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1--- coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2014-07-14 00:09:52.000000000 +0200
2+++ coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi 2014-07-20 18:30:37.001187417 +0200
3@@ -22,121 +22,110 @@
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4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
10c838b0 11+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
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12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
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14+* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 16-@end direntry
a839fc2f 17-
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18-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
c2be74f0 21-
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22-@dircategory Individual utilities
23-@direntry
3c350007 24-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
c2be74f0 25-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
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26-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
10c838b0 28-* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
a839fc2f 29-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
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30-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f 32-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 33-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
a839fc2f 34-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
8127c87d 35-* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils invocation. Multi-call program.
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36-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
c2be74f0 41-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
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42-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
10c838b0 44-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
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45-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
c2be74f0 58-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
8127c87d 59-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
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60-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
c2be74f0 66-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
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67-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
10c838b0 70-* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
a839fc2f 71-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
c2be74f0 72-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
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73-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 75-* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
d51def31 76-* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
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77-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
78-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
79-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
80-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
81-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
82-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
83-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
84-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 85-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
8127c87d 86-* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
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87-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
88-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
10c838b0 89-* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
a839fc2f 90-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
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91-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
92-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f 93-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
c2be74f0 94-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
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95-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
96-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
0d2793d8 97-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
fbb5b105 98-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
10c838b0 99-* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
a839fc2f 100-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
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101-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
102-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
103-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
104-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
105-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
106-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
10c838b0 107-* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
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108-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
109-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
110-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
10c838b0 111-* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
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112-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
113-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
114-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
115-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 116-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 117-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
10c838b0 118-* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
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119-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
120-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
876a8767 121-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f 122-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
c2be74f0 123-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f 124-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
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125+* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
126+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
127+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
128+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
129+* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
130+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
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131+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
132+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
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133+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
134+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
135+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
8127c87d 136+* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils. Multi-call program
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137+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
138+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
139+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
140+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
141+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
142+* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
143+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
144+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
145+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
146+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
147+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
148+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
149+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
150+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
151+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
152+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
153+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
154+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
155+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
156+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
157+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
158+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
8127c87d 159+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
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160+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
161+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
162+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
163+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
164+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
165+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
166+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
167+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
168+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
169+* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
170+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
171+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
172+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
173+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
174+* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
d51def31 175+* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
0d2793d8 176+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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177+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
178+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
179+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
180+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
181+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
182+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
183+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
184+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
8127c87d 185+* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
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186+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
187+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
188+* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
189+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
190+* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
8127c87d 191+* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests
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192+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
193+* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
194+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
195+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
0d2793d8 196+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
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197+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
198+* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
199+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
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200+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
201+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
202+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
203+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
204+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
205+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
206+* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
207+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
208+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
209+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
210+* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
211+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
212+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
213+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
214+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
215+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
216+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
217+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
218+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
219+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
220+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
221+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
222+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
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223 @end direntry
224
225 @copying
8127c87d 226@@ -201,10 +190,9 @@
703a6c3b 227 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
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228 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
229 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
230-* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
231+* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
232 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
703a6c3b 233 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
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234-* Process control:: kill
235 * Delaying:: sleep
236 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
237 * File permissions:: Access modes
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238@@ -230,47 +218,47 @@
239 * Traversing symlinks:: Traversing symlinks to directories
240 * Treating / specially:: Treating / specially
241 * Standards conformance:: Standards conformance
242-* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation
243+* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation
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244
245 Output of entire files
246
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247-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
248-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
249-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
250-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
251-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
252+* cat:: Concatenate and write files
253+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
254+* nl:: Number lines and write files
255+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
256+* base64:: Transform data into printable data
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257
258 Formatting file contents
259
10c838b0 260-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
d51def31 261-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
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262-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
263-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
264+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
d51def31 265+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
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266+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
267+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
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268
269 Output of parts of files
270
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271-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
272-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
273-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
274-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
275+* head:: Output the first part of files
276+* tail:: Output the last part of files
277+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
278+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
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279
280 Summarizing files
281
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282-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
283-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
284-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
285-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
286-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
287+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
288+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
289+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
290+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
291+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
292 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
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293
294 Operating on sorted files
295
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296-* sort invocation:: Sort text files
297-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
298-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
299-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
300-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
301-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
302+* sort:: Sort text files
303+* shuf:: Shuffle text files
304+* uniq:: Uniquify files
305+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
306+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
307+* tsort:: Topological sort
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308
309 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
310
8127c87d 311@@ -282,15 +270,15 @@
a839fc2f 312
10c838b0 313 Operating on fields
a839fc2f 314
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315-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
316-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
317-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
318+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
319+* paste:: Merge lines of files
320+* join:: Join lines on a common field
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321
322 Operating on characters
323
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324-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
325-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
326-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
327+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
329+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
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330
331 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
332
8127c87d 333@@ -300,10 +288,10 @@
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334
335 Directory listing
336
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337-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
338-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
339-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
340-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341+* ls:: List directory contents
342+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
343+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
344+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
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345
346 @command{ls}: List directory contents
347
8127c87d 348@@ -316,51 +304,51 @@
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349
350 Basic operations
351
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352-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
353-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
354-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
355-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
356-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
357-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
358+* cp:: Copy files and directories
359+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
360+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
361+* mv:: Move (rename) files
362+* rm:: Remove files or directories
363+* shred:: Remove files more securely
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364
365 Special file types
366
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367-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
368-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
369-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
370-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
371-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
372-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
373-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
374-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
375+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
376+* ln:: Make links between files
377+* mkdir:: Make directories
378+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
379+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
380+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
381+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
382+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
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383
384 Changing file attributes
385
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386-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
387-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
388-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
389-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
390+* chown:: Change file owner and group
391+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
392+* chmod:: Change access permissions
393+* touch:: Change file timestamps
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394
395 Disk usage
396
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397-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
398-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
399-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
400-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
401-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
402+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
403+* du:: Estimate file space usage
404+* stat:: Report file or file system status
405+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
406+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
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407
408 Printing text
409
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410-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
411-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
412-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
413+* echo:: Print a line of text
414+* printf:: Format and print data
415+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
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416
417 Conditions
418
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419-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
420-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
421-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
422-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
423+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
424+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
425+* test:: Check file types and compare values
426+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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427
428 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
429
8127c87d 430@@ -379,22 +367,22 @@
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431
432 Redirection
433
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434-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
435+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
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436
437 File name manipulation
438
439-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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440-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
441-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
442-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 443-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
a839fc2f 444+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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445+* dirname:: Strip last file name component
446+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
447+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 448+* realpath:: Print resolved file names
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449
450 Working context
451
452-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
453-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
454-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
455-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456+* pwd:: Print working directory
457+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
458+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
459+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
460
461 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
462
8127c87d 463@@ -408,22 +396,20 @@
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464
465 User information
466
c2be74f0 467-* id invocation:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 468-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 469-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
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470-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
471-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
472-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
c2be74f0 473+* id:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 474+* logname:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 475+* whoami:: Print effective user ID
fc53c102 476+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
a839fc2f
JB
477+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
478+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
479
480 System context
481
3c350007 482-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 483-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 484-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
a839fc2f
JB
485-* uname invocation:: Print system information
486-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
10c838b0
JB
487-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
488-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
3c350007 489+* arch:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 490+* date:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 491+* nproc:: Print the number of processors
a839fc2f 492+* uname:: Print system information
3c350007 493+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
a839fc2f
JB
494
495 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
496
8127c87d 497@@ -438,30 +424,26 @@
10c838b0
JB
498
499 SELinux context
500
501-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
502-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
503+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
504+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
a839fc2f
JB
505
506 Modified command invocation
507
508-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
509-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 510-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 511-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 512-* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 513-* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
514-
515-Process control
516-
517-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
518+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
519+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 520+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 521+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 522+* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 523+* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
524
525 Delaying
526
527-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
528+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
529
530 Numeric operations
531
532-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
533-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
534+* factor:: Print prime factors
535+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
536
537 File permissions
538
8127c87d
JB
539@@ -773,7 +755,7 @@
540 * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root.
541 * Special built-in utilities:: @command{break}, @command{:}, @dots{}
542 * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard.
543-* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation.
544+* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation.
545 @end menu
546
547
548@@ -1497,7 +1479,7 @@
549 or @samp{tail +10}, you can work around any compatibility problems by setting
550 @samp{_POSIX2_VERSION=199209} in your environment.
551
552-@node coreutils invocation
553+@node coreutils
554 @section @command{coreutils}: Multi-call binary
555
556 @pindex multicall
557@@ -1523,14 +1505,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
558 in some way.
559
560 @menu
561-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
562-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
563-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
564-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 565-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
566+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
567+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
568+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
569+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 570+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
571 @end menu
572
573-@node cat invocation
574+@node cat
575 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
576
577 @pindex cat
8127c87d 578@@ -1630,7 +1612,7 @@
c2be74f0 579 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
580
581
582-@node tac invocation
583+@node tac
584 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
585
586 @pindex tac
8127c87d 587@@ -1686,7 +1668,7 @@
d51def31 588 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
589
590
591-@node nl invocation
592+@node nl
593 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
594
595 @pindex nl
8127c87d 596@@ -1849,7 +1831,7 @@
876a8767 597 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
598
599
600-@node od invocation
601+@node od
602 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
603
604 @pindex od
8127c87d 605@@ -2114,7 +2096,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
606
607 @exitstatus
608
609-@node base64 invocation
610+@node base64
10c838b0 611 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
c2be74f0
JB
612
613 @pindex base64
8127c87d 614@@ -2182,14 +2164,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
615 These commands reformat the contents of files.
616
617 @menu
618-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
d51def31 619-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
a839fc2f
JB
620-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
621-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
622+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
d51def31 623+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
a839fc2f
JB
624+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
625+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
626 @end menu
627
628
629-@node fmt invocation
630+@node fmt
631 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
632
633 @pindex fmt
8127c87d 634@@ -2293,7 +2275,7 @@
d51def31 635
876a8767 636 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 637
d51def31
JB
638-@node numfmt invocation
639+@node numfmt
640 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
641
642 @pindex numfmt
8127c87d 643@@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@
d51def31
JB
644 == 2,14,74,83,648==
645 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
646
647-@node pr invocation
648+@node pr
649 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
650
651 @pindex pr
8127c87d 652@@ -2725,7 +2707,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
653 @cindex time formats
654 @cindex formatting times
655 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
703a6c3b
JB
656-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
657+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
a839fc2f
JB
658 Except for directives, which start with
659 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
660 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
8127c87d 661@@ -2955,7 +2937,7 @@
876a8767 662 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
663
664
665-@node fold invocation
666+@node fold
667 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
668
669 @pindex fold
8127c87d 670@@ -3022,13 +3004,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
671 These commands output pieces of the input.
672
673 @menu
674-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
675-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 676-* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
677-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
678+* head:: Output the first part of files.
679+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 680+* split:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
681+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
682 @end menu
683
684-@node head invocation
685+@node head
686 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
687
688 @pindex head
8127c87d 689@@ -3105,7 +3087,7 @@
876a8767
JB
690 @exitstatus
691
a839fc2f
JB
692
693-@node tail invocation
694+@node tail
695 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
696
697 @pindex tail
8127c87d 698@@ -3343,7 +3325,7 @@
876a8767
JB
699 @exitstatus
700
a839fc2f
JB
701
702-@node split invocation
703+@node split
0d2793d8 704 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
705
706 @pindex split
8127c87d 707@@ -3572,7 +3554,7 @@
0d2793d8 708 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
709
710
711-@node csplit invocation
712+@node csplit
713 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
714
715 @pindex csplit
8127c87d 716@@ -3788,16 +3770,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
717 contents of files.
718
719 @menu
876a8767 720-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
721-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
722-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
723-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
724-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
876a8767 725+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
726+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
727+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
728+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
729+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
10c838b0 730 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f
JB
731 @end menu
732
733
734-@node wc invocation
735+@node wc
876a8767 736 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
a839fc2f
JB
737
738 @pindex wc
8127c87d 739@@ -3915,7 +3897,7 @@
876a8767 740 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
741
742
743-@node sum invocation
744+@node sum
745 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
746
747 @pindex sum
8127c87d 748@@ -3966,7 +3948,7 @@
876a8767 749 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
750
751
752-@node cksum invocation
753+@node cksum
754 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
755
756 @pindex cksum
8127c87d 757@@ -4000,7 +3982,7 @@
876a8767 758 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
759
760
761-@node md5sum invocation
762+@node md5sum
c2be74f0 763 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
a839fc2f
JB
764
765 @pindex md5sum
8127c87d 766@@ -4146,7 +4128,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
767 @exitstatus
768
769
770-@node sha1sum invocation
771+@node sha1sum
772 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
773
774 @pindex sha1sum
8127c87d 775@@ -4158,7 +4140,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
776
777 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
778 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
779-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
780+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
781
782 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
783 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
8127c87d 784@@ -4198,7 +4180,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
785 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
786 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
787 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
788-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
789+@xref{md5sum}.
790
791 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
792 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
8127c87d 793@@ -4213,16 +4195,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
794 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
795
796 @menu
797-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 798-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
799-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
800-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
801-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
802-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
803+* sort:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 804+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
805+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
806+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
807+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
808+* tsort:: Topological sort.
a839fc2f
JB
809 @end menu
810
811
812-@node sort invocation
813+@node sort
814 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
815
816 @pindex sort
8127c87d 817@@ -4511,7 +4493,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
818 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
819 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
820 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
821-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
822+like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
823 except that keys with the same value sort together.
824
825 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
8127c87d 826@@ -4699,7 +4681,7 @@
0d2793d8
JB
827 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
828 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
829 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
830-a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
831+a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
dca140ed
AM
832
833 @item -u
834 @itemx --unique
8127c87d 835@@ -4717,7 +4699,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
836 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
837 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
838 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
839-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
840+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
841
8127c87d
JB
842 @optZeroTerminated
843
844@@ -4926,7 +4908,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
845 @end itemize
846
847
c2be74f0
JB
848-@node shuf invocation
849+@node shuf
850 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
851
852 @pindex shuf
8127c87d 853@@ -5082,7 +5064,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
854 @exitstatus
855
856
a839fc2f
JB
857-@node uniq invocation
858+@node uniq
859 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
860
861 @pindex uniq
8127c87d 862@@ -5104,7 +5086,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
863 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
864 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
865 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
866-@xref{sort invocation}.
867+@xref{sort}.
868
869 @vindex LC_COLLATE
10c838b0 870 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
8127c87d 871@@ -5266,7 +5248,7 @@
876a8767 872 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
873
874
875-@node comm invocation
876+@node comm
877 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
878
879 @pindex comm
8127c87d 880@@ -5348,7 +5330,7 @@
876a8767 881
10c838b0 882 @end table
a839fc2f
JB
883
884-@node ptx invocation
885+@node ptx
886 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
887
888 @pindex ptx
8127c87d 889@@ -5807,7 +5789,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
890 @end itemize
891
892
893-@node tsort invocation
894+@node tsort
895 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
896
897 @pindex tsort
8127c87d 898@@ -5969,13 +5951,13 @@
10c838b0 899 @chapter Operating on fields
a839fc2f
JB
900
901 @menu
902-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
903-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
904-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
905+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
906+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
907+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
908 @end menu
909
910
911-@node cut invocation
912+@node cut
913 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
914
915 @pindex cut
8127c87d 916@@ -6095,7 +6077,7 @@
876a8767 917 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
918
919
920-@node paste invocation
921+@node paste
922 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
923
924 @pindex paste
8127c87d 925@@ -6191,7 +6173,7 @@
876a8767 926 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
927
928
929-@node join invocation
930+@node join
931 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
932
933 @pindex join
8127c87d
JB
934@@ -6367,13 +6349,13 @@
935 These commands operate on individual characters.
a839fc2f
JB
936
937 @menu
938-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
939-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
940-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
941+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
942+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
943+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
944 @end menu
945
946
947-@node tr invocation
948+@node tr
949 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
950
951 @pindex tr
8127c87d 952@@ -6753,7 +6735,7 @@
c2be74f0 953 @end itemize
a839fc2f
JB
954
955
956-@node expand invocation
957+@node expand
958 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
959
960 @pindex expand
8127c87d 961@@ -6806,7 +6788,7 @@
876a8767 962 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
963
964
965-@node unexpand invocation
966+@node unexpand
967 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
968
969 @pindex unexpand
8127c87d 970@@ -6867,14 +6849,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
971 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
972
973 @menu
974-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
975-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
976-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
977-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
978+* ls:: List directory contents.
979+* dir:: Briefly ls.
980+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
981+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
982 @end menu
983
984
985-@node ls invocation
986+@node ls
987 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
988
989 @pindex ls
8127c87d 990@@ -7737,7 +7719,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
991 @item +@var{format}
992 @vindex LC_TIME
993 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
994-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
995+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 996 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
997 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
998 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
8127c87d 999@@ -7929,7 +7911,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1000 @end table
1001
1002
1003-@node dir invocation
1004+@node dir
1005 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1006
1007 @pindex dir
8127c87d 1008@@ -7939,10 +7921,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1009 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1010 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1011
1012-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1013+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1014
1015
1016-@node vdir invocation
1017+@node vdir
1018 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1019
1020 @pindex vdir
8127c87d 1021@@ -7952,7 +7934,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1022 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1023 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1024
1025-@node dircolors invocation
1026+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 1027 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
1028
1029 @pindex dircolors
8127c87d 1030@@ -8039,16 +8021,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1031 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1032
1033 @menu
1034-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1035-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1036-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1037-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1038-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1039-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1040+* cp:: Copy files.
1041+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1042+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1043+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1044+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1045+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1046 @end menu
1047
1048
1049-@node cp invocation
1050+@node cp
1051 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1052
1053 @pindex cp
8127c87d 1054@@ -8526,7 +8508,7 @@
876a8767 1055 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1056
1057
1058-@node dd invocation
1059+@node dd
1060 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1061
1062 @pindex dd
8127c87d 1063@@ -9016,7 +8998,7 @@
876a8767 1064 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1065
1066
1067-@node install invocation
1068+@node install
1069 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1070
1071 @pindex install
8127c87d 1072@@ -9197,7 +9179,7 @@
876a8767 1073 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1074
1075
1076-@node mv invocation
1077+@node mv
1078 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1079
1080 @pindex mv
8127c87d 1081@@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@
876a8767 1082 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1083
1084
1085-@node rm invocation
1086+@node rm
1087 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1088
1089 @pindex rm
8127c87d 1090@@ -9501,7 +9483,7 @@
876a8767 1091 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1092
1093
1094-@node shred invocation
1095+@node shred
1096 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1097
1098 @pindex shred
8127c87d 1099@@ -9511,7 +9493,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1100 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1101 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1102
1103-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1104+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1105 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1106 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1107 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
8127c87d 1108@@ -9772,18 +9754,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1109 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1110
1111 @menu
1112-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1113-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1114-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1115-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1116-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
10c838b0 1117-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
a839fc2f
JB
1118-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1119-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
10c838b0 1120+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
a839fc2f
JB
1121+* ln:: Make links between files.
1122+* mkdir:: Make directories.
1123+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1124+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
10c838b0 1125+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
a839fc2f 1126+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
10c838b0 1127+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
a839fc2f
JB
1128 @end menu
1129
1130
1131-@node link invocation
1132+@node link
1133 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1134
1135 @pindex link
8127c87d 1136@@ -9796,7 +9778,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1137 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1138 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1139 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1140-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1141+@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1142 Synopsis:
1143
1144 @example
8127c87d 1145@@ -9822,7 +9804,7 @@
876a8767
JB
1146 @exitstatus
1147
a839fc2f
JB
1148
1149-@node ln invocation
1150+@node ln
1151 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1152
1153 @pindex ln
8127c87d 1154@@ -10006,7 +9988,7 @@
74811ba6
JB
1155 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1156 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic
1157 links in these file names will be resolved.
703a6c3b
JB
1158-@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1159+@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
74811ba6 1160 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
703a6c3b 1161
74811ba6 1162 @example
8127c87d 1163@@ -10083,7 +10065,7 @@
c2be74f0 1164 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1165
1166
1167-@node mkdir invocation
1168+@node mkdir
1169 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1170
1171 @pindex mkdir
8127c87d 1172@@ -10156,7 +10138,7 @@
876a8767 1173 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1174
1175
1176-@node mkfifo invocation
1177+@node mkfifo
1178 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1179
1180 @pindex mkfifo
8127c87d 1181@@ -10197,7 +10179,7 @@
876a8767 1182 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1183
1184
1185-@node mknod invocation
1186+@node mknod
1187 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1188
1189 @pindex mknod
8127c87d 1190@@ -10274,7 +10256,7 @@
876a8767 1191 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1192
1193
fbb5b105
JB
1194-@node readlink invocation
1195+@node readlink
10c838b0 1196 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
fbb5b105
JB
1197
1198 @pindex readlink
8127c87d 1199@@ -10372,7 +10354,7 @@
876a8767 1200 @exitstatus
fbb5b105
JB
1201
1202
a839fc2f
JB
1203-@node rmdir invocation
1204+@node rmdir
1205 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1206
1207 @pindex rmdir
8127c87d 1208@@ -10420,12 +10402,12 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1209
1210 @end table
1211
1212-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1213+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1214
876a8767
JB
1215 @exitstatus
1216
1217
a839fc2f
JB
1218-@node unlink invocation
1219+@node unlink
1220 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1221
1222 @pindex unlink
8127c87d 1223@@ -10436,7 +10418,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1224 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1225 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1226 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1227-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1228+@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1229
1230 @example
1231 unlink @var{filename}
8127c87d 1232@@ -10470,14 +10452,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1233 These commands change file attributes.
1234
1235 @menu
703a6c3b 1236-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1237-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1238-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f 1239-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
703a6c3b 1240+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1241+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1242+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f
JB
1243+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1244 @end menu
1245
1246
1247-@node chown invocation
1248+@node chown
1249 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1250
1251 @pindex chown
8127c87d 1252@@ -10702,7 +10684,7 @@
c2be74f0 1253 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1254
1255
1256-@node chgrp invocation
1257+@node chgrp
1258 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1259
1260 @pindex chgrp
8127c87d
JB
1261@@ -10711,7 +10693,7 @@
1262
1263 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1264 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1265-or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1266+or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1267 Synopsis:
1268
1269 @example
1270@@ -10828,7 +10810,7 @@
c2be74f0 1271 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1272
1273
1274-@node chmod invocation
1275+@node chmod
1276 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1277
1278 @pindex chmod
8127c87d 1279@@ -10928,7 +10910,7 @@
876a8767 1280 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1281
1282
1283-@node touch invocation
1284+@node touch
1285 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1286
1287 @pindex touch
8127c87d 1288@@ -11135,15 +11117,15 @@
c2be74f0 1289 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
a839fc2f
JB
1290
1291 @menu
c2be74f0 1292-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1293-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1294-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f 1295-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
10c838b0 1296-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
c2be74f0 1297+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1298+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1299+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f 1300+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
10c838b0 1301+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
a839fc2f
JB
1302 @end menu
1303
1304
1305-@node df invocation
1306+@node df
c2be74f0 1307 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f
JB
1308
1309 @pindex df
8127c87d 1310@@ -11442,7 +11424,7 @@
703a6c3b 1311 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
a839fc2f
JB
1312
1313
1314-@node du invocation
1315+@node du
1316 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1317
1318 @pindex du
8127c87d 1319@@ -11699,7 +11681,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1320 @item +@var{format}
1321 @vindex LC_TIME
1322 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1323-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1324+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1325 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1326 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1327 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
8127c87d 1328@@ -11767,7 +11749,7 @@
876a8767 1329 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1330
1331
1332-@node stat invocation
1333+@node stat
c2be74f0 1334 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
a839fc2f
JB
1335
1336 @pindex stat
8127c87d 1337@@ -11956,7 +11938,7 @@
876a8767 1338 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1339
1340
1341-@node sync invocation
1342+@node sync
1343 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1344
1345 @pindex sync
8127c87d 1346@@ -11983,7 +11965,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1347 @exitstatus
1348
1349
1350-@node truncate invocation
1351+@node truncate
1352 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1353
1354 @pindex truncate
8127c87d 1355@@ -12060,13 +12042,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1356 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1357
1358 @menu
1359-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1360-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1361-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1362+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1363+* printf:: Format and print data.
1364+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1365 @end menu
1366
1367
1368-@node echo invocation
1369+@node echo
1370 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1371
1372 @pindex echo
8127c87d 1373@@ -12155,12 +12137,12 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1374 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1375 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1376 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1377-backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1378+backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1379
876a8767 1380 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1381
1382
1383-@node printf invocation
1384+@node printf
1385 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1386
1387 @pindex printf
8127c87d 1388@@ -12314,7 +12296,7 @@
876a8767 1389 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1390
1391
1392-@node yes invocation
1393+@node yes
1394 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1395
1396 @pindex yes
8127c87d 1397@@ -12345,14 +12327,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1398 pipeline.
1399
1400 @menu
1401-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1402-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1403-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1404-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1405+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1406+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1407+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1408+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1409 @end menu
1410
1411
1412-@node false invocation
1413+@node false
1414 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1415
1416 @pindex false
8127c87d 1417@@ -12382,7 +12364,7 @@
fd7af4a7 1418 non-GNU hosts.
a839fc2f
JB
1419
1420
1421-@node true invocation
1422+@node true
1423 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1424
1425 @pindex true
8127c87d 1426@@ -12418,7 +12400,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1427 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1428 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1429
1430-@node test invocation
1431+@node test
1432 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1433
1434 @pindex test
8127c87d 1435@@ -12751,7 +12733,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1436 @end table
1437
1438
1439-@node expr invocation
1440+@node expr
1441 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1442
1443 @pindex expr
8127c87d 1444@@ -13028,11 +13010,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1445 it's described here.
1446
1447 @menu
3c350007
JB
1448-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1449+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
a839fc2f
JB
1450 @end menu
1451
1452
1453-@node tee invocation
1454+@node tee
3c350007 1455 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
a839fc2f
JB
1456
1457 @pindex tee
8127c87d 1458@@ -13193,15 +13175,15 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1459 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1460
1461 @menu
1462-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1463-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1464-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1465-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1466-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f 1467+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1468+* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1469+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1470+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1471+* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f
JB
1472 @end menu
1473
1474
1475-@node basename invocation
1476+@node basename
fbb5b105 1477 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1478
1479 @pindex basename
8127c87d 1480@@ -13283,7 +13265,7 @@
c2be74f0 1481 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1482
1483
1484-@node dirname invocation
1485+@node dirname
10c838b0 1486 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
a839fc2f
JB
1487
1488 @pindex dirname
8127c87d 1489@@ -13336,7 +13318,7 @@
c2be74f0 1490 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1491
1492
1493-@node pathchk invocation
1494+@node pathchk
10c838b0 1495 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
a839fc2f
JB
1496
1497 @pindex pathchk
8127c87d 1498@@ -13412,7 +13394,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1499 1 otherwise.
1500 @end display
1501
1502-@node mktemp invocation
1503+@node mktemp
1504 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1505
1506 @pindex mktemp
8127c87d 1507@@ -13587,7 +13569,7 @@
703a6c3b
JB
1508 @end display
1509
1510
1511-@node realpath invocation
1512+@node realpath
1513 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1514
1515 @pindex realpath
8127c87d 1516@@ -13711,14 +13693,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1517 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1518
1519 @menu
1520-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1521-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1522-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1523-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1524+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1525+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1526+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1527+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1528 @end menu
1529
1530
1531-@node pwd invocation
1532+@node pwd
1533 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1534
1535 @pindex pwd
8127c87d 1536@@ -13765,7 +13747,7 @@
876a8767 1537 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1538
1539
1540-@node stty invocation
1541+@node stty
1542 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1543
1544 @pindex stty
8127c87d 1545@@ -14466,7 +14448,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1546 @end table
1547
1548
1549-@node printenv invocation
1550+@node printenv
1551 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1552
1553 @pindex printenv
8127c87d 1554@@ -14501,7 +14483,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1555 @end display
1556
1557
1558-@node tty invocation
1559+@node tty
1560 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1561
1562 @pindex tty
8127c87d 1563@@ -14551,16 +14533,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1564 logins, groups, and so forth.
1565
1566 @menu
c2be74f0 1567-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1568-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1569-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1570-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1571-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1572-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
c2be74f0 1573+* id:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1574+* logname:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1575+* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
fc53c102 1576+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
a839fc2f
JB
1577+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1578+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1579 @end menu
1580
1581
1582-@node id invocation
1583+@node id
c2be74f0 1584 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
a839fc2f
JB
1585
1586 @pindex id
8127c87d 1587@@ -14664,7 +14646,7 @@
74811ba6
JB
1588
1589 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1590
1591-@node logname invocation
1592+@node logname
1593 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1594
1595 @pindex logname
8127c87d 1596@@ -14685,7 +14667,7 @@
876a8767 1597 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1598
1599
1600-@node whoami invocation
1601+@node whoami
c2be74f0 1602 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
a839fc2f
JB
1603
1604 @pindex whoami
8127c87d 1605@@ -14701,7 +14683,7 @@
876a8767 1606 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1607
1608
1609-@node groups invocation
fc53c102
JB
1610+@node groups
1611 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1612
1613 @pindex groups
8127c87d 1614@@ -14728,7 +14710,7 @@
fc53c102 1615
74811ba6 1616 @exitstatus
fc53c102 1617
a839fc2f
JB
1618-@node users invocation
1619+@node users
1620 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1621
1622 @pindex users
8127c87d 1623@@ -14759,7 +14741,7 @@
876a8767 1624 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1625
1626
1627-@node who invocation
1628+@node who
1629 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1630
1631 @pindex who
8127c87d 1632@@ -14918,16 +14900,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1633 information.
1634
1635 @menu
1636-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
10c838b0
JB
1637-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1638-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
a839fc2f
JB
1639-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1640-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1641-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
10c838b0 1642-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
a839fc2f 1643+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
10c838b0
JB
1644+* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1645+* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
a839fc2f
JB
1646+* uname:: Print system information.
1647+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1648 @end menu
1649
a839fc2f
JB
1650-@node date invocation
1651+@node date
1652 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1653
1654 @pindex date
8127c87d 1655@@ -15620,7 +15600,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1656 @end itemize
1657
1658
3c350007
JB
1659-@node arch invocation
1660+@node arch
1661 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1662
1663 @pindex arch
8127c87d 1664@@ -15640,7 +15620,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1665 @exitstatus
1666
1667
1668-@node nproc invocation
1669+@node nproc
1670 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1671
1672 @pindex nproc
8127c87d 1673@@ -15677,7 +15657,7 @@
3c350007
JB
1674 @exitstatus
1675
1676
a839fc2f
JB
1677-@node uname invocation
1678+@node uname
1679 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1680
1681 @pindex uname
8127c87d 1682@@ -15807,31 +15787,7 @@
876a8767 1683 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 1684
a839fc2f
JB
1685
1686-@node hostname invocation
1687-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1688-
1689-@pindex hostname
1690-@cindex setting the hostname
1691-@cindex printing the hostname
1692-@cindex system name, printing
1693-@cindex appropriate privileges
1694-
1695-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1696-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1697-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
c2be74f0 1698-name. Synopsis:
a839fc2f
JB
1699-
1700-@example
1701-hostname [@var{name}]
1702-@end example
1703-
1704-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1705-options}.
1706-
876a8767
JB
1707-@exitstatus
1708-
a839fc2f
JB
1709-
1710-@node hostid invocation
1711+@node hostid
10c838b0 1712 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
a839fc2f
JB
1713
1714 @pindex hostid
8127c87d 1715@@ -15855,37 +15811,6 @@
10c838b0
JB
1716
1717 @exitstatus
1718
1719-@node uptime invocation
1720-@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1721-
1722-@pindex uptime
1723-@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1724-
1725-@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1726-number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1727-
1728-If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1729-to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1730-specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1731-the default setting).
1732-
1733-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1734-@xref{Common options}.
1735-
1736-For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1737-
1738-@example
1739-$ uptime
1740- 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1741-@end example
1742-
1743-The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1744-between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1745-runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1746-also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1747-those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1748-includes uninterruptible processes.
1749-
1750 @node SELinux context
1751 @chapter SELinux context
1752
8127c87d 1753@@ -15897,11 +15822,11 @@
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1754 contexts.
1755
1756 @menu
1757-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1758-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1759+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1760+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1761 @end menu
1762
1763-@node chcon invocation
1764+@node chcon
1765 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1766
1767 @pindex chcon
8127c87d 1768@@ -16004,7 +15929,7 @@
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1769
1770 @exitstatus
1771
1772-@node runcon invocation
1773+@node runcon
1774 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1775
1776 @pindex runcon
8127c87d 1777@@ -16089,16 +16014,16 @@
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1778 user, etc.
1779
1780 @menu
1781-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1782-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1783-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1784-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1785-* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1786-* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
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1787+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1788+* env:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1789+* nice:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1790+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1791+* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1792+* timeout:: Run with time limit.
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1793 @end menu
1794
1795
1796-@node chroot invocation
1797+@node chroot
1798 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1799
1800 @pindex chroot
8127c87d 1801@@ -16198,7 +16123,7 @@
876a8767 1802 @end display
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1803
1804
1805-@node env invocation
1806+@node env
1807 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1808
1809 @pindex env
8127c87d 1810@@ -16348,7 +16273,7 @@
876a8767 1811 @end display
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1812
1813
1814-@node nice invocation
1815+@node nice
c2be74f0 1816 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
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1817
1818 @pindex nice
8127c87d 1819@@ -16475,7 +16400,7 @@
876a8767 1820 @end example
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1821
1822
1823-@node nohup invocation
1824+@node nohup
1825 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1826
1827 @pindex nohup
8127c87d 1828@@ -16548,7 +16473,7 @@
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1829 instead of 125.
1830
1831
1832-@node stdbuf invocation
1833+@node stdbuf
1834 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1835
1836 @pindex stdbuf
8127c87d 1837@@ -16637,7 +16562,7 @@
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1838 @end display
1839
1840
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1841-@node timeout invocation
1842+@node timeout
1843 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1844
1845 @pindex timeout
8127c87d 1846@@ -16724,90 +16649,6 @@
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1847 @end display
1848
1849
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1850-@node Process control
1851-@chapter Process control
1852-
1853-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1854-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1855-
1856-@menu
1857-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1858-@end menu
1859-
1860-
1861-@node kill invocation
1862-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1863-
1864-@pindex kill
1865-@cindex send a signal to processes
1866-
1867-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1868-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1869-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1870-
1871-@example
1872-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1873-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1874-@end example
1875-
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1876-@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1877-
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1878-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1879-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
703a6c3b 1880-is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
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1881-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1882-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1883-
1884-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
c2be74f0 1885-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
a839fc2f 1886-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
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1887-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1888-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
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JB
1889-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1890-value of @var{pid}.
1891-
1892-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1893-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1894-is sent.
1895-
10c838b0 1896-If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
c2be74f0 1897-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
fd7af4a7 1898-POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
c2be74f0 1899--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
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1900-
1901-@example
1902-kill -15 -1
1903-kill -TERM -1
c2be74f0 1904-kill -s TERM -- -1
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1905-kill -- -1
1906-@end example
1907-
1908-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1909-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1910-
1911-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1912-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1913-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1914-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1915-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1916-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1917-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1918-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1919-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1920-and if there is no output error.
1921-
1922-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1923-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1924-
1925-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1926-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1927-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
703a6c3b 1928-@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
a839fc2f 1929-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
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1930-ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1931-@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1932-signal names and numbers.
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1933-
1934 @node Delaying
1935 @chapter Delaying
1936
8127c87d 1937@@ -16817,11 +16658,11 @@
fbb5b105 1938 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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1939
1940 @menu
1941-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1942+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1943 @end menu
1944
1945
1946-@node sleep invocation
1947+@node sleep
1948 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1949
1950 @pindex sleep
8127c87d 1951@@ -16871,12 +16712,12 @@
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1952 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1953
1954 @menu
1955-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1956-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1957+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1958+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1959 @end menu
1960
1961
1962-@node factor invocation
1963+@node factor
1964 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1965
1966 @pindex factor
8127c87d 1967@@ -16934,7 +16775,7 @@
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1968 @exitstatus
1969
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1970
1971-@node seq invocation
1972+@node seq
1973 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1974
1975 @pindex seq
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