1 --- coreutils-8.5/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2010-04-21 16:30:49.000000000 +0200
2 +++ coreutils-8.5/doc/coreutils.texi 2010-05-08 18:22:06.382936746 +0200
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
14 +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options
15 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
16 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
19 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
20 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
21 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
27 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
28 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
29 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
30 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
31 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
32 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
33 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
34 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
35 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
36 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
41 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
42 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
44 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
45 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
58 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
59 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
60 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
66 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
67 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
70 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
71 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
72 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
73 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
75 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
76 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
84 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
85 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
86 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
87 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
88 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
89 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
90 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
91 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
92 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
93 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
94 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
95 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
96 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
97 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
98 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
99 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
100 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
101 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
102 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
103 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
104 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
105 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
106 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
107 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
108 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
109 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
110 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
111 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
112 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
113 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
114 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
115 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
116 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
117 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
118 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
119 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
120 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
121 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
122 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
123 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
124 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
125 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
126 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
127 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
128 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
129 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
130 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
131 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
132 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
133 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
134 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
135 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
136 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
137 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
138 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
139 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
140 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
141 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
142 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
143 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
144 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
145 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
146 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
147 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
148 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
149 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
150 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
151 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
152 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
153 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
154 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
155 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
156 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
157 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
158 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
159 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
160 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
161 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
162 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
163 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
164 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
165 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
166 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
167 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
168 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
169 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
170 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
171 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
172 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
173 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc
174 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
175 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
176 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
177 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
178 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
179 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
180 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
181 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
182 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
183 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
184 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
185 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
186 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
187 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
188 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
189 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
190 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
191 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
192 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
193 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
194 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
195 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
196 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
197 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
198 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
199 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
200 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
201 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
202 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
203 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
204 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
205 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
206 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
207 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
208 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
209 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
210 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
211 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
212 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
213 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
214 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
215 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
216 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
217 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
218 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
219 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
224 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp
225 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
226 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
227 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
228 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
229 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
230 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout
231 -* Process control:: kill
233 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
234 * File permissions:: Access modes
235 @@ -228,42 +216,42 @@
237 Output of entire files
239 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
240 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
241 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
242 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
243 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
244 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
245 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
246 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
247 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
248 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
250 Formatting file contents
252 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
253 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
254 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
255 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
256 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
257 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
259 Output of parts of files
261 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
262 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
263 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
264 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
265 +* head:: Output the first part of files
266 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
267 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
268 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
272 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
273 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
274 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
275 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
276 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
277 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
278 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
279 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
280 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
281 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
282 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
284 Operating on sorted files
286 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
287 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
288 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
289 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
290 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
291 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
292 +* sort:: Sort text files
293 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
294 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
295 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
296 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
297 +* tsort:: Topological sort
299 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
301 @@ -275,15 +263,15 @@
305 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
306 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
307 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
308 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
309 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
310 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
312 Operating on characters
314 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
315 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
316 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
317 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
318 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
319 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
321 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
323 @@ -293,10 +281,10 @@
327 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
328 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
329 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
330 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
331 +* ls:: List directory contents
332 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
333 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
334 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
336 @command{ls}: List directory contents
338 @@ -309,51 +297,51 @@
342 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
343 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
344 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
345 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
346 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
347 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
348 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
349 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
350 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
351 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
352 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
353 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
357 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
358 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
359 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
360 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
361 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
362 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
363 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
364 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
365 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
366 +* ln:: Make links between files
367 +* mkdir:: Make directories
368 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
