_dir, &path, hdir, &vargs);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_err;
+		wbr->wbr_tmp = dget(base[AuBrWh_TMP].dentry);
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		BUG();
+	}
+
+ out:
+	for (i = 0; i < AuBrWh_Last; i++)
+		dput(base[i].dentry);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+ out_nolink:
+	AuErr("%.*s doesn't support link(2), use noplink and rw+nolwh\n",
+	      AuDLNPair(h_root));
+	goto out;
+ out_err:
+	AuErr("an error(%d) on the writable branch %.*s(%s)\n",
+	      err, AuDLNPair(h_root), au_sbtype(h_root->d_sb));
+	goto out;
+}
+
+struct reinit_br_wh {
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+};
+
+static void reinit_br_wh(void *arg)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct reinit_br_wh *a = arg;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct inode *h_dir, *dir;
+	struct dentry *h_root;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(current_fsuid());
+
+	err = 0;
+	wbr = a->br->br_wbr;
+	/* big aufs lock */
+	si_noflush_write_lock(a->sb);
+	if (!au_br_writable(a->br->br_perm))
+		goto out;
+	bindex = au_br_index(a->sb, a->br->br_id);
+	if (unlikely(bindex < 0))
+		goto out;
+
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr->wbr_whbase || !wbr->wbr_whbase->d_inode);
+
+	dir = a->sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	ii_read_lock_parent(dir);
+	h_root = dget_parent(wbr->wbr_whbase);
+	h_dir = h_root->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir->i_op || !h_dir->i_op->link);
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	wbr_wh_write_lock(wbr);
+	if (!au_verify_parent(wbr->wbr_whbase, h_dir)) {
+		err = au_br_want_write(a->br);
+		if (!err) {
+			vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, /*dlgt*/0, 0);
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, au_hi(dir, bindex));
+			err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, wbr->wbr_whbase, &vargs);
+			au_br_drop_write(a->br);
+		}
+	} else {
+		AuWarn("%.*s is moved, ignored\n", AuDLNPair(wbr->wbr_whbase));
+		err = 0;
+	}
+	dput(wbr->wbr_whbase);
+	wbr->wbr_whbase = NULL;
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_wh_init(h_root, a->br, a->br->br_mnt, a->sb, bindex);
+	wbr_wh_write_unlock(wbr);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+	dput(h_root);
+	ii_read_unlock(dir);
+
+ out:
+	if (wbr)
+		atomic_dec_return(&wbr->wbr_wh_running);
+	au_br_put(a->br);
+	au_nwt_done(&au_sbi(a->sb)->si_nowait);
+	si_write_unlock(a->sb);
+	kfree(arg);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuIOErr("err %d\n", err);
+}
+
+static void kick_reinit_br_wh(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	int do_dec, wkq_err;
+	struct reinit_br_wh *arg;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	AuDebugOn(!br->br_wbr);
+
+	do_dec = 1;
+	if (atomic_inc_return(&br->br_wbr->wbr_wh_running) != 1)
+		goto out;
+
+	/* ignore ENOMEM */
+	arg = kmalloc(sizeof(*arg), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (arg) {
+		/*
+		 * dec(wh_running), kfree(arg) and au_br_put()
+		 * in reinit function
+		 */
+		arg->sb = sb;
+		arg->br = br;
+		au_br_get(br);
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_nowait(reinit_br_wh, arg, sb, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err)) {
+			atomic_dec_return(&br->br_wbr->wbr_wh_running);
+			au_br_put(br);
+			kfree(arg);
+		}
+		do_dec = 0;
+	}
+
+ out:
+	if (do_dec)
+		atomic_dec_return(&br->br_wbr->wbr_wh_running);
+}
+
+/*
+ * create the whiteout @wh.
+ */
+static int link_or_create_wh(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			     struct dentry *wh, struct inode *dir)
+{
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_wbr *wbr;
+	struct dentry *h_parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(wh));
+	h_parent = wh->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	wbr = br->br_wbr;
+	AuDebugOn(!wbr);
+
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(au_mntflags(sb));
+	wbr_wh_read_lock(wbr);
+	if (wbr->wbr_whbase) {
+		vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+		if (dir)
+			vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, au_hi(dir, bindex));
+		err = vfsub_link(wbr->wbr_whbase, h_dir, wh, &vargs);
+		if (!err || err != -EMLINK)
+			goto out;
+
+		/* link count full. re-initialize br_whbase. */
+		kick_reinit_br_wh(sb, br);
+	}
+
+	/* return this error in this context */
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+	if (dir)
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, au_hi(dir, bindex));
+	err = au_h_create(h_dir, wh, WH_MASK, &vargs, /*nd*/NULL,
+			  au_do_nfsmnt(br->br_mnt));
+
+ out:
+	wbr_wh_read_unlock(wbr);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * create or remove the diropq.
+ */
+static struct dentry *do_diropq(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+				unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct dentry *opq_dentry, *h_dentry;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, bindex %d, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, flags);
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dentry);
+	h_dir = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(!h_dir || !S_ISDIR(h_dir->i_mode));
+
+	/* already checked by au_test_h_perm(). */
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bindex);
+	dlgt = 0;
+	if (au_ftest_diropq(flags, DLGT)) {
+		dlgt = 1;
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	}
+	opq_dentry = au_lkup_one(diropq_name.name, h_dentry, diropq_name.len,
+				 &ndx);
+	if (IS_ERR(opq_dentry))
+		goto out;
+
+	if (au_ftest_diropq(flags, CREATE)) {
+		AuDebugOn(opq_dentry->d_inode);
+		err = link_or_create_wh(dentry->d_sb, bindex, opq_dentry,
+					dentry->d_inode);
+		if (!err) {
+			au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, bindex);
+			goto out; /* success */
+		}
+	} else {
+		AuDebugOn(/* !S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode->i_mode)
+			   * ||  */!opq_dentry->d_inode);
+		err = do_unlink_wh(au_hi(dentry->d_inode, bindex),
+				   /*h_dir*/NULL, opq_dentry, dlgt);
+		if (!err)
+			au_set_dbdiropq(dentry, -1);
+	}
+	dput(opq_dentry);
+	opq_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(opq_dentry);
+	return opq_dentry;
+}
+
+struct do_diropq_args {
+	struct dentry **errp;
+	struct dentry *dentry;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	unsigned int flags;
+};
+
+static void call_do_diropq(void *args)
+{
+	struct do_diropq_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_diropq(a->dentry, a->bindex, a->flags);
+}
+
+struct dentry *au_diropq_sio(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			     unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct dentry *diropq, *h_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, bindex %d, flags 0x%x\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex, flags);
+
+	h_dentry = au_h_dptr(dentry, bindex);
+	if (!au_test_h_perm_sio(h_dentry->d_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE,
+				au_ftest_diropq(flags, DLGT)))
+		diropq = do_diropq(dentry, bindex, flags);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct do_diropq_args args = {
+			.errp		= &diropq,
+			.dentry		= dentry,
+			.bindex		= bindex,
+			.flags		= flags
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_do_diropq, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			diropq = ERR_PTR(wkq_err);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(diropq);
+	return diropq;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * lookup whiteout dentry.
+ * @h_parent: hidden parent dentry which must exist and be locked
+ * @base_name: name of dentry which will be whiteouted
+ * returns dentry for whiteout.
+ */
+struct dentry *au_wh_lkup(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *base_name,
+			  struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct qstr wh_name;
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_parent), AuLNPair(base_name));
+
+	err = au_wh_name_alloc(base_name->name, base_name->len, &wh_name);
+	wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+	if (!err) {
+		/* do not superio. */
+		wh_dentry = au_lkup_one(wh_name.name, h_parent,
+					wh_name.len, ndx);
+		au_wh_name_free(&wh_name);
+	}
+	AuTraceErrPtr(wh_dentry);
+	return wh_dentry;
+}
+
+/*
+ * link/create a whiteout for @dentry on @bindex.
+ */
+struct dentry *au_wh_create(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			    struct dentry *h_parent, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	int err;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s/%.*s on b%d\n", AuDLNPair(h_parent),
+		  AuDLNPair(dentry), bindex);
+
+	sb = dentry->d_sb;
+	wh_dentry = au_wh_lkup(h_parent, &dentry->d_name, ndx);
+	if (!IS_ERR(wh_dentry) && !wh_dentry->d_inode) {
+		dir = dentry->d_parent->d_inode; /* dir is locked */
+		IMustLock(dir);
+		err = link_or_create_wh(sb, bindex, wh_dentry, dir);
+		if (!err)
+			au_set_dbwh(dentry, bindex);
+		else {
+			dput(wh_dentry);
+			wh_dentry = ERR_PTR(err);
+		}
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErrPtr(wh_dentry);
+	return wh_dentry;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Delete all whiteouts in this directory on branch bindex. */
+static int del_wh_children(struct dentry *h_dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist,
+			   aufs_bindex_t bindex, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	int err, i;
+	struct qstr wh_name;
+	char *p;
+	struct inode *h_inode;
+	struct hlist_head *head;
+	struct au_vdir_wh *tpos;
+	struct hlist_node *pos;
+	struct au_vdir_destr *str;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(h_dentry));
+	h_inode = h_dentry->d_inode;
+	AuDebugOn(IS_RDONLY(h_inode));
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	p = __getname();
+	wh_name.name = p;
+	if (unlikely(!wh_name.name))
+		goto out;
+	memcpy(p, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN);
+	p += AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN;
+
+	/* already checked by au_test_h_perm(). */
+	err = 0;
+	for (i = 0; !err && i < AuSize_NHASH; i++) {
+		head = whlist->heads + i;
+		hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, wh_hash) {
+			if (tpos->wh_bindex != bindex)
+				continue;
+			str = &tpos->wh_str;
+			if (str->len + AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN <= PATH_MAX) {
+				memcpy(p, str->name, str->len);
+				wh_name.len = AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN + str->len;
+				err = unlink_wh_name(h_dentry, &wh_name, ndx);
+				if (!err)
+					continue;
+				break;
+			}
+			AuIOErr("whiteout name too long %.*s\n",
+				str->len, str->name);
+			err = -EIO;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	__putname(wh_name.name);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct del_wh_children_args {
+	int *errp;
+	struct dentry *h_dentry;
+	struct au_nhash *whlist;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_ndx *ndx;
+};
+
+static void call_del_wh_children(void *args)
+{
+	struct del_wh_children_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = del_wh_children(a->h_dentry, a->whlist, a->bindex, a->ndx);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * rmdir the whiteouted temporary named dir @h_dentry.
