1 --- coreutils-8.20/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2012-10-23 16:14:12.000000000 +0200
2 +++ coreutils-8.20/doc/coreutils.texi 2012-11-18 07:50:44.871872811 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
26 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
28 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
29 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
30 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
32 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
33 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
34 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
36 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
37 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
38 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
39 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
40 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
41 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
42 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
43 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
44 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
45 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
46 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
47 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
48 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
49 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
50 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
51 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
52 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
53 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
54 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
55 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
56 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
57 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
58 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
59 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
60 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
61 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
62 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
63 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
64 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
65 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
66 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
67 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
68 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
69 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
70 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
71 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
72 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
73 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
74 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
75 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
76 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
77 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
78 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
79 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
80 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
81 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
82 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
83 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
84 -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
85 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
86 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
87 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
88 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
89 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
90 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
91 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
92 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
93 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
94 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
95 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
96 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
97 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
98 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
99 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
100 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
101 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
102 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
103 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
104 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
105 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
106 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
107 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
108 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
109 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
110 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
111 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
112 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
113 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
114 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
115 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
116 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
117 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
118 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
119 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
120 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
121 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
122 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
123 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
124 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
125 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
126 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
127 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
128 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
129 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
130 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
131 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
132 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
133 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
134 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
135 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
136 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
137 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
138 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
139 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
140 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
141 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
142 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
143 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
144 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
145 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
146 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
147 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
148 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
149 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
150 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
151 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
152 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
153 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
154 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
155 +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name
156 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
157 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
158 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
159 +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes
160 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
161 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
162 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
163 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
164 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
165 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
166 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
167 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
168 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
169 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
170 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
171 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
172 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
173 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
174 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
175 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
176 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
177 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
178 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
179 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
180 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
181 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
182 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
183 +* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names
184 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
185 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
186 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
187 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
188 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
189 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
190 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
191 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
192 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
193 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
194 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
195 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
196 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
197 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
198 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
199 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
200 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
201 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
202 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
203 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
204 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
205 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
206 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
207 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
208 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
209 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
210 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
211 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
212 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
213 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
214 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
215 +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load
216 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
217 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
218 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
219 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
220 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
221 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
226 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
227 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
228 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
229 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
230 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
231 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
232 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
233 -* Process control:: kill
235 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
236 * File permissions:: Access modes
237 @@ -229,42 +220,42 @@
239 Output of entire files
241 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
242 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
243 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
244 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
245 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
246 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
247 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
248 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
249 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
250 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
252 Formatting file contents
254 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
255 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
256 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
257 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
258 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
259 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
261 Output of parts of files
263 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
264 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
265 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
266 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
267 +* head:: Output the first part of files
268 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
269 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
270 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
274 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
275 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
276 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
277 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
278 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
279 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
280 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
281 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
282 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
283 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
284 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
286 Operating on sorted files
288 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
289 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
290 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
291 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
292 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
293 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
294 +* sort:: Sort text files
295 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
296 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
297 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
298 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
299 +* tsort:: Topological sort
301 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
303 @@ -276,15 +267,15 @@
307 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
308 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
309 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
310 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
311 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
312 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
314 Operating on characters
316 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
317 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
318 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
319 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
320 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
321 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
323 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
325 @@ -294,10 +285,10 @@
329 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
330 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
331 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
332 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
333 +* ls:: List directory contents
334 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
335 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
336 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
338 @command{ls}: List directory contents
340 @@ -310,51 +301,51 @@
344 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
345 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
346 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
347 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
348 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
349 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
350 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
351 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
352 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
353 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
354 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
355 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
359 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
360 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
361 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
362 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
363 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
364 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
365 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
366 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
367 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
368 +* ln:: Make links between files
369 +* mkdir:: Make directories
370 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
371 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
372 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
373 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
374 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
376 Changing file attributes
378 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
379 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
380 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
381 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
382 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
383 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
384 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
385 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
389 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
390 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
391 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
392 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
393 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
394 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
395 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
396 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
397 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
398 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
402 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
403 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
404 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
405 +* echo:: Print a line of text
406 +* printf:: Format and print data
407 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
411 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
412 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
413 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
414 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
415 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
416 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
417 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
418 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
420 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
422 @@ -373,22 +364,22 @@
426 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
427 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
429 File name manipulation
431 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
432 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
433 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
434 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
435 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
436 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
437 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
438 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
439 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
440 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
444 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
445 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
446 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
447 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
448 +* pwd:: Print working directory
449 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
450 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
451 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
453 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
455 @@ -402,22 +393,20 @@
459 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
460 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
461 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
462 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
463 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
464 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
465 +* id:: Print user identity
466 +* logname:: Print current login name
467 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
468 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
469 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
470 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
474 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
475 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
476 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
477 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
478 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
479 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
480 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
481 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
482 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
483 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
484 +* uname:: Print system information
485 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
487 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
489 @@ -432,30 +421,26 @@
493 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
494 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
495 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
496 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
498 Modified command invocation
500 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
501 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
502 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
503 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
504 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
505 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
509 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
510 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
511 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
512 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
513 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
514 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
515 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
519 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
520 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
524 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
525 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
526 +* factor:: Print prime factors
527 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
531 @@ -1472,14 +1457,14 @@
535 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
536 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
537 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
538 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
539 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
540 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
541 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
542 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
543 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
544 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
547 -@node cat invocation
549 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
552 @@ -1579,7 +1564,7 @@
556 -@node tac invocation
558 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
561 @@ -1628,7 +1613,7 @@
567 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
570 @@ -1791,7 +1776,7 @@
576 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
579 @@ -2045,7 +2030,7 @@
583 -@node base64 invocation
585 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
588 @@ -2113,13 +2098,13 @@
589 These commands reformat the contents of files.
592 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
593 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
594 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
595 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
596 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
597 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
601 -@node fmt invocation
603 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
606 @@ -2224,7 +2209,7 @@
612 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
615 @@ -2364,7 +2349,7 @@
617 @cindex formatting times
618 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
619 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
620 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
621 Except for directives, which start with
622 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
623 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
624 @@ -2591,7 +2576,7 @@
628 -@node fold invocation
630 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
633 @@ -2658,13 +2643,13 @@
634 These commands output pieces of the input.
637 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
638 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
639 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
640 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
641 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
642 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
643 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
644 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
647 -@node head invocation
649 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
652 @@ -2741,7 +2726,7 @@
656 -@node tail invocation
658 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
661 @@ -2971,7 +2956,7 @@
665 -@node split invocation
667 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
670 @@ -3200,7 +3185,7 @@
674 -@node csplit invocation
676 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
679 @@ -3391,16 +3376,16 @@
683 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
684 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
685 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
686 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
687 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
688 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
689 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
690 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
691 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
692 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
693 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
699 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
702 @@ -3518,7 +3503,7 @@
706 -@node sum invocation
708 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
711 @@ -3569,7 +3554,7 @@
715 -@node cksum invocation
717 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
720 @@ -3603,7 +3588,7 @@
724 -@node md5sum invocation
726 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
729 @@ -3749,7 +3734,7 @@
733 -@node sha1sum invocation
735 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
738 @@ -3761,7 +3746,7 @@
740 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
741 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
742 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
743 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
745 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
746 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
747 @@ -3801,7 +3786,7 @@
748 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
749 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
750 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
751 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
754 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
755 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
756 @@ -3816,16 +3801,16 @@
757 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
760 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
761 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
762 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
763 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
764 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
765 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
766 +* sort:: Sort text files.
767 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
768 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
769 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
770 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
771 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
775 -@node sort invocation
777 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
780 @@ -4111,7 +4096,7 @@
781 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
782 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
783 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
784 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
785 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
786 except that keys with the same value sort together.
788 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
789 @@ -4299,7 +4284,7 @@
790 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
791 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
792 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
793 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
794 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
798 @@ -4317,7 +4302,7 @@
799 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
800 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
801 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
802 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
803 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
805 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
807 @@ -4540,7 +4525,7 @@
811 -@node shuf invocation
813 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
816 @@ -4670,7 +4655,7 @@
820 -@node uniq invocation
822 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
825 @@ -4692,7 +4677,7 @@
826 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
827 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
828 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
829 -@xref{sort invocation}.
833 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
834 @@ -4819,7 +4804,7 @@
838 -@node comm invocation
840 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
843 @@ -4901,7 +4886,7 @@
847 -@node ptx invocation
849 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
852 @@ -5360,7 +5345,7 @@
856 -@node tsort invocation
858 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
861 @@ -5522,13 +5507,13 @@
862 @chapter Operating on fields
865 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
866 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
867 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
868 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
869 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
870 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
874 -@node cut invocation
876 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
879 @@ -5648,7 +5633,7 @@
883 -@node paste invocation
885 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
888 @@ -5718,7 +5703,7 @@
892 -@node join invocation
894 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
897 @@ -5892,13 +5877,13 @@
898 This commands operate on individual characters.
901 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
902 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
903 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
904 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
905 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
906 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
912 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
915 @@ -6278,7 +6263,7 @@
919 -@node expand invocation
921 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
924 @@ -6331,7 +6316,7 @@
928 -@node unexpand invocation
930 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
933 @@ -6392,14 +6377,14 @@
934 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
937 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
938 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
939 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
940 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
941 +* ls:: List directory contents.
943 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
944 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
950 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
953 @@ -7264,7 +7249,7 @@
956 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
957 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
958 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
959 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
960 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
961 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
962 @@ -7456,7 +7441,7 @@
966 -@node dir invocation
968 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
971 @@ -7466,10 +7451,10 @@
972 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
973 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
975 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
976 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
979 -@node vdir invocation
981 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
984 @@ -7479,7 +7464,7 @@
985 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
986 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
988 -@node dircolors invocation
990 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
993 @@ -7566,16 +7551,16 @@
994 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
997 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
998 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
999 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1000 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1001 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1002 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1004 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1005 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1006 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1007 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1008 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1012 -@node cp invocation
1014 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1017 @@ -8029,7 +8014,7 @@
1021 -@node dd invocation
1023 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1026 @@ -8484,7 +8469,7 @@
1030 -@node install invocation
1032 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1035 @@ -8665,7 +8650,7 @@
1039 -@node mv invocation
1041 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1044 @@ -8796,7 +8781,7 @@
1048 -@node rm invocation
1050 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1053 @@ -8958,7 +8943,7 @@
1057 -@node shred invocation
1059 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1062 @@ -8968,7 +8953,7 @@
1063 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1064 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1066 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1067 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1068 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1069 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1070 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1071 @@ -9215,18 +9200,18 @@
1072 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1075 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1076 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1077 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1078 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1079 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1080 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1081 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1082 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1083 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1084 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1085 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1086 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1087 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1088 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1089 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1090 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1094 -@node link invocation
1096 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1099 @@ -9239,7 +9224,7 @@
1100 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1101 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1102 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1103 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1104 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1108 @@ -9265,7 +9250,7 @@
1112 -@node ln invocation
1114 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1117 @@ -9446,7 +9431,7 @@
1118 '/tmp/file' -> '../a/file'
1121 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1122 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1123 over relative file name generation.
1126 @@ -9510,7 +9495,7 @@
1130 -@node mkdir invocation
1132 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1135 @@ -9589,7 +9574,7 @@
1139 -@node mkfifo invocation
1141 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1144 @@ -9636,7 +9621,7 @@
1148 -@node mknod invocation
1150 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1153 @@ -9719,7 +9704,7 @@
1157 -@node readlink invocation
1159 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1162 @@ -9814,7 +9799,7 @@
1166 -@node rmdir invocation
1168 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1171 @@ -9862,12 +9847,12 @@
1175 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1176 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1181 -@node unlink invocation
1183 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1186 @@ -9878,7 +9863,7 @@
1187 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1188 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1189 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1190 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1191 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1194 unlink @var{filename}
1195 @@ -9912,14 +9897,14 @@
1196 These commands change file attributes.
1199 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1200 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1201 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1202 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1203 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1204 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1205 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1206 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1210 -@node chown invocation
1212 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1215 @@ -10137,7 +10122,7 @@
1219 -@node chgrp invocation
1221 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1224 @@ -10260,7 +10245,7 @@
1228 -@node chmod invocation
1230 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1233 @@ -10360,7 +10345,7 @@
1237 -@node touch invocation
1239 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1242 @@ -10567,15 +10552,15 @@
1243 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1246 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1247 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1248 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1249 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1250 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1251 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1252 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1253 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1254 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1255 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1259 -@node df invocation
1261 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1264 @@ -10793,7 +10778,7 @@
1265 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1268 -@node du invocation
1270 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1273 @@ -10991,7 +10976,7 @@
1276 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1277 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1278 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1279 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1280 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1281 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1282 @@ -11059,7 +11044,7 @@
1286 -@node stat invocation
1288 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1291 @@ -11243,7 +11228,7 @@
1295 -@node sync invocation
1297 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1300 @@ -11270,7 +11255,7 @@
1304 -@node truncate invocation
1306 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1309 @@ -11346,13 +11331,13 @@
1310 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1313 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1314 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1315 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1316 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1317 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1318 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1322 -@node echo invocation
1324 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1327 @@ -11441,12 +11426,12 @@
1328 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1329 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1330 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1331 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1332 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1337 -@node printf invocation
1339 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1342 @@ -11600,7 +11585,7 @@
1346 -@node yes invocation
1348 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1351 @@ -11631,14 +11616,14 @@
1355 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1356 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1357 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1358 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1359 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1360 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1361 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1362 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1366 -@node false invocation
1368 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1371 @@ -11668,7 +11653,7 @@
1375 -@node true invocation
1377 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1380 @@ -11704,7 +11689,7 @@
1381 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1382 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1384 -@node test invocation
1386 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1389 @@ -12037,7 +12022,7 @@
1393 -@node expr invocation
1395 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1398 @@ -12314,11 +12299,11 @@
1399 it's described here.
1402 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1403 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1407 -@node tee invocation
1409 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1412 @@ -12479,15 +12464,15 @@
1413 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1416 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1417 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1418 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1419 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1420 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1421 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1422 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1423 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1424 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1425 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1429 -@node basename invocation
1431 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1434 @@ -12573,7 +12558,7 @@
1438 -@node dirname invocation
1440 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1443 @@ -12630,7 +12615,7 @@
1447 -@node pathchk invocation
1449 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1452 @@ -12706,7 +12691,7 @@
1456 -@node mktemp invocation
1458 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1461 @@ -12881,7 +12866,7 @@
1465 -@node realpath invocation
1467 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1470 @@ -13009,14 +12994,14 @@
1471 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1474 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1475 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1476 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1477 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1478 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1479 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1480 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1481 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1485 -@node pwd invocation
1487 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1490 @@ -13063,7 +13048,7 @@
1494 -@node stty invocation
1496 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1499 @@ -13747,7 +13732,7 @@
1503 -@node printenv invocation
1505 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1508 @@ -13782,7 +13767,7 @@
1512 -@node tty invocation
1514 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1517 @@ -13832,16 +13817,16 @@
1518 logins, groups, and so forth.
1521 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1522 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1523 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1524 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1525 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1526 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1527 +* id:: Print user identity.
1528 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1529 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1530 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1531 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1532 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1536 -@node id invocation
1538 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1541 @@ -13927,7 +13912,7 @@
1543 @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
1545 -@node logname invocation
1547 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1550 @@ -13948,7 +13933,7 @@
1554 -@node whoami invocation
1556 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1559 @@ -13964,7 +13949,7 @@
1563 -@node groups invocation
1565 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1568 @@ -13992,7 +13977,7 @@
1572 -@node users invocation
1574 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1577 @@ -14023,7 +14008,7 @@
1581 -@node who invocation
1583 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1586 @@ -14182,16 +14167,14 @@
1590 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1591 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1592 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1593 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1594 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1595 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1596 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1597 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1598 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1599 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1600 +* uname:: Print system information.
1601 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1604 -@node date invocation
1606 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1609 @@ -14884,7 +14867,7 @@
1613 -@node arch invocation
1615 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1618 @@ -14904,7 +14887,7 @@
1622 -@node nproc invocation
1624 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1627 @@ -14941,7 +14924,7 @@
1631 -@node uname invocation
1633 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1636 @@ -15071,31 +15054,7 @@
1640 -@node hostname invocation
1641 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1644 -@cindex setting the hostname
1645 -@cindex printing the hostname
1646 -@cindex system name, printing
1647 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1649 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1650 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1651 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1655 -hostname [@var{name}]
1658 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1664 -@node hostid invocation
1666 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1669 @@ -15119,37 +15078,6 @@
1673 -@node uptime invocation
1674 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1677 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1679 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1680 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1682 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1683 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1684 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1685 -the default setting).
1687 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1688 -@xref{Common options}.
1690 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1694 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1697 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1698 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1699 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1700 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1701 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1702 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1704 @node SELinux context
1705 @chapter SELinux context
1707 @@ -15161,11 +15089,11 @@
1711 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1712 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1713 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1714 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1717 -@node chcon invocation
1719 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1722 @@ -15252,7 +15180,7 @@
1726 -@node runcon invocation
1728 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1731 @@ -15337,16 +15265,16 @@
1735 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1736 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1737 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1738 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1739 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1740 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1741 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1742 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1743 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1744 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1745 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1746 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1750 -@node chroot invocation
1752 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1755 @@ -15434,7 +15362,7 @@
1759 -@node env invocation
1761 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1764 @@ -15584,7 +15512,7 @@
1768 -@node nice invocation
1770 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1773 @@ -15707,7 +15635,7 @@
1777 -@node nohup invocation
1779 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1782 @@ -15780,7 +15708,7 @@
1786 -@node stdbuf invocation
1788 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1791 @@ -15869,7 +15797,7 @@
1795 -@node timeout invocation
1797 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1800 @@ -15950,90 +15878,6 @@
1804 -@node Process control
1805 -@chapter Process control
1807 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1808 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1811 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1815 -@node kill invocation
1816 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1819 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1821 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1822 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1823 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1826 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1827 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1830 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1832 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1833 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1834 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1835 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1836 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1838 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1839 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1840 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1841 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1842 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1843 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1844 -value of @var{pid}.
1846 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1847 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1850 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1851 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1852 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1853 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1862 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1863 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1865 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1866 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1867 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1868 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1869 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1870 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1871 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1872 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1873 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1874 -and if there is no output error.
1876 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1877 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1879 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1880 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1881 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1882 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1883 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1884 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1885 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1886 -signal names and numbers.
1891 @@ -16043,11 +15887,11 @@
1892 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1895 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1896 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1900 -@node sleep invocation
1902 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1905 @@ -16097,12 +15941,12 @@
1906 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1909 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1910 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1911 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1912 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1916 -@node factor invocation
1918 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1921 @@ -16160,7 +16004,7 @@
1925 -@node seq invocation
1927 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences