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1--- coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2013-12-13 03:43:10.000000000 +0100
2+++ coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi 2013-12-14 12:02:04.754108101 +0100
d51def31 3@@ -20,120 +20,109 @@
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4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
10c838b0 11+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
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12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
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14+* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 16-@end direntry
a839fc2f 17-
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18-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
c2be74f0 21-
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22-@dircategory Individual utilities
23-@direntry
3c350007 24-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
c2be74f0 25-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
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26-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
10c838b0 28-* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
a839fc2f 29-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
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30-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f 32-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 33-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
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34-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
36-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
37-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
38-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
39-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
c2be74f0 40-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
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41-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
42-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
10c838b0 43-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
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44-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
45-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
46-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
47-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
48-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
49-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
50-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
51-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
52-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
53-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
54-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
55-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
56-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
c2be74f0 57-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
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58-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
59-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
60-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
61-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
62-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
63-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
64-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
c2be74f0 65-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
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66-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
67-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
68-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
10c838b0 69-* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
a839fc2f 70-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
c2be74f0 71-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
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72-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
73-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 74-* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
d51def31 75-* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
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76-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 84-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
0ee46a86 85-* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
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86-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
87-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
10c838b0 88-* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
a839fc2f 89-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
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90-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
91-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f 92-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
c2be74f0 93-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
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94-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
95-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
0d2793d8 96-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
fbb5b105 97-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
10c838b0 98-* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
a839fc2f 99-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
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100-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
101-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
102-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
103-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
104-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
105-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
10c838b0 106-* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
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107-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
108-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
109-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
10c838b0 110-* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
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111-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
112-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
113-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
114-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 115-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 116-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
10c838b0 117-* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
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118-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
119-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
876a8767 120-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f 121-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
c2be74f0 122-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f 123-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
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124+* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
125+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
126+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
127+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
128+* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
129+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
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130+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
131+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
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132+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
133+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
134+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
135+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
136+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
137+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
138+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
139+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
140+* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
141+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
142+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
143+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
144+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
145+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
146+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
147+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
148+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
149+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
150+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
151+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
152+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
153+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
154+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
155+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
156+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
157+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
158+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
159+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
160+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
161+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
162+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
163+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
164+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
165+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
166+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
167+* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
168+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
169+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
170+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
171+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
172+* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
d51def31 173+* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
0d2793d8 174+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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175+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
176+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
177+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
178+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
179+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
180+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
181+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
182+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
703a6c3b 183+* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names
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184+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
185+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
186+* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
187+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
188+* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
189+* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
190+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
191+* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
192+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
193+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
0d2793d8 194+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
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195+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
196+* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
197+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
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198+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
199+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
200+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
201+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
202+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
203+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
204+* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
205+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
206+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
207+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
208+* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
209+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
210+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
211+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
212+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
213+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
214+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
215+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
216+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
217+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
218+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
219+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
220+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
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221 @end direntry
222
223 @copying
d51def31 224@@ -198,10 +187,9 @@
703a6c3b 225 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
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226 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
227 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
228-* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
229+* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
230 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
703a6c3b 231 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
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232-* Process control:: kill
233 * Delaying:: sleep
234 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
235 * File permissions:: Access modes
74811ba6 236@@ -230,43 +218,43 @@
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237
238 Output of entire files
239
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240-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
241-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
242-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
243-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
244-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
245+* cat:: Concatenate and write files
246+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
247+* nl:: Number lines and write files
248+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
249+* base64:: Transform data into printable data
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250
251 Formatting file contents
252
10c838b0 253-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
d51def31 254-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
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255-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
256-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
257+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
d51def31 258+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
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259+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
260+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
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261
262 Output of parts of files
263
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264-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
265-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
266-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
267-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
268+* head:: Output the first part of files
269+* tail:: Output the last part of files
270+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
271+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
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272
273 Summarizing files
274
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275-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
276-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
277-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
278-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
279-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
280+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
281+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
282+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
283+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
284+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
285 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
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286
287 Operating on sorted files
288
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289-* sort invocation:: Sort text files
290-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
291-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
292-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
293-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
294-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
295+* sort:: Sort text files
296+* shuf:: Shuffle text files
297+* uniq:: Uniquify files
298+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
299+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
300+* tsort:: Topological sort
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301
302 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
303
74811ba6 304@@ -278,15 +266,15 @@
a839fc2f 305
10c838b0 306 Operating on fields
a839fc2f 307
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308-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
309-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
310-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
311+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
312+* paste:: Merge lines of files
313+* join:: Join lines on a common field
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314
315 Operating on characters
316
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317-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
318-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
319-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
320+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
321+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
322+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
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323
324 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
325
74811ba6 326@@ -296,10 +284,10 @@
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327
328 Directory listing
329
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330-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
331-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
332-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
333-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
334+* ls:: List directory contents
335+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
336+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
337+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
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338
339 @command{ls}: List directory contents
340
74811ba6 341@@ -312,51 +300,51 @@
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342
343 Basic operations
344
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345-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
346-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
347-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
348-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
349-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
350-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
351+* cp:: Copy files and directories
352+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
353+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
354+* mv:: Move (rename) files
355+* rm:: Remove files or directories
356+* shred:: Remove files more securely
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357
358 Special file types
359
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360-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
361-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
362-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
363-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
364-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
365-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
366-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
367-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
368+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
369+* ln:: Make links between files
370+* mkdir:: Make directories
371+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
372+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
373+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
374+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
375+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
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376
377 Changing file attributes
378
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379-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
380-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
381-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
382-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
383+* chown:: Change file owner and group
384+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
385+* chmod:: Change access permissions
386+* touch:: Change file timestamps
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387
388 Disk usage
389
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390-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
391-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
392-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
393-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
394-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
395+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
396+* du:: Estimate file space usage
397+* stat:: Report file or file system status
398+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
399+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
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400
401 Printing text
402
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403-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
404-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
405-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
406+* echo:: Print a line of text
407+* printf:: Format and print data
408+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
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409
410 Conditions
411
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412-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
413-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
414-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
415-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
416+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
417+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
418+* test:: Check file types and compare values
419+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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420
421 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
422
74811ba6 423@@ -375,22 +363,22 @@
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424
425 Redirection
426
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427-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
428+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
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429
430 File name manipulation
431
432-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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433-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
434-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
435-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 436-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
a839fc2f 437+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
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438+* dirname:: Strip last file name component
439+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
440+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
0ee46a86 441+* realpath:: Print resolved file names
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442
443 Working context
444
445-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
446-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
447-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
448-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
449+* pwd:: Print working directory
450+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
451+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
452+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
453
454 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
455
74811ba6 456@@ -404,22 +392,20 @@
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457
458 User information
459
c2be74f0 460-* id invocation:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 461-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 462-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
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463-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
464-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
465-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
c2be74f0 466+* id:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 467+* logname:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 468+* whoami:: Print effective user ID
fc53c102 469+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
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470+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
471+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
472
473 System context
474
3c350007 475-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 476-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 477-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
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478-* uname invocation:: Print system information
479-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
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480-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
481-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
3c350007 482+* arch:: Print machine hardware name
a839fc2f 483+* date:: Print or set system date and time
10c838b0 484+* nproc:: Print the number of processors
a839fc2f 485+* uname:: Print system information
3c350007 486+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
a839fc2f
JB
487
488 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
489
74811ba6 490@@ -434,30 +420,26 @@
10c838b0
JB
491
492 SELinux context
493
494-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
495-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
496+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
497+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
a839fc2f
JB
498
499 Modified command invocation
500
501-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
502-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 503-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 504-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 505-* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 506-* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
507-
508-Process control
509-
510-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
511+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
512+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 513+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 514+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
10c838b0 515+* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
10c838b0 516+* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
a839fc2f
JB
517
518 Delaying
519
520-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
521+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
522
523 Numeric operations
524
525-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
526-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
527+* factor:: Print prime factors
528+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
529
530 File permissions
531
d51def31 532@@ -1477,14 +1459,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
533 in some way.
534
535 @menu
536-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
537-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
538-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
539-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 540-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
541+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
542+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
543+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
544+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 545+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
546 @end menu
547
548-@node cat invocation
549+@node cat
550 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
551
552 @pindex cat
d51def31 553@@ -1584,7 +1566,7 @@
c2be74f0 554 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
555
556
557-@node tac invocation
558+@node tac
559 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
560
561 @pindex tac
d51def31
JB
562@@ -1640,7 +1622,7 @@
563 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
564
565
566-@node nl invocation
567+@node nl
568 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
569
570 @pindex nl
d51def31 571@@ -1803,7 +1785,7 @@
876a8767 572 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
573
574
575-@node od invocation
576+@node od
577 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
578
579 @pindex od
74811ba6 580@@ -2058,7 +2040,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
581
582 @exitstatus
583
584-@node base64 invocation
585+@node base64
10c838b0 586 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
c2be74f0
JB
587
588 @pindex base64
74811ba6 589@@ -2126,14 +2108,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