+ * @whlist: whiteouted children.
+ */
+int au_whtmp_rmdir(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist)
+{
+	int err, dlgt;
+	struct inode *wh_inode, *h_dir;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu, %.*s, b%d\n",
+		  dir->i_ino, AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), bindex);
+	/* IMustLock(dir); */
+	IiMustAnyLock(dir);
+	h_dir = wh_dentry->d_parent->d_inode; /* dir inode is locked */
+	IMustLock(h_dir);
+
+	sb = dir->i_sb;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	dlgt = !!au_test_dlgt(mnt_flags);
+	if (dlgt)
+		au_fset_ndx(ndx.flags, DLGT);
+	ndx.nfsmnt = au_nfsmnt(sb, bindex);
+	wh_inode = wh_dentry->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&wh_inode->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_CHILD);
+
+	/*
+	 * someone else might change some whiteouts while we were sleeping.
+	 * it means this whlist may have an obsoleted entry.
+	 */
+	if (!au_test_h_perm_sio(wh_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_WRITE, dlgt))
+		err = del_wh_children(wh_dentry, whlist, bindex, &ndx);
+	else {
+		int wkq_err;
+		/* ugly */
+		unsigned int flags = ndx.flags;
+		struct del_wh_children_args args = {
+			.errp		= &err,
+			.h_dentry	= wh_dentry,
+			.whlist		= whlist,
+			.bindex		= bindex,
+			.ndx		= &ndx
+		};
+
+		ndx.flags = 0;
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_del_wh_children, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+		ndx.flags = flags;
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&wh_inode->i_mutex);
+
+	if (!err) {
+		vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, dlgt, 0);
+		vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, au_hi(dir, bindex));
+		err = vfsub_rmdir(h_dir, wh_dentry, &vargs);
+		/* d_drop(h_dentry); */
+	}
+
+	if (!err) {
+		if (au_ibstart(dir) == bindex) {
+			au_cpup_attr_timesizes(dir);
+			/* au_cpup_attr_nlink(dir); */
+			drop_nlink(dir);
+		}
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+
+	AuWarn("failed removing %.*s(%d), ignored\n",
+	       AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void au_whtmp_rmdir_free_args(struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *args)
+{
+	au_nhash_fin(&args->whlist);
+	dput(args->wh_dentry);
+	iput(args->dir);
+	kfree(args);
+}
+
+static void call_rmdir_whtmp(void *args)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *a = args;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct dentry *h_parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, b%d, dir i%lu\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(a->wh_dentry), a->bindex, a->dir->i_ino);
+
+	/* rmdir by nfsd may cause deadlock with this i_mutex */
+	/* mutex_lock(&a->dir->i_mutex); */
+	sb = a->dir->i_sb;
+	si_noflush_read_lock(sb);
+	err = au_test_ro(sb, a->bindex, NULL);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = -EIO;
+	ii_write_lock_parent(a->dir);
+	h_parent = dget_parent(a->wh_dentry);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	if (!au_verify_parent(a->wh_dentry, h_dir)) {
+		err = au_br_want_write(au_sbr(sb, a->bindex));
+		if (!err) {
+			err = au_whtmp_rmdir(a->dir, a->bindex, a->wh_dentry,
+					     &a->whlist);
+			au_br_drop_write(au_sbr(sb, a->bindex));
+		}
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+	dput(h_parent);
+	ii_write_unlock(a->dir);
+
+ out:
+	/* mutex_unlock(&a->dir->i_mutex); */
+	au_nwt_done(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait);
+	si_read_unlock(sb);
+	au_whtmp_rmdir_free_args(a);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuIOErr("err %d\n", err);
+}
+
+void au_whtmp_kick_rmdir(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist,
+			 struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *args)
+{
+	int wkq_err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(wh_dentry));
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	/* all post-process will be done in do_rmdir_whtmp(). */
+	args->dir = au_igrab(dir);
+	args->bindex = bindex;
+	args->wh_dentry = dget(wh_dentry);
+	au_nhash_init(&args->whlist);
+	au_nhash_move(&args->whlist, whlist);
+	wkq_err = au_wkq_nowait(call_rmdir_whtmp, args, dir->i_sb, /*dlgt*/0);
+	if (unlikely(wkq_err)) {
+		AuWarn("rmdir error %.*s (%d), ignored\n",
+		       AuDLNPair(wh_dentry), wkq_err);
+		au_whtmp_rmdir_free_args(args);
+	}
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/whout.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/whout.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/whout.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/whout.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * whiteout for logical deletion and opaque directory
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_WHOUT_H__
+#define __AUFS_WHOUT_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "opts.h"
+#include "super.h"
+
+int au_wh_name_alloc(const char *name, int len, struct qstr *wh);
+void au_wh_name_free(struct qstr *wh);
+
+struct au_ndx;
+int au_wh_test(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *wh_name, int try_sio,
+	       struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int au_diropq_test(struct dentry *h_dentry, struct au_ndx *ndx);
+
+struct dentry *au_whtmp_lkup(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *prefix,
+			     struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int au_whtmp_ren(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		 struct dentry *h_dentry);
+int au_wh_unlink_dentry(struct au_hinode *dir, struct dentry *wh_dentry,
+			struct dentry *dentry, int dlgt);
+
+struct au_branch;
+int au_wh_init(struct dentry *h_parent, struct au_branch *br,
+	       struct vfsmount *nfsmnt, struct super_block *sb,
+	       aufs_bindex_t bindex);
+
+/* diropq flags */
+#define AuDiropq_CREATE	1
+#define AuDiropq_DLGT	(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_diropq(flags, name)	((flags) & AuDiropq_##name)
+#define au_fset_diropq(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuDiropq_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_diropq(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuDiropq_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuDiropq_DLGT
+#define AuDiropq_DLGT	0
+#endif
+
+struct dentry *au_diropq_sio(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			     unsigned int flags);
+
+struct dentry *au_wh_lkup(struct dentry *h_parent, struct qstr *base_name,
+			  struct au_ndx *ndx);
+struct dentry *au_wh_create(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			    struct dentry *h_parent, struct au_ndx *ndx);
+
+/* real rmdir the whiteout-ed dir */
+struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args {
+	struct inode *dir;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct dentry *wh_dentry;
+	struct au_nhash whlist;
+};
+
+struct au_nhash;
+int au_whtmp_rmdir(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+		   struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist);
+void au_whtmp_kick_rmdir(struct inode *dir, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+			 struct dentry *wh_dentry, struct au_nhash *whlist,
+			 struct au_whtmp_rmdir_args *args);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline
+struct dentry *au_diropq_create(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex,
+				int dlgt)
+{
+	unsigned int flags = AuDiropq_CREATE;
+	if (dlgt)
+		au_fset_diropq(flags, DLGT);
+	return au_diropq_sio(dentry, bindex, flags);
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_diropq_remove(struct dentry *dentry, aufs_bindex_t bindex, int dlgt)
+{
+	unsigned int flags = !AuDiropq_CREATE;
+	if (dlgt)
+		au_fset_diropq(flags, DLGT);
+	return PTR_ERR(au_diropq_sio(dentry, bindex, flags));
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR
+/* robr.c */
+int au_test_robr_wh(struct qstr *name, struct dentry *h_parent,
+		    struct qstr *wh_name, int try_sio, struct au_ndx *ndx);
+int au_test_robr_shwh(struct super_block *sb, const struct qstr *name);
+#else
+static inline
+int au_test_robr_wh(struct qstr *name, struct dentry *h_parent,
+		    struct qstr *wh_name, int try_sio, struct au_ndx *ndx)
+{
+	return au_wh_test(h_parent, wh_name, try_sio, ndx);
+}
+
+static inline
+int au_test_robr_shwh(struct super_block *sb, const struct qstr *name)
+{
+	if (unlikely(!au_opt_test(au_mntflags(sb), SHWH)
+		     && !strncmp(name->name, AUFS_WH_PFX, AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN)))
+		return -EPERM;
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_ROBR */
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_WHOUT_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/wkq.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wkq.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/wkq.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wkq.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * workqueue for asynchronous/super-io/delegated operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+struct au_wkq *au_wkq;
+
+
+
+struct au_wkinfo {
+	struct work_struct wk;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+
+	unsigned int flags;
+	struct cred cred;
+
+	au_wkq_func_t func;
+	void *args;
+
+	atomic_t *busyp;
+	struct completion *comp;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+static void cred_store(struct cred *cred)
+{
+	cred = get_current_cred();
+}
+
+static void cred_revert(struct cred *cred)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(!au_test_wkq(current));
+	revert_creds(cred);
+}
+
+static void cred_switch(struct cred *old, struct cred *new)
+{
+	cred_store(old);
+	cred_revert(new);
+}
+
+static void dlgt_cred_store(unsigned int flags, struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	if (au_ftest_wkq(flags, DLGT))
+		cred_store(&wkinfo->cred);
+}
+
+static void dlgt_func(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	if (!au_ftest_wkq(wkinfo->flags, DLGT))
+		wkinfo->func(wkinfo->args);
+	else {
+		struct cred cred;
+		cred_switch(&cred, &wkinfo->cred);
+		wkinfo->func(wkinfo->args);
+		cred_revert(&cred);
+	}
+}
+#else
+static void dlgt_cred_store(unsigned int flags, struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+
+static void dlgt_func(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	wkinfo->func(wkinfo->args);
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT */
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void update_busy(struct au_wkq *wkq, struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+	unsigned int new, old;
+
+	do {
+		new = atomic_read(wkinfo->busyp);
+		old = wkq->max_busy;
+		if (new <= old)
+			break;
+	} while (cmpxchg(&wkq->max_busy, old, new) == old);
+#endif
+}
+
+static int enqueue(struct au_wkq *wkq, struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	wkinfo->busyp = &wkq->busy;
+	update_busy(wkq, wkinfo);