369 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
370 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
371 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
372 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
374 Changing file attributes
376 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
377 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
378 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
379 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
380 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
381 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
382 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
383 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
387 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
388 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
389 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
390 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
391 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
392 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
393 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
394 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
395 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
396 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
400 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
401 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
402 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
403 +* echo:: Print a line of text
404 +* printf:: Format and print data
405 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
409 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
410 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
411 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
412 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
413 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
414 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
415 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
416 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
418 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
420 @@ -372,21 +360,21 @@
424 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
425 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
427 File name manipulation
429 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
430 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
431 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
432 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
433 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
434 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
435 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
436 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
440 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
441 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
442 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
443 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
444 +* pwd:: Print working directory
445 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
446 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
447 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
449 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
451 @@ -400,22 +388,20 @@
455 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
456 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
457 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
458 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
459 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
460 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
461 +* id:: Print user identity
462 +* logname:: Print current login name
463 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
464 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
465 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
466 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
470 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
471 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
472 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
473 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
474 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
475 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
476 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
477 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
478 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
479 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
480 +* uname:: Print system information
481 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
483 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
485 @@ -430,31 +416,27 @@
489 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
490 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
491 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
492 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
494 Modified command invocation
496 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
497 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
498 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
499 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
500 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
501 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
502 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
506 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
507 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
508 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
509 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
510 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
511 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
512 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
513 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
517 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
518 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
522 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
523 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
524 +* factor:: Print prime factors
525 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
529 @@ -1443,14 +1425,14 @@
533 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
534 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
535 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
536 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
537 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
538 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
539 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
540 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
541 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
542 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
545 -@node cat invocation
547 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
550 @@ -1549,7 +1531,7 @@
554 -@node tac invocation
556 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
559 @@ -1598,7 +1580,7 @@
565 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
568 @@ -1761,7 +1743,7 @@
574 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
577 @@ -2014,7 +1996,7 @@
581 -@node base64 invocation
583 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
586 @@ -2082,13 +2064,13 @@
587 These commands reformat the contents of files.
590 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
591 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
592 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
593 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
594 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
595 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
599 -@node fmt invocation
601 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
604 @@ -2187,7 +2169,7 @@
610 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
613 @@ -2327,7 +2309,7 @@
615 @cindex formatting times
616 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
617 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
618 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
619 Except for directives, which start with
620 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
621 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
622 @@ -2554,7 +2536,7 @@
626 -@node fold invocation
628 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
631 @@ -2621,13 +2603,13 @@
632 These commands output pieces of the input.
635 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
636 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
637 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
638 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
639 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
640 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
641 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
642 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
645 -@node head invocation
647 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
650 @@ -2704,7 +2686,7 @@
654 -@node tail invocation
656 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
659 @@ -2918,7 +2900,7 @@
663 -@node split invocation
665 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
668 @@ -2996,7 +2978,7 @@
672 -@node csplit invocation
674 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
677 @@ -3186,16 +3168,16 @@
681 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
682 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
683 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
684 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
685 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
686 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
687 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
688 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
689 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
690 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
691 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
697 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
700 @@ -3312,7 +3294,7 @@
704 -@node sum invocation
706 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
709 @@ -3363,7 +3345,7 @@
713 -@node cksum invocation
715 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
718 @@ -3397,7 +3379,7 @@
722 -@node md5sum invocation
724 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
727 @@ -3419,7 +3401,7 @@
728 considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce
729 different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which
730 can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes,
731 -consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and
732 +consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and
733 @ref{sha2 utilities}.
735 If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given
736 @@ -3527,7 +3509,7 @@
740 -@node sha1sum invocation
742 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
745 @@ -3539,7 +3521,7 @@
747 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
748 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
749 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
750 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
752 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
753 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
754 @@ -3579,7 +3561,7 @@
755 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
756 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
757 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
758 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
761 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
762 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
763 @@ -3594,16 +3576,16 @@
764 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
767 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
768 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
769 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
770 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
771 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
772 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
773 +* sort:: Sort text files.
774 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
775 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
776 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
777 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
778 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
782 -@node sort invocation
784 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
787 @@ -3886,7 +3868,7 @@
788 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
789 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
790 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
791 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
792 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
793 except that keys with the same value sort together.
795 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
796 @@ -4077,7 +4059,7 @@
797 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
798 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
799 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
800 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
801 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
803 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
805 @@ -4289,7 +4271,7 @@
809 -@node shuf invocation
811 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
814 @@ -4419,7 +4401,7 @@
818 -@node uniq invocation
820 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
823 @@ -4441,7 +4423,7 @@
824 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
825 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
826 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
827 -@xref{sort invocation}.
831 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
832 @@ -4568,7 +4550,7 @@
836 -@node comm invocation
838 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
841 @@ -4644,7 +4626,7 @@
845 -@node ptx invocation
847 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
850 @@ -5099,7 +5081,7 @@
854 -@node tsort invocation
856 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
859 @@ -5261,13 +5243,13 @@
860 @chapter Operating on fields
863 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
864 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
865 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
866 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
867 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
868 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
872 -@node cut invocation
874 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
877 @@ -5372,7 +5354,7 @@
881 -@node paste invocation
883 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
886 @@ -5442,7 +5424,7 @@
890 -@node join invocation
892 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
895 @@ -5607,13 +5589,13 @@
896 This commands operate on individual characters.
899 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
900 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
901 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
902 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
903 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
904 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
910 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
913 @@ -5991,7 +5973,7 @@
917 -@node expand invocation
919 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
922 @@ -6044,7 +6026,7 @@
926 -@node unexpand invocation
928 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
931 @@ -6105,14 +6087,14 @@
932 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
935 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
936 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
937 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
938 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
939 +* ls:: List directory contents.
