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1--- coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2019-03-07 06:59:27.000000000 +0100
2+++ coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi 2019-05-31 16:57:00.439962635 +0200
3@@ -22,123 +22,112 @@
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4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
10c838b0 11+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
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12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
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14+* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 16-@end direntry
a839fc2f 17-
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18-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
c2be74f0 21-
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22-@dircategory Individual utilities
23-@direntry
3c350007 24-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
ff4aeede 25-* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
46145361 26-* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
c2be74f0 27-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
a839fc2f 28-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
494d488d 29-* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
a839fc2f 30-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
10c838b0 31-* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
a839fc2f 32-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
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33-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f 35-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 36-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
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37-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
c2be74f0 43-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
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44-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
10c838b0 46-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
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47-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
48-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
c2be74f0 60-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
8127c87d 61-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
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62-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
c2be74f0 68-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
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69-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
10c838b0 72-* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
a839fc2f 73-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
c2be74f0 74-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
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75-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 77-* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
d51def31 78-* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
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79-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 87-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
8127c87d 88-* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
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89-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
10c838b0 91-* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
a839fc2f 92-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
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93-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f 95-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
c2be74f0 96-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
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97-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
0d2793d8 99-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
fbb5b105 100-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
10c838b0 101-* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
a839fc2f 102-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
a839fc2f 103-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
46145361 104-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
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105-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
10c838b0 109-* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
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110-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
10c838b0 113-* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
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114-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 118-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 119-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
10c838b0 120-* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
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121-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
876a8767 123-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f 124-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
c2be74f0 125-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f 126-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
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127+* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
128+* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests
129+* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
130+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
131+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
494d488d 132+* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data
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133+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
134+* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
135+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
136+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
137+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
138+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
139+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
140+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
141+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
142+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
143+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
144+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
145+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
146+* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
147+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
148+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
149+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
150+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
151+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
152+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
153+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
154+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
155+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
156+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
157+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
158+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
159+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
160+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
161+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
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162+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
163+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
164+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
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165+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
166+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
167+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
168+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
169+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
170+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
171+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
172+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
173+* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
174+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
175+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
176+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
177+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
178+* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
179+* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
494d488d 180+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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181+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
182+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
183+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
184+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
185+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
186+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
187+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
188+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
189+* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
190+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
191+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
192+* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
193+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
194+* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
195+* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
196+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
197+* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
198+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
199+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
200+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
201+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
202+* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
203+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
204+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
205+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
206+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
207+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
208+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
209+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
210+* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
211+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
212+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
213+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
214+* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
215+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
216+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
217+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
218+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
219+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
220+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
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221+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
222+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
223+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
224+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
225+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
226+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
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227 @end direntry
228
229 @copying
494d488d 230@@ -203,10 +192,9 @@
703a6c3b 231 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
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232 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
233 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
234-* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
235+* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
236 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
703a6c3b 237 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
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238-* Process control:: kill
239 * Delaying:: sleep
46145361 240 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
10c838b0 241 * File permissions:: Access modes
494d488d 242@@ -237,45 +225,45 @@
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243
244 Output of entire files
245
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246-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
247-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
248-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
249-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
46145361 250-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
10c838b0 251-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
494d488d 252-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
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253+* cat:: Concatenate and write files
254+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
255+* nl:: Number lines and write files
256+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
46145361 257+* base32:: Transform data into printable data
10c838b0 258+* base64:: Transform data into printable data
494d488d 259+* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
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260
261 Formatting file contents
262
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263-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
264-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
266+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
267+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
268+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
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269
270 Output of parts of files
271
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272-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
273-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
274-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
275-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
276+* head:: Output the first part of files
277+* tail:: Output the last part of files
278+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
279+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
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280
281 Summarizing files
282
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283-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
284-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
285-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
ff4aeede 286-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
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287-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
288-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
289+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
290+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
291+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
ff4aeede 292+* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
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293+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
294+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
295 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
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296
297 Operating on sorted files
298
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299-* sort invocation:: Sort text files
300-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
301-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
302-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
303-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
304-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
305+* sort:: Sort text files
306+* shuf:: Shuffle text files
307+* uniq:: Uniquify files
308+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
309+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
310+* tsort:: Topological sort
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311
312 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
313
494d488d 314@@ -287,15 +275,15 @@
a839fc2f 315
10c838b0 316 Operating on fields
a839fc2f 317
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318-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
319-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
320-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
321+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
322+* paste:: Merge lines of files
323+* join:: Join lines on a common field
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324
325 Operating on characters
326
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327-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
329-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
330+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
331+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
332+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
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333
334 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
335
494d488d 336@@ -305,10 +293,10 @@
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337
338 Directory listing
339
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340-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
341-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
342-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
343-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
344+* ls:: List directory contents
345+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
346+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
347+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
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348
349 @command{ls}: List directory contents
350
494d488d 351@@ -321,51 +309,51 @@
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352
353 Basic operations
354
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355-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
356-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
357-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
358-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
359-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
360-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
361+* cp:: Copy files and directories
362+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
363+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
364+* mv:: Move (rename) files
365+* rm:: Remove files or directories
366+* shred:: Remove files more securely
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367
368 Special file types
369
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370-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
372-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
373-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
375-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
377-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
378+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
379+* ln:: Make links between files
380+* mkdir:: Make directories
381+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
382+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
383+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
384+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
385+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
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386
387 Changing file attributes
388
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389-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
390-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
391-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
392-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
393+* chown:: Change file owner and group
394+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
395+* chmod:: Change access permissions
396+* touch:: Change file timestamps
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397
398 Disk usage
399
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400-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
401-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
402-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
46145361 403-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
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404-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
406+* du:: Estimate file space usage
407+* stat:: Report file or file system status
46145361 408+* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
10c838b0 409+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
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410
411 Printing text
412
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413-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
414-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
415-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
416+* echo:: Print a line of text
417+* printf:: Format and print data
418+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
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419
420 Conditions
421
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422-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
423-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
424-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
425-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
426+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
427+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
428+* test:: Check file types and compare values
429+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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430
431 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
432
494d488d 433@@ -384,22 +372,22 @@
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434
435 Redirection
436
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437-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
438+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
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439
440 File name manipulation
441
442-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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443-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
444-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
445-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 446-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
a839fc2f 447+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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448+* dirname:: Strip last file name component
449+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
450+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 451+* realpath:: Print resolved file names
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452
453 Working context
454
455-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
456-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
457-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
458-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
459+* pwd:: Print working directory
460+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
461+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
462+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
463
464 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
465
494d488d 466@@ -413,22 +401,20 @@
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467
468 User information
469
c2be74f0 470-* id invocation:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 471-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 472-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
a839fc2f
JB
473-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
474-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
475-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
c2be74f0 476+* id:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 477+* logname:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 478+* whoami:: Print effective user ID
fc53c102 479+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
a839fc2f
JB
480+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
481+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
482
483 System context
484
3c350007 485-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 486-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 487-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
a839fc2f
JB
488-* uname invocation:: Print system information
489-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
10c838b0
JB
490-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
491-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
3c350007 492+* arch:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 493+* date:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 494+* nproc:: Print the number of processors
a839fc2f 495+* uname:: Print system information
3c350007 496+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
a839fc2f
JB
497
498 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
499
494d488d 500@@ -443,31 +429,27 @@
10c838b0
JB
501
502 SELinux context
503
504-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
505-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
507+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
a839fc2f
JB
508
509 Modified command invocation
510
511-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
512-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 513-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 514-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 515-* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 516-* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
517-
518-Process control
519-
520-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
521+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
522+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 523+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 524+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 525+* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 526+* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
527
528 Delaying
529
530-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
531+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
532
533 Numeric operations
534
535-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
46145361 536-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
a839fc2f
JB
537-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
538+* factor:: Print prime factors
46145361 539+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
a839fc2f
JB
540+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
541
a839fc2f 542
ff4aeede 543 File timestamps
494d488d 544@@ -1590,16 +1572,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
545 in some way.
546
547 @menu
548-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
549-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
550-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
551-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
46145361 552-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
c2be74f0 553-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
494d488d 554-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
555+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
556+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
557+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
558+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
46145361 559+* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
c2be74f0 560+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
494d488d 561+* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
562 @end menu
563
564-@node cat invocation
565+@node cat
566 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
567
568 @pindex cat
494d488d
JB
569@@ -1700,7 +1682,7 @@
570 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
571
572
573-@node tac invocation
574+@node tac
575 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
576
577 @pindex tac
494d488d 578@@ -1758,7 +1740,7 @@
d51def31 579 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
580
581
582-@node nl invocation
583+@node nl
584 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
585
586 @pindex nl
494d488d 587@@ -1921,7 +1903,7 @@
876a8767 588 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
589
590
591-@node od invocation
592+@node od
593 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
594
595 @pindex od
494d488d 596@@ -2187,7 +2169,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
597 @exitstatus
598
46145361
JB
599
600-@node base32 invocation
601+@node base32
602 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
603
604 @pindex base32
494d488d 605@@ -2197,10 +2179,10 @@
46145361
JB
606 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
607 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
608 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
609-same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
610+same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
611
612
c2be74f0
JB
613-@node base64 invocation
614+@node base64
10c838b0 615 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
c2be74f0
JB
616
617 @pindex base64
494d488d
JB
618@@ -2260,7 +2242,7 @@
619
620 @exitstatus
621
622-@node basenc invocation
623+@node basenc
624 @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
625
626 @pindex basenc
627@@ -2280,7 +2262,7 @@
628 The @var{encoding} argument is required. If @var{file} is omitted,
629 reads input from stdin. The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
630 @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
631-for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
632+for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
633
634
635 Supported @var{encoding}s are:
636@@ -2395,13 +2377,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
637 These commands reformat the contents of files.
638
639 @menu
640-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
641-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
642-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
643+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
644+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
645+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
646 @end menu
647
648
649-@node fmt invocation
650+@node fmt
651 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
652
653 @pindex fmt
494d488d 654@@ -2505,7 +2487,7 @@
d51def31 655
876a8767 656 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 657
a839fc2f
JB
658-@node pr invocation
659+@node pr
660 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
661
662 @pindex pr
494d488d 663@@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
664 @cindex time formats
665 @cindex formatting times
666 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
703a6c3b
JB
667-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
668+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
a839fc2f
JB
669 Except for directives, which start with
670 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
671 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
494d488d 672@@ -2845,7 +2827,7 @@
876a8767 673 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
674
675
676-@node fold invocation
677+@node fold
678 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
679
680 @pindex fold
494d488d 681@@ -2912,13 +2894,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
682 These commands output pieces of the input.
683
684 @menu
685-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
686-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 687-* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
688-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
689+* head:: Output the first part of files.
690+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 691+* split:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
692+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
693 @end menu
694
695-@node head invocation
696+@node head
697 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
698
699 @pindex head
494d488d 700@@ -2997,7 +2979,7 @@
876a8767
JB
701 @exitstatus
702
a839fc2f
JB
703
704-@node tail invocation
705+@node tail
706 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
707
708 @pindex tail
494d488d 709@@ -3247,7 +3229,7 @@
876a8767
JB
710 @exitstatus
711
a839fc2f
JB
712
713-@node split invocation
714+@node split
0d2793d8 715 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
716
717 @pindex split
494d488d 718@@ -3502,7 +3484,7 @@
0d2793d8 719 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
720
721
722-@node csplit invocation
723+@node csplit
724 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
725
726 @pindex csplit
494d488d 727@@ -3721,17 +3703,17 @@
a839fc2f
JB
728 contents of files.
729
730 @menu
876a8767 731-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
732-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
733-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
ff4aeede 734-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
c2be74f0
JB
735-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
736-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
876a8767 737+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
738+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
739+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
ff4aeede 740+* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
c2be74f0
JB
741+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
742+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
10c838b0 743 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f
JB
744 @end menu
745
746
747-@node wc invocation
748+@node wc
876a8767 749 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
a839fc2f
JB
750
751 @pindex wc
494d488d 752@@ -3852,7 +3834,7 @@
876a8767 753 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
754
755
756-@node sum invocation
757+@node sum
758 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
759
760 @pindex sum
494d488d 761@@ -3903,7 +3885,7 @@
876a8767 762 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
763
764
765-@node cksum invocation
766+@node cksum
767 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
768
769 @pindex cksum
494d488d 770@@ -3937,7 +3919,7 @@
876a8767 771 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
772
773
ff4aeede
AO
774-@node b2sum invocation
775+@node b2sum
776 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
777
778 @pindex b2sum
494d488d 779@@ -3949,7 +3931,7 @@
ff4aeede
AO
780
781 @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
782 @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
783-command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
784+command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
785 In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
786
787 @table @samp
494d488d 788@@ -3964,7 +3946,7 @@
ff4aeede
AO
789 as the length is automatically determined when checking.
790 @end table
791
a839fc2f
JB
792-@node md5sum invocation
793+@node md5sum
c2be74f0 794 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
a839fc2f
JB
795
796 @pindex md5sum
494d488d 797@@ -3987,7 +3969,7 @@
ff4aeede
AO
798 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
799 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
800 consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
801-@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
802+@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
803 @end macro
804 @weakHash{MD5}
805
494d488d 806@@ -4130,7 +4112,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
807 @exitstatus
808
809
810-@node sha1sum invocation
811+@node sha1sum
812 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
813
814 @pindex sha1sum
494d488d 815@@ -4142,7 +4124,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
816
817 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
818 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
819-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
820+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
821
ff4aeede
AO
822 @weakHash{SHA-1}
823
494d488d 824@@ -4178,7 +4160,7 @@
c2be74f0 825 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
46145361
JB
826 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
827 and @command{sha1sum}.
c2be74f0
JB
828-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
829+@xref{md5sum}.
830
46145361
JB
831
832 @node Operating on sorted files
494d488d 833@@ -4190,16 +4172,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
834 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
835
836 @menu
837-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 838-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
839-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
840-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
841-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
842-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
843+* sort:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 844+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
845+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
846+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
847+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
848+* tsort:: Topological sort.
a839fc2f
JB
849 @end menu
850
851
852-@node sort invocation
853+@node sort
854 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
855
856 @pindex sort
494d488d 857@@ -4489,7 +4471,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
858 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
859 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
860 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
861-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
862+like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
863 except that keys with the same value sort together.
864
865 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
494d488d 866@@ -4687,7 +4669,7 @@
0d2793d8
JB
867 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
868 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
869 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
870-a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
871+a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
dca140ed
AM
872
873 @item -u
874 @itemx --unique
494d488d 875@@ -4705,7 +4687,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
876 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
877 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
878 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
879-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
880+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
881
8127c87d 882 @optZeroTerminated
46145361 883 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
494d488d 884@@ -4918,7 +4900,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
885 @end itemize
886
887
c2be74f0
JB
888-@node shuf invocation
889+@node shuf
890 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
891
892 @pindex shuf
494d488d 893@@ -5074,7 +5056,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
894 @exitstatus
895
896
a839fc2f
JB
897-@node uniq invocation
898+@node uniq
899 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
900
901 @pindex uniq
494d488d 902@@ -5096,7 +5078,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
903 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
904 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
905 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
906-@xref{sort invocation}.
907+@xref{sort}.
908
909 @vindex LC_COLLATE
10c838b0 910 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
494d488d 911@@ -5261,7 +5243,7 @@
876a8767 912 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
913
914
915-@node comm invocation
916+@node comm
917 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
918
919 @pindex comm
494d488d 920@@ -5376,7 +5358,7 @@
876a8767 921
10c838b0 922 @end table
a839fc2f
JB
923
924-@node ptx invocation
925+@node ptx
926 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
927
928 @pindex ptx
494d488d 929@@ -5865,7 +5847,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
930 @end itemize
931
932
933-@node tsort invocation
934+@node tsort
935 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
936
937 @pindex tsort
494d488d 938@@ -6027,13 +6009,13 @@
10c838b0 939 @chapter Operating on fields
a839fc2f
JB
940
941 @menu
942-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
943-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
944-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
945+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
946+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
947+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
948 @end menu
949
950
951-@node cut invocation
952+@node cut
953 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
954
955 @pindex cut
494d488d 956@@ -6158,7 +6140,7 @@
876a8767 957 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
958
959
960-@node paste invocation
961+@node paste
962 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
963
964 @pindex paste
494d488d 965@@ -6256,7 +6238,7 @@
876a8767 966 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
967
968
969-@node join invocation
970+@node join
971 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
972
973 @pindex join
494d488d 974@@ -6788,13 +6770,13 @@
8127c87d 975 These commands operate on individual characters.
a839fc2f
JB
976
977 @menu
978-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
979-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
980-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
981+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
982+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
983+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
984 @end menu
985
986
987-@node tr invocation
988+@node tr
989 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
990
991 @pindex tr
494d488d 992@@ -7177,7 +7159,7 @@
c2be74f0 993 @end itemize
a839fc2f
JB
994
995
996-@node expand invocation
997+@node expand
998 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
999
1000 @pindex expand
494d488d 1001@@ -7246,7 +7228,7 @@
876a8767 1002 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1003
1004
1005-@node unexpand invocation
1006+@node unexpand
1007 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
1008
1009 @pindex unexpand
494d488d 1010@@ -7309,14 +7291,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1011 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
1012
1013 @menu
1014-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
1015-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
1016-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
1017-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1018+* ls:: List directory contents.
1019+* dir:: Briefly ls.
1020+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1021+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1022 @end menu
1023
1024
1025-@node ls invocation
1026+@node ls
1027 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1028
1029 @pindex ls
494d488d 1030@@ -8205,7 +8187,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1031 @item +@var{format}
1032 @vindex LC_TIME
1033 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1034-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1035+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 1036 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
1037 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1038 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
494d488d 1039@@ -8406,7 +8388,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1040 @end table
1041
1042
1043-@node dir invocation
1044+@node dir
1045 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1046
1047 @pindex dir
494d488d 1048@@ -8416,10 +8398,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1049 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1050 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1051
1052-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1053+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1054
1055
1056-@node vdir invocation
1057+@node vdir
1058 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1059
1060 @pindex vdir
494d488d 1061@@ -8429,9 +8411,9 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1062 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1063 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1064
46145361
JB
1065-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1066+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1067
a839fc2f
JB
1068-@node dircolors invocation
1069+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 1070 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
1071
1072 @pindex dircolors
494d488d 1073@@ -8518,16 +8500,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1074 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1075
1076 @menu
1077-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1078-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1079-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1080-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1081-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1082-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1083+* cp:: Copy files.
1084+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1085+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1086+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1087+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1088+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1089 @end menu
1090
1091
1092-@node cp invocation
1093+@node cp
1094 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1095
1096 @pindex cp
494d488d 1097@@ -9017,7 +8999,7 @@
876a8767 1098 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1099
1100
1101-@node dd invocation
1102+@node dd
1103 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1104
1105 @pindex dd
494d488d 1106@@ -9541,7 +9523,7 @@
876a8767 1107 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1108
1109
1110-@node install invocation
1111+@node install
1112 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1113
1114 @pindex install
494d488d 1115@@ -9723,7 +9705,7 @@
876a8767 1116 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1117
1118
1119-@node mv invocation
1120+@node mv
1121 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1122
1123 @pindex mv
494d488d 1124@@ -9869,7 +9851,7 @@
876a8767 1125 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1126
1127
1128-@node rm invocation
1129+@node rm
1130 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1131
1132 @pindex rm
494d488d 1133@@ -10035,7 +10017,7 @@
876a8767 1134 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1135
1136
1137-@node shred invocation
1138+@node shred
1139 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1140
1141 @pindex shred
7a004e48 1142@@ -10055,7 +10055,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
a839fc2f 1143 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
7a004e48 1144 extensive forensics from recovering the data.
a839fc2f 1145
7a004e48
AM
1146-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
1147+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
1148 and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
1149 entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
1150 process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
494d488d 1151@@ -10305,18 +10287,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1152 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1153
1154 @menu
1155-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1156-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1157-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1158-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1159-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
10c838b0 1160-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
a839fc2f
JB
1161-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1162-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
46145361
JB
1163+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1164+* ln:: Make links between files.
1165+* mkdir:: Make directories.
1166+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1167+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1168+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1169+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1170+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
a839fc2f
JB
1171 @end menu
1172
1173
1174-@node link invocation
1175+@node link
1176 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1177
1178 @pindex link
494d488d 1179@@ -10329,7 +10311,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1180 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1181 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1182 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1183-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1184+@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1185 Synopsis:
1186
1187 @example
494d488d 1188@@ -10355,7 +10337,7 @@
876a8767
JB
1189 @exitstatus
1190
a839fc2f
JB
1191
1192-@node ln invocation
1193+@node ln
1194 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1195
1196 @pindex ln
494d488d 1197@@ -10541,7 +10523,7 @@
74811ba6 1198 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
46145361 1199 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
74811ba6 1200 links in these file names will be resolved.
703a6c3b
JB
1201-@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1202+@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
74811ba6 1203 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
703a6c3b 1204
74811ba6 1205 @example
494d488d
JB
1206@@ -10618,7 +10600,7 @@
1207 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1208
1209
1210-@node mkdir invocation
1211+@node mkdir
1212 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1213
1214 @pindex mkdir
494d488d 1215@@ -10691,7 +10673,7 @@
876a8767 1216 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1217
1218
1219-@node mkfifo invocation
1220+@node mkfifo
1221 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1222
1223 @pindex mkfifo
494d488d 1224@@ -10732,7 +10714,7 @@
876a8767 1225 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1226
1227
1228-@node mknod invocation
1229+@node mknod
1230 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1231
1232 @pindex mknod
494d488d 1233@@ -10809,7 +10791,7 @@
876a8767 1234 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1235
1236
fbb5b105
JB
1237-@node readlink invocation
1238+@node readlink
10c838b0 1239 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
fbb5b105
JB
1240
1241 @pindex readlink
494d488d 1242@@ -10833,7 +10815,7 @@
ff4aeede
AO
1243 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1244 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1245 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
1246-preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1247+preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1248
1249 @end table
1250
494d488d 1251@@ -10908,7 +10890,7 @@
876a8767 1252 @exitstatus
fbb5b105
JB
1253
1254
a839fc2f
JB
1255-@node rmdir invocation
1256+@node rmdir
1257 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1258
1259 @pindex rmdir
494d488d 1260@@ -10956,12 +10938,12 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1261
1262 @end table
1263
1264-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1265+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1266
876a8767
JB
1267 @exitstatus
1268
1269
a839fc2f
JB
1270-@node unlink invocation
1271+@node unlink
1272 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1273
1274 @pindex unlink
494d488d 1275@@ -10972,7 +10954,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1276 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1277 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1278 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1279-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1280+@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1281
1282 @example
1283 unlink @var{filename}
494d488d 1284@@ -11006,14 +10988,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1285 These commands change file attributes.
1286
1287 @menu
703a6c3b 1288-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1289-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1290-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f 1291-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
703a6c3b 1292+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1293+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1294+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f
JB
1295+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1296 @end menu
1297
1298
1299-@node chown invocation
1300+@node chown
1301 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1302
1303 @pindex chown
494d488d
JB
1304@@ -11240,7 +11222,7 @@
1305 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1306
1307
1308-@node chgrp invocation
1309+@node chgrp
1310 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1311
1312 @pindex chgrp
494d488d 1313@@ -11249,7 +11231,7 @@
8127c87d
JB
1314
1315 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1316 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1317-or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1318+or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1319 Synopsis:
1320
1321 @example
494d488d
JB
1322@@ -11368,7 +11350,7 @@
1323 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1324
1325
1326-@node chmod invocation
1327+@node chmod
1328 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1329
1330 @pindex chmod
494d488d
JB
1331@@ -11490,7 +11472,7 @@
1332 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1333
1334
1335-@node touch invocation
1336+@node touch
1337 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1338
1339 @pindex touch
494d488d 1340@@ -11664,15 +11646,15 @@
c2be74f0 1341 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
a839fc2f
JB
1342
1343 @menu
c2be74f0 1344-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1345-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1346-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
46145361 1347-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
10c838b0 1348-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
c2be74f0 1349+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1350+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1351+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
46145361 1352+* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
10c838b0 1353+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
a839fc2f
JB
1354 @end menu
1355
1356
1357-@node df invocation
1358+@node df
c2be74f0 1359 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f
JB
1360
1361 @pindex df
494d488d 1362@@ -11980,7 +11962,7 @@
703a6c3b 1363 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
a839fc2f
JB
1364
1365
1366-@node du invocation
1367+@node du
1368 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1369
1370 @pindex du
494d488d 1371@@ -12237,7 +12219,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1372 @item +@var{format}
1373 @vindex LC_TIME
1374 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1375-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1376+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1377 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1378 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1379 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
494d488d 1380@@ -12305,7 +12287,7 @@
876a8767 1381 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1382
1383
1384-@node stat invocation
1385+@node stat
c2be74f0 1386 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
a839fc2f
JB
1387
1388 @pindex stat
494d488d 1389@@ -12518,7 +12500,7 @@
876a8767 1390 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1391
1392
1393-@node sync invocation
1394+@node sync
46145361 1395 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
a839fc2f
JB
1396
1397 @pindex sync
494d488d 1398@@ -12577,7 +12559,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1399 @exitstatus
1400
1401
1402-@node truncate invocation
1403+@node truncate
1404 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1405
1406 @pindex truncate
494d488d 1407@@ -12654,13 +12636,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1408 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1409
1410 @menu
1411-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1412-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1413-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1414+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1415+* printf:: Format and print data.
1416+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1417 @end menu
1418
1419
1420-@node echo invocation
1421+@node echo
1422 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1423
1424 @pindex echo
494d488d 1425@@ -12749,12 +12731,12 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1426 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1427 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1428 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1429-backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1430+backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1431
876a8767 1432 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1433
1434
1435-@node printf invocation
1436+@node printf
1437 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1438
1439 @pindex printf
494d488d 1440@@ -12916,7 +12898,7 @@
876a8767 1441 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1442
1443
1444-@node yes invocation
1445+@node yes
1446 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1447
1448 @pindex yes
494d488d 1449@@ -12947,14 +12929,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1450 pipeline.
1451
1452 @menu
1453-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1454-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1455-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1456-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1457+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1458+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1459+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1460+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1461 @end menu
1462
1463
1464-@node false invocation
1465+@node false
1466 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1467
1468 @pindex false
494d488d 1469@@ -12984,7 +12966,7 @@
fd7af4a7 1470 non-GNU hosts.
a839fc2f
JB
1471
1472
1473-@node true invocation
1474+@node true
1475 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1476
1477 @pindex true
494d488d 1478@@ -13020,7 +13002,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1479 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1480 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1481
1482-@node test invocation
1483+@node test
1484 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1485
1486 @pindex test
494d488d 1487@@ -13389,7 +13371,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1488 @end table
1489
1490
1491-@node expr invocation
1492+@node expr
1493 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1494
1495 @pindex expr
494d488d 1496@@ -13666,11 +13648,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1497 it's described here.
1498
1499 @menu
3c350007
JB
1500-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1501+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
a839fc2f
JB
1502 @end menu
1503
1504
1505-@node tee invocation
1506+@node tee
3c350007 1507 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
a839fc2f
JB
1508
1509 @pindex tee
494d488d 1510@@ -13877,15 +13859,15 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1511 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1512
1513 @menu
1514-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1515-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1516-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1517-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1518-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f 1519+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1520+* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1521+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1522+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1523+* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f
JB
1524 @end menu
1525
1526
1527-@node basename invocation
1528+@node basename
fbb5b105 1529 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1530
1531 @pindex basename
494d488d
JB
1532@@ -13967,7 +13949,7 @@
1533 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1534
1535
1536-@node dirname invocation
1537+@node dirname
10c838b0 1538 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
a839fc2f
JB
1539
1540 @pindex dirname
494d488d
JB
1541@@ -14020,7 +14002,7 @@
1542 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1543
1544
1545-@node pathchk invocation
1546+@node pathchk
10c838b0 1547 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
a839fc2f
JB
1548
1549 @pindex pathchk
494d488d 1550@@ -14096,7 +14078,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1551 1 otherwise.
1552 @end display
1553
1554-@node mktemp invocation
1555+@node mktemp
1556 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1557
1558 @pindex mktemp
494d488d 1559@@ -14271,7 +14253,7 @@
703a6c3b
JB
1560 @end display
1561
1562
1563-@node realpath invocation
1564+@node realpath
1565 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1566
1567 @pindex realpath
494d488d 1568@@ -14463,14 +14445,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1569 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1570
1571 @menu
1572-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1573-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1574-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1575-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1576+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1577+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1578+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1579+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1580 @end menu
1581
1582
1583-@node pwd invocation
1584+@node pwd
1585 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1586
1587 @pindex pwd
494d488d 1588@@ -14517,7 +14499,7 @@
876a8767 1589 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1590
1591
1592-@node stty invocation
1593+@node stty
1594 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1595
1596 @pindex stty
494d488d 1597@@ -15259,7 +15241,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1598 @end table
1599
1600
1601-@node printenv invocation
1602+@node printenv
1603 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1604
1605 @pindex printenv
494d488d 1606@@ -15294,7 +15276,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1607 @end display
1608
1609
1610-@node tty invocation
1611+@node tty
1612 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1613
1614 @pindex tty
494d488d 1615@@ -15344,16 +15326,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1616 logins, groups, and so forth.
1617
1618 @menu
c2be74f0 1619-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1620-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1621-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1622-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1623-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1624-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
c2be74f0 1625+* id:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1626+* logname:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1627+* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
fc53c102 1628+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
a839fc2f
JB
1629+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1630+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1631 @end menu
1632
1633
1634-@node id invocation
1635+@node id
c2be74f0 1636 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
a839fc2f
JB
1637
1638 @pindex id
494d488d 1639@@ -15460,7 +15442,7 @@
74811ba6
JB
1640
1641 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1642
1643-@node logname invocation
1644+@node logname
1645 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1646
1647 @pindex logname
494d488d 1648@@ -15481,7 +15463,7 @@
876a8767 1649 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1650
1651
1652-@node whoami invocation
1653+@node whoami
c2be74f0 1654 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
a839fc2f
JB
1655
1656 @pindex whoami
494d488d 1657@@ -15497,7 +15479,7 @@
876a8767 1658 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1659
1660
1661-@node groups invocation
fc53c102
JB
1662+@node groups
1663 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1664
1665 @pindex groups
494d488d 1666@@ -15524,7 +15506,7 @@
fc53c102 1667
74811ba6 1668 @exitstatus
fc53c102 1669
a839fc2f
JB
1670-@node users invocation
1671+@node users
1672 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1673
1674 @pindex users
494d488d 1675@@ -15559,7 +15541,7 @@
876a8767 1676 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1677
1678
1679-@node who invocation
1680+@node who
1681 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1682
1683 @pindex who
494d488d 1684@@ -15722,16 +15704,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1685 information.
1686
1687 @menu
1688-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
10c838b0
JB
1689-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1690-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
a839fc2f
JB
1691-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1692-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1693-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
10c838b0 1694-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
46145361
JB
1695+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1696+* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1697+* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1698+* uname:: Print system information.
1699+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
a839fc2f
JB
1700 @end menu
1701
a839fc2f
JB
1702-@node date invocation
1703+@node date
1704 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1705
1706 @pindex date
494d488d 1707@@ -16459,7 +16439,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1708 @end itemize
1709
1710
3c350007
JB
1711-@node arch invocation
1712+@node arch
1713 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1714
1715 @pindex arch
494d488d 1716@@ -16482,7 +16462,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1717 @exitstatus
1718
1719
1720-@node nproc invocation
1721+@node nproc
1722 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1723
1724 @pindex nproc
494d488d 1725@@ -16521,7 +16501,7 @@
3c350007
JB
1726 @exitstatus
1727
1728
a839fc2f
JB
1729-@node uname invocation
1730+@node uname
1731 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1732
1733 @pindex uname
494d488d 1734@@ -16651,35 +16631,7 @@
876a8767 1735 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 1736
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JB
1737
1738-@node hostname invocation
1739-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1740-
1741-@pindex hostname
1742-@cindex setting the hostname
1743-@cindex printing the hostname
1744-@cindex system name, printing
1745-@cindex appropriate privileges
1746-
1747-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1748-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1749-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
c2be74f0 1750-name. Synopsis:
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1751-
1752-@example
1753-hostname [@var{name}]
1754-@end example
1755-
1756-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1757-options}.
1758-
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JB
1759-@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1760-also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1761-not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1762-
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1763-@exitstatus
1764-
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1765-
1766-@node hostid invocation
1767+@node hostid
10c838b0 1768 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
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1769
1770 @pindex hostid
494d488d 1771@@ -16707,44 +16659,6 @@
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1772
1773 @exitstatus
1774
1775-@node uptime invocation
1776-@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1777-
1778-@pindex uptime
1779-@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1780-
1781-@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1782-number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1783-
1784-If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1785-to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1786-specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1787-the default setting).
1788-
1789-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1790-@xref{Common options}.
1791-
1792-For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1793-
1794-@example
1795-$ uptime
1796- 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1797-@end example
1798-
1799-The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1800-between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1801-runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1802-also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1803-those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1804-includes uninterruptible processes.
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1805-
1806-@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1807-for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1808-@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1809-existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1810-
1811-@exitstatus
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1812-
1813 @node SELinux context
1814 @chapter SELinux context
1815
494d488d 1816@@ -16756,11 +16670,11 @@
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1817 contexts.
1818
1819 @menu
1820-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1821-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1822+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1823+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1824 @end menu
1825
1826-@node chcon invocation
1827+@node chcon
1828 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1829
1830 @pindex chcon
494d488d 1831@@ -16863,7 +16777,7 @@
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1832
1833 @exitstatus
1834
1835-@node runcon invocation
1836+@node runcon
1837 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1838
1839 @pindex runcon
494d488d 1840@@ -16955,16 +16869,16 @@
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1841 user, etc.
1842
1843 @menu
1844-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1845-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1846-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1847-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1848-* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1849-* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
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1850+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1851+* env:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1852+* nice:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1853+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1854+* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1855+* timeout:: Run with time limit.
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1856 @end menu
1857
1858
1859-@node chroot invocation
1860+@node chroot
1861 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1862
1863 @pindex chroot
494d488d 1864@@ -17080,7 +16994,7 @@
876a8767 1865 @end display
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1866
1867
1868-@node env invocation
1869+@node env
1870 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1871
1872 @pindex env
494d488d
JB
1873@@ -17698,7 +17612,7 @@
1874
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JB
1875
1876
1877-@node nice invocation
1878+@node nice
c2be74f0 1879 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
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JB
1880
1881 @pindex nice
494d488d 1882@@ -17829,7 +17743,7 @@
876a8767 1883 @end example
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1884
1885
1886-@node nohup invocation
1887+@node nohup
1888 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1889
1890 @pindex nohup
494d488d 1891@@ -17903,7 +17817,7 @@
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1892 instead of 125.
1893
1894
1895-@node stdbuf invocation
1896+@node stdbuf
1897 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1898
1899 @pindex stdbuf
494d488d 1900@@ -17997,7 +17911,7 @@
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1901 @end display
1902
1903
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1904-@node timeout invocation
1905+@node timeout
1906 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1907
1908 @pindex timeout
494d488d 1909@@ -18094,90 +18008,6 @@
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1910 @end display
1911
1912
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1913-@node Process control
1914-@chapter Process control
1915-
1916-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1917-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1918-
1919-@menu
1920-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1921-@end menu
1922-
1923-
1924-@node kill invocation
1925-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1926-
1927-@pindex kill
1928-@cindex send a signal to processes
1929-
1930-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1931-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1932-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1933-
1934-@example
1935-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1936-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1937-@end example
1938-
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1939-@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1940-
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1941-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1942-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
703a6c3b 1943-is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
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1944-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1945-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1946-
1947-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
c2be74f0 1948-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
a839fc2f 1949-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
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1950-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1951-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
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1952-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1953-value of @var{pid}.
1954-
1955-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1956-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1957-is sent.
1958-
10c838b0 1959-If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
c2be74f0 1960-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
fd7af4a7 1961-POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
c2be74f0 1962--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
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1963-
1964-@example
1965-kill -15 -1
1966-kill -TERM -1
c2be74f0 1967-kill -s TERM -- -1
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1968-kill -- -1
1969-@end example
1970-
1971-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1972-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1973-
1974-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1975-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1976-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1977-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1978-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1979-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1980-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1981-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1982-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1983-and if there is no output error.
1984-
1985-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1986-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1987-
1988-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1989-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1990-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
703a6c3b 1991-@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
a839fc2f 1992-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
703a6c3b
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1993-ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1994-@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1995-signal names and numbers.
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1996-
1997 @node Delaying
1998 @chapter Delaying
1999
494d488d 2000@@ -18187,11 +18017,11 @@
fbb5b105 2001 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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2002
2003 @menu
2004-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
2005+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
2006 @end menu
2007
2008
2009-@node sleep invocation
2010+@node sleep
2011 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
2012
2013 @pindex sleep
494d488d 2014@@ -18241,13 +18071,13 @@
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JB
2015 These programs do numerically-related operations.
2016
2017 @menu
2018-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
46145361 2019-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
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2020-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2021+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
46145361 2022+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
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JB
2023+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2024 @end menu
2025
2026
2027-@node factor invocation
2028+@node factor
2029 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2030
2031 @pindex factor
494d488d 2032@@ -18305,7 +18135,7 @@
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2033 @exitstatus
2034
a839fc2f 2035
46145361
JB
2036-@node numfmt invocation
2037+@node numfmt
2038 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2039
2040 @pindex numfmt
494d488d 2041@@ -18645,7 +18475,7 @@
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JB
2042 @end example
2043
2044
a839fc2f
JB
2045-@node seq invocation
2046+@node seq
2047 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2048
2049 @pindex seq
494d488d 2050@@ -18817,7 +18647,7 @@
ff4aeede
AO
2051 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2052 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2053 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2054-@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2055+@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2056 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2057
2058 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes:
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