+	if (au_ftest_wkq(wkinfo->flags, WAIT))
+		return !queue_work(wkq->q, &wkinfo->wk);
+	else
+		return !schedule_work(&wkinfo->wk);
+}
+
+static void do_wkq(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+	unsigned int idle, n;
+	int i, idle_idx;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (au_ftest_wkq(wkinfo->flags, WAIT)) {
+			idle_idx = 0;
+			idle = UINT_MAX;
+			for (i = 0; i < aufs_nwkq; i++) {
+				n = atomic_inc_return(&au_wkq[i].busy);
+				if (n == 1 && !enqueue(au_wkq + i, wkinfo))
+					return; /* success */
+
+				if (n < idle) {
+					idle_idx = i;
+					idle = n;
+				}
+				atomic_dec_return(&au_wkq[i].busy);
+			}
+		} else
+			idle_idx = aufs_nwkq;
+
+		atomic_inc_return(&au_wkq[idle_idx].busy);
+		if (!enqueue(au_wkq + idle_idx, wkinfo))
+			return; /* success */
+
+		/* impossible? */
+		AuWarn1("failed to queue_work()\n");
+		yield();
+	}
+}
+
+static void wkq_func(struct work_struct *wk)
+{
+	struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo = container_of(wk, struct au_wkinfo, wk);
+
+	LKTRTrace("wkinfo{0x%x, %p, %p, %p}\n",
+		  wkinfo->flags, wkinfo->func, wkinfo->busyp, wkinfo->comp);
+
+	dlgt_func(wkinfo);
+	atomic_dec_return(wkinfo->busyp);
+	if (au_ftest_wkq(wkinfo->flags, WAIT))
+		complete(wkinfo->comp);
+	else {
+		kobject_put(&au_sbi(wkinfo->sb)->si_kobj);
+		module_put(THIS_MODULE);
+		kfree(wkinfo);
+	}
+}
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_4KSTACKS) || defined(Test4KSTACKS)
+#define AuWkqCompDeclare(name)	struct completion *comp = NULL
+
+static int au_wkq_comp_alloc(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo, struct completion **comp)
+{
+	*comp = kmalloc(sizeof(**comp), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (*comp) {
+		init_completion(*comp);
+		wkinfo->comp = *comp;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static void au_wkq_comp_free(struct completion *comp)
+{
+	kfree(comp);
+}
+
+#else
+
+/* no braces */
+#define AuWkqCompDeclare(name) \
+	DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(_ ## name); \
+	struct completion *comp = &_ ## name
+
+static int au_wkq_comp_alloc(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo, struct completion **comp)
+{
+	wkinfo->comp = *comp;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void au_wkq_comp_free(struct completion *comp)
+{
+	/* empty */
+}
+#endif /* 4KSTACKS */
+
+static void au_wkq_run(struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo)
+{
+#if 1 /* tmp debug */
+	if (au_test_wkq(current))
+		au_dbg_blocked();
+#endif
+	AuDebugOn(au_test_wkq(current));
+
+	INIT_WORK(&wkinfo->wk, wkq_func);
+	dlgt_cred_store(wkinfo->flags, wkinfo);
+	do_wkq(wkinfo);
+}
+
+int au_wkq_wait(au_wkq_func_t func, void *args, int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	AuWkqCompDeclare(comp);
+	struct au_wkinfo wkinfo = {
+		.flags	= AuWkq_WAIT,
+		.func	= func,
+		.args	= args
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("dlgt %d\n", dlgt);
+
+	err = au_wkq_comp_alloc(&wkinfo, &comp);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (dlgt)
+			au_fset_wkq(wkinfo.flags, DLGT);
+		au_wkq_run(&wkinfo);
+		/* no timeout, no interrupt */
+		wait_for_completion(wkinfo.comp);
+		au_wkq_comp_free(comp);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+
+}
+
+int au_wkq_nowait(au_wkq_func_t func, void *args, struct super_block *sb,
+		  int dlgt)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_wkinfo *wkinfo;
+
+	LKTRTrace("dlgt %d\n", dlgt);
+	AuDebugOn(!sb);
+
+	atomic_inc_return(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait.nw_len);
+
+	/*
+	 * wkq_func() must free this wkinfo.
+	 * it highly depends upon the implementation of workqueue.
+	 */
+	err = 0;
+	wkinfo = kmalloc(sizeof(*wkinfo), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (wkinfo) {
+		wkinfo->sb = sb;
+		wkinfo->flags = !AuWkq_WAIT;
+		wkinfo->func = func;
+		wkinfo->args = args;
+		wkinfo->comp = NULL;
+		if (dlgt)
+			au_fset_wkq(wkinfo->flags, DLGT);
+		kobject_get(&au_sbi(sb)->si_kobj);
+		__module_get(THIS_MODULE);
+
+		au_wkq_run(wkinfo);
+	} else {
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		atomic_dec_return(&au_sbi(sb)->si_nowait.nw_len);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void au_wkq_fin(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < aufs_nwkq; i++)
+		if (au_wkq[i].q && !IS_ERR(au_wkq[i].q))
+			destroy_workqueue(au_wkq[i].q);
+	kfree(au_wkq);
+}
+
+int __init au_wkq_init(void)
+{
+	int err, i;
+	struct au_wkq *nowaitq;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%d\n", aufs_nwkq);
+
+	/* '+1' is for accounting  of nowait queue */
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	au_wkq = kcalloc(aufs_nwkq + 1, sizeof(*au_wkq), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!au_wkq))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < aufs_nwkq; i++) {
+		au_wkq[i].q = create_singlethread_workqueue(AUFS_WKQ_NAME);
+		if (au_wkq[i].q && !IS_ERR(au_wkq[i].q)) {
+			atomic_set(&au_wkq[i].busy, 0);
+			au_wkq_max_busy_init(au_wkq + i);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		err = PTR_ERR(au_wkq[i].q);
+		au_wkq_fin();
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/* nowait accounting */
+	nowaitq = au_wkq + aufs_nwkq;
+	atomic_set(&nowaitq->busy, 0);
+	au_wkq_max_busy_init(nowaitq);
+	nowaitq->q = NULL;
+	/* smp_mb(); */ /* atomic_set */
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/wkq.h linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wkq.h
--- linux/fs/aufs/wkq.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/wkq.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * workqueue for asynchronous/super-io/delegated operations
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_WKQ_H__
+#define __AUFS_WKQ_H__
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/workqueue.h>
+#include <linux/aufs_type.h>
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* internal workqueue named AUFS_WKQ_NAME */
+struct au_wkq {
+	struct workqueue_struct	*q;
+
+	/* balancing */
+	atomic_t		busy;
+
+	/* accounting */
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+	unsigned int		max_busy;
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+ * in the next operation, wait for the 'nowait' tasks in system-wide workqueue
+ */
+struct au_nowait_tasks {
+	atomic_t		nw_len;
+	wait_queue_head_t	nw_wq;
+};
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+extern struct au_wkq *au_wkq;
+typedef void (*au_wkq_func_t)(void *args);
+
+/* wkq flags */
+#define AuWkq_WAIT	1
+#define AuWkq_DLGT	(1 << 1)
+#define au_ftest_wkq(flags, name)	((flags) & AuWkq_##name)
+#define au_fset_wkq(flags, name)	{ (flags) |= AuWkq_##name; }
+#define au_fclr_wkq(flags, name)	{ (flags) &= ~AuWkq_##name; }
+#ifndef CONFIG_AUFS_DLGT
+#undef AuWkq_DLGT
+#define AuWkq_DLGT	0
+#endif
+
+int au_wkq_wait(au_wkq_func_t func, void *args, int dlgt);
+int au_wkq_nowait(au_wkq_func_t func, void *args, struct super_block *sb,
+		  int dlgt);
+int __init au_wkq_init(void);
+void au_wkq_fin(void);
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static inline int au_test_nowait_wkq(struct task_struct *tsk)
+{
+	static const char *p = "events";
+	return !tsk->mm && !strncmp(tsk->comm, p, strlen(p));
+}
+
+static inline int au_test_wkq(struct task_struct *tsk)
+{
+	return !tsk->mm && !strcmp(tsk->comm, AUFS_WKQ_NAME);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use, per-cpu workqueue */
+	return !tsk->mm
+		&& !memcmp(tsk->comm, AUFS_WKQ_NAME "/",
+			   sizeof(AUFS_WKQ_NAME));
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void au_wkq_max_busy_init(struct au_wkq *wkq)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_STAT
+	wkq->max_busy = 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* todo: memory barrier? */
+static inline void au_nwt_init(struct au_nowait_tasks *nwt)
+{
+	atomic_set(&nwt->nw_len, 0);
+	smp_mb(); /* atomic_set */
+	init_waitqueue_head(&nwt->nw_wq);
+}
+
+static inline void au_nwt_done(struct au_nowait_tasks *nwt)
+{
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!atomic_dec_return(&nwt->nw_len))
+		wake_up_all(&nwt->nw_wq);
+}
+
+static inline int au_nwt_flush(struct au_nowait_tasks *nwt)
+{
+	wait_event(nwt->nw_wq, !atomic_read(&nwt->nw_len));
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+#endif /* __AUFS_WKQ_H__ */
diff -urN linux/fs/aufs/xino.c linux-aufs/fs/aufs/xino.c
--- linux/fs/aufs/xino.c	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/aufs/xino.c	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1268 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * external inode number translation table and bitmap
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include "aufs.h"
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ssize_t xino_fread(au_readf_t func, struct file *file, void *buf, size_t size,
+		   loff_t *pos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	mm_segment_t oldfs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, sz %zu, *pos %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry), size, *pos);
+
+	oldfs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	do {
+		/* todo: signal_pending? */
+		err = func(file, (char __user *)buf, size, pos);
+	} while (err == -EAGAIN || err == -EINTR);
+	set_fs(oldfs);
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	if (err > 0)
+		fsnotify_access(file->f_dentry);
+#endif
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static ssize_t do_xino_fwrite(au_writef_t func, struct file *file, void *buf,
+			      size_t size, loff_t *pos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+	mm_segment_t oldfs;
+
+	lockdep_off();
+	oldfs = get_fs();
+	set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
+	do {
+		/* todo: signal_pending? */
+		err = func(file, (const char __user *)buf, size, pos);
+	} while (err == -EAGAIN || err == -EINTR);
+	set_fs(oldfs);
+	lockdep_on();
+
+	if (err >= 0)
+		au_update_fuse_h_inode(file->f_vfsmnt, file->f_dentry);
+	/*ignore*/
+
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	if (err > 0)
+		fsnotify_modify(file->f_dentry);
+#endif
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+struct do_xino_fwrite_args {
+	ssize_t *errp;
+	au_writef_t func;
+	struct file *file;
+	void *buf;
+	size_t size;
+	loff_t *pos;
+};
+
+static void call_do_xino_fwrite(void *args)
+{
+	struct do_xino_fwrite_args *a = args;
+	*a->errp = do_xino_fwrite(a->func, a->file, a->buf, a->size, a->pos);
+}
+
+ssize_t xino_fwrite(au_writef_t func, struct file *file, void *buf, size_t size,
+		    loff_t *pos)
+{
+	ssize_t err;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s, sz %zu, *pos %lld\n",
+		  AuDLNPair(file->f_dentry), size, *pos);
+
+	/* todo: signal block and no wkq? */
+	/*
+	 * it breaks RLIMIT_FSIZE and normal user's limit,
+	 * users should care about quota and real 'filesystem full.'
