---- coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig Sun Mar 2 19:09:14 2003
-+++ coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi Thu Mar 6 23:36:08 2003
-@@ -20,102 +20,91 @@
+--- coreutils-9.2/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2023-03-13 19:08:10.000000000 +0100
++++ coreutils-9.2/doc/coreutils.texi 2023-03-24 12:19:31.822135178 +0100
+@@ -24,123 +24,112 @@
@syncodeindex pg cp
@syncodeindex vr cp
+@dircategory Core utilities:
@direntry
-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
--* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
++* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
+ * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
--* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
++* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
+ * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-@end direntry
-
+-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
+-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
+-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
+-
-@dircategory Individual utilities
-@direntry
+-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
+-* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
+-* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
+-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
+-* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
+-* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
--* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
--* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
+-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
+-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
--* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
+-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage.
-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
--* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
--* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
+-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
+-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage.
-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
--* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
--* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
+-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
+-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
--* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
+-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
+-* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
--* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
+-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
+-* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
+-* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
+-* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
+-* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
+-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
+-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
+-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
--* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
+-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
+-* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
--* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
--* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
+-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage.
-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
+-* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
+-* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
+-* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
--* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Byte, word, and line counts.
+-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
--* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
+-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
-+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
-+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
-+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
-+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
-+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
-+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
-+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
-+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
-+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
-+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
-+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
-+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
-+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
-+* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage
-+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
-+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
-+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
-+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
-+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
-+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
-+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
-+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
++* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name.
++* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
++* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data.
++* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data.
++* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix.
++* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data.
++* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files.
++* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files.
++* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups.
++* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions.
++* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups.
++* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory.
++* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
++* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line.
++* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files.
++* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context.
++* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines.
++* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time.
++* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file.
++* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage.
++* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly.
++* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls.
++* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component.
++* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage.
++* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text.
++* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment.
++* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces.
++* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions.
+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
-+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
-+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
-+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
-+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
-+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
-+* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid
-+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
-+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
-+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
-+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
-+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
-+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
-+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests
-+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
-+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
-+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
-+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
-+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority
-+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
-+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
++* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
++* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text.
++* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines.
++* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in.
++* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files.
++* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier.
++* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity.
++* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes.
++* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field.
++* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files.
++* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files.
++* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name.
++* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents.
++* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests.
++* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories.
++* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
++* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files.
++* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files.
++* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files.
++* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness.
++* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files.
++* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups.
++* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors.
++* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers.
+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
-+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
-+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
-+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
-+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
-+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
-+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
-+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
-+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
-+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
-+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
++* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files.
++* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability.
++* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files.
++* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables.
++* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data.
++* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes.
++* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory.
++* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink.
++* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names.
++* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files.
++* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories.
++* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
-+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
-+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
-+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
-+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
-+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
-+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
-+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id
-+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
-+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
-+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
-+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
-+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
-+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
-+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
-+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
-+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
-+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
-+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
-+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
-+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
-+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
-+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
-+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
-+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
-+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Byte, word, and line counts
-+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
-+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id
-+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
++* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
++* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
++* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely.
++* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files.
++* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time.
++* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files.
++* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces.
++* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status.
++* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering.
++* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings.
++* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum.
++* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage.
++* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files.
++* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files.
++* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files.
++* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests.
++* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit.
++* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps.
++* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters.
++* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully.
++* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file.
++* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort.
++* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name.
++* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information.
++* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs.
++* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files.
++* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2).
++* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names.
++* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely.
++* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts.
++* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in.
++* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID.
++* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely.
@end direntry
@copying
-@@ -179,10 +168,9 @@
- * Redirection:: tee
- * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
- * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
--* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
--* System context:: date uname hostname
-+* User information:: id logname whoami users who
-+* System context:: date uname
- * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
--* Process control:: kill
- * Delaying:: sleep
- * Numeric operations:: factor seq
- * File permissions:: Access modes.
-@@ -205,38 +193,38 @@
+@@ -205,10 +194,9 @@ Free Documentation License''.
+ * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
+ * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
+ * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
+-* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
++* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
+ * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
+ * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
+-* Process control:: kill
+ * Delaying:: sleep
+ * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
+ * File permissions:: Access modes
+@@ -240,45 +228,45 @@ Common Options
Output of entire files
--* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
--* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
--* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
--* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
-+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
-+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
-+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
-+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
+-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
+-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
+-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
+-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
+-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
+-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
+-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
++* cat:: Concatenate and write files
++* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
++* nl:: Number lines and write files
++* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
++* base32:: Transform data into printable data
++* base64:: Transform data into printable data
++* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
Formatting file contents
--* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
--* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
--* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
-+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
-+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
-+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
+-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
+-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
+-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
++* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
++* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
++* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
Output of parts of files
--* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
--* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
--* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
--* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
-+* head:: Output the first part of files.
-+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
-+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
-+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
+-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
+-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
+-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
+-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
++* head:: Output the first part of files
++* tail:: Output the last part of files
++* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
++* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
Summarizing files
--* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
--* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
--* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
--* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
-+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
-+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
-+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
-+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
+-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
+-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
+-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
+-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
+-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
+-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
++* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
++* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
++* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
++* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
++* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
++* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
+ * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
Operating on sorted files
--* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
--* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
--* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
--* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
--* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
-+* sort:: Sort text files.
-+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
-+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
-+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
-+* tsort:: Topological sort.
+-* sort invocation:: Sort text files
+-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
+-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
+-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
+-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
+-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
++* sort:: Sort text files
++* shuf:: Shuffle text files
++* uniq:: Uniquify files
++* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
++* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
++* tsort:: Topological sort
@command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
-@@ -248,15 +236,15 @@
+@@ -290,15 +278,15 @@ Operating on sorted files
- Operating on fields within a line
+ Operating on fields
--* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
--* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
--* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
-+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
-+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
-+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
+-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
+-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
+-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
++* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
++* paste:: Merge lines of files
++* join:: Join lines on a common field
Operating on characters
--* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
--* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
--* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
-+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
-+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
-+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
+-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
+-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
+-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
++* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
++* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
++* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
@command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
-@@ -267,10 +255,10 @@
+@@ -308,10 +296,10 @@ Operating on characters
Directory listing
--* ls invocation:: List directory contents
--* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
--* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
--* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
-+* ls:: List directory contents
-+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
-+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
-+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
+-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
+-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
+-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
+-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
++* ls:: List directory contents
++* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
++* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
++* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
@command{ls}: List directory contents
-@@ -283,50 +271,50 @@
+@@ -323,51 +311,51 @@ Directory listing
Basic operations
--* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
--* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
--* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
--* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
--* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
--* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
-+* cp:: Copy files and directories
-+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
-+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
-+* mv:: Move (rename) files
-+* rm:: Remove files or directories
-+* shred:: Remove files more securely
+-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
+-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
+-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
+-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
+-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
+-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
++* cp:: Copy files and directories
++* dd:: Convert and copy a file
++* install:: Copy files and set attributes
++* mv:: Move (rename) files
++* rm:: Remove files or directories
++* shred:: Remove files more securely
Special file types
--* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
--* ln invocation:: Make links between files
--* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
--* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
--* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
--* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
--* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
--* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
-+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
-+* ln:: Make links between files
-+* mkdir:: Make directories
-+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
-+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
-+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
-+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
-+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
+-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
+-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
+-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
+-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
+-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
+-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
+-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
+-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
++* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
++* ln:: Make links between files
++* mkdir:: Make directories
++* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
++* mknod:: Make block or character special files
++* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
++* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
++* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
Changing file attributes
--* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
--* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
--* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
--* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
-+* chown:: Change file owner and group
-+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
-+* chmod:: Change access permissions
-+* touch:: Change file timestamps
-
- Disk usage
-
--* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
--* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
--* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
--* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
-+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
-+* du:: Estimate file space usage
-+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
-+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
+-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
+-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
+-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
+-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
++* chown:: Change file owner and group
++* chgrp:: Change group ownership
++* chmod:: Change access permissions
++* touch:: Change file timestamps
+
+ File space usage
+
+-* df invocation:: Report file system space usage
+-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
+-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
+-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
+-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
++* df:: Report file system space usage
++* du:: Estimate file space usage
++* stat:: Report file or file system status
++* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
++* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
Printing text
--* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
--* printf invocation:: Format and print data
--* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
-+* echo:: Print a line of text
-+* printf:: Format and print data
-+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
+-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
+-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
+-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
++* echo:: Print a line of text
++* printf:: Format and print data
++* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
Conditions
--* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
--* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
--* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
--* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
-+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
-+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
-+* test:: Check file types and compare values
-+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
+-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
+-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
+-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
+-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
++* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
++* true:: Do nothing, successfully
++* test:: Check file types and compare values
++* expr:: Evaluate expressions
@command{test}: Check file types and compare values
-@@ -345,20 +333,20 @@
+@@ -386,22 +374,22 @@ Conditions
Redirection
--* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
-+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
+-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
++* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
File name manipulation
-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
--* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
--* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
+-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
+-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
+-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
+-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
-+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
-+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
++* dirname:: Strip last file name component
++* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
++* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
++* realpath:: Print resolved file names
Working context
@command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
-@@ -372,19 +360,17 @@
+@@ -415,22 +403,20 @@ Working context
User information
--* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
+-* id invocation:: Print user identity
-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
--* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
+-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
-+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
++* id:: Print user identity
+* logname:: Print current login name
-+* whoami:: Print effective user id
++* whoami:: Print effective user ID
++* groups:: Print group names a user is in
+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
System context
+-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
+-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
-* uname invocation:: Print system information
-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
--* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
+-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
+-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
++* arch:: Print machine hardware name
+* date:: Print or set system date and time
++* nproc:: Print the number of processors
+* uname:: Print system information
+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
@command{date}: Print or set system date and time
-@@ -398,24 +384,20 @@
+@@ -445,31 +431,27 @@ System context
+
+ SELinux context
+
+-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
+-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
++* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
++* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
Modified command invocation
-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
--* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
+-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
--* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
+-* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
+-* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
-
-Process control
-
-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
-+* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
++* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
-+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
++* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
++* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
Delaying
Numeric operations
-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
+-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
+* factor:: Print prime factors
++* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
- File permissions
-@@ -936,13 +918,13 @@
+ File timestamps
+@@ -1623,16 +1605,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil
in some way.
@menu
-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
+-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
+-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
+-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
++* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
++* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
++* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
@end menu
-@node cat invocation
@section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
@pindex cat
-@@ -1048,7 +1030,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -1734,7 +1716,7 @@ cat
+ @end example
-@node tac invocation
@section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
@pindex tac
-@@ -1095,7 +1077,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -1792,7 +1774,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]'
+ @end example
-@node nl invocation
@section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
@pindex nl
-@@ -1254,7 +1236,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -1960,7 +1942,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num
+ @exitstatus
-@node od invocation
@section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
@pindex od
-@@ -1509,13 +1491,13 @@
+@@ -2226,7 +2208,7 @@ address.
+ @exitstatus
+
+
+-@node base32 invocation
++@node base32
+ @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
+
+ @pindex base32
+@@ -2236,11 +2218,11 @@ address.
+ into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
+ printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
+ The usage and options of this command are precisely the
+-same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
+-For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
++same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
++For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
+
+
+-@node base64 invocation
++@node base64
+ @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
+
+ @pindex base64
+@@ -2261,7 +2243,7 @@ The base32 encoding expands data to roug
+ The format conforms to
+ @uref{https://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc4648, RFC 4648}.
+
+-For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
++For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
+
+ The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
+
+@@ -2302,7 +2284,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded.
+
+ @exitstatus
+
+-@node basenc invocation
++@node basenc
+ @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
+
+ @pindex basenc
+@@ -2323,7 +2305,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required.
+ @command{basenc} reads from standard input.
+ The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
+ @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
+-for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
++for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
+
+
+ Supported @var{encoding}s are:
+@@ -2438,13 +2420,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf -
These commands reformat the contents of files.
@menu
@section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
@pindex fmt
-@@ -1611,7 +1593,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -2548,7 +2530,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged.
+ @exitstatus
-@node pr invocation
+@node pr
@section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
@pindex pr
-@@ -1753,7 +1735,7 @@
+@@ -2658,7 +2640,7 @@ Double space the output.
@cindex time formats
@cindex formatting times
Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
--for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
-+for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
+-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
++for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
Except for directives, which start with
@samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
-@@ -1980,7 +1962,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -2888,7 +2870,7 @@ line is never truncated.
+ @exitstatus
-@node fold invocation
@section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
@pindex fold
-@@ -2046,13 +2028,13 @@
+@@ -2955,13 +2937,13 @@ instead.
These commands output pieces of the input.
@menu
-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
--* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
+-* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
+* head:: Output the first part of files.
+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
-+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
++* split:: Split a file into pieces.
+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
@end menu
@section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
@pindex head
-@@ -2117,7 +2099,7 @@
- @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
- this; use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
+@@ -3040,7 +3022,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa
+ @exitstatus
+
-@node tail invocation
+@node tail
@section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
@pindex tail
-@@ -2292,7 +2274,7 @@
- conformance}) does not allow these options; use @option{-c
- @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
+@@ -3291,7 +3273,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta
+ @exitstatus
+
-@node split invocation
+@node split
- @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
+ @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
@pindex split
-@@ -2365,7 +2347,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -3548,7 +3530,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k
+ @end example
-@node csplit invocation
@section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
@pindex csplit
-@@ -2503,14 +2485,14 @@
+@@ -3768,17 +3750,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe
contents of files.
@menu
--* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
+-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
--* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
-+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
+-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
+-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
+-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
++* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
-+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
++* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
++* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
++* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
+ * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
@end menu
-@node wc invocation
+@node wc
- @section @command{wc}: Print byte, word, and line counts
+ @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
@pindex wc
-@@ -2592,7 +2574,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -3929,7 +3911,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 |
+ @exitstatus
-@node sum invocation
@section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
@pindex sum
-@@ -2641,7 +2623,7 @@
- next section) is preferable in new applications.
+@@ -3978,7 +3960,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli
+ @exitstatus
-@node cksum invocation
+@node cksum
- @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
+ @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums
@pindex cksum
-@@ -2673,7 +2655,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -4010,7 +3992,7 @@ for each file along with the number of b
+ and the file name unless no arguments were given.
+
+ The same usage and options as the @command{b2sum}
+-command are supported. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
++command are supported. @xref{b2sum}.
+ In addition @command{cksum} supports the following options.
+
+ @table @samp
+@@ -4080,11 +4062,11 @@ This format has the checksum at the star
+ more amenable to further processing by other utilities,
+ especially in combination with the @option{--zero} option.
+ Note this does not identify the digest algorithm used for the checksum.
+-@xref{md5sum invocation} for details of this format.
++@xref{md5sum} for details of this format.
+ @end table
+-@node b2sum invocation
++@node b2sum
+ @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
+
+ @pindex b2sum
+@@ -4096,7 +4078,7 @@ Note this does not identify the digest a
+
+ @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
+ @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
+-command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
++command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
+ In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
+
+ @table @samp
+@@ -4111,7 +4093,7 @@ This option is ignored when @option{--ch
+ as the length is automatically determined when checking.
+ @end table
+
-@node md5sum invocation
+@node md5sum
- @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
+ @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
@pindex md5sum
-@@ -2778,16 +2760,16 @@
+@@ -4134,7 +4116,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at
+ to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
+ appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
+ consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
+-@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
++@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
+ @end macro
+ @weakHash{MD5}
+
+@@ -4297,7 +4279,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used.
+ @exitstatus
+
+
+-@node sha1sum invocation
++@node sha1sum
+ @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
+
+ @pindex sha1sum
+@@ -4309,7 +4291,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used.
+
+ @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
+ @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
+-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
++same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
+
+ @weakHash{SHA-1}
+
+@@ -4345,7 +4327,7 @@ various lengths (respectively 224, 256,
+ collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
+ these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
+ and @command{sha1sum}.
+-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
++@xref{md5sum}.
+
+
+ @node Operating on sorted files
+@@ -4357,16 +4339,16 @@ and @command{sha1sum}.
These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
@menu
-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
+-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
+* sort:: Sort text files.
++* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
+* tsort:: Topological sort.
- * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
@end menu
@section @command{sort}: Sort text files
@pindex sort
-@@ -3240,7 +3222,7 @@
+@@ -4662,7 +4644,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of
+ Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
+ Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
+ collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
+-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
++like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
+ except that keys with the same value sort together.
+
+ If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
+@@ -4861,7 +4843,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel
+ @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
+ to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
+ Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
+-a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
++a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
+
+ @item -u
+ @itemx --unique
+@@ -4879,7 +4861,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so
+ this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
+ For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
+ numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
+-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
++uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
+
+ @optZeroTerminated
+ @macro newlineFieldSeparator
+@@ -5095,7 +5077,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2
@end itemize
+-@node shuf invocation
++@node shuf
+ @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
+
+ @pindex shuf
+@@ -5251,7 +5233,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail
+ @exitstatus
+
+
-@node uniq invocation
+@node uniq
@section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
@pindex uniq
-@@ -3369,7 +3351,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -5273,7 +5255,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe
+ The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
+ only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
+ duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
+-@xref{sort invocation}.
++@xref{sort}.
+
+ @vindex LC_COLLATE
+ Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
+@@ -5439,7 +5421,7 @@ compared.
+ @exitstatus
-@node comm invocation
@section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
@pindex comm
-@@ -3412,7 +3394,7 @@
- If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
+@@ -5555,7 +5537,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb
-
--@node tsort invocation
-+@node tsort
- @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
-
- @pindex tsort
-@@ -3563,7 +3545,7 @@
- the way the linker handled archive files, which has since been solved
- in different ways.
+ @end table
-@node ptx invocation
+@node ptx
@section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
@pindex ptx
-@@ -4030,13 +4012,13 @@
- @chapter Operating on fields within a line
+@@ -6045,7 +6027,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}.
+ @end itemize
+
+
+-@node tsort invocation
++@node tsort
+ @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
+
+ @pindex tsort
+@@ -6207,13 +6189,13 @@ in different ways.
+ @chapter Operating on fields
@menu
-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
@section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
@pindex cut
-@@ -4124,7 +4106,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -6338,7 +6320,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a
+ @exitstatus
-@node paste invocation
@section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
@pindex paste
-@@ -4192,7 +4174,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -6436,7 +6418,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2
+ @exitstatus
-@node join invocation
@section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
@pindex join
-@@ -4325,13 +4307,13 @@
- This commands operate on individual characters.
+@@ -6968,13 +6950,13 @@ entire lines as the key.
+ These commands operate on individual characters.
@menu
-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
@section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
@pindex tr
-@@ -4715,7 +4697,7 @@
- Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
+@@ -7397,7 +7379,7 @@ tr -d -- -axM
+ @end itemize
-@node expand invocation
@section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
@pindex expand
-@@ -4768,7 +4750,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -7466,7 +7448,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces.
+ @exitstatus
-@node unexpand invocation
@section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
@pindex unexpand
-@@ -4827,14 +4809,14 @@
+@@ -7529,14 +7511,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls}
and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
@menu
@section @command{ls}: List directory contents
@pindex ls
-@@ -5529,7 +5511,7 @@
+@@ -8452,7 +8434,7 @@ be one of the following:
@item +@var{format}
@vindex LC_TIME
List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
- @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
+ @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As
with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
-@@ -5704,7 +5686,7 @@
+@@ -8653,7 +8635,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is
@end table
@section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
@pindex dir
-@@ -5714,10 +5696,10 @@
+@@ -8663,10 +8645,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is
-b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
@section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
@pindex vdir
-@@ -5727,7 +5709,7 @@
+@@ -8676,9 +8658,9 @@ and special characters are represented b
-b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
+-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
++@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
+
-@node dircolors invocation
+@node dircolors
@section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
@pindex dircolors
-@@ -5803,16 +5785,16 @@
+@@ -8771,16 +8753,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for
copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
@menu
@section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
@pindex cp
-@@ -6152,7 +6134,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -9293,7 +9275,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres
+ @exitstatus
-@node dd invocation
@section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
@pindex dd
-@@ -6305,7 +6287,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -9603,7 +9585,7 @@ If neither this nor @samp{fsync} are spe
+ usual with file systems, i.e., output data and metadata may be cached
+ in primary memory for some time before the operating system physically
+ writes it, and thus output data and metadata may be lost if power is lost.
+-@xref{sync invocation}.
++@xref{sync}.
+ This conversion is a GNU extension to POSIX.
+
+ @item fsync
+@@ -9882,7 +9864,7 @@ environment variable is set.
+ @exitstatus
-@node install invocation
@section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
@pindex install
-@@ -6446,7 +6428,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -10066,7 +10048,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t
+ @exitstatus
-@node mv invocation
@section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
@pindex mv
-@@ -6574,7 +6556,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -10217,7 +10199,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati
+ @exitstatus
-@node rm invocation
@section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
@pindex rm
-@@ -6673,7 +6655,7 @@
- predates the development of the getopt standard syntax.
+@@ -10383,7 +10365,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
+ @exitstatus
-@node shred invocation
@section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
@pindex shred
-@@ -6683,7 +6665,7 @@
+@@ -10393,7 +10375,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
@command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
- very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
-
--Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
-+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
- not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
- stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
- There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
-@@ -6903,18 +6885,18 @@
+ extensive forensics from recovering the data.
+
+-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
++Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
+ and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
+ entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
+ process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
+@@ -10680,18 +10662,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file
(FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
@menu
-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
--* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
+-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
-+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
-+* ln:: Make links between files.
-+* mkdir:: Make directories.
-+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
-+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
-+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
-+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
-+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
++* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
++* ln:: Make links between files.
++* mkdir:: Make directories.
++* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
++* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
++* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
++* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
++* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
@end menu
@section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
@pindex link
-@@ -6937,7 +6919,7 @@
- @command{link} simply calls @code{link (@var{filename}, @var{linkname})}
- to create the link.
+@@ -10704,7 +10686,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
+ @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
+ The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
+ It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
+-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
++@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
+ Synopsis:
+
+ @example
+@@ -10730,7 +10712,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired.
+ @exitstatus
+
-@node ln invocation
+@node ln
@section @command{ln}: Make links between files
@pindex ln
-@@ -7098,7 +7080,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -10918,7 +10900,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp
+ Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
+ containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
+ links in these file names will be resolved.
+-@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
++@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
+ over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
+
+ @example
+@@ -10995,7 +10977,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile
+ @end example
-@node mkdir invocation
@section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
@pindex mkdir
-@@ -7152,7 +7134,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11073,7 +11055,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo
+ @exitstatus
-@node mkfifo invocation
@section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
@pindex mkfifo
-@@ -7188,7 +7170,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11114,7 +11096,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions
+ @exitstatus
-@node mknod invocation
@section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
@pindex mknod
-@@ -7257,7 +7239,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11191,7 +11173,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo
+ @exitstatus
-@node readlink invocation
+@node readlink
- @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
+ @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
@pindex readlink
-@@ -7325,7 +7307,7 @@
- The @command{readlink} utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1.
+@@ -11215,7 +11197,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu
+ @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
+ no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
+ (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
+-preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
++preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
+
+ @end table
+
+@@ -11290,7 +11272,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o
+ @exitstatus
-@node rmdir invocation
@section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
@pindex rmdir
-@@ -7373,9 +7355,9 @@
+@@ -11337,7 +11319,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re
@end table
--@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
-+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
+-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
++@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
+
+ To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including
+ directories that become empty because other directories are removed,
+@@ -11354,7 +11336,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec
+ @exitstatus
+
-@node unlink invocation
+@node unlink
@section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
@pindex unlink
-@@ -7418,14 +7400,14 @@
+@@ -11365,7 +11347,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
+ @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
+ The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
+ It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
+-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
++@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
+
+ @example
+ unlink @var{filename}
+@@ -11399,14 +11381,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll
These commands change file attributes.
@menu
+-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
--* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
++* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
-+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
@end menu
@section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
@pindex chown
-@@ -7582,7 +7564,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11634,7 +11616,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
+ @end example
-@node chgrp invocation
@section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
@pindex chgrp
-@@ -7666,7 +7648,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11643,7 +11625,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
+
+ @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
+ to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
+-or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
++or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
+ Synopsis:
+
+ @example
+@@ -11762,7 +11744,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u
+ @end example
-@node chmod invocation
@section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
@pindex chmod
-@@ -7736,7 +7718,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -11884,7 +11866,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir
+ @end smallexample
-@node touch invocation
@section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
@pindex touch
-@@ -7856,14 +7838,14 @@
- or some such command.)
+@@ -12059,15 +12041,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available,
+ file status information, and write buffers to file systems.
@menu
--* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
+-* df invocation:: Report file system space usage.
-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
--* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
--* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
-+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
+-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
+-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
+-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
++* df:: Report file system space usage.
+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
-+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
-+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
++* stat:: Report file or file system status.
++* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
++* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
@end menu
-@node df invocation
+@node df
- @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
+ @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage
@pindex df
-@@ -8068,7 +8050,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -12375,7 +12357,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @
+ or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
-@node du invocation
@section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
@pindex du
-@@ -8242,7 +8224,7 @@
- in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{du} program.
+@@ -12634,7 +12616,7 @@ be one of the following:
+ @item +@var{format}
+ @vindex LC_TIME
+ List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
+-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
++like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
+ For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
+ @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As
+ with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
+@@ -12730,7 +12712,7 @@ underlying devices.
+ @exitstatus
-@node stat invocation
+@node stat
- @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
+ @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
@pindex stat
-@@ -8341,7 +8323,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -12972,7 +12954,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R
+ @exitstatus
-@node sync invocation
+@node sync
- @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
+ @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
@pindex sync
-@@ -8373,13 +8355,13 @@
+@@ -13032,7 +13014,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us
+ @exitstatus
+
+
+-@node truncate invocation
++@node truncate
+ @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
+
+ @pindex truncate
+@@ -13109,13 +13091,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its
This section describes commands that display text strings.
@menu
@section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
@pindex echo
-@@ -8435,7 +8417,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -13138,7 +13120,7 @@ strings cannot be passed to @command{ech
+ It is therefore not advisable to use @command{echo} for printing unknown or
+ variable arguments. The @command{printf} command is recommended as a more
+ portable and flexible replacement for tasks historically performed by
+-@command{echo}. @xref{printf invocation}.
++@command{echo}. @xref{printf}.
+
+ The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
+ Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument
+@@ -13213,12 +13195,12 @@ POSIX does not require support for any o
+ that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any
+ @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}.
+ Portable programs should use the @command{printf} command instead.
+-@xref{printf invocation}.
++@xref{printf}.
+
+ @exitstatus
-@node printf invocation
@section @command{printf}: Format and print data
@pindex printf
-@@ -8521,7 +8503,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -13380,7 +13362,7 @@ Options must precede operands.
+ @exitstatus
-@node yes invocation
@section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
@pindex yes
-@@ -8548,14 +8530,14 @@
+@@ -13411,14 +13393,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements,
pipeline.
@menu
@section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
@pindex false
-@@ -8577,7 +8559,7 @@
- be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
+@@ -13448,7 +13430,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that
+ non-GNU hosts.
-@node true invocation
@section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
@pindex true
-@@ -8603,7 +8585,7 @@
+@@ -13484,7 +13466,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem
more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
@section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
@pindex test
-@@ -8893,7 +8875,7 @@
+@@ -13855,7 +13837,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2
@end table
@section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
@pindex expr
-@@ -9138,11 +9120,11 @@
+@@ -14132,11 +14114,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep
it's described here.
@menu
--* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
-+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
+-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
++* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
@end menu
-@node tee invocation
+@node tee
- @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
+ @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
@pindex tee
-@@ -9191,13 +9173,13 @@
+@@ -14352,15 +14334,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \
This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
@menu
-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
--* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
--* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
+-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
+-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
+-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
+-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
-+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
-+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
++* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
++* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
++* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
++* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
@end menu
@section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
@pindex basename
-@@ -9222,7 +9204,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -14442,7 +14424,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ
+ @end example
-@node dirname invocation
+@node dirname
- @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
+ @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
@pindex dirname
-@@ -9244,7 +9226,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -14495,7 +14477,7 @@ dirname stdio.h
+ @end example
-@node pathchk invocation
+@node pathchk
- @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
+ @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
@pindex pathchk
-@@ -9308,14 +9290,14 @@
+@@ -14571,7 +14553,7 @@ Exit status:
+ 1 otherwise.
+ @end display
+
+-@node mktemp invocation
++@node mktemp
+ @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
+
+ @pindex mktemp
+@@ -14746,7 +14728,7 @@ Exit status:
+ @end display
+
+
+-@node realpath invocation
++@node realpath
+ @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
+
+ @pindex realpath
+@@ -14938,14 +14920,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc
so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
@menu
@section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
@pindex pwd
-@@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@
- @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}.
+@@ -14992,7 +14974,7 @@ environment variable is set.
+ @exitstatus
-@node stty invocation
@section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
@pindex stty
-@@ -9984,7 +9966,7 @@
+@@ -15736,7 +15718,7 @@ or
@end table
@section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
@pindex printenv
-@@ -10014,7 +9996,7 @@
+@@ -15771,7 +15753,7 @@ Exit status:
@end display
@section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
@pindex tty
-@@ -10064,16 +10046,15 @@
+@@ -15821,16 +15803,16 @@ This section describes commands that pri
logins, groups, and so forth.
@menu
--* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
+-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
--* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
+-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
-+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
++* id:: Print user identity.
+* logname:: Print current login name.
-+* whoami:: Print effective user id.
++* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
++* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
@end menu
-@node id invocation
+@node id
- @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
+ @section @command{id}: Print user identity
@pindex id
-@@ -10134,7 +10115,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -15937,7 +15919,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so
+ @exitstatus
-@node logname invocation
+@node logname
@section @command{logname}: Print current login name
@pindex logname
-@@ -10154,7 +10135,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -15958,7 +15940,7 @@ options}.
+ @exitstatus
-@node whoami invocation
+@node whoami
- @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
+ @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name
@pindex whoami
-@@ -10168,29 +10149,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -15974,7 +15956,7 @@ options}.
+ @exitstatus
-@node groups invocation
--@section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
--
--@pindex groups
--@cindex printing groups a user is in
--@cindex supplementary groups, printing
--
--@command{groups} prints the names of the primary and any supplementary
--groups for each given @var{username}, or the current process if no names
--are given. If names are given, the name of each user is printed before
--the list of that user's groups. Synopsis:
--
--@example
--groups [@var{username}]@dots{}
--@end example
--
--The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command @samp{id -Gn}.
--
--The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
--options}.
--
--
++@node groups
+ @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
+
+ @pindex groups
+@@ -16001,7 +15983,7 @@ options}.
+
+ @exitstatus
+
-@node users invocation
+@node users
@section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
@pindex users
-@@ -10218,7 +10177,7 @@
- options}.
+@@ -16036,7 +16018,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non-
+ @exitstatus
-@node who invocation
@section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
@pindex who
-@@ -10330,14 +10289,13 @@
+@@ -16199,16 +16181,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri
information.
@menu
-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
+-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
+-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
-+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
-+* uname:: Print system information.
-+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
+-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
++* date:: Print or set system date and time.
++* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
++* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
++* uname:: Print system information.
++* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
@end menu
-
-@node date invocation
+@node date
@section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
@pindex date
-@@ -10819,7 +10777,7 @@
+@@ -16965,7 +16945,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000'
@end itemize
+-@node arch invocation
++@node arch
+ @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
+
+ @pindex arch
+@@ -16988,7 +16968,7 @@ not rely on its existence.
+ @exitstatus
+
+
+-@node nproc invocation
++@node nproc
+ @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
+
+ @pindex nproc
+@@ -17027,7 +17007,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o
+ @exitstatus
+
+
-@node uname invocation
+@node uname
@section @command{uname}: Print system information
@pindex uname
-@@ -10930,29 +10888,7 @@
+@@ -17157,35 +17137,7 @@ Print the kernel version.
+ @exitstatus
- @end table
-@node hostname invocation
-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
--name. Synopsis:
+-name. Synopsis:
-
-@example
-hostname [@var{name}]
-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
-options}.
-
+-@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
+-also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
+-not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
+-
+-@exitstatus
+-
-
-@node hostid invocation
+@node hostid
- @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
+ @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
@pindex hostid
-@@ -10987,15 +10923,15 @@
+@@ -17213,44 +17165,6 @@ existence.
+
+ @exitstatus
+
+-@node uptime invocation
+-@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
+-
+-@pindex uptime
+-@cindex printing the system uptime and load
+-
+-@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
+-number of logged-in users and the current load average.
+-
+-If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
+-to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
+-specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
+-the default setting).
+-
+-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
+-@xref{Common options}.
+-
+-For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
+-
+-@example
+-$ uptime
+- 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
+-@end example
+-
+-The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
+-between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
+-runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
+-also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
+-those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel
+-includes uninterruptible processes.
+-
+-@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
+-for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
+-@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
+-existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
+-
+-@exitstatus
+-
+ @node SELinux context
+ @chapter SELinux context
+
+@@ -17262,11 +17176,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper
+ contexts.
+
+ @menu
+-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
+-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
++* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
++* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
+ @end menu
+
+-@node chcon invocation
++@node chcon
+ @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
+
+ @pindex chcon
+@@ -17369,7 +17283,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu
+
+ @exitstatus
+
+-@node runcon invocation
++@node runcon
+ @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
+
+ @pindex runcon
+@@ -17462,16 +17376,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi
user, etc.
@menu
-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
--* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
+-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
--* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
+-* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
+-* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
+* env:: Modify environment variables.
-+* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
++* nice:: Modify niceness.
+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
-+* su:: Modify user and group id.
++* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
++* timeout:: Run with time limit.
@end menu
@section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
@pindex chroot
-@@ -11050,7 +10986,7 @@
- device files), copy them into place, too.
+@@ -17587,7 +17501,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
+ @end display
-@node env invocation
@section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
@pindex env
-@@ -11104,7 +11040,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -18209,7 +18123,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon
+
-@node nice invocation
+@node nice
- @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
+ @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
@pindex nice
-@@ -11151,7 +11087,7 @@
- @end table
+@@ -18340,7 +18254,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice
+ @end example
-@node nohup invocation
@section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
@pindex nohup
-@@ -11201,7 +11137,7 @@
- @end display
+@@ -18414,7 +18328,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna
+ instead of 125.
+
+-@node stdbuf invocation
++@node stdbuf
+ @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
+
+ @pindex stdbuf
+@@ -18508,7 +18422,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
+ @end display
--@node su invocation
-+@node su
- @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
- @pindex su
-@@ -11348,166 +11284,6 @@
- might find this idea strange at first.
+-@node timeout invocation
++@node timeout
+ @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
+ @pindex timeout
+@@ -18644,90 +18558,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN
+ timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20
+ @end example
-@node Process control
-@chapter Process control
-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
-@end example
-
+-@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
+-
-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
--is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
+-is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
-
-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
--process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
+-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
--is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
--permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
+-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
+-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
-value of @var{pid}.
-
-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
-is sent.
-
--If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
--signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
--must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
--The following three commands are equivalent:
+-If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
+-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
+-POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
+--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
-
-@example
-kill -15 -1
-kill -TERM -1
+-kill -s TERM -- -1
-kill -- -1
-@end example
-
-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
--@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
+-@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
--ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
--and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
--
--@table @samp
--@item HUP
--1. Hangup.
--@item INT
--2. Terminal interrupt.
--@item QUIT
--3. Terminal quit.
--@item ABRT
--6. Process abort.
--@item KILL
--9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
--@item ALRM
--14. Alarm Clock.
--@item TERM
--15. Termination.
--@end table
--
--@noindent
--Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
--numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
--support the following signals:
--
--@table @samp
--@item BUS
--Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
--@item CHLD
--Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
--@item CONT
--Continue executing, if stopped.
--@item FPE
--Erroneous arithmetic operation.
--@item ILL
--Illegal Instruction.
--@item PIPE
--Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
--@item SEGV
--Invalid memory reference.
--@item STOP
--Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
--@item TSTP
--Terminal stop.
--@item TTIN
--Background process attempting read.
--@item TTOU
--Background process attempting write.
--@item URG
--High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
--@item USR1
--User-defined signal 1.
--@item USR2
--User-defined signal 2.
--@end table
--
--@noindent
--@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
--also support the following signals:
--
--@table @samp
--@item POLL
--Pollable event.
--@item PROF
--Profiling timer expired.
--@item SYS
--Bad system call.
--@item TRAP
--Trace/breakpoint trap.
--@item VTALRM
--Virtual timer expired.
--@item XCPU
--CPU time limit exceeded.
--@item XFSZ
--File size limit exceeded.
--@end table
--
--@noindent
--@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
--also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
--@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
--
+-ambiguity with lower case option letters.
+-@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
+-signal names and numbers.
-
@node Delaying
@chapter Delaying
-@@ -11517,11 +11293,11 @@
+@@ -18737,11 +18567,11 @@ signal names and numbers.
@c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
@menu
@section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
@pindex sleep
-@@ -11565,12 +11341,12 @@
+@@ -18804,13 +18634,13 @@ options}.
These programs do numerically-related operations.
@menu
-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
+-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
++* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
@end menu
@section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
@pindex factor
-@@ -11608,7 +11384,7 @@
- 18446744073709551615: 3 5 17 257 641 65537 6700417
+@@ -18875,7 +18705,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot
+ @exitstatus
+
+
+-@node numfmt invocation
++@node numfmt
+ @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
+
+ @pindex numfmt
+@@ -19228,7 +19058,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma
@end example
+
-@node seq invocation
+@node seq
@section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
@pindex seq
+@@ -19403,7 +19233,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim
+ whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
+ respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
+ file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
+-@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
++@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
+ though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
+
+ For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes:
projects / packages / coreutils.git / blobdiff