1 --- coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig Sun Mar 2 19:09:14 2003
2 +++ coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi Thu Mar 6 23:36:08 2003
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
16 -@dircategory Individual utilities
18 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
19 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
20 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
21 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
22 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
23 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
24 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
25 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
26 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
27 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
28 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
29 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
30 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
31 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
32 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
33 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
34 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
35 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
36 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
37 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
38 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
39 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
40 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
41 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
42 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
43 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
44 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
45 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
46 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
47 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
48 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
49 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
50 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
51 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
52 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
53 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
54 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
55 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
56 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
57 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
58 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
59 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
60 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
61 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
62 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
63 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
64 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
65 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
66 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
67 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
68 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
69 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
70 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
71 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
72 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
73 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
74 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
75 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
76 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
77 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
78 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
79 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
80 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
81 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
82 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
83 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
84 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
85 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
86 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
87 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
88 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
89 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
90 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
91 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
92 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
93 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
94 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
95 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
96 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
97 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
98 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
99 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
100 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Byte, word, and line counts.
101 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
102 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
103 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
104 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
105 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
106 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
107 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
108 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
109 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
110 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
111 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
112 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
113 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
114 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
115 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
116 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
117 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage
118 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
119 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
120 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
121 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
122 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
123 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
124 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
125 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
126 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
127 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
128 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
129 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
130 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
131 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
132 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid
133 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
134 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
135 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
136 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
137 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
138 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
139 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests
140 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
141 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
142 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
143 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
144 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority
145 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
146 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
147 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
148 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
149 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
150 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
151 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
152 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
153 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
154 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
155 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
156 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
157 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
158 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
159 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
160 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
161 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
162 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
163 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
164 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
165 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id
166 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
167 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
168 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
169 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
170 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
171 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
172 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
173 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
174 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
175 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
176 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
177 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
178 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
179 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
180 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
181 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
182 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
183 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Byte, word, and line counts
184 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
185 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id
186 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
192 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
193 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
194 -* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
195 -* System context:: date uname hostname
196 +* User information:: id logname whoami users who
197 +* System context:: date uname
198 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
199 -* Process control:: kill
201 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
202 * File permissions:: Access modes.
203 @@ -205,38 +193,38 @@
205 Output of entire files
207 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
208 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
209 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
210 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
211 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
212 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
213 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
214 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
216 Formatting file contents
218 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
219 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
220 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
221 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
222 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
223 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
225 Output of parts of files
227 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
228 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
229 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
230 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
231 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
232 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
233 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
234 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
238 -* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
239 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
240 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
241 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
242 +* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
243 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
244 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
245 +* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
247 Operating on sorted files
249 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
250 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
251 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
252 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
253 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
254 +* sort:: Sort text files.