+	 */
+	if (!au_test_wkq(current)) {
+		int wkq_err;
+		struct do_xino_fwrite_args args = {
+			.errp	= &err,
+			.func	= func,
+			.file	= file,
+			.buf	= buf,
+			.size	= size,
+			.pos	= pos
+		};
+		wkq_err = au_wkq_wait(call_do_xino_fwrite, &args, /*dlgt*/0);
+		if (unlikely(wkq_err))
+			err = wkq_err;
+	} else
+		err = do_xino_fwrite(func, file, buf, size, pos);
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct xino_do_trunc_args {
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+};
+
+static void xino_do_trunc(void *_args)
+{
+	struct xino_do_trunc_args *args = _args;
+	struct super_block *sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	int err;
+	struct file *file;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	err = 0;
+	sb = args->sb;
+	dir = sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	si_noflush_write_lock(sb);
+	ii_read_lock_parent(dir);
+	bindex = au_br_index(sb, args->br->br_id);
+	AuDebugOn(bindex < 0);
+	err = au_xino_trunc(sb, bindex);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		goto out;
+
+	file = args->br->br_xino.xi_file;
+	au_update_fuse_h_inode(args->br->br_mnt, file->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	if (file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_blocks >= args->br->br_xino_upper)
+		args->br->br_xino_upper += AUFS_XINO_TRUNC_STEP;
+
+ out:
+	ii_read_unlock(dir);
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		AuWarn("err b%d, (%d)\n", bindex, err);
+	atomic_dec_return(&args->br->br_xino_running);
+	au_br_put(args->br);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	au_nwt_done(&sbinfo->si_nowait);
+	si_write_unlock(sb);
+	kfree(args);
+}
+
+static void xino_try_trunc(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br)
+{
+	struct xino_do_trunc_args *args;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *file = br->br_xino.xi_file;
+	int wkq_err;
+
+	au_update_fuse_h_inode(br->br_mnt, file->f_dentry); /*ignore*/
+	if (file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_blocks < br->br_xino_upper)
+		return;
+	if (atomic_inc_return(&br->br_xino_running) > 1)
+		goto out;
+
+	/* lock and kfree() will be called in trunc_xino() */
+	args = kmalloc(sizeof(*args), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!args)) {
+		AuErr1("no memory\n");
+		goto out_args;
+	}
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	au_br_get(br);
+	args->sb = sb;
+	args->br = br;
+	wkq_err = au_wkq_nowait(xino_do_trunc, args, sb, /*dlgt*/0);
+	if (!wkq_err)
+		return; /* success */
+
+	AuErr("wkq %d\n", wkq_err);
+	au_br_put(br);
+
+ out_args:
+	kfree(args);
+ out:
+	atomic_dec_return(&br->br_xino_running);
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int au_xino_do_write(au_writef_t write, struct file *file,
+			    ino_t h_ino, struct au_xino_entry *xinoe)
+{
+	loff_t pos;
+	ssize_t sz;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	pos = h_ino;
+	if (unlikely(Au_LOFF_MAX / sizeof(*xinoe) - 1 < pos)) {
+		AuIOErr1("too large hi%lu\n", (unsigned long)h_ino);
+		return -EFBIG;
+	}
+	pos *= sizeof(*xinoe);
+	sz = xino_fwrite(write, file, xinoe, sizeof(*xinoe), &pos);
+	if (sz == sizeof(*xinoe))
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	AuIOErr("write failed (%zd)\n", sz);
+	return -EIO;
+}
+
+/*
+ * write @ino to the xinofile for the specified branch{@sb, @bindex}
+ * at the position of @_ino.
+ * when @ino is zero, it is written to the xinofile and means no entry.
+ */
+int au_xino_write(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		  struct au_xino_entry *xinoe)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct file *file;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, hi%lu, i%lu\n",
+		  bindex, (unsigned long)h_ino, (unsigned long)xinoe->ino);
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(long long) != sizeof(Au_LOFF_MAX)
+		     || ((loff_t)-1) > 0);
+
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags))
+		return 0;
+
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	file = br->br_xino.xi_file;
+	AuDebugOn(!file);
+
+	err = au_xino_do_write(au_sbi(sb)->si_xwrite, file, h_ino, xinoe);
+	if (!err) {
+		if (au_opt_test(mnt_flags, TRUNC_XINO)
+		    && au_test_trunc_xino(br->br_mnt->mnt_sb))
+			xino_try_trunc(sb, br);
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+
+	AuIOErr("write failed (%d)\n", err);
+	return -EIO;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static const int page_bits = (int)PAGE_SIZE * BITS_PER_BYTE;
+static ino_t xib_calc_ino(unsigned long pindex, int bit)
+{
+	ino_t ino;
+
+	AuDebugOn(bit < 0 || page_bits <= bit);
+	ino = AUFS_FIRST_INO + pindex * page_bits + bit;
+	return ino;
+}
+
+static void xib_calc_bit(ino_t ino, unsigned long *pindex, int *bit)
+{
+	AuDebugOn(ino < AUFS_FIRST_INO);
+	ino -= AUFS_FIRST_INO;
+	*pindex = ino / page_bits;
+	*bit = ino % page_bits;
+}
+
+static int xib_pindex(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long pindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	loff_t pos;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	struct file *xib;
+	unsigned long *p;
+
+	LKTRTrace("pindex %lu\n", pindex);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	MtxMustLock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	AuDebugOn(pindex > ULONG_MAX / PAGE_SIZE
+		  || !au_opt_test_xino(sbinfo->si_mntflags));
+
+	if (pindex == sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex)
+		return 0;
+
+	xib = sbinfo->si_xib;
+	p = sbinfo->si_xib_buf;
+	pos = sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex;
+	pos *= PAGE_SIZE;
+	sz = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, xib, p, PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+	if (unlikely(sz != PAGE_SIZE))
+		goto out;
+
+	pos = pindex;
+	pos *= PAGE_SIZE;
+	if (i_size_read(xib->f_dentry->d_inode) >= pos + PAGE_SIZE)
+		sz = xino_fread(sbinfo->si_xread, xib, p, PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+	else {
+		memset(p, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
+		sz = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, xib, p, PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+	}
+	if (sz == PAGE_SIZE) {
+		sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex = pindex;
+		return 0; /* success */
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuIOErr1("write failed (%zd)\n", sz);
+	err = sz;
+	if (sz >= 0)
+		err = -EIO;
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+int au_xino_write0(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		   ino_t ino)
+{
+	int err, bit;
+	unsigned long pindex;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe = {
+		.ino	= 0
+	};
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, hi%lu, i%lu\n",
+		  bindex, (unsigned long)h_ino, (unsigned long)ino);
+
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb)))
+		return 0;
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (ino) {
+		AuDebugOn(ino < AUFS_FIRST_INO);
+		xib_calc_bit(ino, &pindex, &bit);
+		AuDebugOn(page_bits <= bit);
+		mutex_lock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+		err = xib_pindex(sb, pindex);
+		if (!err) {
+			clear_bit(bit, sbinfo->si_xib_buf);
+			sbinfo->si_xib_next_bit = bit;
+		}
+		mutex_unlock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	}
+
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_xino_write(sb, bindex, h_ino, &xinoe);
+	return err;
+}
+
+ino_t au_xino_new_ino(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	ino_t ino;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	int free_bit, err;
+	unsigned long *p, pindex, ul, pend;
+	struct file *file;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb)))
+		return iunique(sb, AUFS_FIRST_INO);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	mutex_lock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	p = sbinfo->si_xib_buf;
+	free_bit = sbinfo->si_xib_next_bit;
+	if (free_bit < page_bits && !test_bit(free_bit, p))
+		goto out; /* success */
+	free_bit = find_first_zero_bit(p, page_bits);
+	if (free_bit < page_bits)
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	pindex = sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex;
+	for (ul = pindex - 1; ul < ULONG_MAX; ul--) {
+		err = xib_pindex(sb, ul);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_err;
+		free_bit = find_first_zero_bit(p, page_bits);
+		if (free_bit < page_bits)
+			goto out; /* success */
+	}
+
+	file = sbinfo->si_xib;
+	pend = i_size_read(file->f_dentry->d_inode) / PAGE_SIZE;
+	for (ul = pindex + 1; ul <= pend; ul++) {
+		err = xib_pindex(sb, ul);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_err;
+		free_bit = find_first_zero_bit(p, page_bits);
+		if (free_bit < page_bits)
+			goto out; /* success */
+	}
+	BUG();
+
+ out:
+	set_bit(free_bit, p);
+	sbinfo->si_xib_next_bit++;
+	pindex = sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex;
+	mutex_unlock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	ino = xib_calc_ino(pindex, free_bit);
+	LKTRTrace("i%lu\n", (unsigned long)ino);
+	return ino;
+ out_err:
+	mutex_unlock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+	LKTRTrace("i0\n");
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * read @ino from xinofile for the specified branch{@sb, @bindex}
+ * at the position of @h_ino.
+ * if @ino does not exist and @do_new is true, get new one.
+ */
+int au_xino_read(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex, ino_t h_ino,
+		 struct au_xino_entry *xinoe)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct file *file;
+	loff_t pos;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d, hi%lu\n", bindex, (unsigned long)h_ino);
+
+	xinoe->ino = 0;
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb)))
+		return 0; /* no ino */
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	pos = h_ino;
+	if (unlikely(Au_LOFF_MAX / sizeof(*xinoe) - 1 < pos)) {
+		AuIOErr1("too large hi%lu\n", (unsigned long)h_ino);
+		return -EFBIG;
+	}
+	pos *= sizeof(*xinoe);
+
+	file = au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_xino.xi_file;
+	AuDebugOn(!file);
+	if (i_size_read(file->f_dentry->d_inode) < pos + sizeof(*xinoe))
+		return 0; /* no ino */
+
+	sz = xino_fread(sbinfo->si_xread, file, xinoe, sizeof(*xinoe), &pos);
+	if (sz == sizeof(*xinoe))
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+	err = sz;
+	if (unlikely(sz >= 0)) {
+		err = -EIO;
+		AuIOErr("xino read error (%zd)\n", sz);
+	}
+
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+struct file *au_xino_create(struct super_block *sb, char *fname, int silent)
+{
+	struct file *file;
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *h_parent;
+	struct inode *h_dir;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%s\n", fname);
+
+	/*
+	 * at mount-time, and the xino file is the default path,
+	 * hinotify is disabled so we have no inotify events to ignore.
+	 * when a user specified the xino, we cannot get au_hdir to be ignored.
+	 */
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, /*ign*/NULL, /*dlgt*/0, 0);
+	file = vfsub_filp_open(fname, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_LARGEFILE,
+			       S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO);
+	if (IS_ERR(file)) {
+		if (!silent)
+			AuErr("open %s(%ld)\n", fname, PTR_ERR(file));
+		return file;
+	}
+
+	/* keep file count */
+	h_parent = dget_parent(file->f_dentry);
+	h_dir = h_parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&h_dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+	err = vfsub_unlink(h_dir, file->f_dentry, &vargs);
+	mutex_unlock(&h_dir->i_mutex);
+	dput(h_parent);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		if (!silent)
+			AuErr("unlink %s(%d)\n", fname, err);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (sb != file->f_dentry->d_sb)
+		return file; /* success */
+
+	if (!silent)
+		AuErr("%s must be outside\n", fname);
+	err = -EINVAL;
+
+ out:
+	fput(file);
+	file = ERR_PTR(err);
+	return file;
+}
+
+/*
+ * find another branch who is on the same filesystem of the specified
+ * branch{@btgt}. search until @bend.
+ */
+static int is_sb_shared(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t btgt,
+			aufs_bindex_t bend)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct super_block *tgt_sb = au_sbr_sb(sb, btgt);
+
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex < btgt; bindex++)
+		if (unlikely(tgt_sb == au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex)))
+			return bindex;
+	for (bindex++; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (unlikely(tgt_sb == au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex)))
+			return bindex;
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * create a new xinofile at the same place/path as @base_file.
+ */
+struct file *au_xino_create2(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base_file,
+			     struct file *copy_src)
+{
+	struct file *file;
+	int err;
+	struct dentry *base, *dentry, *parent;
+	struct inode *dir, *inode;
+	struct qstr *name;
+	struct au_hinode *hdir;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex;
+	struct au_hin_ignore ign;
+	struct vfsub_args vargs;
+	struct au_ndx ndx = {
+		.nfsmnt	= NULL,
+		.flags	= 0,
+		.nd	= NULL,
+		/* .br	= NULL */
+	};
+
+	base = base_file->f_dentry;
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(base));
+	parent = base->d_parent; /* dir inode is locked */
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	IMustLock(dir);
+
+	file = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+	if (unlikely(au_test_nfs(parent->d_sb)
+		    || au_test_ecryptfs(parent->d_sb)))
+		goto out;
+
+	/* do not superio, nor NFS. */
+	name = &base->d_name;
+	dentry = au_lkup_one(name->name, parent, name->len, &ndx);
+	if (IS_ERR(dentry)) {
+		file = (void *)dentry;
+		AuErr("%.*s lookup err %ld\n", AuLNPair(name), PTR_ERR(dentry));
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	hdir = NULL;
+	br = au_xino_def_br(au_sbi(sb));
+	if (br) {
+		bindex = au_find_bindex(sb, br);
+		if (bindex >= 0)
+			hdir = au_hi(sb->s_root->d_inode, bindex);
+	}
+	vfsub_args_init(&vargs, &ign, 0, 0);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_CREATE, hdir);
+	/* no need to mnt_want_write() since we call dentry_open() later */
+	err = vfsub_create(dir, dentry, S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO, NULL, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		file = ERR_PTR(err);
+		AuErr("%.*s create err %d\n", AuLNPair(name), err);
+		goto out_dput;
+	}
+	file = dentry_open(dget(dentry), mntget(base_file->f_vfsmnt),
+			   O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_LARGEFILE, base_file->f_cred);
+	if (IS_ERR(file)) {
+		AuErr("%.*s open err %ld\n", AuLNPair(name), PTR_ERR(file));
+		goto out_dput;
+	}
+	vfsub_args_reinit(&vargs);
+	vfsub_ign_hinode(&vargs, IN_DELETE, hdir);
+	err = vfsub_unlink(dir, dentry, &vargs);
+	if (unlikely(err)) {
+		AuErr("%.*s unlink err %d\n", AuLNPair(name), err);
+		goto out_fput;
+	}
+
+	if (copy_src) {
+		inode = copy_src->f_dentry->d_inode;
+		err = au_copy_file(file, copy_src, i_size_read(inode),
+				   hdir, sb, &vargs);
+		if (unlikely(err)) {
+			AuErr("%.*s copy err %d\n", AuLNPair(name), err);
+			goto out_fput;
+		}
+	}
+	goto out_dput; /* success */
+
+ out_fput:
+	fput(file);
+	file = ERR_PTR(err);
+ out_dput:
+	dput(dentry);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(file);
+	return file;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * initialize the xinofile for the specified branch{@sb, @bindex}
+ * at the place/path where @base_file indicates.
+ * test whether another branch is on the same filesystem or not,
+ * if @do_test is true.
+ */
+int au_xino_br(struct super_block *sb, struct au_branch *br, ino_t h_ino,
+	       struct file *base_file, int do_test)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_branch *shared_br;
+	aufs_bindex_t bshared, bend, bindex;
+	unsigned char do_create;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct file *file;
+	struct super_block *tgt_sb;
+
+	LKTRTrace("base_file %p, do_test %d\n", base_file, do_test);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+	AuDebugOn(!au_opt_test_xino(au_mntflags(sb)));
+	AuDebugOn(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+
+	do_create = 1;
+	bshared = -1;
+	shared_br = NULL;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	if (do_test) {
+		tgt_sb = br->br_mnt->mnt_sb;
+		for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+			if (tgt_sb == au_sbr_sb(sb, bindex)) {
+				bshared = bindex;
+				break;
+			}
+	}
+	if (bshared >= 0) {
+		shared_br = au_sbr(sb, bshared);
+		do_create = !shared_br->br_xino.xi_file;
+	}
+
+	if (do_create) {
+		parent = dget_parent(base_file->f_dentry);
+		dir = parent->d_inode;
+		mutex_lock_nested(&dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+		/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+		file = au_xino_create2(sb, base_file, NULL);
+		mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
+		dput(parent);
+		err = PTR_ERR(file);
+		if (IS_ERR(file))
+			goto out;
+		br->br_xino.xi_file = file;
+	} else {
+		br->br_xino.xi_file = shared_br->br_xino.xi_file;
+		get_file(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+	}
+
+	xinoe.ino = AUFS_ROOT_INO;
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	xinoe.h_gen = h_inode->i_generation;
+	WARN_ON(xinoe.h_gen == AuXino_INVALID_HGEN);
+#endif
+	err = au_xino_do_write(au_sbi(sb)->si_xwrite, br->br_xino.xi_file,
+			       h_ino, &xinoe);
+	if (!err)
+		return 0; /* success */
+
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* too slow */
+static int do_xib_restore(struct super_block *sb, struct file *file, void *page)
+{
+	int err, bit;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	au_readf_t func;
+	loff_t pos, pend;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	struct au_xino_entry *xinoe;
+	unsigned long pindex;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	func = sbinfo->si_xread;
+	pend = i_size_read(file->f_dentry->d_inode);
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG
+	if (unlikely(pend > (1 << 22)))
+		AuWarn("testing a large xino file %lld\n", (long long)pend);
+#endif
+	pos = 0;
+	while (pos < pend) {
+		sz = xino_fread(func, file, page, PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+		err = sz;
+		if (unlikely(sz <= 0))
+			goto out;
+
+		err = 0;
+		for (xinoe = page; sz > 0; xinoe++, sz -= sizeof(xinoe)) {
+			if (unlikely(xinoe->ino < AUFS_FIRST_INO))
+				continue;
+
+			xib_calc_bit(xinoe->ino, &pindex, &bit);
+			AuDebugOn(page_bits <= bit);
+			err = xib_pindex(sb, pindex);
+			if (!err)
+				set_bit(bit, sbinfo->si_xib_buf);
+			else
+				goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int xib_restore(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	void *page;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	page = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!page))
+		goto out;
+
+	err = 0;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; !err && bindex <= bend; bindex++)