941 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
942 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
948 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
951 @@ -6951,7 +6933,7 @@
954 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
955 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
956 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
957 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
958 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
959 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
960 @@ -7143,7 +7125,7 @@
964 -@node dir invocation
966 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
969 @@ -7153,10 +7135,10 @@
970 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
971 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
973 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
974 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
977 -@node vdir invocation
979 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
982 @@ -7166,7 +7148,7 @@
983 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
984 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
986 -@node dircolors invocation
988 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
991 @@ -7253,16 +7235,16 @@
992 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
995 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
996 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
997 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
998 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
999 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1000 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1002 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1003 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1004 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1005 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1006 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1010 -@node cp invocation
1012 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1015 @@ -7697,7 +7679,7 @@
1019 -@node dd invocation
1021 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1024 @@ -8057,7 +8039,7 @@
1028 -@node install invocation
1030 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1033 @@ -8238,7 +8220,7 @@
1037 -@node mv invocation
1039 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1042 @@ -8368,7 +8350,7 @@
1046 -@node rm invocation
1048 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1051 @@ -8522,7 +8504,7 @@
1055 -@node shred invocation
1057 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1060 @@ -8532,7 +8514,7 @@
1061 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1062 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1064 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1065 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1066 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1067 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1068 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1069 @@ -8764,18 +8746,18 @@
1070 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1073 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1074 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1075 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1076 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1077 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1078 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1079 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1080 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1081 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1082 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1083 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1084 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1085 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1086 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1087 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1088 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1092 -@node link invocation
1094 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1097 @@ -8788,7 +8770,7 @@
1098 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1099 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1100 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1101 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1102 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1106 @@ -8814,7 +8796,7 @@
1110 -@node ln invocation
1112 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1115 @@ -9043,7 +9025,7 @@
1119 -@node mkdir invocation
1121 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1124 @@ -9122,7 +9104,7 @@
1128 -@node mkfifo invocation
1130 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1133 @@ -9169,7 +9151,7 @@
1137 -@node mknod invocation
1139 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1142 @@ -9252,7 +9234,7 @@
1146 -@node readlink invocation
1148 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1151 @@ -9348,7 +9330,7 @@
1155 -@node rmdir invocation
1157 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1160 @@ -9396,12 +9378,12 @@
1164 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1165 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1170 -@node unlink invocation
1172 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1175 @@ -9412,7 +9394,7 @@
1176 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1177 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1178 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1179 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1180 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1183 unlink @var{filename}
1184 @@ -9446,14 +9428,14 @@
1185 These commands change file attributes.
1188 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1189 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1190 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1191 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1192 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1193 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1194 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1195 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1199 -@node chown invocation
1201 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1204 @@ -9670,7 +9652,7 @@
1208 -@node chgrp invocation
1210 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1213 @@ -9792,7 +9774,7 @@
1217 -@node chmod invocation
1219 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1222 @@ -9891,7 +9873,7 @@
1226 -@node touch invocation
1228 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1231 @@ -10068,15 +10050,15 @@
1232 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1235 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1236 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1237 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1238 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1239 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1240 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1241 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1242 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1243 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1244 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1248 -@node df invocation
1250 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1253 @@ -10288,7 +10270,7 @@
1254 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1257 -@node du invocation
1259 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1262 @@ -10484,7 +10466,7 @@
1265 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1266 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1267 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1268 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1269 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1270 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1271 @@ -10552,7 +10534,7 @@
1275 -@node stat invocation
1277 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1280 @@ -10690,7 +10672,7 @@
1284 -@node sync invocation
1286 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1289 @@ -10717,7 +10699,7 @@
1293 -@node truncate invocation
1295 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1298 @@ -10793,13 +10775,13 @@
1299 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1302 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1303 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1304 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1305 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1306 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1307 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1311 -@node echo invocation
1313 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1316 @@ -10886,12 +10868,12 @@
1317 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1318 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1319 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1320 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1321 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1326 -@node printf invocation
1328 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1331 @@ -11040,7 +11022,7 @@
1335 -@node yes invocation
1337 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1340 @@ -11071,14 +11053,14 @@
1344 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1345 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1346 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1347 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1348 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1349 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1350 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1351 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1355 -@node false invocation
1357 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1360 @@ -11108,7 +11090,7 @@
1361 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1364 -@node true invocation
1366 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1369 @@ -11144,7 +11126,7 @@
1370 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1371 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1373 -@node test invocation
1375 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1378 @@ -11471,7 +11453,7 @@
1382 -@node expr invocation
1384 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1387 @@ -11748,11 +11730,11 @@
1388 it's described here.
