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JB		 1--- coreutils-4.5.3/doc/coreutils.texi.orig Sun Oct 20 23:21:29 2002
2+++ coreutils-4.5.3/doc/coreutils.texi Sun Oct 20 23:47:40 2002
3@@ -22,98 +22,91 @@
4
5 @ifinfo
6 @format
7-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
8-* GNU Utilities: (coreutils). @sc{gnu} Utilities.
9-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
10-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
11-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
12-
13-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
14-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
15-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
16-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
17-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
18-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
19-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print @acronym{POSIX} CRC checksum.
20-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
21-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
22-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
23-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
24-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
25-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
26-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
27-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
28-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
29-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
30-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
31-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
32-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
33-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
34-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
35-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
36-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
37-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
38-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
39-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
40-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
41-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
42-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
43-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
44-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
45-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
46-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
47-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
48-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
49-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
50-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
51-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
52-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
53-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
54-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
55-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
56-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
57-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
58-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
59-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
60-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
61-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
62-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
63-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
64-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
65-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
66-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
67-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
68-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
69-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
70-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
71-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
72-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
73-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
74-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file or filesystem status.
75-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
76-* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
77-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
78-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
79-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
80-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
81-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
82-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
83-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
84-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
85-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
86-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
87-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
88-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
89-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
90-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Remove files via unlink syscall.
91-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
92-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
93-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
94-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Byte, word, and line counts.
95-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
96-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
97-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
98-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
99+@dircategory Core utilities:
100+@direntry
101+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
102+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files.
103+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups.
104+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions.
105+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups.
106+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory.
107+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print @acronym{POSIX} CRC checksum.
108+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line.
109+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files.
110+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context.
111+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines.
112+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time.
113+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file.
114+* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage.
115+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly.
116+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls.
117+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix.
118+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage.
119+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text.
120+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment.
121+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces.
122+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions.
123+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
124+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
125+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text.
126+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines.
127+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files.
128+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier.
129+* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid.
130+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes.
131+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field.
132+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files.
133+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files.
134+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name.
135+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents.
136+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests.
137+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories.
138+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
139+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files.
140+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files.
141+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority.
142+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files.
143+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups.
144+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
145+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files.
146+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability.
147+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files.
148+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables.
149+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data.
150+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes.
151+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory.
152+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files.
153+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories.
154+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
155+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely.
156+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time.
157+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files.
158+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces.
159+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file or filesystem status.
160+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings.
161+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id.
162+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum.
163+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk.
164+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files.
165+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files.
166+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files.
167+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests.
168+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps.
169+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters.
170+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully.
171+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort.
172+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name.
173+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information.
174+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs.
175+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Remove files via unlink syscall.
176+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files.
177+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names.
178+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely.
179+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Byte, word, and line counts.
180+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in.
181+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id.
182+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely.
183+@end direntry
184 @end format
185 @end ifinfo
186
187@@ -180,10 +173,9 @@
188 * Redirection:: tee
189 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
190 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
191-* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
192-* System context:: date uname hostname
193+* User information:: id logname whoami users who
194+* System context:: date uname
195 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
196-* Process control:: kill
197 * Delaying:: sleep
198 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
199 * File permissions:: Access modes.
200@@ -205,38 +197,38 @@
201
202 Output of entire files
203
204-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
205-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
206-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
207-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
208+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
209+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
210+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
211+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
212
213 Formatting file contents
214
215-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
216-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
217-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
218+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
219+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
220+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
221
222 Output of parts of files
223
224-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
225-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
226-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
227-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
228+* head:: Output the first part of files.
229+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
230+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
231+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
232
233 Summarizing files
234
235-* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
236-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
237-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
238-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
239+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
240+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
241+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
242+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
243
244 Operating on sorted files
245
246-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
247-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
248-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
249-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
250-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
251+* sort:: Sort text files.
252+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
253+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
254+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
255+* tsort:: Topological sort.
256
257 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
258
259@@ -248,15 +240,15 @@
260
261 Operating on fields within a line
262
263-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
264-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
265-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
266+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
267+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
268+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
269
270 Operating on characters
271
272-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
273-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
274-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
275+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
276+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
277+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
278
279 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
280
281@@ -267,10 +259,10 @@
282
283 Directory listing
284
285-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
286-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
287-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
288-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
289+* ls:: List directory contents
290+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
291+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
292+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
293
294 @command{ls}: List directory contents
295
296@@ -283,49 +275,49 @@
297
298 Basic operations
299
300-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
301-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
302-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
303-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
304-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
305-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
306+* cp:: Copy files and directories
307+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
308+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
309+* mv:: Move (rename) files
310+* rm:: Remove files or directories
311+* shred:: Remove files more securely
312
313 Special file types
314
315-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
316-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
317-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
318-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
319-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
320-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
321-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
322+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
323+* ln:: Make links between files
324+* mkdir:: Make directories
325+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
326+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
327+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
328+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
329
330 Changing file attributes
331
332-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
333-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
334-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
335-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
336+* chown:: Change file owner and group
337+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
338+* chmod:: Change access permissions
339+* touch:: Change file timestamps
340
341 Disk usage
342
343-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
344-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
345-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
346-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
347+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
348+* du:: Estimate file space usage
349+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
350+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
351
352 Printing text
353
354-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
355-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
356-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
357+* echo:: Print a line of text
358+* printf:: Format and print data
359+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
360
361 Conditions
362
363-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
364-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
365-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
366-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
367+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
368+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
369+* test:: Check file types and compare values
370+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
371
372 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
373
374@@ -344,20 +336,20 @@
375
376 Redirection
377
378-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
379+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
380
381 File name manipulation
382
383-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
384-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
385-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
386+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
387+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
388+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
389
390 Working context
391
392-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
393-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
394-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
395-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
396+* pwd:: Print working directory
397+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
398+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
399+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
400
401 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
402
403@@ -371,19 +363,17 @@
404
405 User information
406
407-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
408-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
409-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
410-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
411-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
412-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
413+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
414+* logname:: Print current login name
415+* whoami:: Print effective user id
416+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
417+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
418
419 System context
420
421-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
422-* uname invocation:: Print system information
423-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
424-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
425+* date:: Print or set system date and time
426+* uname:: Print system information
427+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
428
429 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
430
431@@ -397,24 +387,20 @@
432
433 Modified command invocation
434
435-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
436-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
437-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
438-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
439-* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
440-
441-Process control
442-
443-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
444+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
445+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
446+* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
447+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
448+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
449
450 Delaying
451
452-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
453+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
454
455 Numeric operations
456
457-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
458-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
459+* factor:: Print prime factors
460+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
461
462 File permissions
463
464@@ -903,13 +889,13 @@
465 in some way.
466
467 @menu
468-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
469-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
470-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
471-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
472+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
473+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
474+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
475+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
476 @end menu
477
478-@node cat invocation
479+@node cat
480 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
481
482 @pindex cat
483@@ -1015,7 +1001,7 @@
484 @end table
485
486
487-@node tac invocation
488+@node tac
489 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
490
491 @pindex tac
492@@ -1062,7 +1048,7 @@
493 @end table
494
495
496-@node nl invocation
497+@node nl
498 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
499
500 @pindex nl
501@@ -1221,7 +1207,7 @@
502 @end table
503
504
505-@node od invocation
506+@node od
507 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
508
509 @pindex od
510@@ -1476,13 +1462,13 @@
511 These commands reformat the contents of files.
512
513 @menu
514-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
515-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
516-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
517+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
518+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
519+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
520 @end menu
521
522
523-@node fmt invocation
524+@node fmt
525 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
526
527 @pindex fmt
528@@ -1578,7 +1564,7 @@
529 @end table
530
531
532-@node pr invocation
533+@node pr
534 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
535
536 @pindex pr
537@@ -1720,7 +1706,7 @@
538 @cindex time formats
539 @cindex formatting times
540 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
541-for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
542+for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
543 Except for directives, which start with
544 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
545 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
546@@ -1947,7 +1933,7 @@
547 @end table
548
549
550-@node fold invocation
551+@node fold
552 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
553
554 @pindex fold
555@@ -2013,13 +1999,13 @@
556 These commands output pieces of the input.
557
558 @menu
559-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
560-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
561-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
562-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
563+* head:: Output the first part of files.
564+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
565+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
566+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
567 @end menu
568
569-@node head invocation
570+@node head
571 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
572
573 @pindex head
574@@ -2084,7 +2070,7 @@
575 @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
576 this; use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
577
578-@node tail invocation
579+@node tail
580 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
581
582 @pindex tail
583@@ -2259,7 +2245,7 @@
584 conformance}) does not allow these options; use @option{-c
585 @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
586
587-@node split invocation
588+@node split
589 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
590
591 @pindex split
592@@ -2332,7 +2318,7 @@
593 @end table
594
595
596-@node csplit invocation
597+@node csplit
598 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
599
600 @pindex csplit
601@@ -2470,14 +2456,14 @@
602 contents of files.
603
604 @menu
605-* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
606-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
607-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
608-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
609+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
610+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
611+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
612+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
613 @end menu
614
615
616-@node wc invocation
617+@node wc
618 @section @code{wc}: Print byte, word, and line counts
619
620 @pindex wc
621@@ -2559,7 +2545,7 @@
622 @end table
623
624
625-@node sum invocation
626+@node sum
627 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
628
629 @pindex sum
630@@ -2608,7 +2594,7 @@
631 next section) is preferable in new applications.
632
633
634-@node cksum invocation
635+@node cksum
636 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
637
638 @pindex cksum
639@@ -2640,7 +2626,7 @@
640 options}.
641
642
643-@node md5sum invocation
644+@node md5sum
645 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
646
647 @pindex md5sum
648@@ -2745,16 +2731,16 @@
649 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
650
651 @menu
652-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
653-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
654-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
655-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
656-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
657+* sort:: Sort text files.
658+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
659+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
660+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
661+* tsort:: Topological sort.
662 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
663 @end menu
664
665
666-@node sort invocation
667+@node sort
668 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
669
670 @pindex sort
671@@ -3207,7 +3193,7 @@
672 @end itemize
673
674
675-@node uniq invocation
676+@node uniq
677 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
678
679 @pindex uniq
680@@ -3336,7 +3322,7 @@
681 @end table
682
683
684-@node comm invocation
685+@node comm
686 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
687
688 @pindex comm
689@@ -3379,7 +3365,7 @@
690 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
691
692
693-@node tsort invocation
694+@node tsort
695 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
696
697 @pindex tsort
698@@ -3530,7 +3516,7 @@
699 the way the linker handled archive files, which has since been solved
700 in different ways.
701
702-@node ptx invocation
703+@node ptx
704 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
705
706 @pindex ptx
707@@ -3997,13 +3983,13 @@
708 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
709
710 @menu
711-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
712-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
713-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
714+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
715+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
716+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
717 @end menu
718
719
720-@node cut invocation
721+@node cut
722 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
723
724 @pindex cut
725@@ -4082,7 +4068,7 @@
726 @end table
727
728
729-@node paste invocation
730+@node paste
731 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
732
733 @pindex paste
734@@ -4150,7 +4136,7 @@
735 @end table
736
737
738-@node join invocation
739+@node join
740 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
741
742 @pindex join
743@@ -4283,13 +4269,13 @@
744 This commands operate on individual characters.
745
746 @menu
747-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
748-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
749-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
750+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
751+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
752+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
753 @end menu
754
755
756-@node tr invocation
757+@node tr
758 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
759
760 @pindex tr
761@@ -4673,7 +4659,7 @@
762 Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
763
764
765-@node expand invocation
766+@node expand
767 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
768
769 @pindex expand
770@@ -4726,7 +4712,7 @@
771 @end table
772
773
774-@node unexpand invocation
775+@node unexpand
776 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
777
778 @pindex unexpand
779@@ -4785,14 +4771,14 @@
780 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
781
782 @menu
783-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
784-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
785-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
786-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
787+* ls:: List directory contents.
788+* dir:: Briefly ls.
789+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
790+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
791 @end menu
792
793
794-@node ls invocation
795+@node ls
796 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
797
798 @pindex ls
799@@ -5387,7 +5373,7 @@
800 @item +@var{format}
801 @vindex LC_TIME
802 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
803-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
804+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
805 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:S"} causes
806 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
807 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
808@@ -5562,7 +5548,7 @@
809 @end table
810
811
812-@node dir invocation
813+@node dir
814 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
815
816 @pindex dir
817@@ -5572,10 +5558,10 @@
818 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
819 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
820
821-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
822+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
823
824
825-@node vdir invocation
826+@node vdir
827 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
828
829 @pindex vdir
830@@ -5585,7 +5571,7 @@
831 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
832 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
833
834-@node dircolors invocation
835+@node dircolors
836 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @code{ls}
837
838 @pindex dircolors
839@@ -5661,16 +5647,16 @@
840 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
841
842 @menu
843-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
844-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
845-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
846-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
847-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
848-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
849+* cp:: Copy files.
850+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
851+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
852+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
853+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
854+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
855 @end menu
856
857
858-@node cp invocation
859+@node cp
860 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
861
862 @pindex cp
863@@ -6010,7 +5996,7 @@
864 @end table
865
866
867-@node dd invocation
868+@node dd
869 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
870
871 @pindex dd
872@@ -6163,7 +6149,7 @@
873 @end table
874
875
876-@node install invocation
877+@node install
878 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
879
880 @pindex install
881@@ -6304,7 +6290,7 @@
882 @end table
883
884
885-@node mv invocation
886+@node mv
887 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
888
889 @pindex mv
890@@ -6432,7 +6418,7 @@
891 @end table
892
893
894-@node rm invocation
895+@node rm
896 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
897
898 @pindex rm
899@@ -6531,7 +6517,7 @@
900 predates the development of the getopt standard syntax.
901
902
903-@node shred invocation
904+@node shred
905 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
906
907 @pindex shred
908@@ -6541,7 +6527,7 @@
909 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
910 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
911
912-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
913+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
914 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
915 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
916 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
917@@ -6761,17 +6747,17 @@
918 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
919
920 @menu
921-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
922-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
923-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
924-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
925-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
926-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
927-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
928+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
929+* ln:: Make links between files.
930+* mkdir:: Make directories.
931+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
932+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
933+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
934+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
935 @end menu
936
937
938-@node link invocation
939+@node link
940 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
941
942 @pindex link
943@@ -6794,7 +6780,7 @@
944 @command{link} simply calls @code{link (@var{filename}, @var{linkname})}
945 to create the link.
946
947-@node ln invocation
948+@node ln
949 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
950
951 @pindex ln
952@@ -6955,7 +6941,7 @@
953 @end smallexample
954
955
956-@node mkdir invocation
957+@node mkdir
958 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
959
960 @pindex mkdir
961@@ -7009,7 +6995,7 @@
962 @end table
963
964
965-@node mkfifo invocation
966+@node mkfifo
967 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
968
969 @pindex mkfifo
970@@ -7045,7 +7031,7 @@
971 @end table
972
973
974-@node mknod invocation
975+@node mknod
976 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
977
978 @pindex mknod
979@@ -7111,7 +7097,7 @@
980 @end table
981
982
983-@node rmdir invocation
984+@node rmdir
985 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
986
987 @pindex rmdir
988@@ -7159,9 +7145,9 @@
989
990 @end table
991
992-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
993+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
994
995-@node unlink invocation
996+@node unlink
997 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
998
999 @pindex unlink
1000@@ -7204,14 +7190,14 @@
1001 These commands change file attributes.
1002
1003 @menu
1004-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1005-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1006-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1007-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1008+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1009+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1010+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1011+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1012 @end menu
1013
1014
1015-@node chown invocation
1016+@node chown
1017 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1018
1019 @pindex chown
1020@@ -7368,7 +7354,7 @@
1021 @end table
1022
1023
1024-@node chgrp invocation
1025+@node chgrp
1026 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1027
1028 @pindex chgrp
1029@@ -7452,7 +7438,7 @@
1030 @end table
1031
1032
1033-@node chmod invocation
1034+@node chmod
1035 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1036
1037 @pindex chmod
1038@@ -7522,7 +7508,7 @@
1039 @end table
1040
1041
1042-@node touch invocation
1043+@node touch
1044 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1045
1046 @pindex touch
1047@@ -7642,14 +7628,14 @@
1048 or some such command.)
1049
1050 @menu
1051-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1052-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1053-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
1054-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1055+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1056+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1057+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
1058+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1059 @end menu
1060
1061
1062-@node df invocation
1063+@node df
1064 @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
1065
1066 @pindex df
1067@@ -7854,7 +7840,7 @@
1068 @end table
1069
1070
1071-@node du invocation
1072+@node du
1073 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1074
1075 @pindex du
1076@@ -8012,7 +7998,7 @@
1077 in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{du} program.
1078
1079
1080-@node stat invocation
1081+@node stat
1082 @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
1083
1084 @pindex stat
1085@@ -8110,7 +8096,7 @@
1086 @end table
1087
1088
1089-@node sync invocation
1090+@node sync
1091 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1092
1093 @pindex sync
1094@@ -8142,13 +8128,13 @@
1095 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1096
1097 @menu
1098-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1099-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1100-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1101+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1102+* printf:: Format and print data.
1103+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1104 @end menu
1105
1106
1107-@node echo invocation
1108+@node echo
1109 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1110
1111 @pindex echo
1112@@ -8204,7 +8190,7 @@
1113 @end table
1114
1115
1116-@node printf invocation
1117+@node printf
1118 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1119
1120 @pindex printf
1121@@ -8290,7 +8276,7 @@
1122 @end smallexample
1123
1124
1125-@node yes invocation
1126+@node yes
1127 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1128
1129 @pindex yes
1130@@ -8317,14 +8303,14 @@
1131 pipeline.
1132
1133 @menu
1134-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1135-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1136-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1137-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1138+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1139+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1140+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1141+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1142 @end menu
1143
1144
1145-@node false invocation
1146+@node false
1147 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1148
1149 @pindex false
1150@@ -8346,7 +8332,7 @@
1151 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1152
1153
1154-@node true invocation
1155+@node true
1156 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1157
1158 @pindex true
1159@@ -8372,7 +8358,7 @@
1160 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1161 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1162
1163-@node test invocation
1164+@node test
1165 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1166
1167 @pindex test
1168@@ -8662,7 +8648,7 @@
1169 @end table
1170
1171
1172-@node expr invocation
1173+@node expr
1174 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1175
1176 @pindex expr
1177@@ -8907,11 +8893,11 @@
1178 it's described here.
1179
1180 @menu
1181-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1182+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1183 @end menu
1184
1185
1186-@node tee invocation
1187+@node tee
1188 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1189
1190 @pindex tee
1191@@ -8960,13 +8946,13 @@
1192 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1193
1194 @menu
1195-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1196-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1197-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1198+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1199+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1200+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1201 @end menu
1202
1203
1204-@node basename invocation
1205+@node basename
1206 @section @code{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1207
1208 @pindex basename
1209@@ -8991,7 +8977,7 @@
1210 options}.
1211
1212
1213-@node dirname invocation
1214+@node dirname
1215 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1216
1217 @pindex dirname
1218@@ -9013,7 +8999,7 @@
1219 options}.
1220
1221
1222-@node pathchk invocation
1223+@node pathchk
1224 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1225
1226 @pindex pathchk
1227@@ -9077,14 +9063,14 @@
1228 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1229
1230 @menu
1231-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1232-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1233-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1234-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1235+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1236+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1237+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1238+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1239 @end menu
1240
1241
1242-@node pwd invocation
1243+@node pwd
1244 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1245
1246 @pindex pwd
1247@@ -9107,7 +9093,7 @@
1248 @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}.
1249
1250
1251-@node stty invocation
1252+@node stty
1253 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1254
1255 @pindex stty
1256@@ -9753,7 +9739,7 @@
1257 @end table
1258
1259
1260-@node printenv invocation
1261+@node printenv
1262 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1263
1264 @pindex printenv
1265@@ -9783,7 +9769,7 @@
1266 @end display
1267
1268
1269-@node tty invocation
1270+@node tty
1271 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1272
1273 @pindex tty
1274@@ -9833,16 +9819,15 @@
1275 logins, groups, and so forth.
1276
1277 @menu
1278-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1279-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1280-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
1281-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1282-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1283-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1284+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1285+* logname:: Print current login name.
1286+* whoami:: Print effective user id.
1287+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1288+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1289 @end menu
1290
1291
1292-@node id invocation
1293+@node id
1294 @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
1295
1296 @pindex id
1297@@ -9903,7 +9888,7 @@
1298 @end table
1299
1300
1301-@node logname invocation
1302+@node logname
1303 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1304
1305 @pindex logname
1306@@ -9923,7 +9908,7 @@
1307 options}.
1308
1309
1310-@node whoami invocation
1311+@node whoami
1312 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
1313
1314 @pindex whoami
1315@@ -9937,29 +9922,7 @@
1316 options}.
1317
1318
1319-@node groups invocation
1320-@section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1321-
1322-@pindex groups
1323-@cindex printing groups a user is in
1324-@cindex supplementary groups, printing
1325-
1326-@command{groups} prints the names of the primary and any supplementary
1327-groups for each given @var{username}, or the current process if no names
1328-are given. If names are given, the name of each user is printed before
1329-the list of that user's groups. Synopsis:
1330-
1331-@example
1332-groups [@var{username}]@dots{}
1333-@end example
1334-
1335-The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command @samp{id -Gn}.
1336-
1337-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1338-options}.
1339-
1340-
1341-@node users invocation
1342+@node users
1343 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1344
1345 @pindex users
1346@@ -9987,7 +9950,7 @@
1347 options}.
1348
1349
1350-@node who invocation
1351+@node who
1352 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1353
1354 @pindex who
1355@@ -10099,14 +10062,13 @@
1356 information.
1357
1358 @menu
1359-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1360-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1361-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1362-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1363+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1364+* uname:: Print system information.
1365+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1366 @end menu
1367
1368
1369-@node date invocation
1370+@node date
1371 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1372
1373 @pindex date
1374@@ -10588,7 +10550,7 @@
1375 @end itemize
1376
1377
1378-@node uname invocation
1379+@node uname
1380 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1381
1382 @pindex uname
1383@@ -10699,29 +10661,7 @@
1384
1385 @end table
1386
1387-@node hostname invocation
1388-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1389-
1390-@pindex hostname
1391-@cindex setting the hostname
1392-@cindex printing the hostname
1393-@cindex system name, printing
1394-@cindex appropriate privileges
1395-
1396-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1397-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1398-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1399-name. Synopsis:
1400-
1401-@example
1402-hostname [@var{name}]
1403-@end example
1404-
1405-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1406-options}.
1407-
1408-
1409-@node hostid invocation
1410+@node hostid
1411 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1412
1413 @pindex hostid
1414@@ -10756,15 +10696,15 @@
1415 user, etc.
1416
1417 @menu
1418-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1419-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1420-* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
1421-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1422-* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
1423+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1424+* env:: Modify environment variables.
1425+* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
1426+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1427+* su:: Modify user and group id.
1428 @end menu
1429
1430
1431-@node chroot invocation
1432+@node chroot
1433 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1434
1435 @pindex chroot
1436@@ -10819,7 +10759,7 @@
1437 device files), copy them into place, too.
1438
1439
1440-@node env invocation
1441+@node env
1442 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1443
1444 @pindex env
1445@@ -10873,7 +10813,7 @@
1446 @end table
1447
1448
1449-@node nice invocation
1450+@node nice
1451 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
1452
1453 @pindex nice
1454@@ -10920,7 +10860,7 @@
1455 @end table
1456
1457
1458-@node nohup invocation
1459+@node nohup
1460 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1461
1462 @pindex nohup
1463@@ -10970,7 +10910,7 @@
1464 @end display
1465
1466
1467-@node su invocation
1468+@node su
1469 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
1470
1471 @pindex su
1472@@ -11091,166 +11031,6 @@
1473 @end table
1474
1475
1476-@node Process control
1477-@chapter Process control
1478-
1479-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1480-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1481-
1482-@menu
1483-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1484-@end menu
1485-
1486-
1487-@node kill invocation
1488-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1489-
1490-@pindex kill
1491-@cindex send a signal to processes
1492-
1493-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1494-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1495-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1496-
1497-@example
1498-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1499-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1500-@end example
1501-
1502-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1503-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1504-is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1505-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1506-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1507-
1508-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1509-process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1510-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1511-is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1512-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
1513-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1514-value of @var{pid}.
1515-
1516-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1517-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1518-is sent.
1519-
1520-If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
1521-signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
1522-must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
1523-The following three commands are equivalent:
1524-
1525-@example
1526-kill -15 -1
1527-kill -TERM -1
1528-kill -- -1
1529-@end example
1530-
1531-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1532-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1533-
1534-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1535-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1536-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1537-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1538-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1539-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1540-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1541-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1542-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1543-and if there is no output error.
1544-
1545-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1546-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1547-
1548-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1549-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1550-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1551-@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1552-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1553-ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1554-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1555-
1556-@table @samp
1557-@item HUP
1558-1. Hangup.
1559-@item INT
1560-2. Terminal interrupt.
1561-@item QUIT
1562-3. Terminal quit.
1563-@item ABRT
1564-6. Process abort.
1565-@item KILL
1566-9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1567-@item ALRM
1568-14. Alarm Clock.
1569-@item TERM
1570-15. Termination.
1571-@end table
1572-
1573-@noindent
1574-Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1575-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1576-support the following signals:
1577-
1578-@table @samp
1579-@item BUS
1580-Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1581-@item CHLD
1582-Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1583-@item CONT
1584-Continue executing, if stopped.
1585-@item FPE
1586-Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1587-@item ILL
1588-Illegal Instruction.
1589-@item PIPE
1590-Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1591-@item SEGV
1592-Invalid memory reference.
1593-@item STOP
1594-Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1595-@item TSTP
1596-Terminal stop.
1597-@item TTIN
1598-Background process attempting read.
1599-@item TTOU
1600-Background process attempting write.
1601-@item URG
1602-High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1603-@item USR1
1604-User-defined signal 1.
1605-@item USR2
1606-User-defined signal 2.
1607-@end table
1608-
1609-@noindent
1610-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1611-also support the following signals:
1612-
1613-@table @samp
1614-@item POLL
1615-Pollable event.
1616-@item PROF
1617-Profiling timer expired.
1618-@item SYS
1619-Bad system call.
1620-@item TRAP
1621-Trace/breakpoint trap.
1622-@item VTALRM
1623-Virtual timer expired.
1624-@item XCPU
1625-CPU time limit exceeded.
1626-@item XFSZ
1627-File size limit exceeded.
1628-@end table
1629-
1630-@noindent
1631-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1632-also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1633-@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1634-
1635-
1636 @node Delaying
1637 @chapter Delaying
1638
1639@@ -11260,11 +11040,11 @@
1640 @c Perhaps @code{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1641
1642 @menu
1643-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1644+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1645 @end menu
1646
1647
1648-@node sleep invocation
1649+@node sleep
1650 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1651
1652 @pindex sleep
1653@@ -11308,12 +11088,12 @@
1654 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1655
1656 @menu
1657-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1658-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1659+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1660+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1661 @end menu
1662
1663
1664-@node factor invocation
1665+@node factor
1666 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1667
1668 @pindex factor
1669@@ -11351,7 +11131,7 @@
1670 18446744073709551615: 3 5 17 257 641 65537 6700417
1671 @end example
1672
1673-@node seq invocation
1674+@node seq
1675 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1676
1677 @pindex seq
GNU Core-utils - basic command line utilities
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