+		if (!bindex || is_sb_shared(sb, bindex, bindex - 1) < 0)
+			err = do_xib_restore
+				(sb, au_sbr(sb, bindex)->br_xino.xi_file, page);
+		else
+			LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+	free_page((unsigned long)page);
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_xib_trunc(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	int err;
+	unsigned int mnt_flags;
+	ssize_t sz;
+	loff_t pos;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	unsigned long *p;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct file *file;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	mnt_flags = au_mntflags(sb);
+	if (!au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags))
+		goto out;
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	if (i_size_read(sbinfo->si_xib->f_dentry->d_inode) <= PAGE_SIZE)
+		goto out;
+	parent = dget_parent(sbinfo->si_xib->f_dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+	file = au_xino_create2(sb, sbinfo->si_xib, NULL);
+	mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
+	dput(parent);
+	err = PTR_ERR(file);
+	if (IS_ERR(file))
+		goto out;
+	fput(sbinfo->si_xib);
+	sbinfo->si_xib = file;
+
+	p = sbinfo->si_xib_buf;
+	memset(p, 0, PAGE_SIZE);
+	pos = 0;
+	sz = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, sbinfo->si_xib, p, PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+	if (unlikely(sz != PAGE_SIZE)) {
+		err = sz;
+		AuIOErr("err %d\n", err);
+		if (sz >= 0)
+			err = -EIO;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (au_opt_test_xino(mnt_flags)) {
+		mutex_lock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+		/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+		err = xib_restore(sb);
+		mutex_unlock(&sbinfo->si_xib_mtx);
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+	} else {
+		/* is it really safe? */
+		/* dont trust BKL */
+		AuDebugOn(!kernel_locked());
+		ino = AUFS_FIRST_INO;
+		list_for_each_entry(inode, &sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list)
+			if (ino < inode->i_ino)
+				ino = inode->i_ino;
+
+		/* make iunique to return larger than active max inode number */
+		iunique(sb, ino);
+		err = 0;
+#endif
+	}
+
+out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * xino mount option handlers
+ */
+static au_readf_t find_readf(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	const struct file_operations *fop = h_file->f_op;
+
+	if (fop) {
+		if (fop->read)
+			return fop->read;
+		if (fop->aio_read)
+			return do_sync_read;
+	}
+	return ERR_PTR(-ENOSYS);
+}
+
+static au_writef_t find_writef(struct file *h_file)
+{
+	const struct file_operations *fop = h_file->f_op;
+
+	if (fop) {
+		if (fop->write)
+			return fop->write;
+		if (fop->aio_write)
+			return do_sync_write;
+	}
+	return ERR_PTR(-ENOSYS);
+}
+
+/* xino bitmap */
+static void xino_clear_xib(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	sbinfo->si_xread = NULL;
+	sbinfo->si_xwrite = NULL;
+	if (sbinfo->si_xib)
+		fput(sbinfo->si_xib);
+	sbinfo->si_xib = NULL;
+	free_page((unsigned long)sbinfo->si_xib_buf);
+	sbinfo->si_xib_buf = NULL;
+}
+
+static int au_xino_set_xib(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+	struct file *file;
+	loff_t pos;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(base->f_dentry));
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	file = au_xino_create2(sb, base, sbinfo->si_xib);
+	err = PTR_ERR(file);
+	if (IS_ERR(file))
+		goto out;
+	if (sbinfo->si_xib)
+		fput(sbinfo->si_xib);
+	sbinfo->si_xib = file;
+	sbinfo->si_xread = find_readf(file);
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ERR(sbinfo->si_xread));
+	sbinfo->si_xwrite = find_writef(file);
+	AuDebugOn(IS_ERR(sbinfo->si_xwrite));
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	if (!sbinfo->si_xib_buf)
+		sbinfo->si_xib_buf = (void *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!sbinfo->si_xib_buf))
+		goto out_unset;
+
+	sbinfo->si_xib_last_pindex = 0;
+	sbinfo->si_xib_next_bit = 0;
+
+	/* no need to lock for i_size_read() */
+	if (i_size_read(file->f_dentry->d_inode) < PAGE_SIZE) {
+		pos = 0;
+		err = xino_fwrite(sbinfo->si_xwrite, file, sbinfo->si_xib_buf,
+				  PAGE_SIZE, &pos);
+		if (unlikely(err != PAGE_SIZE))
+			goto out_free;
+	}
+	err = 0;
+	goto out; /* success */
+
+ out_free:
+	free_page((unsigned long)sbinfo->si_xib_buf);
+	sbinfo->si_xib_buf = NULL;
+	if (err >= 0)
+		err = -EIO;
+ out_unset:
+	fput(sbinfo->si_xib);
+	sbinfo->si_xib = NULL;
+	sbinfo->si_xread = NULL;
+	sbinfo->si_xwrite = NULL;
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* xino for each branch */
+static void xino_clear_br(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		if (!br || !br->br_xino.xi_file)
+			continue;
+
+		fput(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+		br->br_xino.xi_file = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static int au_xino_set_br(struct super_block *sb, struct file *base)
+{
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bindex, bend, bshared;
+	struct {
+		struct file *old, *new;
+	} *fpair, *p;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct au_xino_entry xinoe;
+	struct inode *inode;
+	au_writef_t writef;
+
+	LKTRTrace("%.*s\n", AuDLNPair(base->f_dentry));
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	fpair = kcalloc(bend + 1, sizeof(*fpair), GFP_NOFS);
+	if (unlikely(!fpair))
+		goto out;
+
+	inode = sb->s_root->d_inode;
+	xinoe.ino = AUFS_ROOT_INO;
+	writef = au_sbi(sb)->si_xwrite;
+	for (bindex = 0, p = fpair; bindex <= bend; bindex++, p++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		bshared = is_sb_shared(sb, bindex, bindex - 1);
+		if (bshared >= 0) {
+			/* shared xino */
+			*p = fpair[bshared];
+			get_file(p->new);
+		}
+
+		if (!p->new) {
+			/* new xino */
+			p->old = br->br_xino.xi_file;
+			p->new = au_xino_create2(sb, base, br->br_xino.xi_file);
+			err = PTR_ERR(p->new);
+			if (IS_ERR(p->new)) {
+				p->new = NULL;
+				goto out_pair;
+			}
+		}
+
+		err = au_xino_do_write(writef, p->new,
+				       au_h_iptr(inode, bindex)->i_ino, &xinoe);
+		if (unlikely(err))
+			goto out_pair;
+	}
+
+	for (bindex = 0, p = fpair; bindex <= bend; bindex++, p++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		AuDebugOn(p->old != br->br_xino.xi_file);
+		if (br->br_xino.xi_file)
+			fput(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+		get_file(p->new);
+		br->br_xino.xi_file = p->new;
+	}
+
+ out_pair:
+	for (bindex = 0, p = fpair; bindex <= bend; bindex++, p++)
+		if (p->new)
+			fput(p->new);
+		else
+			break;
+	kfree(fpair);
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+void au_xino_clr(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	au_xigen_clr(sb);
+	xino_clear_xib(sb);
+	xino_clear_br(sb);
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	/* lvalue, do not call au_mntflags() */
+	au_opt_clr(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINO);
+	au_xino_def_br_set(NULL, sbinfo);
+}
+
+int au_xino_set(struct super_block *sb, struct au_opt_xino *xino, int remount)
+{
+	int err, skip;
+	struct dentry *parent, *cur_parent;
+	struct qstr *dname, *cur_name;
+	struct file *cur_xino;
+	struct inode *dir;
+	struct au_sbinfo *sbinfo;
+
+	LKTRTrace("remount %d\n", remount);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = 0;
+	sbinfo = au_sbi(sb);
+	parent = dget_parent(xino->file->f_dentry);
+	if (remount) {
+		skip = 0;
+		dname = &xino->file->f_dentry->d_name;
+		cur_xino = sbinfo->si_xib;
+		if (cur_xino) {
+			cur_parent = dget_parent(cur_xino->f_dentry);
+			cur_name = &cur_xino->f_dentry->d_name;
+			skip = (cur_parent == parent
+				&& dname->len == cur_name->len
+				&& !memcmp(dname->name, cur_name->name,
+					   dname->len));
+			dput(cur_parent);
+		}
+		if (skip)
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+	au_opt_set(sbinfo->si_mntflags, XINO);
+	au_xino_def_br_set(NULL, sbinfo);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+	err = au_xino_set_xib(sb, xino->file);
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_xigen_set(sb, xino->file);
+	if (!err)
+		err = au_xino_set_br(sb, xino->file);
+	mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
+	if (!err)
+		goto out; /* success */
+
+	/* reset all */
+	AuIOErr("failed creating xino(%d).\n", err);
+
+ out:
+	dput(parent);
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int au_xino_trunc(struct super_block *sb, aufs_bindex_t bindex)
+{
+	int err;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+	struct file *new_xino;
+	struct super_block *h_sb;
+	aufs_bindex_t bi, bend;
+	struct dentry *parent;
+	struct inode *dir;
+
+	LKTRTrace("b%d\n", bindex);
+	SiMustWriteLock(sb);
+
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	if (unlikely(bindex < 0 || bend < bindex))
+		goto out;
+	br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+	if (!br->br_xino.xi_file)
+		goto out;
+
+	parent = dget_parent(br->br_xino.xi_file->f_dentry);
+	dir = parent->d_inode;
+	mutex_lock_nested(&dir->i_mutex, AuLsc_I_PARENT);
+	/* mnt_want_write() is unnecessary here */
+	new_xino = au_xino_create2(sb, br->br_xino.xi_file,
+				   br->br_xino.xi_file);
+	mutex_unlock(&dir->i_mutex);
+	dput(parent);
+	err = PTR_ERR(new_xino);
+	if (IS_ERR(new_xino))
+		goto out;
+	err = 0;
+	fput(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+	br->br_xino.xi_file = new_xino;
+
+	h_sb = br->br_mnt->mnt_sb;
+	for (bi = 0; bi <= bend; bi++) {
+		if (unlikely(bi == bindex))
+			continue;
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bi);
+		if (br->br_mnt->mnt_sb != h_sb)
+			continue;
+
+		fput(br->br_xino.xi_file);
+		br->br_xino.xi_file = new_xino;
+		get_file(new_xino);
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErr(err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * create a xinofile at the default place/path.