590 These commands reformat the contents of files.
591
592 @menu
593-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
d51def31 594-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
a839fc2f
JB
595-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
596-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
597+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
d51def31 598+* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
a839fc2f
JB
599+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
600+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
601 @end menu
602
603
604-@node fmt invocation
605+@node fmt
606 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
607
608 @pindex fmt
74811ba6 609@@ -2237,7 +2219,7 @@
d51def31 610
876a8767 611 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 612
d51def31
JB
613-@node numfmt invocation
614+@node numfmt
615 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
616
617 @pindex numfmt
74811ba6 618@@ -2557,7 +2539,7 @@
d51def31
JB
619 == 2,14,74,83,648==
620 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
621
622-@node pr invocation
623+@node pr
624 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
625
626 @pindex pr
74811ba6 627@@ -2667,7 +2649,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
628 @cindex time formats
629 @cindex formatting times
630 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
703a6c3b
JB
631-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
632+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
a839fc2f
JB
633 Except for directives, which start with
634 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
635 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
74811ba6 636@@ -2894,7 +2876,7 @@
876a8767 637 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
638
639
640-@node fold invocation
641+@node fold
642 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
643
644 @pindex fold
74811ba6 645@@ -2961,13 +2943,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
646 These commands output pieces of the input.
647
648 @menu
649-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
650-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 651-* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
652-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
653+* head:: Output the first part of files.
654+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
0d2793d8 655+* split:: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
656+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
657 @end menu
658
659-@node head invocation
660+@node head
661 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
662
663 @pindex head
74811ba6 664@@ -3044,7 +3026,7 @@
876a8767
JB
665 @exitstatus
666
a839fc2f
JB
667
668-@node tail invocation
669+@node tail
670 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
671
672 @pindex tail
74811ba6 673@@ -3282,7 +3264,7 @@
876a8767
JB
674 @exitstatus
675
a839fc2f
JB
676
677-@node split invocation
678+@node split
0d2793d8 679 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
a839fc2f
JB
680
681 @pindex split
74811ba6 682@@ -3511,7 +3493,7 @@
0d2793d8 683 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
684
685
686-@node csplit invocation
687+@node csplit
688 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
689
690 @pindex csplit
74811ba6 691@@ -3727,16 +3709,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
692 contents of files.
693
694 @menu
876a8767 695-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
696-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
697-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
698-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
699-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
876a8767 700+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
701+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
702+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
703+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
704+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
10c838b0 705 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f
JB
706 @end menu
707
708
709-@node wc invocation
710+@node wc
876a8767 711 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
a839fc2f
JB
712
713 @pindex wc
74811ba6 714@@ -3854,7 +3836,7 @@
876a8767 715 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
716
717
718-@node sum invocation
719+@node sum
720 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
721
722 @pindex sum
74811ba6 723@@ -3905,7 +3887,7 @@
876a8767 724 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
725
726
727-@node cksum invocation
728+@node cksum
729 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
730
731 @pindex cksum
74811ba6 732@@ -3939,7 +3921,7 @@
876a8767 733 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
734
735
736-@node md5sum invocation
737+@node md5sum
c2be74f0 738 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
a839fc2f
JB
739
740 @pindex md5sum
74811ba6 741@@ -4085,7 +4067,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
742 @exitstatus
743
744
745-@node sha1sum invocation
746+@node sha1sum
747 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
748
749 @pindex sha1sum
74811ba6 750@@ -4097,7 +4079,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
751
752 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
753 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
754-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
755+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
756
757 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
758 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
74811ba6 759@@ -4137,7 +4119,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
760 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
761 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
762 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
763-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
764+@xref{md5sum}.
765
766 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
767 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
74811ba6 768@@ -4152,16 +4134,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
769 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
770
771 @menu
772-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 773-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
774-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
775-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
776-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
777-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
778+* sort:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 779+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
780+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
781+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
782+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
783+* tsort:: Topological sort.
a839fc2f
JB
784 @end menu
785
786
787-@node sort invocation
788+@node sort
789 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
790
791 @pindex sort
74811ba6 792@@ -4450,7 +4432,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
793 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
794 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
795 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
796-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
797+like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
798 except that keys with the same value sort together.
799
800 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
74811ba6 801@@ -4638,7 +4620,7 @@
0d2793d8
JB
802 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
803 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
804 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
805-a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
806+a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
dca140ed
AM
807
808 @item -u
809 @itemx --unique
74811ba6 810@@ -4656,7 +4638,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
811 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
812 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
813 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
814-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
815+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
816
10c838b0 817 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
c2be74f0 818 @item -z
74811ba6 819@@ -4879,7 +4861,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
820 @end itemize
821
822
c2be74f0
JB
823-@node shuf invocation
824+@node shuf
825 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
826
827 @pindex shuf
74811ba6 828@@ -5035,7 +5017,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
829 @exitstatus
830
831
a839fc2f
JB
832-@node uniq invocation
833+@node uniq
834 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
835
836 @pindex uniq
74811ba6 837@@ -5057,7 +5039,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
838 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
839 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
840 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
841-@xref{sort invocation}.
842+@xref{sort}.
843
844 @vindex LC_COLLATE
10c838b0 845 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
74811ba6 846@@ -5218,7 +5200,7 @@
876a8767 847 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
848
849
850-@node comm invocation
851+@node comm
852 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
853
854 @pindex comm
74811ba6 855@@ -5300,7 +5282,7 @@
876a8767 856
10c838b0 857 @end table
a839fc2f
JB
858
859-@node ptx invocation
860+@node ptx
861 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
862
863 @pindex ptx
74811ba6 864@@ -5759,7 +5741,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
865 @end itemize
866
867
868-@node tsort invocation
869+@node tsort
870 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
871
872 @pindex tsort
74811ba6 873@@ -5921,13 +5903,13 @@
10c838b0 874 @chapter Operating on fields
a839fc2f
JB
875
876 @menu
877-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
878-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
879-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
880+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
881+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
882+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
883 @end menu
884
885
886-@node cut invocation
887+@node cut
888 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
889
890 @pindex cut
74811ba6 891@@ -6047,7 +6029,7 @@
876a8767 892 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
893
894
895-@node paste invocation
896+@node paste
897 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
898
899 @pindex paste
74811ba6 900@@ -6143,7 +6125,7 @@
876a8767 901 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
902
903
904-@node join invocation
905+@node join
906 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
907
908 @pindex join
74811ba6 909@@ -6319,13 +6301,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
910 This commands operate on individual characters.
911
912 @menu
913-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
914-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
915-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
916+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
917+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
918+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
919 @end menu
920
921
922-@node tr invocation
923+@node tr
924 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
925
926 @pindex tr
74811ba6 927@@ -6705,7 +6687,7 @@
c2be74f0 928 @end itemize
a839fc2f
JB
929
930
931-@node expand invocation
932+@node expand
933 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
934
935 @pindex expand
74811ba6 936@@ -6758,7 +6740,7 @@
876a8767 937 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
938
939
940-@node unexpand invocation
941+@node unexpand
942 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
943
944 @pindex unexpand
74811ba6 945@@ -6819,14 +6801,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
946 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
947
948 @menu
949-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
950-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
951-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
952-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
953+* ls:: List directory contents.
954+* dir:: Briefly ls.
955+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
956+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
957 @end menu
958
959
960-@node ls invocation
961+@node ls
962 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
963
964 @pindex ls
74811ba6 965@@ -7689,7 +7671,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
966 @item +@var{format}
967 @vindex LC_TIME
968 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
969-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
970+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 971 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
972 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
973 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
74811ba6 974@@ -7881,7 +7863,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
975 @end table
976
977
978-@node dir invocation
979+@node dir
980 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
981
982 @pindex dir
74811ba6 983@@ -7891,10 +7873,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
984 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
985 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
986
987-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
988+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
989
990
991-@node vdir invocation
992+@node vdir
993 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
994
995 @pindex vdir
74811ba6 996@@ -7904,7 +7886,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
997 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
998 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
999
1000-@node dircolors invocation
1001+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 1002 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
1003
1004 @pindex dircolors
74811ba6 1005@@ -7991,16 +7973,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1006 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1007
1008 @menu
1009-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1010-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1011-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1012-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1013-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1014-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1015+* cp:: Copy files.
1016+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1017+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1018+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1019+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1020+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1021 @end menu
1022
1023
1024-@node cp invocation
1025+@node cp
1026 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1027
1028 @pindex cp
74811ba6 1029@@ -8477,7 +8459,7 @@
876a8767 1030 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1031
1032
1033-@node dd invocation
1034+@node dd
1035 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1036
1037 @pindex dd
74811ba6 1038@@ -8943,7 +8925,7 @@
876a8767 1039 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1040
1041
1042-@node install invocation
1043+@node install
1044 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1045
1046 @pindex install
74811ba6 1047@@ -9124,7 +9106,7 @@
876a8767 1048 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1049
1050
1051-@node mv invocation
1052+@node mv
1053 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1054
1055 @pindex mv
74811ba6 1056@@ -9265,7 +9247,7 @@
876a8767 1057 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1058
1059
1060-@node rm invocation
1061+@node rm
1062 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1063
1064 @pindex rm
74811ba6 1065@@ -9428,7 +9410,7 @@
876a8767 1066 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1067
1068
1069-@node shred invocation
1070+@node shred
1071 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1072
1073 @pindex shred
74811ba6 1074@@ -9438,7 +9420,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1075 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1076 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1077
1078-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1079+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1080 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1081 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1082 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
74811ba6 1083@@ -9698,18 +9680,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1084 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1085
1086 @menu
1087-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1088-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1089-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1090-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1091-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
10c838b0 1092-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
a839fc2f
JB
1093-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1094-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
10c838b0 1095+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
a839fc2f
JB
1096+* ln:: Make links between files.
1097+* mkdir:: Make directories.
1098+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1099+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
10c838b0 1100+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
a839fc2f 1101+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
10c838b0 1102+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
a839fc2f
JB
1103 @end menu
1104
1105
1106-@node link invocation
1107+@node link
1108 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1109
1110 @pindex link
74811ba6 1111@@ -9722,7 +9704,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1112 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1113 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1114 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1115-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1116+@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1117 Synopsis:
1118
1119 @example
74811ba6 1120@@ -9748,7 +9730,7 @@
876a8767
JB
1121 @exitstatus
1122
a839fc2f
JB
1123
1124-@node ln invocation
1125+@node ln
1126 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1127
1128 @pindex ln
74811ba6
JB
1129@@ -9932,7 +9914,7 @@
1130 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1131 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic
1132 links in these file names will be resolved.
703a6c3b
JB
1133-@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1134+@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
74811ba6 1135 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
703a6c3b 1136
74811ba6
JB
1137 @example
1138@@ -10009,7 +9991,7 @@
c2be74f0 1139 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1140
1141
1142-@node mkdir invocation
1143+@node mkdir
1144 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1145
1146 @pindex mkdir
74811ba6 1147@@ -10082,7 +10064,7 @@
876a8767 1148 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1149
1150
1151-@node mkfifo invocation
1152+@node mkfifo
1153 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1154
1155 @pindex mkfifo
74811ba6 1156@@ -10123,7 +10105,7 @@
876a8767 1157 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1158
1159
1160-@node mknod invocation
1161+@node mknod
1162 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1163
1164 @pindex mknod
74811ba6 1165@@ -10200,7 +10182,7 @@
876a8767 1166 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1167
1168
fbb5b105
JB
1169-@node readlink invocation
1170+@node readlink
10c838b0 1171 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
fbb5b105
JB
1172
1173 @pindex readlink
74811ba6 1174@@ -10302,7 +10284,7 @@
876a8767 1175 @exitstatus
fbb5b105
JB
1176
1177
a839fc2f
JB
1178-@node rmdir invocation
1179+@node rmdir
1180 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1181
1182 @pindex rmdir
74811ba6 1183@@ -10350,12 +10332,12 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1184
1185 @end table
1186
1187-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1188+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1189
876a8767
JB
1190 @exitstatus
1191
1192
a839fc2f
JB
1193-@node unlink invocation
1194+@node unlink
1195 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1196
1197 @pindex unlink
74811ba6 1198@@ -10366,7 +10348,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1199 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1200 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1201 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1202-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1203+@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1204
1205 @example
1206 unlink @var{filename}
74811ba6 1207@@ -10400,14 +10382,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1208 These commands change file attributes.
1209
1210 @menu
703a6c3b 1211-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1212-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1213-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f 1214-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
703a6c3b 1215+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
a839fc2f
JB
1216+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1217+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
a839fc2f
JB
1218+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1219 @end menu
1220
1221
1222-@node chown invocation
1223+@node chown
1224 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1225
1226 @pindex chown
74811ba6 1227@@ -10625,7 +10607,7 @@
c2be74f0 1228 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1229
1230
1231-@node chgrp invocation
1232+@node chgrp
1233 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1234
1235 @pindex chgrp
74811ba6 1236@@ -10748,7 +10730,7 @@
c2be74f0 1237 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1238
1239
1240-@node chmod invocation
1241+@node chmod
1242 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1243
1244 @pindex chmod
74811ba6 1245@@ -10848,7 +10830,7 @@
876a8767 1246 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1247
1248
1249-@node touch invocation
1250+@node touch
1251 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1252
1253 @pindex touch
74811ba6 1254@@ -11055,15 +11037,15 @@
c2be74f0 1255 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
a839fc2f
JB
1256
1257 @menu
c2be74f0 1258-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1259-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1260-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f 1261-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
10c838b0 1262-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
c2be74f0 1263+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1264+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1265+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f 1266+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
10c838b0 1267+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
a839fc2f
JB
1268 @end menu
1269
1270
1271-@node df invocation
1272+@node df
c2be74f0 1273 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f
JB
1274
1275 @pindex df
74811ba6 1276@@ -11362,7 +11344,7 @@
703a6c3b 1277 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
a839fc2f
JB
1278
1279
1280-@node du invocation
1281+@node du
1282 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1283
1284 @pindex du
74811ba6 1285@@ -11619,7 +11601,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1286 @item +@var{format}
1287 @vindex LC_TIME
1288 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1289-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1290+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1291 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1292 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1293 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
74811ba6 1294@@ -11687,7 +11669,7 @@
876a8767 1295 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1296
1297
1298-@node stat invocation
1299+@node stat
c2be74f0 1300 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
a839fc2f
JB
1301
1302 @pindex stat
74811ba6 1303@@ -11876,7 +11858,7 @@
876a8767 1304 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1305
1306
1307-@node sync invocation
1308+@node sync
1309 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1310
1311 @pindex sync
74811ba6 1312@@ -11903,7 +11885,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1313 @exitstatus
1314
1315
1316-@node truncate invocation
1317+@node truncate
1318 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1319
1320 @pindex truncate
74811ba6 1321@@ -11980,13 +11962,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1322 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1323
1324 @menu
1325-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1326-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1327-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1328+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1329+* printf:: Format and print data.
1330+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1331 @end menu
1332
1333
1334-@node echo invocation
1335+@node echo
1336 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1337
1338 @pindex echo
74811ba6 1339@@ -12075,12 +12057,12 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1340 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1341 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1342 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1343-backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1344+backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1345
876a8767 1346 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1347
1348
1349-@node printf invocation
1350+@node printf
1351 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1352
1353 @pindex printf
74811ba6 1354@@ -12234,7 +12216,7 @@
876a8767 1355 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1356
1357
1358-@node yes invocation
1359+@node yes
1360 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1361
1362 @pindex yes
74811ba6 1363@@ -12265,14 +12247,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1364 pipeline.
1365
1366 @menu
1367-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1368-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1369-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1370-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1371+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1372+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1373+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1374+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1375 @end menu
1376
1377
1378-@node false invocation
1379+@node false
1380 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1381
1382 @pindex false
74811ba6 1383@@ -12302,7 +12284,7 @@
fd7af4a7 1384 non-GNU hosts.
a839fc2f
JB
1385
1386
1387-@node true invocation
1388+@node true
1389 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1390
1391 @pindex true
74811ba6 1392@@ -12338,7 +12320,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1393 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1394 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1395
1396-@node test invocation
1397+@node test
1398 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1399
1400 @pindex test
74811ba6 1401@@ -12671,7 +12653,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1402 @end table
1403
1404
1405-@node expr invocation
1406+@node expr
1407 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1408
1409 @pindex expr
74811ba6 1410@@ -12948,11 +12930,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1411 it's described here.
1412
1413 @menu
3c350007
JB
1414-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1415+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
a839fc2f
JB
1416 @end menu
1417
1418
1419-@node tee invocation
1420+@node tee
3c350007 1421 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
a839fc2f
JB
1422
1423 @pindex tee
74811ba6 1424@@ -13113,15 +13095,15 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1425 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1426
1427 @menu
1428-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1429-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1430-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1431-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1432-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f 1433+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
10c838b0
JB
1434+* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1435+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1436+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
0ee46a86 1437+* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
a839fc2f
JB
1438 @end menu
1439
1440
1441-@node basename invocation
1442+@node basename
fbb5b105 1443 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1444
1445 @pindex basename
74811ba6 1446@@ -13207,7 +13189,7 @@
c2be74f0 1447 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1448
1449
1450-@node dirname invocation
1451+@node dirname
10c838b0 1452 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
a839fc2f
JB
1453
1454 @pindex dirname
74811ba6 1455@@ -13264,7 +13246,7 @@
c2be74f0 1456 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1457
1458
1459-@node pathchk invocation
1460+@node pathchk
10c838b0 1461 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
a839fc2f
JB
1462
1463 @pindex pathchk
74811ba6 1464@@ -13340,7 +13322,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1465 1 otherwise.
1466 @end display
1467
1468-@node mktemp invocation
1469+@node mktemp
1470 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1471
1472 @pindex mktemp
74811ba6 1473@@ -13515,7 +13497,7 @@
703a6c3b
JB
1474 @end display
1475
1476
1477-@node realpath invocation
1478+@node realpath
1479 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1480
1481 @pindex realpath
74811ba6 1482@@ -13643,14 +13625,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1483 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1484
1485 @menu
1486-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1487-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1488-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1489-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1490+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1491+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1492+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1493+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1494 @end menu
1495
1496
1497-@node pwd invocation
1498+@node pwd
1499 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1500
1501 @pindex pwd
74811ba6 1502@@ -13697,7 +13679,7 @@
876a8767 1503 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1504
1505
1506-@node stty invocation
1507+@node stty
1508 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1509
1510 @pindex stty
74811ba6 1511@@ -14398,7 +14380,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1512 @end table
1513
1514
1515-@node printenv invocation
1516+@node printenv
1517 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1518
1519 @pindex printenv
74811ba6 1520@@ -14433,7 +14415,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1521 @end display
1522
1523
1524-@node tty invocation
1525+@node tty
1526 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1527
1528 @pindex tty
74811ba6 1529@@ -14483,16 +14465,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1530 logins, groups, and so forth.
1531
1532 @menu
c2be74f0 1533-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1534-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1535-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1536-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1537-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1538-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
c2be74f0 1539+* id:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1540+* logname:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1541+* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
fc53c102 1542+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
a839fc2f
JB
1543+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1544+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1545 @end menu
1546
1547
1548-@node id invocation
1549+@node id
c2be74f0 1550 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
a839fc2f
JB
1551
1552 @pindex id
74811ba6
JB
1553@@ -14594,7 +14576,7 @@
1554
1555 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1556
1557-@node logname invocation
1558+@node logname
1559 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1560
1561 @pindex logname
74811ba6 1562@@ -14615,7 +14597,7 @@
876a8767 1563 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1564
1565
1566-@node whoami invocation
1567+@node whoami
c2be74f0 1568 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
a839fc2f
JB
1569
1570 @pindex whoami
74811ba6 1571@@ -14631,7 +14613,7 @@
876a8767 1572 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1573
1574
1575-@node groups invocation
fc53c102
JB
1576+@node groups
1577 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1578
1579 @pindex groups
74811ba6 1580@@ -14658,7 +14640,7 @@
fc53c102 1581
74811ba6 1582 @exitstatus
fc53c102 1583
a839fc2f
JB
1584-@node users invocation
1585+@node users
1586 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1587
1588 @pindex users
74811ba6 1589@@ -14689,7 +14671,7 @@
876a8767 1590 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1591
1592
1593-@node who invocation
1594+@node who
1595 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1596
1597 @pindex who
74811ba6 1598@@ -14848,16 +14830,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1599 information.
1600
1601 @menu
1602-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
10c838b0
JB
1603-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1604-* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
a839fc2f
JB
1605-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1606-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1607-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
10c838b0 1608-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
a839fc2f 1609+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
10c838b0
JB
1610+* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1611+* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
a839fc2f
JB
1612+* uname:: Print system information.
1613+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1614 @end menu
1615
a839fc2f
JB
1616-@node date invocation
1617+@node date
1618 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1619
1620 @pindex date
74811ba6 1621@@ -15550,7 +15530,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1622 @end itemize
1623
1624
3c350007
JB
1625-@node arch invocation
1626+@node arch
1627 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1628
1629 @pindex arch
74811ba6 1630@@ -15570,7 +15550,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1631 @exitstatus
1632
1633
1634-@node nproc invocation
1635+@node nproc
1636 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1637
1638 @pindex nproc
74811ba6 1639@@ -15607,7 +15587,7 @@
3c350007
JB
1640 @exitstatus
1641
1642
a839fc2f
JB
1643-@node uname invocation
1644+@node uname
1645 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1646
1647 @pindex uname
74811ba6 1648@@ -15737,31 +15717,7 @@
876a8767 1649 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 1650
a839fc2f
JB
1651
1652-@node hostname invocation
1653-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1654-
1655-@pindex hostname
1656-@cindex setting the hostname
1657-@cindex printing the hostname
1658-@cindex system name, printing
1659-@cindex appropriate privileges
1660-
1661-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1662-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1663-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
c2be74f0 1664-name. Synopsis:
a839fc2f
JB
1665-
1666-@example
1667-hostname [@var{name}]
1668-@end example
1669-
1670-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1671-options}.
1672-
876a8767
JB
1673-@exitstatus
1674-
a839fc2f
JB
1675-
1676-@node hostid invocation
1677+@node hostid
10c838b0 1678 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
a839fc2f
JB
1679
1680 @pindex hostid
74811ba6 1681@@ -15785,37 +15741,6 @@
10c838b0
JB
1682
1683 @exitstatus
1684
1685-@node uptime invocation
1686-@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1687-
1688-@pindex uptime
1689-@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1690-
1691-@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1692-number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1693-
1694-If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1695-to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1696-specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1697-the default setting).
1698-
1699-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1700-@xref{Common options}.
1701-
1702-For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1703-
1704-@example
1705-$ uptime
1706- 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1707-@end example
1708-
1709-The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1710-between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1711-runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1712-also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1713-those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1714-includes uninterruptible processes.
1715-
1716 @node SELinux context
1717 @chapter SELinux context
1718
74811ba6 1719@@ -15827,11 +15752,11 @@
10c838b0
JB
1720 contexts.
1721
1722 @menu
1723-* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1724-* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1725+* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1726+* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1727 @end menu
1728
1729-@node chcon invocation
1730+@node chcon
1731 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1732
1733 @pindex chcon
74811ba6 1734@@ -15934,7 +15859,7 @@
10c838b0
JB
1735
1736 @exitstatus
1737
1738-@node runcon invocation
1739+@node runcon
1740 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1741
1742 @pindex runcon
74811ba6 1743@@ -16019,16 +15944,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1744 user, etc.
1745
1746 @menu
1747-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1748-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1749-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1750-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1751-* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1752-* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
a839fc2f
JB
1753+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1754+* env:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1755+* nice:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1756+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
10c838b0 1757+* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
10c838b0 1758+* timeout:: Run with time limit.
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1759 @end menu
1760
1761
1762-@node chroot invocation
1763+@node chroot
1764 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1765
1766 @pindex chroot
74811ba6 1767@@ -16116,7 +16041,7 @@
876a8767 1768 @end display
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1769
1770
1771-@node env invocation
1772+@node env
1773 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1774
1775 @pindex env
74811ba6 1776@@ -16266,7 +16191,7 @@
876a8767 1777 @end display
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1778
1779
1780-@node nice invocation
1781+@node nice
c2be74f0 1782 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
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1783
1784 @pindex nice
74811ba6 1785@@ -16393,7 +16318,7 @@
876a8767 1786 @end example
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1787
1788
1789-@node nohup invocation
1790+@node nohup
1791 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1792
1793 @pindex nohup
74811ba6 1794@@ -16466,7 +16391,7 @@
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1795 instead of 125.
1796
1797
1798-@node stdbuf invocation
1799+@node stdbuf
1800 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1801
1802 @pindex stdbuf
74811ba6 1803@@ -16555,7 +16480,7 @@
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1804 @end display
1805
1806
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1807-@node timeout invocation
1808+@node timeout
1809 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1810
1811 @pindex timeout
74811ba6 1812@@ -16642,90 +16567,6 @@
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1813 @end display
1814
1815
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1816-@node Process control
1817-@chapter Process control
1818-
1819-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1820-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1821-
1822-@menu
1823-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1824-@end menu
1825-
1826-
1827-@node kill invocation
1828-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1829-
1830-@pindex kill
1831-@cindex send a signal to processes
1832-
1833-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1834-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1835-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1836-
1837-@example
1838-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1839-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1840-@end example
1841-
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1842-@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1843-
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1844-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1845-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
703a6c3b 1846-is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
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JB
1847-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1848-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1849-
1850-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
c2be74f0 1851-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
a839fc2f 1852-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
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JB
1853-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1854-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
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JB
1855-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1856-value of @var{pid}.
1857-
1858-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1859-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1860-is sent.
1861-
10c838b0 1862-If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
c2be74f0 1863-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
fd7af4a7 1864-POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
c2be74f0 1865--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
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1866-
1867-@example
1868-kill -15 -1
1869-kill -TERM -1
c2be74f0 1870-kill -s TERM -- -1
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1871-kill -- -1
1872-@end example
1873-
1874-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1875-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1876-
1877-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1878-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1879-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1880-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1881-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1882-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1883-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1884-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1885-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1886-and if there is no output error.
1887-
1888-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1889-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1890-
1891-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1892-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1893-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
703a6c3b 1894-@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
a839fc2f 1895-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
703a6c3b
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1896-ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1897-@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1898-signal names and numbers.
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1899-
1900 @node Delaying
1901 @chapter Delaying
1902
74811ba6 1903@@ -16735,11 +16576,11 @@
fbb5b105 1904 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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1905
1906 @menu
1907-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1908+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1909 @end menu
1910
1911
1912-@node sleep invocation
1913+@node sleep
1914 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1915
1916 @pindex sleep
74811ba6 1917@@ -16789,12 +16630,12 @@
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1918 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1919
1920 @menu
1921-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1922-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1923+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1924+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1925 @end menu
1926
1927
1928-@node factor invocation
1929+@node factor
1930 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1931
1932 @pindex factor
74811ba6 1933@@ -16852,7 +16693,7 @@
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1934 @exitstatus
1935
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1936
1937-@node seq invocation
1938+@node seq
1939 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1940
1941 @pindex seq
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