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1 | --- coreutils-8.5/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2010-04-21 16:30:49.000000000 +0200 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.5/doc/coreutils.texi 2010-05-08 18:22:06.382936746 +0200 | |
3 | @@ -20,119 +20,108 @@ | |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
11 | -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. | |
12 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
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13 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
14 | +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options | |
15 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes | |
16 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 17 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 18 | - |
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19 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
20 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
21 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 22 | - |
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23 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
24 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 25 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 26 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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27 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
28 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 29 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
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30 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
31 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. | |
32 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. | |
33 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 34 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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35 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
36 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
37 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
38 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
39 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
40 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 41 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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42 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
43 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 44 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
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45 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
46 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
47 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
48 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
49 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
50 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
51 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
52 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
53 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
54 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
55 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
56 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
57 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 58 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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59 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
60 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
61 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
62 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
63 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
64 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
65 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 66 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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67 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
68 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
69 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 70 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 71 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 72 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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73 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
74 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 75 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
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76 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
77 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
78 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
79 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
80 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
81 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
82 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
83 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 84 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
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85 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
86 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 87 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 88 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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89 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
90 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 91 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 92 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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93 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
94 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
95 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces. | |
fbb5b105 | 96 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 97 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 98 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
c2be74f0 | 99 | -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. |
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100 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
101 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
102 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
103 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
104 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
105 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 106 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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107 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
108 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
109 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 110 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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111 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
112 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
113 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
114 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 115 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 116 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 117 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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118 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
119 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 120 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 121 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 122 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 123 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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124 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
125 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
126 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
127 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
128 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
129 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
130 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions | |
131 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups | |
132 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory | |
133 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
134 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
135 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
136 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
137 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
138 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
139 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
140 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
141 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
142 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
143 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
144 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
145 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
146 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
147 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
148 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
149 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
150 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
151 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
152 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
153 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
154 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
155 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
156 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity | |
157 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes | |
158 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
159 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
160 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
161 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
162 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
163 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
164 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
165 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
166 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
167 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
168 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
169 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
170 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
171 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
172 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
173 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc | |
174 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files | |
175 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
176 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
177 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
178 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
179 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
180 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
181 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
182 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files | |
183 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
184 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
185 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
186 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
187 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
188 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely | |
189 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
190 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
191 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
192 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces | |
193 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status | |
194 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
195 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
196 | +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID | |
197 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum | |
198 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
199 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
200 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
201 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
202 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
203 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
204 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
205 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
206 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
207 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
208 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
209 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
210 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
211 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
212 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
213 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
214 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
215 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
216 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
217 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
218 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
219 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
fbb5b105 JB |
220 | @end direntry |
221 | ||
222 | @copying | |
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223 | @@ -197,10 +186,9 @@ |
224 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp | |
225 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty | |
226 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
227 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
228 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
229 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
230 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout | |
231 | -* Process control:: kill | |
232 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
233 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
234 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
235 | @@ -228,42 +216,42 @@ | |
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236 | |
237 | Output of entire files | |
238 | ||
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239 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
240 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
241 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
242 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
243 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
244 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
245 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
246 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
247 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
248 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
a839fc2f JB |
249 | |
250 | Formatting file contents | |
251 | ||
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252 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
253 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
254 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
255 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
256 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
257 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
a839fc2f JB |
258 | |
259 | Output of parts of files | |
260 | ||
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261 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
262 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
263 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
264 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
265 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
266 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
267 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
268 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
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269 | |
270 | Summarizing files | |
271 | ||
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272 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
273 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
274 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
275 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
276 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
277 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
278 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
279 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
280 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
281 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
282 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
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283 | |
284 | Operating on sorted files | |
285 | ||
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286 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
287 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
288 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
289 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
290 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
291 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
292 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
293 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
294 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
295 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
296 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
297 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
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298 | |
299 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
300 | ||
10c838b0 | 301 | @@ -275,15 +263,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 302 | |
10c838b0 | 303 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 304 | |
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305 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
306 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
307 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
308 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
309 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
310 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
311 | |
312 | Operating on characters | |
313 | ||
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314 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
315 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
316 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
317 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
318 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
319 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
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320 | |
321 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
322 | ||
10c838b0 | 323 | @@ -293,10 +281,10 @@ |
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324 | |
325 | Directory listing | |
326 | ||
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327 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
328 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
329 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
330 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
331 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
332 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
333 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
334 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
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335 | |
336 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
337 | ||
10c838b0 | 338 | @@ -309,51 +297,51 @@ |
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339 | |
340 | Basic operations | |
341 | ||
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342 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
343 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
344 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
345 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
346 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
347 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
348 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
349 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
350 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
351 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
352 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
353 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
354 | |
355 | Special file types | |
356 | ||
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357 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
358 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
359 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
360 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
361 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
362 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
363 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
364 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
365 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
366 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
367 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
368 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
369 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
370 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
371 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
372 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
373 | |
374 | Changing file attributes | |
375 | ||
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376 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
377 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
378 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
379 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
380 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
381 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
382 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
383 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
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384 | |
385 | Disk usage | |
386 | ||
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387 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
388 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
389 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
390 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
391 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
392 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
393 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
394 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
395 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
396 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
397 | |
398 | Printing text | |
399 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
400 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
401 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
402 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
403 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
404 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
405 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
406 | |
407 | Conditions | |
408 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
409 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
410 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
411 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
412 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
413 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
414 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
415 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
416 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
417 | |
418 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
419 | ||
10c838b0 | 420 | @@ -372,21 +360,21 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
421 | |
422 | Redirection | |
423 | ||
3c350007 JB |
424 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
425 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
426 | |
427 | File name manipulation | |
428 | ||
429 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
430 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
431 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
432 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
a839fc2f | 433 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
434 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
435 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
436 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
a839fc2f JB |
437 | |
438 | Working context | |
439 | ||
440 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
441 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
442 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
443 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
444 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
445 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
446 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
447 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
448 | ||
449 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
450 | ||
10c838b0 | 451 | @@ -400,22 +388,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
452 | |
453 | User information | |
454 | ||
c2be74f0 | 455 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 456 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 457 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
458 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
459 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
460 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 461 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 462 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 463 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 464 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
465 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
466 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
467 | ||
468 | System context | |
469 | ||
3c350007 | 470 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 471 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 472 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
473 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
474 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
475 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
476 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 477 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 478 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 479 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 480 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 481 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
482 | |
483 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
484 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
485 | @@ -430,31 +416,27 @@ |
486 | ||
487 | SELinux context | |
488 | ||
489 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
490 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
491 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
492 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
493 | |
494 | Modified command invocation | |
495 | ||
496 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
497 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 498 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 499 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 500 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 501 | -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 502 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
503 | - |
504 | -Process control | |
505 | - | |
506 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
507 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
508 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 509 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 510 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 511 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 512 | +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 513 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
514 | |
515 | Delaying | |
516 | ||
517 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
518 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
519 | ||
520 | Numeric operations | |
521 | ||
522 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
523 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
524 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
525 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
526 | ||
527 | File permissions | |
528 | ||
10c838b0 | 529 | @@ -1443,14 +1425,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
530 | in some way. |
531 | ||
532 | @menu | |
533 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
534 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
535 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
536 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 537 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
538 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
539 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
540 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
541 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 542 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
543 | @end menu |
544 | ||
545 | -@node cat invocation | |
546 | +@node cat | |
547 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
548 | ||
549 | @pindex cat | |
10c838b0 | 550 | @@ -1549,7 +1531,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 551 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
552 | |
553 | ||
554 | -@node tac invocation | |
555 | +@node tac | |
556 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
557 | ||
558 | @pindex tac | |
10c838b0 | 559 | @@ -1598,7 +1580,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 560 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
561 | |
562 | ||
563 | -@node nl invocation | |
564 | +@node nl | |
565 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
566 | ||
567 | @pindex nl | |
10c838b0 | 568 | @@ -1761,7 +1743,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 569 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
570 | |
571 | ||
572 | -@node od invocation | |
573 | +@node od | |
574 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
575 | ||
576 | @pindex od | |
10c838b0 | 577 | @@ -2014,7 +1996,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
578 | |
579 | @exitstatus | |
580 | ||
581 | -@node base64 invocation | |
582 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 583 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
584 | |
585 | @pindex base64 | |
10c838b0 | 586 | @@ -2082,13 +2064,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
587 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
588 | ||
589 | @menu | |
590 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
591 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
592 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
593 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
594 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
595 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
596 | @end menu | |
597 | ||
598 | ||
599 | -@node fmt invocation | |
600 | +@node fmt | |
601 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
602 | ||
603 | @pindex fmt | |
10c838b0 | 604 | @@ -2187,7 +2169,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 605 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
606 | |
607 | ||
608 | -@node pr invocation | |
609 | +@node pr | |
610 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
611 | ||
612 | @pindex pr | |
10c838b0 | 613 | @@ -2327,7 +2309,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
614 | @cindex time formats |
615 | @cindex formatting times | |
616 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
c2be74f0 JB |
617 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. |
618 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
619 | Except for directives, which start with |
620 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
621 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
10c838b0 | 622 | @@ -2554,7 +2536,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 623 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
624 | |
625 | ||
626 | -@node fold invocation | |
627 | +@node fold | |
628 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
629 | ||
630 | @pindex fold | |
10c838b0 | 631 | @@ -2621,13 +2603,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
632 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
633 | ||
634 | @menu | |
635 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
636 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
637 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
638 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
639 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
640 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
641 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
642 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
643 | @end menu | |
644 | ||
645 | -@node head invocation | |
646 | +@node head | |
647 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
648 | ||
649 | @pindex head | |
10c838b0 | 650 | @@ -2704,7 +2686,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
651 | @exitstatus |
652 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
653 | |
654 | -@node tail invocation | |
655 | +@node tail | |
656 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
657 | ||
658 | @pindex tail | |
10c838b0 | 659 | @@ -2918,7 +2900,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
660 | @exitstatus |
661 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
662 | |
663 | -@node split invocation | |
664 | +@node split | |
665 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
666 | ||
667 | @pindex split | |
10c838b0 | 668 | @@ -2996,7 +2978,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 669 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
670 | |
671 | ||
672 | -@node csplit invocation | |
673 | +@node csplit | |
674 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
675 | ||
676 | @pindex csplit | |
10c838b0 | 677 | @@ -3186,16 +3168,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
678 | contents of files. |
679 | ||
680 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 681 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
682 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
683 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
684 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
685 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 686 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
687 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
688 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
689 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
690 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 691 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
692 | @end menu |
693 | ||
694 | ||
695 | -@node wc invocation | |
696 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 697 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
698 | |
699 | @pindex wc | |
10c838b0 | 700 | @@ -3312,7 +3294,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 701 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
702 | |
703 | ||
704 | -@node sum invocation | |
705 | +@node sum | |
706 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
707 | ||
708 | @pindex sum | |
10c838b0 | 709 | @@ -3363,7 +3345,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 710 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
711 | |
712 | ||
713 | -@node cksum invocation | |
714 | +@node cksum | |
715 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
716 | ||
717 | @pindex cksum | |
10c838b0 | 718 | @@ -3397,7 +3379,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 719 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
720 | |
721 | ||
722 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
723 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 724 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
725 | |
726 | @pindex md5sum | |
10c838b0 | 727 | @@ -3527,7 +3509,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
728 | @exitstatus |
729 | ||
730 | ||
731 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
732 | +@node sha1sum | |
733 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
734 | ||
735 | @pindex sha1sum | |
10c838b0 | 736 | @@ -3539,7 +3521,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
737 | |
738 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
739 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
740 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
741 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
742 | ||
743 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
744 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
10c838b0 | 745 | @@ -3579,7 +3561,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
746 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
747 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
748 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
749 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
750 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
751 | ||
752 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
753 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
10c838b0 | 754 | @@ -3594,16 +3576,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
755 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
756 | ||
757 | @menu | |
758 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 759 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
760 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
761 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
762 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
763 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
764 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 765 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
766 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
767 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
768 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
769 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
770 | @end menu |
771 | ||
772 | ||
773 | -@node sort invocation | |
774 | +@node sort | |
775 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
776 | ||
777 | @pindex sort | |
10c838b0 | 778 | @@ -3886,7 +3868,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
779 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
780 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
781 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
782 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
783 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
784 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
785 | ||
786 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
dca140ed AM |
787 | @@ -4060,7 +4060,7 @@ |
788 | Limit the number of sorts run in parallel to @var{n}. By default, | |
789 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, and values | |
790 | greater than that are reduced to that limit. Also see | |
791 | -@ref{nproc invocation}. | |
792 | +@ref{nproc}. | |
793 | ||
794 | @item -u | |
795 | @itemx --unique | |
10c838b0 | 796 | @@ -4077,7 +4059,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
797 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
798 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
799 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
800 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
801 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
802 | ||
10c838b0 | 803 | @macro zeroTerminatedOption |
c2be74f0 | 804 | @item -z |
10c838b0 | 805 | @@ -4289,7 +4271,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
806 | @end itemize |
807 | ||
808 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
809 | -@node shuf invocation |
810 | +@node shuf | |
811 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
812 | ||
813 | @pindex shuf | |
10c838b0 | 814 | @@ -4419,7 +4401,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
815 | @exitstatus |
816 | ||
817 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
818 | -@node uniq invocation |
819 | +@node uniq | |
820 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
821 | ||
822 | @pindex uniq | |
10c838b0 | 823 | @@ -4441,7 +4423,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
824 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
825 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
826 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
827 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
828 | +@xref{sort}. | |
829 | ||
830 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 JB |
831 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
832 | @@ -4568,7 +4550,7 @@ | |
876a8767 | 833 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
834 | |
835 | ||
836 | -@node comm invocation | |
837 | +@node comm | |
838 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
839 | ||
840 | @pindex comm | |
10c838b0 | 841 | @@ -4644,7 +4626,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 842 | |
10c838b0 | 843 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
844 | |
845 | -@node ptx invocation | |
846 | +@node ptx | |
847 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
848 | ||
849 | @pindex ptx | |
10c838b0 JB |
850 | @@ -5099,7 +5081,7 @@ |
851 | @end itemize | |
852 | ||
853 | ||
854 | -@node tsort invocation | |
855 | +@node tsort | |
856 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
857 | ||
858 | @pindex tsort | |
859 | @@ -5261,13 +5243,13 @@ | |
860 | @chapter Operating on fields | |
a839fc2f JB |
861 | |
862 | @menu | |
863 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
864 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
865 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
866 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
867 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
868 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
869 | @end menu | |
870 | ||
871 | ||
872 | -@node cut invocation | |
873 | +@node cut | |
874 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
875 | ||
876 | @pindex cut | |
10c838b0 | 877 | @@ -5372,7 +5354,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 878 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
879 | |
880 | ||
881 | -@node paste invocation | |
882 | +@node paste | |
883 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
884 | ||
885 | @pindex paste | |
10c838b0 | 886 | @@ -5442,7 +5424,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 887 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
888 | |
889 | ||
890 | -@node join invocation | |
891 | +@node join | |
892 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
893 | ||
894 | @pindex join | |
10c838b0 | 895 | @@ -5607,13 +5589,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
896 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
897 | ||
898 | @menu | |
899 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
900 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
901 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
902 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
903 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
904 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
905 | @end menu | |
906 | ||
907 | ||
908 | -@node tr invocation | |
909 | +@node tr | |
910 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
911 | ||
912 | @pindex tr | |
10c838b0 | 913 | @@ -5991,7 +5973,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 914 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
915 | |
916 | ||
917 | -@node expand invocation | |
918 | +@node expand | |
919 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
920 | ||
921 | @pindex expand | |
10c838b0 | 922 | @@ -6044,7 +6026,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 923 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
924 | |
925 | ||
926 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
927 | +@node unexpand | |
928 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
929 | ||
930 | @pindex unexpand | |
10c838b0 | 931 | @@ -6105,14 +6087,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
932 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
933 | ||
934 | @menu | |
935 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
936 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
937 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
938 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
939 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
940 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
941 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
942 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
943 | @end menu | |
944 | ||
945 | ||
946 | -@node ls invocation | |
947 | +@node ls | |
948 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
949 | ||
950 | @pindex ls | |
10c838b0 | 951 | @@ -6951,7 +6933,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
952 | @item +@var{format} |
953 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
954 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
955 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
956 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 957 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
958 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
959 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
10c838b0 | 960 | @@ -7143,7 +7125,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
961 | @end table |
962 | ||
963 | ||
964 | -@node dir invocation | |
965 | +@node dir | |
966 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
967 | ||
968 | @pindex dir | |
10c838b0 | 969 | @@ -7153,10 +7135,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
970 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
971 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
972 | ||
973 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
974 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
975 | ||
976 | ||
977 | -@node vdir invocation | |
978 | +@node vdir | |
979 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
980 | ||
981 | @pindex vdir | |
10c838b0 | 982 | @@ -7166,7 +7148,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
983 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
984 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
985 | ||
986 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
987 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 988 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
989 | |
990 | @pindex dircolors | |
10c838b0 | 991 | @@ -7253,16 +7235,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
992 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
993 | ||
994 | @menu | |
995 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
996 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
997 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
998 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
999 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1000 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1001 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1002 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1003 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1004 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1005 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1006 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1007 | @end menu | |
1008 | ||
1009 | ||
1010 | -@node cp invocation | |
1011 | +@node cp | |
1012 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1013 | ||
1014 | @pindex cp | |
10c838b0 | 1015 | @@ -7697,7 +7679,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1016 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1017 | |
1018 | ||
1019 | -@node dd invocation | |
1020 | +@node dd | |
1021 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1022 | ||
1023 | @pindex dd | |
10c838b0 | 1024 | @@ -8057,7 +8039,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1025 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1026 | |
1027 | ||
1028 | -@node install invocation | |
1029 | +@node install | |
1030 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1031 | ||
1032 | @pindex install | |
10c838b0 | 1033 | @@ -8238,7 +8220,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1034 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1035 | |
1036 | ||
1037 | -@node mv invocation | |
1038 | +@node mv | |
1039 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1040 | ||
1041 | @pindex mv | |
10c838b0 | 1042 | @@ -8368,7 +8350,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1043 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1044 | |
1045 | ||
1046 | -@node rm invocation | |
1047 | +@node rm | |
1048 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1049 | ||
1050 | @pindex rm | |
10c838b0 | 1051 | @@ -8522,7 +8504,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1052 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1053 | |
1054 | ||
1055 | -@node shred invocation | |
1056 | +@node shred | |
1057 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1058 | ||
1059 | @pindex shred | |
10c838b0 | 1060 | @@ -8532,7 +8514,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1061 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1062 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1063 | ||
1064 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1065 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1066 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1067 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1068 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
10c838b0 | 1069 | @@ -8764,18 +8746,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1070 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1071 | ||
1072 | @menu | |
1073 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1074 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1075 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1076 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1077 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1078 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1079 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1080 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1081 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1082 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1083 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1084 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1085 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1086 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1087 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1088 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1089 | @end menu |
1090 | ||
1091 | ||
1092 | -@node link invocation | |
1093 | +@node link | |
1094 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1095 | ||
1096 | @pindex link | |
10c838b0 | 1097 | @@ -8788,7 +8770,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1098 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1099 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1100 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1101 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1102 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1103 | Synopsis: | |
1104 | ||
1105 | @example | |
10c838b0 | 1106 | @@ -8814,7 +8796,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1107 | @exitstatus |
1108 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1109 | |
1110 | -@node ln invocation | |
1111 | +@node ln | |
1112 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1113 | ||
1114 | @pindex ln | |
10c838b0 | 1115 | @@ -9043,7 +9025,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1116 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1117 | |
1118 | ||
1119 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1120 | +@node mkdir | |
1121 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1122 | ||
1123 | @pindex mkdir | |
10c838b0 | 1124 | @@ -9122,7 +9104,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1125 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1126 | |
1127 | ||
1128 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1129 | +@node mkfifo | |
1130 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1131 | ||
1132 | @pindex mkfifo | |
10c838b0 | 1133 | @@ -9169,7 +9151,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1134 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1135 | |
1136 | ||
1137 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1138 | +@node mknod | |
1139 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1140 | ||
1141 | @pindex mknod | |
10c838b0 | 1142 | @@ -9252,7 +9234,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1143 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1144 | |
1145 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1146 | -@node readlink invocation |
1147 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1148 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1149 | |
1150 | @pindex readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1151 | @@ -9348,7 +9330,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1152 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1153 | |
1154 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1155 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1156 | +@node rmdir | |
1157 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1158 | ||
1159 | @pindex rmdir | |
10c838b0 | 1160 | @@ -9396,12 +9378,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1161 | |
1162 | @end table | |
1163 | ||
1164 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1165 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1166 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1167 | @exitstatus |
1168 | ||
1169 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1170 | -@node unlink invocation |
1171 | +@node unlink | |
1172 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1173 | ||
1174 | @pindex unlink | |
10c838b0 | 1175 | @@ -9412,7 +9394,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1176 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1177 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1178 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1179 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1180 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1181 | ||
1182 | @example | |
1183 | unlink @var{filename} | |
10c838b0 | 1184 | @@ -9446,14 +9428,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1185 | These commands change file attributes. |
1186 | ||
1187 | @menu | |
1188 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. | |
1189 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
1190 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1191 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. | |
1192 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. | |
1193 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
1194 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1195 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. | |
1196 | @end menu | |
1197 | ||
1198 | ||
1199 | -@node chown invocation | |
1200 | +@node chown | |
1201 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1202 | ||
1203 | @pindex chown | |
10c838b0 | 1204 | @@ -9670,7 +9652,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1205 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1206 | |
1207 | ||
1208 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1209 | +@node chgrp | |
1210 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1211 | ||
1212 | @pindex chgrp | |
10c838b0 | 1213 | @@ -9792,7 +9774,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1214 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1215 | |
1216 | ||
1217 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1218 | +@node chmod | |
1219 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1220 | ||
1221 | @pindex chmod | |
10c838b0 | 1222 | @@ -9891,7 +9873,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1223 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1224 | |
1225 | ||
1226 | -@node touch invocation | |
1227 | +@node touch | |
1228 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1229 | ||
1230 | @pindex touch | |
10c838b0 | 1231 | @@ -10068,15 +10050,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1232 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1233 | |
1234 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1235 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1236 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1237 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1238 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1239 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1240 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1241 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1242 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1243 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1244 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1245 | @end menu |
1246 | ||
1247 | ||
1248 | -@node df invocation | |
1249 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1250 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1251 | |
1252 | @pindex df | |
10c838b0 | 1253 | @@ -10288,7 +10270,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1254 | @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. |
a839fc2f JB |
1255 | |
1256 | ||
1257 | -@node du invocation | |
1258 | +@node du | |
1259 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1260 | ||
1261 | @pindex du | |
10c838b0 | 1262 | @@ -10484,7 +10466,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1263 | @item +@var{format} |
1264 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1265 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1266 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1267 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1268 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1269 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1270 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
10c838b0 | 1271 | @@ -10552,7 +10534,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1272 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1273 | |
1274 | ||
1275 | -@node stat invocation | |
1276 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1277 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1278 | |
1279 | @pindex stat | |
10c838b0 | 1280 | @@ -10690,7 +10672,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1281 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1282 | |
1283 | ||
1284 | -@node sync invocation | |
1285 | +@node sync | |
1286 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1287 | ||
1288 | @pindex sync | |
10c838b0 JB |
1289 | @@ -10717,7 +10699,7 @@ |
1290 | @exitstatus | |
1291 | ||
1292 | ||
1293 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1294 | +@node truncate | |
1295 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1296 | ||
1297 | @pindex truncate | |
1298 | @@ -10793,13 +10775,13 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
1299 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1300 | ||
1301 | @menu | |
1302 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1303 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1304 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1305 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1306 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1307 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1308 | @end menu | |
1309 | ||
1310 | ||
1311 | -@node echo invocation | |
1312 | +@node echo | |
1313 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1314 | ||
1315 | @pindex echo | |
10c838b0 | 1316 | @@ -10886,12 +10868,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1317 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1318 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1319 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1320 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1321 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1322 | ||
876a8767 | 1323 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1324 | |
1325 | ||
1326 | -@node printf invocation | |
1327 | +@node printf | |
1328 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1329 | ||
1330 | @pindex printf | |
10c838b0 | 1331 | @@ -11040,7 +11022,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1332 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1333 | |
1334 | ||
1335 | -@node yes invocation | |
1336 | +@node yes | |
1337 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1338 | ||
1339 | @pindex yes | |
10c838b0 | 1340 | @@ -11071,14 +11053,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1341 | pipeline. |
1342 | ||
1343 | @menu | |
1344 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1345 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1346 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1347 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1348 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1349 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1350 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1351 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1352 | @end menu | |
1353 | ||
1354 | ||
1355 | -@node false invocation | |
1356 | +@node false | |
1357 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1358 | ||
1359 | @pindex false | |
10c838b0 | 1360 | @@ -11108,7 +11090,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1361 | non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1362 | |
1363 | ||
1364 | -@node true invocation | |
1365 | +@node true | |
1366 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1367 | ||
1368 | @pindex true | |
10c838b0 | 1369 | @@ -11144,7 +11126,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1370 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1371 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1372 | ||
1373 | -@node test invocation | |
1374 | +@node test | |
1375 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1376 | ||
1377 | @pindex test | |
10c838b0 | 1378 | @@ -11471,7 +11453,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1379 | @end table |
1380 | ||
1381 | ||
1382 | -@node expr invocation | |
1383 | +@node expr | |
1384 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1385 | ||
1386 | @pindex expr | |
10c838b0 | 1387 | @@ -11748,11 +11730,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1388 | it's described here. |
1389 | ||
1390 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1391 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1392 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1393 | @end menu |
1394 | ||
1395 | ||
1396 | -@node tee invocation | |
1397 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1398 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1399 | |
1400 | @pindex tee | |
10c838b0 | 1401 | @@ -11913,14 +11895,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1402 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1403 | ||
1404 | @menu | |
1405 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1406 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1407 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1408 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
a839fc2f | 1409 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1410 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1411 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1412 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1413 | @end menu |
1414 | ||
1415 | ||
1416 | -@node basename invocation | |
1417 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1418 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1419 | |
1420 | @pindex basename | |
10c838b0 | 1421 | @@ -11974,7 +11956,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1422 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1423 | |
1424 | ||
1425 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1426 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1427 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1428 | |
1429 | @pindex dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1430 | @@ -12015,7 +11997,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1431 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1432 | |
1433 | ||
1434 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1435 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1436 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1437 | |
1438 | @pindex pathchk | |
10c838b0 JB |
1439 | @@ -12091,7 +12073,7 @@ |
1440 | 1 otherwise. | |
1441 | @end display | |
1442 | ||
1443 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1444 | +@node mktemp | |
1445 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1446 | ||
1447 | @pindex mktemp | |
1448 | @@ -12277,14 +12259,14 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
1449 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1450 | ||
1451 | @menu | |
1452 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1453 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1454 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1455 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1456 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1457 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1458 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1459 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1460 | @end menu | |
1461 | ||
1462 | ||
1463 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1464 | +@node pwd | |
1465 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1466 | ||
1467 | @pindex pwd | |
10c838b0 | 1468 | @@ -12331,7 +12313,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1469 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1470 | |
1471 | ||
1472 | -@node stty invocation | |
1473 | +@node stty | |
1474 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1475 | ||
1476 | @pindex stty | |
10c838b0 | 1477 | @@ -13010,7 +12992,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1478 | @end table |
1479 | ||
1480 | ||
1481 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1482 | +@node printenv | |
1483 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1484 | ||
1485 | @pindex printenv | |
10c838b0 | 1486 | @@ -13045,7 +13027,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1487 | @end display |
1488 | ||
1489 | ||
1490 | -@node tty invocation | |
1491 | +@node tty | |
1492 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1493 | ||
1494 | @pindex tty | |
10c838b0 | 1495 | @@ -13095,16 +13077,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1496 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1497 | ||
1498 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1499 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1500 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1501 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1502 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1503 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1504 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1505 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1506 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1507 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1508 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1509 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1510 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1511 | @end menu | |
1512 | ||
1513 | ||
1514 | -@node id invocation | |
1515 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1516 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1517 | |
1518 | @pindex id | |
10c838b0 JB |
1519 | @@ -13190,7 +13172,7 @@ |
1520 | @end macro | |
1521 | @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument} | |
a839fc2f JB |
1522 | |
1523 | -@node logname invocation | |
1524 | +@node logname | |
1525 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1526 | ||
1527 | @pindex logname | |
10c838b0 | 1528 | @@ -13211,7 +13193,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1529 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1530 | |
1531 | ||
1532 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1533 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1534 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1535 | |
1536 | @pindex whoami | |
10c838b0 | 1537 | @@ -13227,7 +13209,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1538 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1539 | |
1540 | ||
1541 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1542 | +@node groups |
1543 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1544 | ||
1545 | @pindex groups | |
10c838b0 | 1546 | @@ -13255,7 +13237,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1547 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1548 | |
1549 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1550 | -@node users invocation |
1551 | +@node users | |
1552 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1553 | ||
1554 | @pindex users | |
10c838b0 | 1555 | @@ -13286,7 +13268,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1556 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1557 | |
1558 | ||
1559 | -@node who invocation | |
1560 | +@node who | |
1561 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1562 | ||
1563 | @pindex who | |
10c838b0 | 1564 | @@ -13445,16 +13427,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1565 | information. |
1566 | ||
1567 | @menu | |
1568 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1569 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1570 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1571 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1572 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1573 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1574 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1575 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1576 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1577 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1578 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1579 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1580 | @end menu | |
1581 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1582 | -@node date invocation |
1583 | +@node date | |
1584 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1585 | ||
1586 | @pindex date | |
10c838b0 | 1587 | @@ -14087,7 +14067,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1588 | @end itemize |
1589 | ||
1590 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1591 | -@node arch invocation |
1592 | +@node arch | |
1593 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1594 | ||
1595 | @pindex arch | |
10c838b0 JB |
1596 | @@ -14107,7 +14087,7 @@ |
1597 | @exitstatus | |
1598 | ||
1599 | ||
1600 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1601 | +@node nproc | |
1602 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1603 | ||
1604 | @pindex nproc | |
1605 | @@ -14144,7 +14124,7 @@ | |
3c350007 JB |
1606 | @exitstatus |
1607 | ||
1608 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1609 | -@node uname invocation |
1610 | +@node uname | |
1611 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1612 | ||
1613 | @pindex uname | |
10c838b0 | 1614 | @@ -14273,31 +14253,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1615 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1616 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1617 | |
1618 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1619 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1620 | - | |
1621 | -@pindex hostname | |
1622 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1623 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1624 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1625 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1626 | - | |
1627 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1628 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1629 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1630 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1631 | - |
1632 | -@example | |
1633 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1634 | -@end example | |
1635 | - | |
1636 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1637 | -options}. | |
1638 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1639 | -@exitstatus |
1640 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1641 | - |
1642 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1643 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1644 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1645 | |
1646 | @pindex hostid | |
10c838b0 JB |
1647 | @@ -14321,37 +14277,6 @@ |
1648 | ||
1649 | @exitstatus | |
1650 | ||
1651 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1652 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1653 | - | |
1654 | -@pindex uptime | |
1655 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1656 | - | |
1657 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1658 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1659 | - | |
1660 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1661 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1662 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1663 | -the default setting). | |
1664 | - | |
1665 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1666 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1667 | - | |
1668 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1669 | - | |
1670 | -@example | |
1671 | -$ uptime | |
1672 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1673 | -@end example | |
1674 | - | |
1675 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1676 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1677 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1678 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1679 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1680 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1681 | - | |
1682 | @node SELinux context | |
1683 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1684 | ||
1685 | @@ -14363,11 +14288,11 @@ | |
1686 | contexts. | |
1687 | ||
1688 | @menu | |
1689 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1690 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1691 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1692 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1693 | @end menu | |
1694 | ||
1695 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1696 | +@node chcon | |
1697 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1698 | ||
1699 | @pindex chcon | |
1700 | @@ -14453,7 +14378,7 @@ | |
1701 | ||
1702 | @exitstatus | |
1703 | ||
1704 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1705 | +@node runcon | |
1706 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1707 | ||
1708 | @pindex runcon | |
1709 | @@ -14536,17 +14461,17 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
1710 | user, etc. |
1711 | ||
1712 | @menu | |
1713 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1714 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1715 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1716 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1717 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1718 | -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1719 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1720 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1721 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1722 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1723 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1724 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1725 | +* su:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1726 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1727 | @end menu |
1728 | ||
1729 | ||
1730 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1731 | +@node chroot | |
1732 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1733 | ||
1734 | @pindex chroot | |
10c838b0 | 1735 | @@ -14634,7 +14559,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1736 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1737 | |
1738 | ||
1739 | -@node env invocation | |
1740 | +@node env | |
1741 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1742 | ||
1743 | @pindex env | |
10c838b0 | 1744 | @@ -14784,7 +14709,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1745 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1746 | |
1747 | ||
1748 | -@node nice invocation | |
1749 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1750 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1751 | |
1752 | @pindex nice | |
10c838b0 | 1753 | @@ -14907,7 +14832,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1754 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1755 | |
1756 | ||
1757 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1758 | +@node nohup | |
1759 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1760 | ||
1761 | @pindex nohup | |
10c838b0 JB |
1762 | @@ -14980,7 +14905,7 @@ |
1763 | instead of 125. | |
1764 | ||
1765 | ||
1766 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1767 | +@node stdbuf | |
1768 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1769 | ||
1770 | @pindex stdbuf | |
1771 | @@ -15059,7 +14984,7 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
1772 | @end display |
1773 | ||
1774 | ||
1775 | -@node su invocation | |
1776 | +@node su | |
c2be74f0 | 1777 | @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1778 | |
1779 | @pindex su | |
10c838b0 | 1780 | @@ -15216,7 +15141,7 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1781 | might find this idea strange at first. |
a839fc2f JB |
1782 | |
1783 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1784 | -@node timeout invocation |
1785 | +@node timeout | |
1786 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1787 | ||
1788 | @pindex timeout | |
1789 | @@ -15277,89 +15202,6 @@ | |
1790 | @end display | |
1791 | ||
1792 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1793 | -@node Process control |
1794 | -@chapter Process control | |
1795 | - | |
1796 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1797 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1798 | - | |
1799 | -@menu | |
1800 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1801 | -@end menu | |
1802 | - | |
1803 | - | |
1804 | -@node kill invocation | |
1805 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1806 | - | |
1807 | -@pindex kill | |
1808 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1809 | - | |
1810 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1811 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1812 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1813 | - | |
1814 | -@example | |
1815 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1816 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1817 | -@end example | |
1818 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1819 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1820 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1821 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1822 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
1823 | -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a | |
1824 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments | |
1825 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1826 | - | |
1827 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1828 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1829 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1830 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1831 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1832 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1833 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1834 | - | |
1835 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1836 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1837 | -is sent. | |
1838 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1839 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 JB |
1840 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
1841 | -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill | |
1842 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: | |
a839fc2f JB |
1843 | - |
1844 | -@example | |
1845 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1846 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1847 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1848 | -kill -- -1 |
1849 | -@end example | |
1850 | - | |
1851 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1852 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1853 | - | |
1854 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1855 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1856 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1857 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1858 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1859 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1860 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1861 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1862 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1863 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1864 | - | |
1865 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1866 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1867 | - | |
1868 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1869 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1870 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
1871 | -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the | |
1872 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid | |
10c838b0 JB |
1873 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported |
1874 | -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1875 | - |
1876 | @node Delaying | |
1877 | @chapter Delaying | |
1878 | ||
10c838b0 | 1879 | @@ -15369,11 +15211,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1880 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1881 | |
1882 | @menu | |
1883 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1884 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1885 | @end menu | |
1886 | ||
1887 | ||
1888 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1889 | +@node sleep | |
1890 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1891 | ||
1892 | @pindex sleep | |
10c838b0 | 1893 | @@ -15424,12 +15266,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1894 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1895 | ||
1896 | @menu | |
1897 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1898 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1899 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1900 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1901 | @end menu | |
1902 | ||
1903 | ||
1904 | -@node factor invocation | |
1905 | +@node factor | |
1906 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1907 | ||
1908 | @pindex factor | |
10c838b0 | 1909 | @@ -15485,7 +15327,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1910 | @exitstatus |
1911 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1912 | |
1913 | -@node seq invocation | |
1914 | +@node seq | |
1915 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1916 | ||
1917 | @pindex seq |