+ */
+struct file *au_xino_def(struct super_block *sb)
+{
+	struct file *file;
+	aufs_bindex_t bend, bindex, bwr;
+	char *page, *p;
+	struct path path;
+	struct au_branch *br;
+
+	AuTraceEnter();
+
+	bend = au_sbend(sb);
+	bwr = -1;
+	for (bindex = 0; bindex <= bend; bindex++) {
+		br = au_sbr(sb, bindex);
+		if (au_br_writable(br->br_perm)
+		    && !au_test_nfs(br->br_mnt->mnt_sb)
+		    && !au_test_ecryptfs(br->br_mnt->mnt_sb)) {
+			bwr = bindex;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (bwr >= 0) {
+		file = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+		page = __getname();
+		if (unlikely(!page))
+			goto out;
+		path.mnt = au_sbr_mnt(sb, bwr);
+		path.dentry = au_h_dptr(sb->s_root, bwr);
+		p = d_path(&path, page, PATH_MAX - sizeof(AUFS_XINO_FNAME));
+		file = (void *)p;
+		if (!IS_ERR(p)) {
+			strcat(p, "/" AUFS_XINO_FNAME);
+			LKTRTrace("%s\n", p);
+			file = au_xino_create(sb, p, /*silent*/0);
+			if (!IS_ERR(file))
+				au_xino_def_br_set(au_sbr(sb, bwr), au_sbi(sb));
+		}
+		__putname(page);
+	} else {
+		file = au_xino_create(sb, AUFS_XINO_DEFPATH, /*silent*/0);
+		if (unlikely(au_test_nfs(file->f_dentry->d_sb)
+			     || au_test_ecryptfs(file->f_dentry->d_sb))) {
+			AuErr("xino or noxino option is required "
+			      "since %s is NFS\n", AUFS_XINO_DEFPATH);
+			fput(file);
+			file = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+		}
+		if (!IS_ERR(file))
+			au_xino_def_br_set(NULL, au_sbi(sb));
+	}
+
+ out:
+	AuTraceErrPtr(file);
+	return file;
+}
diff -urN linux/fs/Kconfig linux-aufs/fs/Kconfig
--- linux/fs/Kconfig	2009-01-05 11:42:15.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/Kconfig	2009-03-12 17:02:25.753047602 +0100
@@ -1022,6 +1022,350 @@
 	help
 	  If you say Y here, you can turn on debugging output from Unionfs.
 
+config AUFS
+	tristate "Another unionfs"
+	help
+	Aufs is a stackable unification filesystem such as Unionfs,
+	which unifies several directories and provides a merged single
+	directory.
+	In the early days, aufs was entirely re-designed and
+	re-implemented Unionfs Version 1.x series. After many original
+	ideas, approaches and improvements, it becomes totally
+	different from Unionfs while keeping the basic features.
+	See Unionfs for the basic features.
+
+if AUFS
+comment "These options are for "#UTS_RELEASE
+
+choice
+	prompt "Maximum number of branches"
+	default AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_127
+	help
+	Specifies the maximum number of branches (or member directories) in a
+	single aufs. The larger value consumes more system resources and has
+	an impact to performance.
+config AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_127
+	bool "127"
+	help
+	Specifies the maximum number of branches (or member directories) in a
+	single aufs. The larger value consumes more system resources and has
+	an impact to performance.
+config AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_511
+	bool "511"
+	help
+	Specifies the maximum number of branches (or member directories) in a
+	single aufs. The larger value consumes more system resources and has
+	an impact to performance.
+config AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_1023
+	bool "1023"
+	help
+	Specifies the maximum number of branches (or member directories) in a
+	single aufs. The larger value consumes more system resources and has
+	an impact to performance.
+# 128kb is available for kmalloc?
+config AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_32767
+	bool "32767"
+	help
+	Specifies the maximum number of branches (or member directories) in a
+	single aufs. The larger value consumes more system resources and has
+	an impact to performance.
+endchoice
+
+config AUFS_STAT
+	bool "Use <sysfs>/fs/aufs/stat"
+	depends on SYSFS
+	help
+	Shows some statistic data via <sysfs>/fs/aufs/stat.
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+comment "SYSFS and AUFS_STAT are disabled"
+	depends on SYSFS = n
+
+config AUFS_HINOTIFY
+	bool "Use inotify to detect actions on a branch"
+	depends on INOTIFY
+	help
+	If you want to modify files on branches directly, eg. bypassing aufs,
+	and want aufs to detect the changes of them fully, then enable this
+	option and use 'udba=inotify' mount option.
+	It will have a negative impact to the performance.
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+comment "INOTIFY and AUFS_HINOTIFY are disabled"
+	depends on INOTIFY = n
+
+config AUFS_EXPORT
+	bool "NFS-exportable aufs"
+	depends on (AUFS = y && EXPORTFS = y) || (AUFS = m && EXPORTFS)
+	help
+	If you want to export your mounted aufs, then enable this
+	option. There are several requirements for this configuration.
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+comment "EXPORTFS and AUFS_EXPORT are disabled"
+	depends on EXPORTFS = n
+
+comment "AUFS_EXPORT is disabled since EXPORTFS is a module but AUFS"
+	depends on EXPORTFS = m && AUFS = y
+
+# automatic configuration for internal use
+config AUFS_INO_T_64
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	# typedef unsigned long/int __kernel_ino_t
+	# alpha and s390x are int
+	depends on 64BIT && !(ALPHA || S390)
+	default y
+
+config AUFS_ROBR
+	bool "Aufs as an readonly branch of another aufs mount"
+	help
+	If you want make your aufs to be a part of another aufs, then
+	enable this option. In other words, you can specify your aufs
+	path in 'br:' mount option for another aufs, but cannot
+	specify 'rw' as the branch permission.
+	It will have a negative impact to the performance.
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+config AUFS_DLGT
+	bool "Delegate the internal branch access the kernel thread"
+	help
+	If you want aufs to delegate
+	the internal access to the branches which is made by aufs, to
+	the kernel thread, in order to hide the access issued by your
+	application from your LSM or something or make your
+	application to be traced strictly by the task I/O accounting,
+	then enable this option and use 'dlgt' mount option.
+	It will have a negative impact to the performance.
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+# automatic configuration for internal use
+config AUFS_HIN_OR_DLGT
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on AUFS_HINOTIFY || AUFS_DLGT
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+
+config AUFS_SHWH
+	bool "Show whiteouts"
+	help
+	If you want to make the whiteouts in aufs visible, then enable
+	this option and specify 'shwh' mount option. Although it may
+	sounds like philosophy or something, but in technically it
+	simply shows the name of whiteout with keeping its behaviour.
+
+# this is not in mainstream kernel
+config AUFS_RR_SQUASHFS
+	bool "Make squashfs branch RR (real readonly) by default"
+	default y
+	help
+	If you use squashfs or LZMA patched squashfs as an aufs branch
+	and want to set '=rr' to it by default, then enable this
+	configuration.
+	'rr' stands for real readonly and it optimizes some aspects of
+	'ro.'
+	See detail in aufs.5.
+
+config AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH
+	bool "sec_perm-2.6.24.patch was applied or not"
+	depends on AUFS = m
+	depends on SECURITY
+	help
+	If you build aufs as a module and enabled CONFIG_SECURITY,
+	then you need to apply the patch
+	'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/sec_perm-2.6.24.patch' to your kernel
+	source, and enable this configuration.
+	The sec_perm-2.6.24.patch exports a kernel function
+	security_inode_permission() to modules.
+
+comment "SECURITY and AUFS_SEC_PERM_PATCH are disabled"
+	depends on SECURITY = n
+
+config AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+	bool "splice.patch for sendfile(2) and splice(2)"
+	help
+	If you use 'loopback mount' on a fs-image file, or use
+	splice(2) or sendfile(2) systemcall in aufs, then you need to
+	apply the patch 'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/splice.patch' to your
+	kernel source, and enable this configuration.
+	The splice.patch makes the kernel function do_splice_to/from()
+	global and exports them to modules.
+
+config AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+	bool "lhash.patch for NFS branch"
+	depends on NFS_FS
+	help
+	If you use mounted NFS as an aufs branch filesystem, then you
+	need to apply the patch 'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/lhash.patch' (or
+	lhash-2.6.22.patch for linux-2.6.22 and later) to your kernel
+	source, and enable this configuration.
+	The patch file makes the kernel function __lookup_hash() global
+	and exports it to modules.
+
+comment "NFS_FS and AUFS_LHASH_PATCH are disabled"
+	depends on NFS_FS = n
+
+config AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH
+	bool "put_filp.patch for 'atomic open'"
+	depends on AUFS = m && NFS_V4
+	help
+	If you build aufs as a module and use a filesystem which
+	operates 'atomic open' (for instance NFSv4) as an aufs branch
+	filesystem, then you need to apply the patch
+	'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/put_filp.patch' to your kernel source,
+	and enable this configuration.
+	The put_filp.patch exports a kernel function put_filp() to
+	modules.
+
+comment "NFS_V4 and AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH are disabled"
+	depends on NFS_V4 = n
+
+# automatic configuration for internal use
+config AUFS_BR_NFS
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on NFS_FS
+	depends on AUFS_LHASH_PATCH
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+	When aufs supports NFS branch, enabled automatically.
+
+config AUFS_BR_NFS_V4
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on NFS_V4 && AUFS_BR_NFS
+	depends on AUFS = y || (AUFS = m && AUFS_PUT_FILP_PATCH)
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+	When aufs supports a branch filesystem which operates
+	'atomic_open', for instance NFSv4, this configuration is enabled
+	automatically.
+
+config AUFS_BR_XFS
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on XFS_FS
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+	When aufs supports XFS branch, enabled automatically.
+
+config AUFS_FSYNC_SUPER_PATCH
+	bool "fsync_super-2.6.xx.patch was applied or not"
+	depends on AUFS = m
+	help
+	If you build aufs as a module and want to flush everything for
+	branch filesystems which are not marked as 'rr' nor 'rr+wh' at
+	umount or remount time, then you need to apply the patch
+	'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/fsync_super-2.6.16.patch' or
+	'...-2.6.19.patch' to your kernel source, and enable this
+	configuration.
+	It may be helpful at shutdown time in case of your aufs is a
+	root filesystem. But this behaviour will not guarantee the
+	consistency of branch filesystems. To guarantee it, try the
+	approach described in the aufs manual, and do not forget
+	installing auplink script.
+	The fsync_super-2.6.xx.patch does nothing but exports a kernel
+	function fsync_super() to modules.
+
+config AUFS_DENY_WRITE_ACCESS_PATCH
+	bool "deny_write_access.patch was applied or not"
+	depends on AUFS = m
+	help
+	A security enhancement to deny writing to a running executable
+	which exists on an aufs branch filesystem and executed through
+	aufs. If you applied
+	'CVS_TREE/aufs/patch/deny_write_access.patch' to your kernel
+	and you are compiling aufs as a module, then enable this
+	option.
+	The write_deny_access.patch does nothing but export the
+	function.
+
+config AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE
+	bool "Special handling for FUSE-based filesystem"
+	depends on FUSE_FS
+	help
+	A FUSE-based filesystem may not initialize its inode
+	attributes and the FUSE developer thinks the inode attributes
+	in a positive dentry which is returned by VFS lookup operation
+	are not reliable.
+	If you use a FUSE-based filesystem as an aufs branch, and it
+	customizes the inode attribute on it without overriding
+	fuse_lowlevel_ops.lookup, probably you need to enable this
+	configuration.
+	If you enable this configuration, aufs calls getattr operation
+	in every lookup and revalidate operation for the FUSE-based
+	filesystem branch.
+	It will have a negative impact to the performance even if you do
+	not use a FUSE-based filesystem branch.
+
+# automatic configuration for internal use
+config AUFS_GETATTR
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on AUFS_HINOTIFY || AUFS_WORKAROUND_FUSE || AUFS_BR_NFS
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+
+config AUFS_DEBUG
+	bool "Debug aufs"
+	default y
+	help
+	Enable this to compile aufs internal debug code.
+	It will have a negative impact to the performance.
+
+# automatic configuration for internal use
+config AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ
+	bool # never appear on the menu
+	depends on AUFS_DEBUG && MAGIC_SYSRQ
+	default y
+	help
+	Automatic configuration for internal use.
+	When aufs supports Magic SysRq, enabled automatically.
+
+config AUFS_DEBUG_LOCK
+	bool "Show lock status in Magic SysRq"
+	depends on AUFS_MAGIC_SYSRQ
+	help
+	For developers only. Sometimes it is useful when a deadlock
+	occurs in aufs. Trace every aufs lock acquire and release, and
+	print them when Magic SysRq-<AUFS> key is pressed.
+	It will have a huge negative impact to the performance.
+
+config AUFS_COMPAT
+	bool "Compatibility with Unionfs (obsolete)"
+	help
+	This makes aufs compatible with unionfs-style mount options and some
+	behaviours.
+	The dirs= mount option and =nfsro branch permission flag are always
+	interpreted as br: mount option and =ro flag respectively. The
+	'debug', 'delete' and 'imap' mount options are ignored.
+	If you disable this option, you will get,
+	- aufs issues a warning about the ignored mount options
+	- the default branch permission flag is set. RW for the first branch,
+	  and RO for the rests.
+	- the name of a internal file which represents the directory is
+	  'opaque', becomes '.wh..wh..opq'
+	- the 'diropq=w' mount option is set by default
+
+config AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH
+	bool "Unionfs-2.2 or later patch is applied or not (obsolete)"
+	help
+	Unionfs version 2.2 (and later) patch introduces some changes in VFS
+	layer which has an impact to aufs. If you have applied such
+	patch to your kernel, you need to enable this configuration even
+	if you disabled CONFIG_UNIONFS.
+
+config AUFS_UNIONFS23_PATCH
+	bool "Unionfs-2.3 or later patch is applied or not (obsolete)"
+	select AUFS_SPLICE_PATCH
+	select AUFS_UNIONFS22_PATCH
+	help
+	Unionfs version 2.3 (and later) patch introduces some changes in VFS
+	layer which has an impact to aufs. If you have applied such
+	patch to your kernel, you need to enable this configuration even
+	if you disabled CONFIG_UNIONFS.
+endif
+
 endmenu
 
 menu "Miscellaneous filesystems"
diff -urN linux/fs/Makefile linux-aufs/fs/Makefile
--- linux/fs/Makefile	2009-03-12 11:25:26.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/fs/Makefile	2009-03-12 17:03:22.897115295 +0100
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
 obj-$(CONFIG_HFS_FS)		+= hfs/
 obj-$(CONFIG_ECRYPT_FS)		+= ecryptfs/
 obj-$(CONFIG_UNION_FS)		+= unionfs/
+obj-$(CONFIG_AUFS)		+= aufs/
 obj-$(CONFIG_VXFS_FS)		+= freevxfs/
 obj-$(CONFIG_NFS_FS)		+= nfs/
 obj-$(CONFIG_EXPORTFS)		+= exportfs/
diff -urN linux/include/linux/aufs_type.h linux-aufs/include/linux/aufs_type.h
--- linux/include/linux/aufs_type.h	1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-aufs/include/linux/aufs_type.h	2009-03-12 16:18:04.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Junjiro Okajima
+ *
+ * This program, aufs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+/* $Id$ */
+
+#include <linux/ioctl.h>
+
+#ifndef __AUFS_TYPE_H__
+#define __AUFS_TYPE_H__
+
+#define AUFS_VERSION	"20090126"
+
+/* move this to linux-2.6.19/include/magic.h */
+#define AUFS_SUPER_MAGIC	('a' << 24 | 'u' << 16 | 'f' << 8 | 's')
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_127
+/* some environments treat 'char' as 'unsigned char' by default */
+typedef signed char aufs_bindex_t;
+#define AUFS_BRANCH_MAX 127
+#else
+typedef short aufs_bindex_t;
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_511
+#define AUFS_BRANCH_MAX 511
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_1023)
+#define AUFS_BRANCH_MAX 1023
+#elif defined(CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_32767)
+#define AUFS_BRANCH_MAX 32767
+#else
+#error unknown CONFIG_AUFS_BRANCH_MAX value
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define AUFS_NAME		"aufs"
+#define AUFS_FSTYPE		AUFS_NAME
+
+#define AUFS_ROOT_INO		2
+#define AUFS_FIRST_INO		11
+
+#define AUFS_WH_PFX		".wh."
+#define AUFS_WH_PFX_LEN		((int)sizeof(AUFS_WH_PFX) - 1)
+#define AUFS_XINO_FNAME		"." AUFS_NAME ".xino"
+#define AUFS_XINO_DEFPATH	"/tmp/" AUFS_XINO_FNAME
+#define AUFS_XINO_TRUNC_INIT	64 /* blocks */
+#define AUFS_XINO_TRUNC_STEP	4  /* blocks */
+#define AUFS_DIRWH_DEF		3
+#define AUFS_RDCACHE_DEF	10 /* seconds */
+#define AUFS_WKQ_NAME		AUFS_NAME "d"
+#define AUFS_NWKQ_DEF		4
+#define AUFS_MFS_SECOND_DEF	30 /* seconds */
+#define AUFS_PLINK_WARN		100 /* number of plinks */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_AUFS_COMPAT
+#define AUFS_DIROPQ_NAME	"__dir_opaque"
+#else
+#define AUFS_DIROPQ_NAME	AUFS_WH_PFX ".opq" /* whiteouted doubly */
+#endif
+#define AUFS_WH_DIROPQ		AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_DIROPQ_NAME
+
+#define AUFS_BASE_NAME		AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_NAME
+#define AUFS_PLINKDIR_NAME	AUFS_WH_PFX "plnk"
+#define AUFS_TMPDIR_NAME	AUFS_WH_PFX ".tmp"
+
+/* doubly whiteouted */
+#define AUFS_WH_BASE		AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_BASE_NAME
+#define AUFS_WH_PLINKDIR	AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_PLINKDIR_NAME
+#define AUFS_WH_TMPDIR		AUFS_WH_PFX AUFS_TMPDIR_NAME
+
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* ioctl */
+#if 0 /* reserved for future use */
+enum {
+	AuCtlErr,
+	AuCtlErr_Last
+};
+enum {
+	AuCtl_DIROPQ_GET, AuCtl_DIROPQ_SET,
+	AuCtl_MOVE,
+	AuCtl_MVDOWN,
+
+	/* unimplmented */
+	AuCtl_REFRESH, AuCtl_REFRESHV,
+	AuCtl_FLUSH_PLINK,
+	AuCtl_CPUP,
+	AuCtl_CPDOWN
+};
+
+struct aufs_ctl {
+	int err;
+	aufs_bindex_t bsrc, bdst;
+	char *path;
+};
+
+#define AuCtlType		'A'
+#define AUFS_CTL_DIROPQ_GET	_IO(AuCtlType, AuCtl_DIROPQ_GET)
+#define AUFS_CTL_DIROPQ_SET	_IOW(AuCtlType, AuCtl_DIROPQ_SET, aufs_bindex_t)
+#define AUFS_CTL_MOVE \
+	_IOW(AuCtlType, AuCtl_MVDOWN, aufs_bindex_t)
+#define AUFS_CTL_MVDOWN \
+	_IOWR(AuCtlType, AuCtl_MVDOWN, struct aufs_ctl)
+
+#define AUFS_CTL_REFRESH	_IO(AuCtlType, AuCtl_REFRESH)
+#define AUFS_CTL_REFRESHV	_IO(AuCtlType, AuCtl_REFRESHV)
+#define AUFS_CTL_FLUSH_PLINK	_IOR(AuCtlType, AuCtl_FLUSH_PLINK)
+#define AUFS_CTL_CPUP		_IOWR(AuCtlType, AuCtl_CPUP, struct aufs_ctl)
+#define AUFS_CTL_CPDOWN \
+	_IOWR(AuCtlType, AuCtl_CPDOWN, struct aufs_ctl_cp)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __AUFS_TYPE_H__ */