255 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
256 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
257 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
258 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
260 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
262 @@ -248,15 +236,15 @@
264 Operating on fields within a line
266 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
267 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
268 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
269 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
270 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
271 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
273 Operating on characters
275 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
276 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
277 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
278 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
279 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
280 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
282 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
284 @@ -267,10 +255,10 @@
288 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
289 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
290 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
291 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
292 +* ls:: List directory contents
293 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
294 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
295 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
297 @command{ls}: List directory contents
299 @@ -283,50 +271,50 @@
303 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
304 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
305 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
306 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
307 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
308 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
309 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
310 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
311 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
312 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
313 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
314 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
318 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
319 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
320 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
321 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
322 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
323 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
324 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
325 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
326 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
327 +* ln:: Make links between files
328 +* mkdir:: Make directories
329 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
330 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
331 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
332 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
333 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
335 Changing file attributes
337 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
338 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
339 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
340 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
341 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
342 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
343 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
344 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
348 -* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
349 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
350 -* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
351 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
352 +* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
353 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
354 +* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
355 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
359 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
360 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
361 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
362 +* echo:: Print a line of text
363 +* printf:: Format and print data
364 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
368 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
369 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
370 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
371 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
372 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
373 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
374 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
375 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
377 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
379 @@ -345,20 +333,20 @@
383 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
384 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
386 File name manipulation
388 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
389 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
390 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
391 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
392 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
393 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability
397 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
398 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
399 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
400 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
401 +* pwd:: Print working directory
402 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
403 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
404 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
406 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
408 @@ -372,19 +360,17 @@
412 -* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
413 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
414 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
415 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
416 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
417 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
418 +* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
419 +* logname:: Print current login name
420 +* whoami:: Print effective user id
421 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
422 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
426 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
427 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
428 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
429 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
430 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
431 +* uname:: Print system information
432 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
434 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
436 @@ -398,24 +384,20 @@
438 Modified command invocation
440 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
441 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
442 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
443 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
444 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
448 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
449 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
450 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
451 +* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
452 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
453 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
457 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
458 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
462 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
463 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
464 +* factor:: Print prime factors
465 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
469 @@ -936,13 +918,13 @@
473 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
474 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
475 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
476 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
477 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
478 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
479 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
480 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
483 -@node cat invocation
485 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
488 @@ -1048,7 +1030,7 @@
492 -@node tac invocation
494 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
497 @@ -1095,7 +1077,7 @@
503 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
506 @@ -1254,7 +1236,7 @@
512 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
515 @@ -1509,13 +1491,13 @@
516 These commands reformat the contents of files.
519 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
520 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
521 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
522 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
523 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
524 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
528 -@node fmt invocation
530 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
533 @@ -1611,7 +1593,7 @@
539 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
542 @@ -1753,7 +1735,7 @@
544 @cindex formatting times
545 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
546 -for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
547 +for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
548 Except for directives, which start with
549 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
550 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
551 @@ -1980,7 +1962,7 @@
555 -@node fold invocation
557 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
560 @@ -2046,13 +2028,13 @@
561 These commands output pieces of the input.
564 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
565 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
566 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
567 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
568 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
569 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
570 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
571 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
574 -@node head invocation
576 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
579 @@ -2117,7 +2099,7 @@
580 @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
581 this; use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
583 -@node tail invocation
585 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
588 @@ -2292,7 +2274,7 @@
589 conformance}) does not allow these options; use @option{-c
590 @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
592 -@node split invocation
594 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
597 @@ -2365,7 +2347,7 @@
601 -@node csplit invocation
603 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
606 @@ -2503,14 +2485,14 @@
610 -* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
611 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
612 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
613 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
614 +* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
615 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
616 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
617 +* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
623 @section @command{wc}: Print byte, word, and line counts
626 @@ -2592,7 +2574,7 @@
630 -@node sum invocation
632 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
635 @@ -2641,7 +2623,7 @@
636 next section) is preferable in new applications.
639 -@node cksum invocation
641 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
644 @@ -2673,7 +2655,7 @@
648 -@node md5sum invocation
650 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
653 @@ -2778,16 +2760,16 @@
654 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
657 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
658 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
659 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
660 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
661 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
662 +* sort:: Sort text files.
663 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
664 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
665 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
666 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
667 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
671 -@node sort invocation
673 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
676 @@ -3240,7 +3222,7 @@
680 -@node uniq invocation
682 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
685 @@ -3369,7 +3351,7 @@
689 -@node comm invocation
691 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
694 @@ -3412,7 +3394,7 @@
695 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
698 -@node tsort invocation
700 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
703 @@ -3563,7 +3545,7 @@
704 the way the linker handled archive files, which has since been solved
707 -@node ptx invocation
709 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
712 @@ -4030,13 +4012,13 @@
713 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
716 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
717 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
718 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
719 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
720 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
721 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
725 -@node cut invocation
727 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
730 @@ -4124,7 +4106,7 @@
734 -@node paste invocation
736 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
739 @@ -4192,7 +4174,7 @@
743 -@node join invocation
745 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
748 @@ -4325,13 +4307,13 @@
749 This commands operate on individual characters.
752 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
753 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
754 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
755 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
756 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
757 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
763 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
766 @@ -4715,7 +4697,7 @@
767 Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
770 -@node expand invocation
772 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
775 @@ -4768,7 +4750,7 @@
779 -@node unexpand invocation
781 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
784 @@ -4827,14 +4809,14 @@
785 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
788 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
789 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
790 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
791 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
792 +* ls:: List directory contents.
794 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
795 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
801 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
804 @@ -5529,7 +5511,7 @@
807 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
808 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
809 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
810 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
811 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
812 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
813 @@ -5704,7 +5686,7 @@
817 -@node dir invocation
819 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
822 @@ -5714,10 +5696,10 @@
823 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
824 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
826 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
827 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
830 -@node vdir invocation
832 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
835 @@ -5727,7 +5709,7 @@
836 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
837 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
839 -@node dircolors invocation
841 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
844 @@ -5803,16 +5785,16 @@
845 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
848 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
849 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
850 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
851 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
852 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
853 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
855 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
856 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
857 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
858 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
859 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
865 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
868 @@ -6152,7 +6134,7 @@
874 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
877 @@ -6305,7 +6287,7 @@
881 -@node install invocation
883 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
886 @@ -6446,7 +6428,7 @@
892 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
895 @@ -6574,7 +6556,7 @@
901 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
904 @@ -6673,7 +6655,7 @@
905 predates the development of the getopt standard syntax.
908 -@node shred invocation
910 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
913 @@ -6683,7 +6665,7 @@
914 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
915 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
917 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
918 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
919 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
920 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
921 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
922 @@ -6903,18 +6885,18 @@
923 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
926 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
927 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
928 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
929 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
930 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
931 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
932 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
933 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
934 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
935 +* ln:: Make links between files.
936 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
937 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
938 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
939 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
940 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
941 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
945 -@node link invocation
947 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
950 @@ -6937,7 +6919,7 @@
951 @command{link} simply calls @code{link (@var{filename}, @var{linkname})}
956 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
959 @@ -7098,7 +7080,7 @@
963 -@node mkdir invocation
965 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
968 @@ -7152,7 +7134,7 @@
972 -@node mkfifo invocation
974 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
977 @@ -7188,7 +7170,7 @@
981 -@node mknod invocation
983 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
986 @@ -7257,7 +7239,7 @@
990 -@node readlink invocation
992 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
995 @@ -7325,7 +7307,7 @@
996 The @command{readlink} utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1.
999 -@node rmdir invocation
1001 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1004 @@ -7373,9 +7355,9 @@
1008 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1009 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1011 -@node unlink invocation
1013 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1016 @@ -7418,14 +7400,14 @@
1017 These commands change file attributes.
1020 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1021 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1022 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1023 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1024 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1025 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1026 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1027 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1031 -@node chown invocation
1033 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1036 @@ -7582,7 +7564,7 @@
1040 -@node chgrp invocation
1042 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1045 @@ -7666,7 +7648,7 @@
1049 -@node chmod invocation
1051 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1054 @@ -7736,7 +7718,7 @@
1058 -@node touch invocation
1060 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1063 @@ -7856,14 +7838,14 @@
1064 or some such command.)
1067 -* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1068 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1069 -* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
1070 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1071 +* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1072 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1073 +* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
1074 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1078 -@node df invocation
1080 @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
1083 @@ -8068,7 +8050,7 @@
1087 -@node du invocation
1089 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1092 @@ -8242,7 +8224,7 @@
1093 in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{du} program.
1096 -@node stat invocation
1098 @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
1101 @@ -8341,7 +8323,7 @@
1105 -@node sync invocation
1107 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1110 @@ -8373,13 +8355,13 @@
1111 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1114 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1115 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1116 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1117 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1118 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1119 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1123 -@node echo invocation
1125 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1128 @@ -8435,7 +8417,7 @@
1132 -@node printf invocation
1134 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1137 @@ -8521,7 +8503,7 @@
1141 -@node yes invocation
1143 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1146 @@ -8548,14 +8530,14 @@
1150 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1151 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1152 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1153 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1154 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1155 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1156 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1157 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1161 -@node false invocation
1163 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1166 @@ -8577,7 +8559,7 @@
1167 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1170 -@node true invocation
1172 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1175 @@ -8603,7 +8585,7 @@
1176 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1177 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1179 -@node test invocation
1181 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1184 @@ -8893,7 +8875,7 @@
1188 -@node expr invocation
1190 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1193 @@ -9138,11 +9120,11 @@
1194 it's described here.
1197 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1198 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1202 -@node tee invocation
1204 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1207 @@ -9191,13 +9173,13 @@
1208 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1211 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1212 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1213 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1214 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1215 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1216 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1220 -@node basename invocation
1222 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1225 @@ -9222,7 +9204,7 @@
1229 -@node dirname invocation
1231 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1234 @@ -9244,7 +9226,7 @@
1238 -@node pathchk invocation
1240 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1243 @@ -9308,14 +9290,14 @@
1244 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1247 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1248 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1249 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1250 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1251 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1252 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1253 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1254 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1258 -@node pwd invocation
1260 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1263 @@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@
1264 @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}.
1267 -@node stty invocation
1269 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1272 @@ -9984,7 +9966,7 @@
1276 -@node printenv invocation
1278 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1281 @@ -10014,7 +9996,7 @@
1285 -@node tty invocation
1287 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1290 @@ -10064,16 +10046,15 @@
1291 logins, groups, and so forth.
1294 -* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1295 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1296 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
1297 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1298 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1299 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1300 +* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1301 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1302 +* whoami:: Print effective user id.
1303 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1304 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1308 -@node id invocation
1310 @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
1313 @@ -10134,7 +10115,7 @@
1317 -@node logname invocation
1319 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1322 @@ -10154,7 +10135,7 @@
1326 -@node whoami invocation
1328 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
1331 @@ -10168,29 +10149,7 @@
1335 -@node groups invocation
1336 -@section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1339 -@cindex printing groups a user is in
1340 -@cindex supplementary groups, printing
1342 -@command{groups} prints the names of the primary and any supplementary
1343 -groups for each given @var{username}, or the current process if no names
1344 -are given. If names are given, the name of each user is printed before
1345 -the list of that user's groups. Synopsis:
1348 -groups [@var{username}]@dots{}
1351 -The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command @samp{id -Gn}.
1353 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1357 -@node users invocation
1359 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1362 @@ -10218,7 +10177,7 @@
1366 -@node who invocation
1368 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1371 @@ -10330,14 +10289,13 @@
1375 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1376 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1377 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1378 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1379 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1380 +* uname:: Print system information.
1381 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1385 -@node date invocation
1387 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1390 @@ -10819,7 +10777,7 @@
1394 -@node uname invocation
1396 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1399 @@ -10930,29 +10888,7 @@
1403 -@node hostname invocation
1404 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1407 -@cindex setting the hostname
1408 -@cindex printing the hostname
1409 -@cindex system name, printing
1410 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1412 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1413 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1414 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1418 -hostname [@var{name}]
1421 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1425 -@node hostid invocation
1427 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1430 @@ -10987,15 +10923,15 @@
1434 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1435 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1436 -* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
1437 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1438 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
1439 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1440 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1441 +* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
1442 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1443 +* su:: Modify user and group id.
1447 -@node chroot invocation
1449 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1452 @@ -11050,7 +10986,7 @@
1453 device files), copy them into place, too.
1456 -@node env invocation
1458 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1461 @@ -11104,7 +11040,7 @@
1465 -@node nice invocation
1467 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
1470 @@ -11151,7 +11087,7 @@
1474 -@node nohup invocation
1476 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1479 @@ -11201,7 +11137,7 @@
1483 -@node su invocation
1485 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
1488 @@ -11348,166 +11284,6 @@
1489 might find this idea strange at first.
1492 -@node Process control
1493 -@chapter Process control
1495 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1496 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1499 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1503 -@node kill invocation
1504 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1507 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1509 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1510 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1511 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1514 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1515 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1518 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1519 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1520 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1521 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1522 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1524 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1525 -process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1526 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1527 -is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1528 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
1529 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1530 -value of @var{pid}.
1532 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1533 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1536 -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
1537 -signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
1538 -must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
1539 -The following three commands are equivalent:
1547 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1548 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1550 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1551 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1552 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1553 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1554 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1555 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1556 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1557 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1558 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1559 -and if there is no output error.
1561 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1562 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1564 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1565 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1566 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1567 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1568 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1569 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1570 -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1576 -2. Terminal interrupt.
1582 -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1590 -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1591 -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1592 -support the following signals:
1596 -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1598 -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1600 -Continue executing, if stopped.
1602 -Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1604 -Illegal Instruction.
1606 -Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1608 -Invalid memory reference.
1610 -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1614 -Background process attempting read.
1616 -Background process attempting write.
1618 -High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1620 -User-defined signal 1.
1622 -User-defined signal 2.
1626 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1627 -also support the following signals:
1633 -Profiling timer expired.
1637 -Trace/breakpoint trap.
1639 -Virtual timer expired.
1641 -CPU time limit exceeded.
1643 -File size limit exceeded.
1647 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1648 -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1649 -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1655 @@ -11517,11 +11293,11 @@
1656 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1659 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1660 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1664 -@node sleep invocation
1666 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1669 @@ -11565,12 +11341,12 @@
1670 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1673 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1674 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1675 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1676 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1680 -@node factor invocation
1682 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1685 @@ -11608,7 +11384,7 @@
1686 18446744073709551615: 3 5 17 257 641 65537 6700417
1689 -@node seq invocation
1691 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences