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1 | --- coreutils-8.21/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2013-02-11 10:37:28.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.21/doc/coreutils.texi 2013-02-24 17:41:00.409391351 +0100 | |
3 | @@ -20,120 +20,109 @@ | |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
10c838b0 | 11 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
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12 | * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. |
13 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
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14 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes |
15 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 16 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 17 | - |
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18 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
19 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
20 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 21 | - |
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22 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
23 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 24 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 25 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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26 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
27 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 28 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f | 29 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
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30 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions. |
31 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups. | |
a839fc2f | 32 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. |
fbb5b105 | 33 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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34 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
35 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
36 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
37 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
38 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
39 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 40 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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41 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
42 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 43 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
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44 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
45 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
46 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
47 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
48 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
49 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
50 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
51 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
52 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
53 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
54 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
55 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
56 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 57 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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58 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
59 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
60 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
61 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
62 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
63 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
64 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 65 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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66 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
67 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
68 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 69 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 70 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 71 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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72 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
73 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 74 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
d51def31 | 75 | -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers. |
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76 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
77 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
78 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
79 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
80 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
81 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
82 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
83 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 84 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
0ee46a86 | 85 | -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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86 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
87 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 88 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 89 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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90 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
91 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 92 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 93 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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94 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
95 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 96 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 97 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 98 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 99 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
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100 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
101 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
102 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
103 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
104 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
105 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 106 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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107 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
108 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
109 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 110 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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111 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
112 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
113 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
114 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 115 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 116 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 117 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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118 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
119 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 120 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 121 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 122 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 123 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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124 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
125 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
126 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
127 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
128 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
129 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
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130 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions |
131 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups | |
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132 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory |
133 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
134 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
135 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
136 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
137 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
138 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
139 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
140 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
141 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
142 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
143 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
144 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
145 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
146 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
147 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
148 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
149 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
150 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
151 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
152 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
153 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
154 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
155 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
156 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity | |
157 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes | |
158 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
159 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
160 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
161 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
162 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
163 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
164 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
165 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
166 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
167 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
168 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
169 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
170 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
171 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
172 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
d51def31 | 173 | +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers |
0d2793d8 | 174 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
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175 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
176 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
177 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
178 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
179 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
180 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
181 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
182 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
703a6c3b | 183 | +* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names |
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184 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files |
185 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
186 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
187 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
188 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
189 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
190 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely | |
191 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
192 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
193 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
0d2793d8 | 194 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces |
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195 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status |
196 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
197 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
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198 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum |
199 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
200 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
201 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
202 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
203 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
204 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
205 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
206 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
207 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
208 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
209 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
210 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
211 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
212 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
213 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
214 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
215 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
216 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
217 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
218 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
219 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
220 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
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221 | @end direntry |
222 | ||
223 | @copying | |
d51def31 | 224 | @@ -198,10 +187,9 @@ |
703a6c3b | 225 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath |
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226 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty |
227 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
228 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
229 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
230 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
703a6c3b | 231 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout |
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232 | -* Process control:: kill |
233 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
234 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
235 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
d51def31 | 236 | @@ -230,45 +218,45 @@ |
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237 | |
238 | Output of entire files | |
239 | ||
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240 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
241 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
242 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
243 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
244 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
245 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
246 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
247 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
248 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
249 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
a839fc2f JB |
250 | |
251 | Formatting file contents | |
252 | ||
10c838b0 | 253 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
d51def31 | 254 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers |
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255 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
256 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
257 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
d51def31 | 258 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers |
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259 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
260 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
a839fc2f | 261 | |
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262 | @command{numfmt}: General Options, Units |
263 | ||
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264 | Output of parts of files |
265 | ||
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266 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
267 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
268 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
269 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
270 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
271 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
272 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
273 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
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274 | |
275 | Summarizing files | |
276 | ||
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277 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
278 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
279 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
280 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
281 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
282 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
283 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
284 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
285 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
286 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
287 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
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288 | |
289 | Operating on sorted files | |
290 | ||
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291 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
292 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
293 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
294 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
295 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
296 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
297 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
298 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
299 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
300 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
301 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
302 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
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303 | |
304 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
305 | ||
d51def31 | 306 | @@ -280,15 +268,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 307 | |
10c838b0 | 308 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 309 | |
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310 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
311 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
312 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
313 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
314 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
315 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
316 | |
317 | Operating on characters | |
318 | ||
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319 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
320 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
321 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
322 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
323 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
324 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
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325 | |
326 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
327 | ||
d51def31 | 328 | @@ -298,10 +286,10 @@ |
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329 | |
330 | Directory listing | |
331 | ||
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332 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
333 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
334 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
335 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
336 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
337 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
338 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
339 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
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340 | |
341 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
342 | ||
d51def31 | 343 | @@ -314,51 +302,51 @@ |
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344 | |
345 | Basic operations | |
346 | ||
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347 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
348 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
349 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
350 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
351 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
352 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
353 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
354 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
355 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
356 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
357 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
358 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
359 | |
360 | Special file types | |
361 | ||
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362 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
363 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
364 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
365 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
366 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
367 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
368 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
369 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
370 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
371 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
372 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
373 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
374 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
375 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
376 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
377 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
378 | |
379 | Changing file attributes | |
380 | ||
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381 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
382 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
383 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
384 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
385 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
386 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
387 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
388 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f JB |
389 | |
390 | Disk usage | |
391 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
392 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
393 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
394 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
395 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
396 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
397 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
398 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
399 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
400 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
401 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
402 | |
403 | Printing text | |
404 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
405 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
406 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
407 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
408 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
409 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
410 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
411 | |
412 | Conditions | |
413 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
414 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
415 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
416 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
417 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
418 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
419 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
420 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
421 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
422 | |
423 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
424 | ||
d51def31 | 425 | @@ -377,22 +365,22 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
426 | |
427 | Redirection | |
428 | ||
3c350007 JB |
429 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
430 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
431 | |
432 | File name manipulation | |
433 | ||
434 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
435 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
436 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
437 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 438 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 439 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
440 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
441 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
442 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 443 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
444 | |
445 | Working context | |
446 | ||
447 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
448 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
449 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
450 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
451 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
452 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
453 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
454 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
455 | ||
456 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
457 | ||
d51def31 | 458 | @@ -406,22 +394,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
459 | |
460 | User information | |
461 | ||
c2be74f0 | 462 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 463 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 464 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
465 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
466 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
467 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 468 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 469 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 470 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 471 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
472 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
473 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
474 | ||
475 | System context | |
476 | ||
3c350007 | 477 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 478 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 479 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
480 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
481 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
482 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
483 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 484 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 485 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 486 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 487 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 488 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
489 | |
490 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
491 | ||
d51def31 | 492 | @@ -436,30 +422,26 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
493 | |
494 | SELinux context | |
495 | ||
496 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
497 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
498 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
499 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
500 | |
501 | Modified command invocation | |
502 | ||
503 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
504 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 505 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 506 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 507 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 508 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
509 | - |
510 | -Process control | |
511 | - | |
512 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
513 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
514 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 515 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 516 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 517 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 518 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
519 | |
520 | Delaying | |
521 | ||
522 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
523 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
524 | ||
525 | Numeric operations | |
526 | ||
527 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
528 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
529 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
530 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
531 | ||
532 | File permissions | |
533 | ||
d51def31 | 534 | @@ -1477,14 +1459,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
535 | in some way. |
536 | ||
537 | @menu | |
538 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
539 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
540 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
541 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 542 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
543 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
544 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
545 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
546 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 547 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
548 | @end menu |
549 | ||
550 | -@node cat invocation | |
551 | +@node cat | |
552 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
553 | ||
554 | @pindex cat | |
d51def31 | 555 | @@ -1584,7 +1566,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 556 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
557 | |
558 | ||
559 | -@node tac invocation | |
560 | +@node tac | |
561 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
562 | ||
563 | @pindex tac | |
d51def31 JB |
564 | @@ -1640,7 +1622,7 @@ |
565 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
566 | |
567 | ||
568 | -@node nl invocation | |
569 | +@node nl | |
570 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
571 | ||
572 | @pindex nl | |
d51def31 | 573 | @@ -1803,7 +1785,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 574 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
575 | |
576 | ||
577 | -@node od invocation | |
578 | +@node od | |
579 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
580 | ||
581 | @pindex od | |
d51def31 | 582 | @@ -2057,7 +2039,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
583 | |
584 | @exitstatus | |
585 | ||
586 | -@node base64 invocation | |
587 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 588 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
589 | |
590 | @pindex base64 | |
d51def31 | 591 | @@ -2125,14 +2107,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
592 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
593 | ||
594 | @menu | |
595 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 596 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
597 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
598 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
599 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 600 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
601 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
602 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
603 | @end menu | |
604 | ||
605 | ||
606 | -@node fmt invocation | |
607 | +@node fmt | |
608 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
609 | ||
610 | @pindex fmt | |
d51def31 JB |
611 | @@ -2236,7 +2218,7 @@ |
612 | ||
876a8767 | 613 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 614 | |
d51def31 JB |
615 | -@node numfmt invocation |
616 | +@node numfmt | |
617 | @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers | |
618 | ||
619 | @pindex numfmt | |
620 | @@ -2556,7 +2538,7 @@ | |
621 | == 2,14,74,83,648== | |
622 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
623 | |
624 | -@node pr invocation | |
625 | +@node pr | |
626 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
627 | ||
628 | @pindex pr | |
d51def31 | 629 | @@ -2666,7 +2648,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
630 | @cindex time formats |
631 | @cindex formatting times | |
632 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
703a6c3b JB |
633 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}. |
634 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
635 | Except for directives, which start with |
636 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
637 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
d51def31 | 638 | @@ -2893,7 +2875,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 639 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
640 | |
641 | ||
642 | -@node fold invocation | |
643 | +@node fold | |
644 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
645 | ||
646 | @pindex fold | |
d51def31 | 647 | @@ -2960,13 +2942,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
648 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
649 | ||
650 | @menu | |
651 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
652 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 653 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
654 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
655 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
656 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 657 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
658 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
659 | @end menu | |
660 | ||
661 | -@node head invocation | |
662 | +@node head | |
663 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
664 | ||
665 | @pindex head | |
d51def31 | 666 | @@ -3043,7 +3025,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
667 | @exitstatus |
668 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
669 | |
670 | -@node tail invocation | |
671 | +@node tail | |
672 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
673 | ||
674 | @pindex tail | |
d51def31 | 675 | @@ -3273,7 +3255,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
676 | @exitstatus |
677 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
678 | |
679 | -@node split invocation | |
680 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 681 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
682 | |
683 | @pindex split | |
d51def31 | 684 | @@ -3502,7 +3484,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 | 685 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
686 | |
687 | ||
688 | -@node csplit invocation | |
689 | +@node csplit | |
690 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
691 | ||
692 | @pindex csplit | |
d51def31 | 693 | @@ -3693,16 +3675,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
694 | contents of files. |
695 | ||
696 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 697 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
698 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
699 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
700 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
701 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 702 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
703 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
704 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
705 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
706 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 707 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
708 | @end menu |
709 | ||
710 | ||
711 | -@node wc invocation | |
712 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 713 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
714 | |
715 | @pindex wc | |
d51def31 | 716 | @@ -3820,7 +3802,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 717 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
718 | |
719 | ||
720 | -@node sum invocation | |
721 | +@node sum | |
722 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
723 | ||
724 | @pindex sum | |
d51def31 | 725 | @@ -3871,7 +3853,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 726 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
727 | |
728 | ||
729 | -@node cksum invocation | |
730 | +@node cksum | |
731 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
732 | ||
733 | @pindex cksum | |
d51def31 | 734 | @@ -3905,7 +3887,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 735 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
736 | |
737 | ||
738 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
739 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 740 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
741 | |
742 | @pindex md5sum | |
d51def31 | 743 | @@ -4051,7 +4033,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
744 | @exitstatus |
745 | ||
746 | ||
747 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
748 | +@node sha1sum | |
749 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
750 | ||
751 | @pindex sha1sum | |
d51def31 | 752 | @@ -4063,7 +4045,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
753 | |
754 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
755 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
756 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
757 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
758 | ||
759 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
760 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
d51def31 | 761 | @@ -4103,7 +4085,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
762 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
763 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
764 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
765 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
766 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
767 | ||
768 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
769 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
d51def31 | 770 | @@ -4118,16 +4100,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
771 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
772 | ||
773 | @menu | |
774 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 775 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
776 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
777 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
778 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
779 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
780 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 781 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
782 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
783 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
784 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
785 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
786 | @end menu |
787 | ||
788 | ||
789 | -@node sort invocation | |
790 | +@node sort | |
791 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
792 | ||
793 | @pindex sort | |
d51def31 | 794 | @@ -4413,7 +4395,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
795 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
796 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
797 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
798 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
799 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
800 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
801 | ||
802 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
d51def31 | 803 | @@ -4601,7 +4583,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 JB |
804 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited |
805 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
806 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
807 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
808 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
809 | |
810 | @item -u | |
811 | @itemx --unique | |
d51def31 | 812 | @@ -4619,7 +4601,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
813 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
814 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
815 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
816 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
817 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
818 | ||
10c838b0 | 819 | @macro zeroTerminatedOption |
c2be74f0 | 820 | @item -z |
d51def31 | 821 | @@ -4842,7 +4824,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
822 | @end itemize |
823 | ||
824 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
825 | -@node shuf invocation |
826 | +@node shuf | |
827 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
828 | ||
829 | @pindex shuf | |
d51def31 | 830 | @@ -4972,7 +4954,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
831 | @exitstatus |
832 | ||
833 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
834 | -@node uniq invocation |
835 | +@node uniq | |
836 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
837 | ||
838 | @pindex uniq | |
d51def31 | 839 | @@ -4994,7 +4976,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
840 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
841 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
842 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
843 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
844 | +@xref{sort}. | |
845 | ||
846 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 847 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
d51def31 | 848 | @@ -5121,7 +5103,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 849 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
850 | |
851 | ||
852 | -@node comm invocation | |
853 | +@node comm | |
854 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
855 | ||
856 | @pindex comm | |
d51def31 | 857 | @@ -5203,7 +5185,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 858 | |
10c838b0 | 859 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
860 | |
861 | -@node ptx invocation | |
862 | +@node ptx | |
863 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
864 | ||
865 | @pindex ptx | |
d51def31 | 866 | @@ -5662,7 +5644,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
867 | @end itemize |
868 | ||
869 | ||
870 | -@node tsort invocation | |
871 | +@node tsort | |
872 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
873 | ||
874 | @pindex tsort | |
d51def31 | 875 | @@ -5824,13 +5806,13 @@ |
10c838b0 | 876 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
877 | |
878 | @menu | |
879 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
880 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
881 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
882 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
883 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
884 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
885 | @end menu | |
886 | ||
887 | ||
888 | -@node cut invocation | |
889 | +@node cut | |
890 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
891 | ||
892 | @pindex cut | |
d51def31 | 893 | @@ -5950,7 +5932,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 894 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
895 | |
896 | ||
897 | -@node paste invocation | |
898 | +@node paste | |
899 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
900 | ||
901 | @pindex paste | |
d51def31 | 902 | @@ -6020,7 +6002,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 903 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
904 | |
905 | ||
906 | -@node join invocation | |
907 | +@node join | |
908 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
909 | ||
910 | @pindex join | |
d51def31 | 911 | @@ -6194,13 +6176,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
912 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
913 | ||
914 | @menu | |
915 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
916 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
917 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
918 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
919 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
920 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
921 | @end menu | |
922 | ||
923 | ||
924 | -@node tr invocation | |
925 | +@node tr | |
926 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
927 | ||
928 | @pindex tr | |
d51def31 | 929 | @@ -6580,7 +6562,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 930 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
931 | |
932 | ||
933 | -@node expand invocation | |
934 | +@node expand | |
935 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
936 | ||
937 | @pindex expand | |
d51def31 | 938 | @@ -6633,7 +6615,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 939 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
940 | |
941 | ||
942 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
943 | +@node unexpand | |
944 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
945 | ||
946 | @pindex unexpand | |
d51def31 | 947 | @@ -6694,14 +6676,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
948 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
949 | ||
950 | @menu | |
951 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
952 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
953 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
954 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
955 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
956 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
957 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
958 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
959 | @end menu | |
960 | ||
961 | ||
962 | -@node ls invocation | |
963 | +@node ls | |
964 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
965 | ||
966 | @pindex ls | |
d51def31 | 967 | @@ -7566,7 +7548,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
968 | @item +@var{format} |
969 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
970 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
971 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
972 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 973 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
974 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
975 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
d51def31 | 976 | @@ -7758,7 +7740,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
977 | @end table |
978 | ||
979 | ||
980 | -@node dir invocation | |
981 | +@node dir | |
982 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
983 | ||
984 | @pindex dir | |
d51def31 | 985 | @@ -7768,10 +7750,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
986 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
987 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
988 | ||
989 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
990 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
991 | ||
992 | ||
993 | -@node vdir invocation | |
994 | +@node vdir | |
995 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
996 | ||
997 | @pindex vdir | |
d51def31 | 998 | @@ -7781,7 +7763,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
999 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
1000 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1001 | ||
1002 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
1003 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 1004 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1005 | |
1006 | @pindex dircolors | |
d51def31 | 1007 | @@ -7868,16 +7850,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1008 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1009 | ||
1010 | @menu | |
1011 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1012 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1013 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1014 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1015 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1016 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1017 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1018 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1019 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1020 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1021 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1022 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1023 | @end menu | |
1024 | ||
1025 | ||
1026 | -@node cp invocation | |
1027 | +@node cp | |
1028 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1029 | ||
1030 | @pindex cp | |
d51def31 | 1031 | @@ -8332,7 +8314,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1032 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1033 | |
1034 | ||
1035 | -@node dd invocation | |
1036 | +@node dd | |
1037 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1038 | ||
1039 | @pindex dd | |
d51def31 | 1040 | @@ -8798,7 +8780,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1041 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1042 | |
1043 | ||
1044 | -@node install invocation | |
1045 | +@node install | |
1046 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1047 | ||
1048 | @pindex install | |
d51def31 | 1049 | @@ -8979,7 +8961,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1050 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1051 | |
1052 | ||
1053 | -@node mv invocation | |
1054 | +@node mv | |
1055 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1056 | ||
1057 | @pindex mv | |
d51def31 | 1058 | @@ -9110,7 +9092,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1059 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1060 | |
1061 | ||
1062 | -@node rm invocation | |
1063 | +@node rm | |
1064 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1065 | ||
1066 | @pindex rm | |
d51def31 | 1067 | @@ -9272,7 +9254,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1068 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1069 | |
1070 | ||
1071 | -@node shred invocation | |
1072 | +@node shred | |
1073 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1074 | ||
1075 | @pindex shred | |
d51def31 | 1076 | @@ -9282,7 +9264,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1077 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1078 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1079 | ||
1080 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1081 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1082 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1083 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1084 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
d51def31 | 1085 | @@ -9529,18 +9511,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1086 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1087 | ||
1088 | @menu | |
1089 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1090 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1091 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1092 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1093 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1094 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1095 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1096 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1097 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1098 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1099 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1100 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1101 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1102 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1103 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1104 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1105 | @end menu |
1106 | ||
1107 | ||
1108 | -@node link invocation | |
1109 | +@node link | |
1110 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1111 | ||
1112 | @pindex link | |
d51def31 | 1113 | @@ -9553,7 +9535,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1114 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1115 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1116 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1117 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1118 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1119 | Synopsis: | |
1120 | ||
1121 | @example | |
d51def31 | 1122 | @@ -9579,7 +9561,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1123 | @exitstatus |
1124 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1125 | |
1126 | -@node ln invocation | |
1127 | +@node ln | |
1128 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1129 | ||
1130 | @pindex ln | |
d51def31 | 1131 | @@ -9760,7 +9742,7 @@ |
703a6c3b JB |
1132 | '/tmp/file' -> '../a/file' |
1133 | @end smallexample | |
1134 | ||
1135 | -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control | |
1136 | +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control | |
1137 | over relative file name generation. | |
1138 | ||
1139 | @item -s | |
d51def31 | 1140 | @@ -9824,7 +9806,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1141 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1142 | |
1143 | ||
1144 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1145 | +@node mkdir | |
1146 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1147 | ||
1148 | @pindex mkdir | |
d51def31 | 1149 | @@ -9903,7 +9885,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1150 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1151 | |
1152 | ||
1153 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1154 | +@node mkfifo | |
1155 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1156 | ||
1157 | @pindex mkfifo | |
d51def31 | 1158 | @@ -9950,7 +9932,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1159 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1160 | |
1161 | ||
1162 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1163 | +@node mknod | |
1164 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1165 | ||
1166 | @pindex mknod | |
d51def31 | 1167 | @@ -10033,7 +10015,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1168 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1169 | |
1170 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1171 | -@node readlink invocation |
1172 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1173 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1174 | |
1175 | @pindex readlink | |
d51def31 | 1176 | @@ -10135,7 +10117,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1177 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1178 | |
1179 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1180 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1181 | +@node rmdir | |
1182 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1183 | ||
1184 | @pindex rmdir | |
d51def31 | 1185 | @@ -10183,12 +10165,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1186 | |
1187 | @end table | |
1188 | ||
1189 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1190 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1191 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1192 | @exitstatus |
1193 | ||
1194 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1195 | -@node unlink invocation |
1196 | +@node unlink | |
1197 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1198 | ||
1199 | @pindex unlink | |
d51def31 | 1200 | @@ -10199,7 +10181,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1201 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1202 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1203 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1204 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1205 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1206 | ||
1207 | @example | |
1208 | unlink @var{filename} | |
d51def31 | 1209 | @@ -10233,14 +10215,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1210 | These commands change file attributes. |
1211 | ||
1212 | @menu | |
703a6c3b | 1213 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1214 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. |
1215 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f | 1216 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. |
703a6c3b | 1217 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1218 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. |
1219 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1220 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. |
1221 | @end menu | |
1222 | ||
1223 | ||
1224 | -@node chown invocation | |
1225 | +@node chown | |
1226 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1227 | ||
1228 | @pindex chown | |
d51def31 | 1229 | @@ -10458,7 +10440,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1230 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1231 | |
1232 | ||
1233 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1234 | +@node chgrp | |
1235 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1236 | ||
1237 | @pindex chgrp | |
d51def31 | 1238 | @@ -10581,7 +10563,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1239 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1240 | |
1241 | ||
1242 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1243 | +@node chmod | |
1244 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1245 | ||
1246 | @pindex chmod | |
d51def31 | 1247 | @@ -10681,7 +10663,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1248 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1249 | |
1250 | ||
1251 | -@node touch invocation | |
1252 | +@node touch | |
1253 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1254 | ||
1255 | @pindex touch | |
d51def31 | 1256 | @@ -10888,15 +10870,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1257 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1258 | |
1259 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1260 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1261 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1262 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1263 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1264 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1265 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1266 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1267 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1268 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1269 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1270 | @end menu |
1271 | ||
1272 | ||
1273 | -@node df invocation | |
1274 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1275 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1276 | |
1277 | @pindex df | |
d51def31 | 1278 | @@ -11191,7 +11173,7 @@ |
703a6c3b | 1279 | or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument. |
a839fc2f JB |
1280 | |
1281 | ||
1282 | -@node du invocation | |
1283 | +@node du | |
1284 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1285 | ||
1286 | @pindex du | |
d51def31 | 1287 | @@ -11424,7 +11406,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1288 | @item +@var{format} |
1289 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1290 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1291 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1292 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1293 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1294 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1295 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
d51def31 | 1296 | @@ -11492,7 +11474,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1297 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1298 | |
1299 | ||
1300 | -@node stat invocation | |
1301 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1302 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1303 | |
1304 | @pindex stat | |
d51def31 | 1305 | @@ -11676,7 +11658,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1306 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1307 | |
1308 | ||
1309 | -@node sync invocation | |
1310 | +@node sync | |
1311 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1312 | ||
1313 | @pindex sync | |
d51def31 | 1314 | @@ -11703,7 +11685,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1315 | @exitstatus |
1316 | ||
1317 | ||
1318 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1319 | +@node truncate | |
1320 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1321 | ||
1322 | @pindex truncate | |
d51def31 | 1323 | @@ -11779,13 +11761,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1324 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1325 | ||
1326 | @menu | |
1327 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1328 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1329 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1330 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1331 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1332 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1333 | @end menu | |
1334 | ||
1335 | ||
1336 | -@node echo invocation | |
1337 | +@node echo | |
1338 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1339 | ||
1340 | @pindex echo | |
d51def31 | 1341 | @@ -11874,12 +11856,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1342 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1343 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1344 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1345 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1346 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1347 | ||
876a8767 | 1348 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1349 | |
1350 | ||
1351 | -@node printf invocation | |
1352 | +@node printf | |
1353 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1354 | ||
1355 | @pindex printf | |
d51def31 | 1356 | @@ -12033,7 +12015,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1357 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1358 | |
1359 | ||
1360 | -@node yes invocation | |
1361 | +@node yes | |
1362 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1363 | ||
1364 | @pindex yes | |
d51def31 | 1365 | @@ -12064,14 +12046,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1366 | pipeline. |
1367 | ||
1368 | @menu | |
1369 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1370 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1371 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1372 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1373 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1374 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1375 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1376 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1377 | @end menu | |
1378 | ||
1379 | ||
1380 | -@node false invocation | |
1381 | +@node false | |
1382 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1383 | ||
1384 | @pindex false | |
d51def31 | 1385 | @@ -12101,7 +12083,7 @@ |
fd7af4a7 | 1386 | non-GNU hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1387 | |
1388 | ||
1389 | -@node true invocation | |
1390 | +@node true | |
1391 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1392 | ||
1393 | @pindex true | |
d51def31 | 1394 | @@ -12137,7 +12119,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1395 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1396 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1397 | ||
1398 | -@node test invocation | |
1399 | +@node test | |
1400 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1401 | ||
1402 | @pindex test | |
d51def31 | 1403 | @@ -12470,7 +12452,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1404 | @end table |
1405 | ||
1406 | ||
1407 | -@node expr invocation | |
1408 | +@node expr | |
1409 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1410 | ||
1411 | @pindex expr | |
d51def31 | 1412 | @@ -12747,11 +12729,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1413 | it's described here. |
1414 | ||
1415 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1416 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1417 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1418 | @end menu |
1419 | ||
1420 | ||
1421 | -@node tee invocation | |
1422 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1423 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1424 | |
1425 | @pindex tee | |
d51def31 | 1426 | @@ -12912,15 +12894,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1427 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1428 | ||
1429 | @menu | |
1430 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1431 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1432 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1433 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1434 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1435 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1436 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1437 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1438 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1439 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1440 | @end menu |
1441 | ||
1442 | ||
1443 | -@node basename invocation | |
1444 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1445 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1446 | |
1447 | @pindex basename | |
d51def31 | 1448 | @@ -13006,7 +12988,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1449 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1450 | |
1451 | ||
1452 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1453 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1454 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1455 | |
1456 | @pindex dirname | |
d51def31 | 1457 | @@ -13063,7 +13045,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1458 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1459 | |
1460 | ||
1461 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1462 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1463 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1464 | |
1465 | @pindex pathchk | |
d51def31 | 1466 | @@ -13139,7 +13121,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1467 | 1 otherwise. |
1468 | @end display | |
1469 | ||
1470 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1471 | +@node mktemp | |
1472 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1473 | ||
1474 | @pindex mktemp | |
d51def31 | 1475 | @@ -13314,7 +13296,7 @@ |
703a6c3b JB |
1476 | @end display |
1477 | ||
1478 | ||
1479 | -@node realpath invocation | |
1480 | +@node realpath | |
1481 | @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name. | |
1482 | ||
1483 | @pindex realpath | |
d51def31 | 1484 | @@ -13442,14 +13424,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1485 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1486 | ||
1487 | @menu | |
1488 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1489 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1490 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1491 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1492 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1493 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1494 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1495 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1496 | @end menu | |
1497 | ||
1498 | ||
1499 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1500 | +@node pwd | |
1501 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1502 | ||
1503 | @pindex pwd | |
d51def31 | 1504 | @@ -13496,7 +13478,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1505 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1506 | |
1507 | ||
1508 | -@node stty invocation | |
1509 | +@node stty | |
1510 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1511 | ||
1512 | @pindex stty | |
d51def31 | 1513 | @@ -14187,7 +14169,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1514 | @end table |
1515 | ||
1516 | ||
1517 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1518 | +@node printenv | |
1519 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1520 | ||
1521 | @pindex printenv | |
d51def31 | 1522 | @@ -14222,7 +14204,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1523 | @end display |
1524 | ||
1525 | ||
1526 | -@node tty invocation | |
1527 | +@node tty | |
1528 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1529 | ||
1530 | @pindex tty | |
d51def31 | 1531 | @@ -14272,16 +14254,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1532 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1533 | ||
1534 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1535 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1536 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1537 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1538 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1539 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1540 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1541 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1542 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1543 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1544 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1545 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1546 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1547 | @end menu | |
1548 | ||
1549 | ||
1550 | -@node id invocation | |
1551 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1552 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1553 | |
1554 | @pindex id | |
d51def31 | 1555 | @@ -14367,7 +14349,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1556 | @end macro |
1557 | @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument} | |
a839fc2f JB |
1558 | |
1559 | -@node logname invocation | |
1560 | +@node logname | |
1561 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1562 | ||
1563 | @pindex logname | |
d51def31 | 1564 | @@ -14388,7 +14370,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1565 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1566 | |
1567 | ||
1568 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1569 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1570 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1571 | |
1572 | @pindex whoami | |
d51def31 | 1573 | @@ -14404,7 +14386,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1574 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1575 | |
1576 | ||
1577 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1578 | +@node groups |
1579 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1580 | ||
1581 | @pindex groups | |
d51def31 | 1582 | @@ -14432,7 +14414,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1583 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1584 | |
1585 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1586 | -@node users invocation |
1587 | +@node users | |
1588 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1589 | ||
1590 | @pindex users | |
d51def31 | 1591 | @@ -14463,7 +14445,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1592 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1593 | |
1594 | ||
1595 | -@node who invocation | |
1596 | +@node who | |
1597 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1598 | ||
1599 | @pindex who | |
d51def31 | 1600 | @@ -14622,16 +14604,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1601 | information. |
1602 | ||
1603 | @menu | |
1604 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1605 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1606 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1607 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1608 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1609 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1610 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1611 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1612 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1613 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1614 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1615 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1616 | @end menu | |
1617 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1618 | -@node date invocation |
1619 | +@node date | |
1620 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1621 | ||
1622 | @pindex date | |
d51def31 | 1623 | @@ -15324,7 +15304,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1624 | @end itemize |
1625 | ||
1626 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1627 | -@node arch invocation |
1628 | +@node arch | |
1629 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1630 | ||
1631 | @pindex arch | |
d51def31 | 1632 | @@ -15344,7 +15324,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1633 | @exitstatus |
1634 | ||
1635 | ||
1636 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1637 | +@node nproc | |
1638 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1639 | ||
1640 | @pindex nproc | |
d51def31 | 1641 | @@ -15381,7 +15361,7 @@ |
3c350007 JB |
1642 | @exitstatus |
1643 | ||
1644 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1645 | -@node uname invocation |
1646 | +@node uname | |
1647 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1648 | ||
1649 | @pindex uname | |
d51def31 | 1650 | @@ -15511,31 +15491,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1651 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1652 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1653 | |
1654 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1655 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1656 | - | |
1657 | -@pindex hostname | |
1658 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1659 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1660 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1661 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1662 | - | |
1663 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1664 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1665 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1666 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1667 | - |
1668 | -@example | |
1669 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1670 | -@end example | |
1671 | - | |
1672 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1673 | -options}. | |
1674 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1675 | -@exitstatus |
1676 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1677 | - |
1678 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1679 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1680 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1681 | |
1682 | @pindex hostid | |
d51def31 | 1683 | @@ -15559,37 +15515,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1684 | |
1685 | @exitstatus | |
1686 | ||
1687 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1688 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1689 | - | |
1690 | -@pindex uptime | |
1691 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1692 | - | |
1693 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1694 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1695 | - | |
1696 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1697 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1698 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1699 | -the default setting). | |
1700 | - | |
1701 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1702 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1703 | - | |
1704 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1705 | - | |
1706 | -@example | |
1707 | -$ uptime | |
1708 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1709 | -@end example | |
1710 | - | |
1711 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1712 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1713 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1714 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1715 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1716 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1717 | - | |
1718 | @node SELinux context | |
1719 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1720 | ||
d51def31 | 1721 | @@ -15601,11 +15526,11 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1722 | contexts. |
1723 | ||
1724 | @menu | |
1725 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1726 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1727 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1728 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1729 | @end menu | |
1730 | ||
1731 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1732 | +@node chcon | |
1733 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1734 | ||
1735 | @pindex chcon | |
d51def31 | 1736 | @@ -15708,7 +15633,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1737 | |
1738 | @exitstatus | |
1739 | ||
1740 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1741 | +@node runcon | |
1742 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1743 | ||
1744 | @pindex runcon | |
d51def31 | 1745 | @@ -15793,16 +15718,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1746 | user, etc. |
1747 | ||
1748 | @menu | |
1749 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1750 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1751 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1752 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1753 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1754 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1755 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1756 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1757 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1758 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1759 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1760 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1761 | @end menu |
1762 | ||
1763 | ||
1764 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1765 | +@node chroot | |
1766 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1767 | ||
1768 | @pindex chroot | |
d51def31 | 1769 | @@ -15890,7 +15815,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1770 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1771 | |
1772 | ||
1773 | -@node env invocation | |
1774 | +@node env | |
1775 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1776 | ||
1777 | @pindex env | |
d51def31 | 1778 | @@ -16040,7 +15965,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1779 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1780 | |
1781 | ||
1782 | -@node nice invocation | |
1783 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1784 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1785 | |
1786 | @pindex nice | |
d51def31 | 1787 | @@ -16167,7 +16092,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1788 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1789 | |
1790 | ||
1791 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1792 | +@node nohup | |
1793 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1794 | ||
1795 | @pindex nohup | |
d51def31 | 1796 | @@ -16240,7 +16165,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1797 | instead of 125. |
1798 | ||
1799 | ||
1800 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1801 | +@node stdbuf | |
1802 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1803 | ||
1804 | @pindex stdbuf | |
d51def31 | 1805 | @@ -16329,7 +16254,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1806 | @end display |
1807 | ||
1808 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1809 | -@node timeout invocation |
1810 | +@node timeout | |
1811 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1812 | ||
1813 | @pindex timeout | |
d51def31 | 1814 | @@ -16416,90 +16341,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1815 | @end display |
1816 | ||
1817 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1818 | -@node Process control |
1819 | -@chapter Process control | |
1820 | - | |
1821 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1822 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1823 | - | |
1824 | -@menu | |
1825 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1826 | -@end menu | |
1827 | - | |
1828 | - | |
1829 | -@node kill invocation | |
1830 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1831 | - | |
1832 | -@pindex kill | |
1833 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1834 | - | |
1835 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1836 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1837 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1838 | - | |
1839 | -@example | |
1840 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1841 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1842 | -@end example | |
1843 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1844 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1845 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1846 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1847 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
703a6c3b | 1848 | -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a |
a839fc2f JB |
1849 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments |
1850 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1851 | - | |
1852 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1853 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1854 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1855 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1856 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1857 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1858 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1859 | - | |
1860 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1861 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1862 | -is sent. | |
1863 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1864 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 | 1865 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
fd7af4a7 | 1866 | -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill |
c2be74f0 | 1867 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: |
a839fc2f JB |
1868 | - |
1869 | -@example | |
1870 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1871 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1872 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1873 | -kill -- -1 |
1874 | -@end example | |
1875 | - | |
1876 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1877 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1878 | - | |
1879 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1880 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1881 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1882 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1883 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1884 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1885 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1886 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1887 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1888 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1889 | - | |
1890 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1891 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1892 | - | |
1893 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1894 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1895 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
703a6c3b | 1896 | -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the |
a839fc2f | 1897 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid |
703a6c3b JB |
1898 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. |
1899 | -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported | |
1900 | -signal names and numbers. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1901 | - |
1902 | @node Delaying | |
1903 | @chapter Delaying | |
1904 | ||
d51def31 | 1905 | @@ -16509,11 +16350,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1906 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1907 | |
1908 | @menu | |
1909 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1910 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1911 | @end menu | |
1912 | ||
1913 | ||
1914 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1915 | +@node sleep | |
1916 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1917 | ||
1918 | @pindex sleep | |
d51def31 | 1919 | @@ -16563,12 +16404,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1920 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1921 | ||
1922 | @menu | |
1923 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1924 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1925 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1926 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1927 | @end menu | |
1928 | ||
1929 | ||
1930 | -@node factor invocation | |
1931 | +@node factor | |
1932 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1933 | ||
1934 | @pindex factor | |
d51def31 | 1935 | @@ -16626,7 +16467,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1936 | @exitstatus |
1937 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1938 | |
1939 | -@node seq invocation | |
1940 | +@node seq | |
1941 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1942 | ||
1943 | @pindex seq |