1391 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1392 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1396 -@node tee invocation
1398 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1401 @@ -11913,14 +11895,14 @@
1402 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1405 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1406 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1407 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1408 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1409 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1410 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1411 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1412 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1416 -@node basename invocation
1418 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1421 @@ -11974,7 +11956,7 @@
1425 -@node dirname invocation
1427 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1430 @@ -12015,7 +11997,7 @@
1434 -@node pathchk invocation
1436 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1439 @@ -12091,7 +12073,7 @@
1443 -@node mktemp invocation
1445 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1448 @@ -12277,14 +12259,14 @@
1449 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1452 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1453 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1454 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1455 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1456 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1457 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1458 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1459 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1463 -@node pwd invocation
1465 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1468 @@ -12331,7 +12313,7 @@
1472 -@node stty invocation
1474 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1477 @@ -13010,7 +12992,7 @@
1481 -@node printenv invocation
1483 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1486 @@ -13045,7 +13027,7 @@
1490 -@node tty invocation
1492 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1495 @@ -13095,16 +13077,16 @@
1496 logins, groups, and so forth.
1499 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1500 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1501 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1502 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1503 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1504 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1505 +* id:: Print user identity.
1506 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1507 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1508 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1509 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1510 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1514 -@node id invocation
1516 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1519 @@ -13190,7 +13172,7 @@
1521 @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
1523 -@node logname invocation
1525 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1528 @@ -13211,7 +13193,7 @@
1532 -@node whoami invocation
1534 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1537 @@ -13227,7 +13209,7 @@
1541 -@node groups invocation
1543 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1546 @@ -13255,7 +13237,7 @@
1550 -@node users invocation
1552 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1555 @@ -13286,7 +13268,7 @@
1559 -@node who invocation
1561 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1564 @@ -13445,16 +13427,14 @@
1568 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1569 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1570 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1571 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1572 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1573 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1574 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1575 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1576 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1577 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1578 +* uname:: Print system information.
1579 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1582 -@node date invocation
1584 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1587 @@ -14087,7 +14067,7 @@
1591 -@node arch invocation
1593 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1596 @@ -14107,7 +14087,7 @@
1600 -@node nproc invocation
1602 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1605 @@ -14144,7 +14124,7 @@
1609 -@node uname invocation
1611 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1614 @@ -14273,31 +14253,7 @@
1618 -@node hostname invocation
1619 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1622 -@cindex setting the hostname
1623 -@cindex printing the hostname
1624 -@cindex system name, printing
1625 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1627 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1628 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1629 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1633 -hostname [@var{name}]
1636 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1642 -@node hostid invocation
1644 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1647 @@ -14321,37 +14277,6 @@
1651 -@node uptime invocation
1652 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1655 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1657 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1658 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1660 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1661 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1662 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1663 -the default setting).
1665 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1666 -@xref{Common options}.
1668 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1672 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1675 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1676 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1677 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1678 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1679 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1680 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1682 @node SELinux context
1683 @chapter SELinux context
1685 @@ -14363,11 +14288,11 @@
1689 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1690 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1691 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1692 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1695 -@node chcon invocation
1697 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1700 @@ -14453,7 +14378,7 @@
1704 -@node runcon invocation
1706 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1709 @@ -14536,17 +14461,17 @@
1713 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1714 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1715 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1716 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1717 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1718 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1719 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1720 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1721 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1722 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1723 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1724 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1725 +* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1726 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1730 -@node chroot invocation
1732 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1735 @@ -14634,7 +14559,7 @@
1739 -@node env invocation
1741 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1744 @@ -14784,7 +14709,7 @@
1748 -@node nice invocation
1750 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1753 @@ -14907,7 +14832,7 @@
1757 -@node nohup invocation
1759 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1762 @@ -14980,7 +14905,7 @@
1766 -@node stdbuf invocation
1768 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1771 @@ -15059,7 +14984,7 @@
1775 -@node su invocation
1777 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1780 @@ -15216,7 +15141,7 @@
1781 might find this idea strange at first.
1784 -@node timeout invocation
1786 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1789 @@ -15277,89 +15202,6 @@
1793 -@node Process control
1794 -@chapter Process control
1796 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1797 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1800 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1804 -@node kill invocation
1805 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1808 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1810 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1811 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1812 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1815 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1816 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1819 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1821 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1822 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1823 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1824 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1825 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1827 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1828 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1829 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1830 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1831 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1832 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1833 -value of @var{pid}.
1835 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1836 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1839 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1840 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1841 -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1842 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1851 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1852 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1854 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1855 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1856 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1857 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1858 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1859 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1860 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1861 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1862 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1863 -and if there is no output error.
1865 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1866 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1868 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1869 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1870 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1871 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1872 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1873 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported
1874 -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}.
1879 @@ -15369,11 +15211,11 @@
1880 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1883 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1884 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1888 -@node sleep invocation
1890 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1893 @@ -15424,12 +15266,12 @@
1894 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1897 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1898 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1899 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1900 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1904 -@node factor invocation
1906 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1909 @@ -15485,7 +15327,7 @@
1913 -@node seq invocation
1915 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences