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1 | --- coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2014-07-14 00:09:52.000000000 +0200 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi 2014-07-20 18:30:37.001187417 +0200 | |
3 | @@ -22,121 +22,110 @@ | |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
10c838b0 | 11 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
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12 | * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. |
13 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
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14 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes |
15 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 16 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 17 | - |
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18 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
19 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
20 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 21 | - |
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22 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
23 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 24 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 25 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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26 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
27 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 28 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f | 29 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
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30 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions. |
31 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups. | |
a839fc2f | 32 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. |
fbb5b105 | 33 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
a839fc2f | 34 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
8127c87d | 35 | -* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils invocation. Multi-call program. |
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36 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. |
37 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
38 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
39 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
40 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 41 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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42 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
43 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 44 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
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45 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
46 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
47 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
48 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
49 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
50 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
51 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
52 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
53 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
54 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
55 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
56 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
57 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 58 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
8127c87d | 59 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes. |
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60 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. |
61 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
62 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
63 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
64 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
65 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 66 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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67 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
68 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
69 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 70 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 71 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 72 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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73 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
74 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 75 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
d51def31 | 76 | -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers. |
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77 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
78 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
79 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
80 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
81 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
82 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
83 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
84 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 85 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
8127c87d | 86 | -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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87 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
88 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 89 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 90 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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91 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
92 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 93 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 94 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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95 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
96 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 97 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 98 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 99 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 100 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
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101 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
102 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
103 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
104 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
105 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
106 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 107 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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108 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
109 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
110 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 111 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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112 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
113 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
114 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
115 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 116 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 117 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 118 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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119 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
120 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 121 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 122 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 123 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 124 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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125 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
126 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
127 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
128 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
129 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
130 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
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131 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions |
132 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups | |
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133 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory |
134 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
135 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
8127c87d | 136 | +* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils. Multi-call program |
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137 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files |
138 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
139 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
140 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
141 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
142 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
143 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
144 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
145 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
146 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
147 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
148 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
149 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
150 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
151 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
152 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
153 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
154 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
155 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
156 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
157 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
158 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity | |
8127c87d | 159 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes |
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160 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field |
161 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
162 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
163 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
164 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
165 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
166 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
167 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
168 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
169 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
170 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
171 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
172 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
173 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
174 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
d51def31 | 175 | +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers |
0d2793d8 | 176 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
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177 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
178 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
179 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
180 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
181 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
182 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
183 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
184 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
8127c87d | 185 | +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names |
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186 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files |
187 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
188 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
189 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
190 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
8127c87d | 191 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests |
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192 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely |
193 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
194 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
195 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
0d2793d8 | 196 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces |
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197 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status |
198 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
199 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
10c838b0 JB |
200 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum |
201 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
202 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
203 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
204 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
205 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
206 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
207 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
208 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
209 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
210 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
211 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
212 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
213 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
214 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
215 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
216 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
217 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
218 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
219 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
220 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
221 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
222 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
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223 | @end direntry |
224 | ||
225 | @copying | |
8127c87d | 226 | @@ -201,10 +190,9 @@ |
703a6c3b | 227 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath |
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228 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty |
229 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
230 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
231 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
232 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
703a6c3b | 233 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout |
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234 | -* Process control:: kill |
235 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
236 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
237 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
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238 | @@ -230,47 +218,47 @@ |
239 | * Traversing symlinks:: Traversing symlinks to directories | |
240 | * Treating / specially:: Treating / specially | |
241 | * Standards conformance:: Standards conformance | |
242 | -* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation | |
243 | +* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation | |
a839fc2f JB |
244 | |
245 | Output of entire files | |
246 | ||
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247 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
248 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
249 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
250 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
251 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
252 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
253 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
254 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
255 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
256 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
a839fc2f JB |
257 | |
258 | Formatting file contents | |
259 | ||
10c838b0 | 260 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
d51def31 | 261 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers |
10c838b0 JB |
262 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
263 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
264 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
d51def31 | 265 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers |
10c838b0 JB |
266 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
267 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
a839fc2f JB |
268 | |
269 | Output of parts of files | |
270 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
271 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
272 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
273 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
274 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
275 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
276 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
277 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
278 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
a839fc2f JB |
279 | |
280 | Summarizing files | |
281 | ||
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282 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
283 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
284 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
285 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
286 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
287 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
288 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
289 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
290 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
291 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
292 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
a839fc2f JB |
293 | |
294 | Operating on sorted files | |
295 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
296 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
297 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
298 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
299 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
300 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
301 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
302 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
303 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
304 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
305 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
306 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
307 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
a839fc2f JB |
308 | |
309 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
310 | ||
8127c87d | 311 | @@ -282,15 +270,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 312 | |
10c838b0 | 313 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 314 | |
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315 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
316 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
317 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
318 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
319 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
320 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
321 | |
322 | Operating on characters | |
323 | ||
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324 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
325 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
326 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
327 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
328 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
329 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
a839fc2f JB |
330 | |
331 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
332 | ||
8127c87d | 333 | @@ -300,10 +288,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
334 | |
335 | Directory listing | |
336 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
337 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
338 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
339 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
340 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
341 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
342 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
343 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
344 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
a839fc2f JB |
345 | |
346 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
347 | ||
8127c87d | 348 | @@ -316,51 +304,51 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
349 | |
350 | Basic operations | |
351 | ||
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352 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
353 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
354 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
355 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
356 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
357 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
358 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
359 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
360 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
361 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
362 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
363 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
364 | |
365 | Special file types | |
366 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
367 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
368 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
369 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
370 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
371 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
372 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
373 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
374 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
375 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
376 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
377 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
378 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
379 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
380 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
381 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
382 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
383 | |
384 | Changing file attributes | |
385 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
386 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
387 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
388 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
389 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
390 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
391 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
392 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
393 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f JB |
394 | |
395 | Disk usage | |
396 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
397 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
398 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
399 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
400 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
401 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
402 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
403 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
404 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
405 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
406 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
407 | |
408 | Printing text | |
409 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
410 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
411 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
412 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
413 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
414 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
415 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
416 | |
417 | Conditions | |
418 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
419 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
420 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
421 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
422 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
423 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
424 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
425 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
426 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
427 | |
428 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
429 | ||
8127c87d | 430 | @@ -379,22 +367,22 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
431 | |
432 | Redirection | |
433 | ||
3c350007 JB |
434 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
435 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
436 | |
437 | File name manipulation | |
438 | ||
439 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
440 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
441 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
442 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 443 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 444 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
445 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
446 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
447 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 448 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
449 | |
450 | Working context | |
451 | ||
452 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
453 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
454 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
455 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
456 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
457 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
458 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
459 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
460 | ||
461 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
462 | ||
8127c87d | 463 | @@ -408,22 +396,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
464 | |
465 | User information | |
466 | ||
c2be74f0 | 467 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 468 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 469 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
470 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
471 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
472 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 473 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 474 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 475 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 476 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
477 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
478 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
479 | ||
480 | System context | |
481 | ||
3c350007 | 482 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 483 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 484 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
485 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
486 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
487 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
488 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 489 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 490 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 491 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 492 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 493 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
494 | |
495 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
496 | ||
8127c87d | 497 | @@ -438,30 +424,26 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
498 | |
499 | SELinux context | |
500 | ||
501 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
502 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
503 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
504 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
505 | |
506 | Modified command invocation | |
507 | ||
508 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
509 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 510 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 511 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 512 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 513 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
514 | - |
515 | -Process control | |
516 | - | |
517 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
518 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
519 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 520 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 521 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 522 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 523 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
524 | |
525 | Delaying | |
526 | ||
527 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
528 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
529 | ||
530 | Numeric operations | |
531 | ||
532 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
533 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
534 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
535 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
536 | ||
537 | File permissions | |
538 | ||
8127c87d JB |
539 | @@ -773,7 +755,7 @@ |
540 | * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. | |
541 | * Special built-in utilities:: @command{break}, @command{:}, @dots{} | |
542 | * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard. | |
543 | -* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation. | |
544 | +* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation. | |
545 | @end menu | |
546 | ||
547 | ||
548 | @@ -1497,7 +1479,7 @@ | |
549 | or @samp{tail +10}, you can work around any compatibility problems by setting | |
550 | @samp{_POSIX2_VERSION=199209} in your environment. | |
551 | ||
552 | -@node coreutils invocation | |
553 | +@node coreutils | |
554 | @section @command{coreutils}: Multi-call binary | |
555 | ||
556 | @pindex multicall | |
557 | @@ -1523,14 +1505,14 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
558 | in some way. |
559 | ||
560 | @menu | |
561 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
562 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
563 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
564 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 565 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
566 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
567 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
568 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
569 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 570 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
571 | @end menu |
572 | ||
573 | -@node cat invocation | |
574 | +@node cat | |
575 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
576 | ||
577 | @pindex cat | |
8127c87d | 578 | @@ -1630,7 +1612,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 579 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
580 | |
581 | ||
582 | -@node tac invocation | |
583 | +@node tac | |
584 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
585 | ||
586 | @pindex tac | |
8127c87d | 587 | @@ -1686,7 +1668,7 @@ |
d51def31 | 588 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
589 | |
590 | ||
591 | -@node nl invocation | |
592 | +@node nl | |
593 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
594 | ||
595 | @pindex nl | |
8127c87d | 596 | @@ -1849,7 +1831,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 597 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
598 | |
599 | ||
600 | -@node od invocation | |
601 | +@node od | |
602 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
603 | ||
604 | @pindex od | |
8127c87d | 605 | @@ -2114,7 +2096,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
606 | |
607 | @exitstatus | |
608 | ||
609 | -@node base64 invocation | |
610 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 611 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
612 | |
613 | @pindex base64 | |
8127c87d | 614 | @@ -2182,14 +2164,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
615 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
616 | ||
617 | @menu | |
618 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 619 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
620 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
621 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
622 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 623 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
624 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
625 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
626 | @end menu | |
627 | ||
628 | ||
629 | -@node fmt invocation | |
630 | +@node fmt | |
631 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
632 | ||
633 | @pindex fmt | |
8127c87d | 634 | @@ -2293,7 +2275,7 @@ |
d51def31 | 635 | |
876a8767 | 636 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 637 | |
d51def31 JB |
638 | -@node numfmt invocation |
639 | +@node numfmt | |
640 | @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers | |
641 | ||
642 | @pindex numfmt | |
8127c87d | 643 | @@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@ |
d51def31 JB |
644 | == 2,14,74,83,648== |
645 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
646 | |
647 | -@node pr invocation | |
648 | +@node pr | |
649 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
650 | ||
651 | @pindex pr | |
8127c87d | 652 | @@ -2725,7 +2707,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
653 | @cindex time formats |
654 | @cindex formatting times | |
655 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
703a6c3b JB |
656 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}. |
657 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
658 | Except for directives, which start with |
659 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
660 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
8127c87d | 661 | @@ -2955,7 +2937,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 662 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
663 | |
664 | ||
665 | -@node fold invocation | |
666 | +@node fold | |
667 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
668 | ||
669 | @pindex fold | |
8127c87d | 670 | @@ -3022,13 +3004,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
671 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
672 | ||
673 | @menu | |
674 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
675 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 676 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
677 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
678 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
679 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 680 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
681 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
682 | @end menu | |
683 | ||
684 | -@node head invocation | |
685 | +@node head | |
686 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
687 | ||
688 | @pindex head | |
8127c87d | 689 | @@ -3105,7 +3087,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
690 | @exitstatus |
691 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
692 | |
693 | -@node tail invocation | |
694 | +@node tail | |
695 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
696 | ||
697 | @pindex tail | |
8127c87d | 698 | @@ -3343,7 +3325,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
699 | @exitstatus |
700 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
701 | |
702 | -@node split invocation | |
703 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 704 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
705 | |
706 | @pindex split | |
8127c87d | 707 | @@ -3572,7 +3554,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 | 708 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
709 | |
710 | ||
711 | -@node csplit invocation | |
712 | +@node csplit | |
713 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
714 | ||
715 | @pindex csplit | |
8127c87d | 716 | @@ -3788,16 +3770,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
717 | contents of files. |
718 | ||
719 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 720 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
721 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
722 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
723 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
724 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 725 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
726 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
727 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
728 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
729 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 730 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
731 | @end menu |
732 | ||
733 | ||
734 | -@node wc invocation | |
735 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 736 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
737 | |
738 | @pindex wc | |
8127c87d | 739 | @@ -3915,7 +3897,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 740 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
741 | |
742 | ||
743 | -@node sum invocation | |
744 | +@node sum | |
745 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
746 | ||
747 | @pindex sum | |
8127c87d | 748 | @@ -3966,7 +3948,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 749 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
750 | |
751 | ||
752 | -@node cksum invocation | |
753 | +@node cksum | |
754 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
755 | ||
756 | @pindex cksum | |
8127c87d | 757 | @@ -4000,7 +3982,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 758 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
759 | |
760 | ||
761 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
762 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 763 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
764 | |
765 | @pindex md5sum | |
8127c87d | 766 | @@ -4146,7 +4128,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
767 | @exitstatus |
768 | ||
769 | ||
770 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
771 | +@node sha1sum | |
772 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
773 | ||
774 | @pindex sha1sum | |
8127c87d | 775 | @@ -4158,7 +4140,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
776 | |
777 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
778 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
779 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
780 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
781 | ||
782 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
783 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
8127c87d | 784 | @@ -4198,7 +4180,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
785 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
786 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
787 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
788 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
789 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
790 | ||
791 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
792 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
8127c87d | 793 | @@ -4213,16 +4195,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
794 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
795 | ||
796 | @menu | |
797 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 798 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
799 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
800 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
801 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
802 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
803 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 804 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
805 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
806 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
807 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
808 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
809 | @end menu |
810 | ||
811 | ||
812 | -@node sort invocation | |
813 | +@node sort | |
814 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
815 | ||
816 | @pindex sort | |
8127c87d | 817 | @@ -4511,7 +4493,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
818 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
819 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
820 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
821 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
822 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
823 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
824 | ||
825 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
8127c87d | 826 | @@ -4699,7 +4681,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 JB |
827 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited |
828 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
829 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
830 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
831 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
832 | |
833 | @item -u | |
834 | @itemx --unique | |
8127c87d | 835 | @@ -4717,7 +4699,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
836 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
837 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
838 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
839 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
840 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
841 | ||
8127c87d JB |
842 | @optZeroTerminated |
843 | ||
844 | @@ -4926,7 +4908,7 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
845 | @end itemize |
846 | ||
847 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
848 | -@node shuf invocation |
849 | +@node shuf | |
850 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
851 | ||
852 | @pindex shuf | |
8127c87d | 853 | @@ -5082,7 +5064,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
854 | @exitstatus |
855 | ||
856 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
857 | -@node uniq invocation |
858 | +@node uniq | |
859 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
860 | ||
861 | @pindex uniq | |
8127c87d | 862 | @@ -5104,7 +5086,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
863 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
864 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
865 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
866 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
867 | +@xref{sort}. | |
868 | ||
869 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 870 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
8127c87d | 871 | @@ -5266,7 +5248,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 872 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
873 | |
874 | ||
875 | -@node comm invocation | |
876 | +@node comm | |
877 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
878 | ||
879 | @pindex comm | |
8127c87d | 880 | @@ -5348,7 +5330,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 881 | |
10c838b0 | 882 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
883 | |
884 | -@node ptx invocation | |
885 | +@node ptx | |
886 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
887 | ||
888 | @pindex ptx | |
8127c87d | 889 | @@ -5807,7 +5789,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
890 | @end itemize |
891 | ||
892 | ||
893 | -@node tsort invocation | |
894 | +@node tsort | |
895 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
896 | ||
897 | @pindex tsort | |
8127c87d | 898 | @@ -5969,13 +5951,13 @@ |
10c838b0 | 899 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
900 | |
901 | @menu | |
902 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
903 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
904 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
905 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
906 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
907 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
908 | @end menu | |
909 | ||
910 | ||
911 | -@node cut invocation | |
912 | +@node cut | |
913 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
914 | ||
915 | @pindex cut | |
8127c87d | 916 | @@ -6095,7 +6077,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 917 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
918 | |
919 | ||
920 | -@node paste invocation | |
921 | +@node paste | |
922 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
923 | ||
924 | @pindex paste | |
8127c87d | 925 | @@ -6191,7 +6173,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 926 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
927 | |
928 | ||
929 | -@node join invocation | |
930 | +@node join | |
931 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
932 | ||
933 | @pindex join | |
8127c87d JB |
934 | @@ -6367,13 +6349,13 @@ |
935 | These commands operate on individual characters. | |
a839fc2f JB |
936 | |
937 | @menu | |
938 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
939 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
940 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
941 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
942 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
943 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
944 | @end menu | |
945 | ||
946 | ||
947 | -@node tr invocation | |
948 | +@node tr | |
949 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
950 | ||
951 | @pindex tr | |
8127c87d | 952 | @@ -6753,7 +6735,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 953 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
954 | |
955 | ||
956 | -@node expand invocation | |
957 | +@node expand | |
958 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
959 | ||
960 | @pindex expand | |
8127c87d | 961 | @@ -6806,7 +6788,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 962 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
963 | |
964 | ||
965 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
966 | +@node unexpand | |
967 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
968 | ||
969 | @pindex unexpand | |
8127c87d | 970 | @@ -6867,14 +6849,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
971 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
972 | ||
973 | @menu | |
974 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
975 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
976 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
977 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
978 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
979 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
980 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
981 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
982 | @end menu | |
983 | ||
984 | ||
985 | -@node ls invocation | |
986 | +@node ls | |
987 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
988 | ||
989 | @pindex ls | |
8127c87d | 990 | @@ -7737,7 +7719,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
991 | @item +@var{format} |
992 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
993 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
994 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
995 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 996 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
997 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
998 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
8127c87d | 999 | @@ -7929,7 +7911,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1000 | @end table |
1001 | ||
1002 | ||
1003 | -@node dir invocation | |
1004 | +@node dir | |
1005 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
1006 | ||
1007 | @pindex dir | |
8127c87d | 1008 | @@ -7939,10 +7921,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1009 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
1010 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1011 | ||
1012 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
1013 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
1014 | ||
1015 | ||
1016 | -@node vdir invocation | |
1017 | +@node vdir | |
1018 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
1019 | ||
1020 | @pindex vdir | |
8127c87d | 1021 | @@ -7952,7 +7934,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1022 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
1023 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1024 | ||
1025 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
1026 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 1027 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1028 | |
1029 | @pindex dircolors | |
8127c87d | 1030 | @@ -8039,16 +8021,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1031 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1032 | ||
1033 | @menu | |
1034 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1035 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1036 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1037 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1038 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1039 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1040 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1041 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1042 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1043 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1044 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1045 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1046 | @end menu | |
1047 | ||
1048 | ||
1049 | -@node cp invocation | |
1050 | +@node cp | |
1051 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1052 | ||
1053 | @pindex cp | |
8127c87d | 1054 | @@ -8526,7 +8508,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1055 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1056 | |
1057 | ||
1058 | -@node dd invocation | |
1059 | +@node dd | |
1060 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1061 | ||
1062 | @pindex dd | |
8127c87d | 1063 | @@ -9016,7 +8998,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1064 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1065 | |
1066 | ||
1067 | -@node install invocation | |
1068 | +@node install | |
1069 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1070 | ||
1071 | @pindex install | |
8127c87d | 1072 | @@ -9197,7 +9179,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1073 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1074 | |
1075 | ||
1076 | -@node mv invocation | |
1077 | +@node mv | |
1078 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1079 | ||
1080 | @pindex mv | |
8127c87d | 1081 | @@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1082 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1083 | |
1084 | ||
1085 | -@node rm invocation | |
1086 | +@node rm | |
1087 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1088 | ||
1089 | @pindex rm | |
8127c87d | 1090 | @@ -9501,7 +9483,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1091 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1092 | |
1093 | ||
1094 | -@node shred invocation | |
1095 | +@node shred | |
1096 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1097 | ||
1098 | @pindex shred | |
8127c87d | 1099 | @@ -9511,7 +9493,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1100 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1101 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1102 | ||
1103 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1104 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1105 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1106 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1107 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
8127c87d | 1108 | @@ -9772,18 +9754,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1109 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1110 | ||
1111 | @menu | |
1112 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1113 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1114 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1115 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1116 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1117 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1118 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1119 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1120 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1121 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1122 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1123 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1124 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1125 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1126 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1127 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1128 | @end menu |
1129 | ||
1130 | ||
1131 | -@node link invocation | |
1132 | +@node link | |
1133 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1134 | ||
1135 | @pindex link | |
8127c87d | 1136 | @@ -9796,7 +9778,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1137 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1138 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1139 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1140 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1141 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1142 | Synopsis: | |
1143 | ||
1144 | @example | |
8127c87d | 1145 | @@ -9822,7 +9804,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1146 | @exitstatus |
1147 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1148 | |
1149 | -@node ln invocation | |
1150 | +@node ln | |
1151 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1152 | ||
1153 | @pindex ln | |
8127c87d | 1154 | @@ -10006,7 +9988,7 @@ |
74811ba6 JB |
1155 | Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized |
1156 | containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic | |
1157 | links in these file names will be resolved. | |
703a6c3b JB |
1158 | -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control |
1159 | +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control | |
74811ba6 | 1160 | over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example: |
703a6c3b | 1161 | |
74811ba6 | 1162 | @example |
8127c87d | 1163 | @@ -10083,7 +10065,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1164 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1165 | |
1166 | ||
1167 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1168 | +@node mkdir | |
1169 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1170 | ||
1171 | @pindex mkdir | |
8127c87d | 1172 | @@ -10156,7 +10138,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1173 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1174 | |
1175 | ||
1176 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1177 | +@node mkfifo | |
1178 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1179 | ||
1180 | @pindex mkfifo | |
8127c87d | 1181 | @@ -10197,7 +10179,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1182 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1183 | |
1184 | ||
1185 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1186 | +@node mknod | |
1187 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1188 | ||
1189 | @pindex mknod | |
8127c87d | 1190 | @@ -10274,7 +10256,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1191 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1192 | |
1193 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1194 | -@node readlink invocation |
1195 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1196 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1197 | |
1198 | @pindex readlink | |
8127c87d | 1199 | @@ -10372,7 +10354,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1200 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1201 | |
1202 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1203 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1204 | +@node rmdir | |
1205 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1206 | ||
1207 | @pindex rmdir | |
8127c87d | 1208 | @@ -10420,12 +10402,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1209 | |
1210 | @end table | |
1211 | ||
1212 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1213 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1214 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1215 | @exitstatus |
1216 | ||
1217 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1218 | -@node unlink invocation |
1219 | +@node unlink | |
1220 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1221 | ||
1222 | @pindex unlink | |
8127c87d | 1223 | @@ -10436,7 +10418,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1224 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1225 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1226 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1227 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1228 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1229 | ||
1230 | @example | |
1231 | unlink @var{filename} | |
8127c87d | 1232 | @@ -10470,14 +10452,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1233 | These commands change file attributes. |
1234 | ||
1235 | @menu | |
703a6c3b | 1236 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1237 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. |
1238 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f | 1239 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. |
703a6c3b | 1240 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1241 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. |
1242 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1243 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. |
1244 | @end menu | |
1245 | ||
1246 | ||
1247 | -@node chown invocation | |
1248 | +@node chown | |
1249 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1250 | ||
1251 | @pindex chown | |
8127c87d | 1252 | @@ -10702,7 +10684,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1253 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1254 | |
1255 | ||
1256 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1257 | +@node chgrp | |
1258 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1259 | ||
1260 | @pindex chgrp | |
8127c87d JB |
1261 | @@ -10711,7 +10693,7 @@ |
1262 | ||
1263 | @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file} | |
1264 | to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) | |
1265 | -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}. | |
1266 | +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}. | |
1267 | Synopsis: | |
1268 | ||
1269 | @example | |
1270 | @@ -10828,7 +10810,7 @@ | |
c2be74f0 | 1271 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1272 | |
1273 | ||
1274 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1275 | +@node chmod | |
1276 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1277 | ||
1278 | @pindex chmod | |
8127c87d | 1279 | @@ -10928,7 +10910,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1280 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1281 | |
1282 | ||
1283 | -@node touch invocation | |
1284 | +@node touch | |
1285 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1286 | ||
1287 | @pindex touch | |
8127c87d | 1288 | @@ -11135,15 +11117,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1289 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1290 | |
1291 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1292 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1293 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1294 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1295 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1296 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1297 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1298 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1299 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1300 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1301 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1302 | @end menu |
1303 | ||
1304 | ||
1305 | -@node df invocation | |
1306 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1307 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1308 | |
1309 | @pindex df | |
8127c87d | 1310 | @@ -11442,7 +11424,7 @@ |
703a6c3b | 1311 | or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument. |
a839fc2f JB |
1312 | |
1313 | ||
1314 | -@node du invocation | |
1315 | +@node du | |
1316 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1317 | ||
1318 | @pindex du | |
8127c87d | 1319 | @@ -11699,7 +11681,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1320 | @item +@var{format} |
1321 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1322 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1323 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1324 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1325 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1326 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1327 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
8127c87d | 1328 | @@ -11767,7 +11749,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1329 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1330 | |
1331 | ||
1332 | -@node stat invocation | |
1333 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1334 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1335 | |
1336 | @pindex stat | |
8127c87d | 1337 | @@ -11956,7 +11938,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1338 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1339 | |
1340 | ||
1341 | -@node sync invocation | |
1342 | +@node sync | |
1343 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1344 | ||
1345 | @pindex sync | |
8127c87d | 1346 | @@ -11983,7 +11965,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1347 | @exitstatus |
1348 | ||
1349 | ||
1350 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1351 | +@node truncate | |
1352 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1353 | ||
1354 | @pindex truncate | |
8127c87d | 1355 | @@ -12060,13 +12042,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1356 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1357 | ||
1358 | @menu | |
1359 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1360 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1361 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1362 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1363 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1364 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1365 | @end menu | |
1366 | ||
1367 | ||
1368 | -@node echo invocation | |
1369 | +@node echo | |
1370 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1371 | ||
1372 | @pindex echo | |
8127c87d | 1373 | @@ -12155,12 +12137,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1374 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1375 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1376 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1377 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1378 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1379 | ||
876a8767 | 1380 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1381 | |
1382 | ||
1383 | -@node printf invocation | |
1384 | +@node printf | |
1385 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1386 | ||
1387 | @pindex printf | |
8127c87d | 1388 | @@ -12314,7 +12296,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1389 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1390 | |
1391 | ||
1392 | -@node yes invocation | |
1393 | +@node yes | |
1394 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1395 | ||
1396 | @pindex yes | |
8127c87d | 1397 | @@ -12345,14 +12327,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1398 | pipeline. |
1399 | ||
1400 | @menu | |
1401 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1402 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1403 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1404 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1405 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1406 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1407 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1408 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1409 | @end menu | |
1410 | ||
1411 | ||
1412 | -@node false invocation | |
1413 | +@node false | |
1414 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1415 | ||
1416 | @pindex false | |
8127c87d | 1417 | @@ -12382,7 +12364,7 @@ |
fd7af4a7 | 1418 | non-GNU hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1419 | |
1420 | ||
1421 | -@node true invocation | |
1422 | +@node true | |
1423 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1424 | ||
1425 | @pindex true | |
8127c87d | 1426 | @@ -12418,7 +12400,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1427 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1428 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1429 | ||
1430 | -@node test invocation | |
1431 | +@node test | |
1432 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1433 | ||
1434 | @pindex test | |
8127c87d | 1435 | @@ -12751,7 +12733,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1436 | @end table |
1437 | ||
1438 | ||
1439 | -@node expr invocation | |
1440 | +@node expr | |
1441 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1442 | ||
1443 | @pindex expr | |
8127c87d | 1444 | @@ -13028,11 +13010,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1445 | it's described here. |
1446 | ||
1447 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1448 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1449 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1450 | @end menu |
1451 | ||
1452 | ||
1453 | -@node tee invocation | |
1454 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1455 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1456 | |
1457 | @pindex tee | |
8127c87d | 1458 | @@ -13193,15 +13175,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1459 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1460 | ||
1461 | @menu | |
1462 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1463 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1464 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1465 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1466 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1467 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1468 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1469 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1470 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1471 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1472 | @end menu |
1473 | ||
1474 | ||
1475 | -@node basename invocation | |
1476 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1477 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1478 | |
1479 | @pindex basename | |
8127c87d | 1480 | @@ -13283,7 +13265,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1481 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1482 | |
1483 | ||
1484 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1485 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1486 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1487 | |
1488 | @pindex dirname | |
8127c87d | 1489 | @@ -13336,7 +13318,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1490 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1491 | |
1492 | ||
1493 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1494 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1495 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1496 | |
1497 | @pindex pathchk | |
8127c87d | 1498 | @@ -13412,7 +13394,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1499 | 1 otherwise. |
1500 | @end display | |
1501 | ||
1502 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1503 | +@node mktemp | |
1504 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1505 | ||
1506 | @pindex mktemp | |
8127c87d | 1507 | @@ -13587,7 +13569,7 @@ |
703a6c3b JB |
1508 | @end display |
1509 | ||
1510 | ||
1511 | -@node realpath invocation | |
1512 | +@node realpath | |
1513 | @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name. | |
1514 | ||
1515 | @pindex realpath | |
8127c87d | 1516 | @@ -13711,14 +13693,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1517 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1518 | ||
1519 | @menu | |
1520 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1521 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1522 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1523 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1524 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1525 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1526 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1527 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1528 | @end menu | |
1529 | ||
1530 | ||
1531 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1532 | +@node pwd | |
1533 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1534 | ||
1535 | @pindex pwd | |
8127c87d | 1536 | @@ -13765,7 +13747,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1537 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1538 | |
1539 | ||
1540 | -@node stty invocation | |
1541 | +@node stty | |
1542 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1543 | ||
1544 | @pindex stty | |
8127c87d | 1545 | @@ -14466,7 +14448,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1546 | @end table |
1547 | ||
1548 | ||
1549 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1550 | +@node printenv | |
1551 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1552 | ||
1553 | @pindex printenv | |
8127c87d | 1554 | @@ -14501,7 +14483,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1555 | @end display |
1556 | ||
1557 | ||
1558 | -@node tty invocation | |
1559 | +@node tty | |
1560 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1561 | ||
1562 | @pindex tty | |
8127c87d | 1563 | @@ -14551,16 +14533,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1564 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1565 | ||
1566 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1567 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1568 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1569 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1570 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1571 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1572 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1573 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1574 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1575 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1576 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1577 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1578 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1579 | @end menu | |
1580 | ||
1581 | ||
1582 | -@node id invocation | |
1583 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1584 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1585 | |
1586 | @pindex id | |
8127c87d | 1587 | @@ -14664,7 +14646,7 @@ |
74811ba6 JB |
1588 | |
1589 | @exitstatus | |
a839fc2f JB |
1590 | |
1591 | -@node logname invocation | |
1592 | +@node logname | |
1593 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1594 | ||
1595 | @pindex logname | |
8127c87d | 1596 | @@ -14685,7 +14667,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1597 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1598 | |
1599 | ||
1600 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1601 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1602 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1603 | |
1604 | @pindex whoami | |
8127c87d | 1605 | @@ -14701,7 +14683,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1606 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1607 | |
1608 | ||
1609 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1610 | +@node groups |
1611 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1612 | ||
1613 | @pindex groups | |
8127c87d | 1614 | @@ -14728,7 +14710,7 @@ |
fc53c102 | 1615 | |
74811ba6 | 1616 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 | 1617 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1618 | -@node users invocation |
1619 | +@node users | |
1620 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1621 | ||
1622 | @pindex users | |
8127c87d | 1623 | @@ -14759,7 +14741,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1624 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1625 | |
1626 | ||
1627 | -@node who invocation | |
1628 | +@node who | |
1629 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1630 | ||
1631 | @pindex who | |
8127c87d | 1632 | @@ -14918,16 +14900,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1633 | information. |
1634 | ||
1635 | @menu | |
1636 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1637 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1638 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1639 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1640 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1641 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1642 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1643 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1644 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1645 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1646 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1647 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1648 | @end menu | |
1649 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1650 | -@node date invocation |
1651 | +@node date | |
1652 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1653 | ||
1654 | @pindex date | |
8127c87d | 1655 | @@ -15620,7 +15600,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1656 | @end itemize |
1657 | ||
1658 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1659 | -@node arch invocation |
1660 | +@node arch | |
1661 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1662 | ||
1663 | @pindex arch | |
8127c87d | 1664 | @@ -15640,7 +15620,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1665 | @exitstatus |
1666 | ||
1667 | ||
1668 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1669 | +@node nproc | |
1670 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1671 | ||
1672 | @pindex nproc | |
8127c87d | 1673 | @@ -15677,7 +15657,7 @@ |
3c350007 JB |
1674 | @exitstatus |
1675 | ||
1676 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1677 | -@node uname invocation |
1678 | +@node uname | |
1679 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1680 | ||
1681 | @pindex uname | |
8127c87d | 1682 | @@ -15807,31 +15787,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1683 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1684 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1685 | |
1686 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1687 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1688 | - | |
1689 | -@pindex hostname | |
1690 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1691 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1692 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1693 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1694 | - | |
1695 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1696 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1697 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1698 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1699 | - |
1700 | -@example | |
1701 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1702 | -@end example | |
1703 | - | |
1704 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1705 | -options}. | |
1706 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1707 | -@exitstatus |
1708 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1709 | - |
1710 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1711 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1712 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1713 | |
1714 | @pindex hostid | |
8127c87d | 1715 | @@ -15855,37 +15811,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1716 | |
1717 | @exitstatus | |
1718 | ||
1719 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1720 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1721 | - | |
1722 | -@pindex uptime | |
1723 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1724 | - | |
1725 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1726 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1727 | - | |
1728 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1729 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1730 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1731 | -the default setting). | |
1732 | - | |
1733 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1734 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1735 | - | |
1736 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1737 | - | |
1738 | -@example | |
1739 | -$ uptime | |
1740 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1741 | -@end example | |
1742 | - | |
1743 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1744 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1745 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1746 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1747 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1748 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1749 | - | |
1750 | @node SELinux context | |
1751 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1752 | ||
8127c87d | 1753 | @@ -15897,11 +15822,11 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1754 | contexts. |
1755 | ||
1756 | @menu | |
1757 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1758 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1759 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1760 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1761 | @end menu | |
1762 | ||
1763 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1764 | +@node chcon | |
1765 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1766 | ||
1767 | @pindex chcon | |
8127c87d | 1768 | @@ -16004,7 +15929,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1769 | |
1770 | @exitstatus | |
1771 | ||
1772 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1773 | +@node runcon | |
1774 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1775 | ||
1776 | @pindex runcon | |
8127c87d | 1777 | @@ -16089,16 +16014,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1778 | user, etc. |
1779 | ||
1780 | @menu | |
1781 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1782 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1783 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1784 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1785 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1786 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1787 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1788 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1789 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1790 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1791 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1792 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1793 | @end menu |
1794 | ||
1795 | ||
1796 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1797 | +@node chroot | |
1798 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1799 | ||
1800 | @pindex chroot | |
8127c87d | 1801 | @@ -16198,7 +16123,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1802 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1803 | |
1804 | ||
1805 | -@node env invocation | |
1806 | +@node env | |
1807 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1808 | ||
1809 | @pindex env | |
8127c87d | 1810 | @@ -16348,7 +16273,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1811 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1812 | |
1813 | ||
1814 | -@node nice invocation | |
1815 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1816 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1817 | |
1818 | @pindex nice | |
8127c87d | 1819 | @@ -16475,7 +16400,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1820 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1821 | |
1822 | ||
1823 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1824 | +@node nohup | |
1825 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1826 | ||
1827 | @pindex nohup | |
8127c87d | 1828 | @@ -16548,7 +16473,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1829 | instead of 125. |
1830 | ||
1831 | ||
1832 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1833 | +@node stdbuf | |
1834 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1835 | ||
1836 | @pindex stdbuf | |
8127c87d | 1837 | @@ -16637,7 +16562,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1838 | @end display |
1839 | ||
1840 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1841 | -@node timeout invocation |
1842 | +@node timeout | |
1843 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1844 | ||
1845 | @pindex timeout | |
8127c87d | 1846 | @@ -16724,90 +16649,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1847 | @end display |
1848 | ||
1849 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1850 | -@node Process control |
1851 | -@chapter Process control | |
1852 | - | |
1853 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1854 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1855 | - | |
1856 | -@menu | |
1857 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1858 | -@end menu | |
1859 | - | |
1860 | - | |
1861 | -@node kill invocation | |
1862 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1863 | - | |
1864 | -@pindex kill | |
1865 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1866 | - | |
1867 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1868 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1869 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1870 | - | |
1871 | -@example | |
1872 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1873 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1874 | -@end example | |
1875 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1876 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1877 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1878 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1879 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
703a6c3b | 1880 | -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a |
a839fc2f JB |
1881 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments |
1882 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1883 | - | |
1884 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1885 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1886 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1887 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1888 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1889 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1890 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1891 | - | |
1892 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1893 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1894 | -is sent. | |
1895 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1896 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 | 1897 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
fd7af4a7 | 1898 | -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill |
c2be74f0 | 1899 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: |
a839fc2f JB |
1900 | - |
1901 | -@example | |
1902 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1903 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1904 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1905 | -kill -- -1 |
1906 | -@end example | |
1907 | - | |
1908 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1909 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1910 | - | |
1911 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1912 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1913 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1914 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1915 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1916 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1917 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1918 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1919 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1920 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1921 | - | |
1922 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1923 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1924 | - | |
1925 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1926 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1927 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
703a6c3b | 1928 | -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the |
a839fc2f | 1929 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid |
703a6c3b JB |
1930 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. |
1931 | -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported | |
1932 | -signal names and numbers. | |
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1933 | - |
1934 | @node Delaying | |
1935 | @chapter Delaying | |
1936 | ||
8127c87d | 1937 | @@ -16817,11 +16658,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1938 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
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1939 | |
1940 | @menu | |
1941 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1942 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1943 | @end menu | |
1944 | ||
1945 | ||
1946 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1947 | +@node sleep | |
1948 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1949 | ||
1950 | @pindex sleep | |
8127c87d | 1951 | @@ -16871,12 +16712,12 @@ |
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1952 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1953 | ||
1954 | @menu | |
1955 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1956 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1957 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1958 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1959 | @end menu | |
1960 | ||
1961 | ||
1962 | -@node factor invocation | |
1963 | +@node factor | |
1964 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1965 | ||
1966 | @pindex factor | |
8127c87d | 1967 | @@ -16934,7 +16775,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1968 | @exitstatus |
1969 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1970 | |
1971 | -@node seq invocation | |
1972 | +@node seq | |
1973 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1974 | ||
1975 | @pindex seq |