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1 | --- coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2013-12-13 03:43:10.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi 2013-12-14 12:02:04.754108101 +0100 | |
d51def31 | 3 | @@ -20,120 +20,109 @@ |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
10c838b0 | 11 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
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12 | * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. |
13 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
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14 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes |
15 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 16 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 17 | - |
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18 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
19 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
20 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 21 | - |
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22 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
23 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 24 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 25 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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26 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
27 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 28 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f | 29 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
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30 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions. |
31 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups. | |
a839fc2f | 32 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. |
fbb5b105 | 33 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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34 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
35 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
36 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
37 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
38 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
39 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 40 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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41 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
42 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 43 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
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44 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
45 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
46 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
47 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
48 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
49 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
50 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
51 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
52 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
53 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
54 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
55 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
56 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 57 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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58 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
59 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
60 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
61 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
62 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
63 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
64 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 65 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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66 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
67 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
68 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 69 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 70 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 71 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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72 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
73 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 74 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
d51def31 | 75 | -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers. |
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76 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
77 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
78 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
79 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
80 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
81 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
82 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
83 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 84 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
0ee46a86 | 85 | -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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86 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
87 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 88 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 89 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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90 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
91 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 92 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 93 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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94 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
95 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 96 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 97 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 98 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 99 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
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100 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
101 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
102 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
103 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
104 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
105 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 106 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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107 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
108 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
109 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 110 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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111 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
112 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
113 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
114 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 115 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 116 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 117 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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118 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
119 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 120 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 121 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 122 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 123 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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124 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
125 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
126 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
127 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
128 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
129 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
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130 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions |
131 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups | |
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132 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory |
133 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
134 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
135 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
136 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
137 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
138 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
139 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
140 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
141 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
142 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
143 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
144 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
145 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
146 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
147 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
148 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
149 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
150 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
151 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
152 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
153 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
154 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
155 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
156 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity | |
157 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes | |
158 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
159 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
160 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
161 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
162 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
163 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
164 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
165 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
166 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
167 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
168 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
169 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
170 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
171 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
172 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
d51def31 | 173 | +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers |
0d2793d8 | 174 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
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175 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
176 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
177 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
178 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
179 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
180 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
181 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
182 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
703a6c3b | 183 | +* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names |
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184 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files |
185 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
186 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
187 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
188 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
189 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
190 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely | |
191 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
192 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
193 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
0d2793d8 | 194 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces |
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195 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status |
196 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
197 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
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198 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum |
199 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
200 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
201 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
202 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
203 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
204 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
205 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
206 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
207 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
208 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
209 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
210 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
211 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
212 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
213 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
214 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
215 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
216 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
217 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
218 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
219 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
220 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
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221 | @end direntry |
222 | ||
223 | @copying | |
d51def31 | 224 | @@ -198,10 +187,9 @@ |
703a6c3b | 225 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath |
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226 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty |
227 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
228 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
229 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
230 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
703a6c3b | 231 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout |
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232 | -* Process control:: kill |
233 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
234 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
235 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
74811ba6 | 236 | @@ -230,43 +218,43 @@ |
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237 | |
238 | Output of entire files | |
239 | ||
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240 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
241 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
242 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
243 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
244 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
245 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
246 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
247 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
248 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
249 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
a839fc2f JB |
250 | |
251 | Formatting file contents | |
252 | ||
10c838b0 | 253 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
d51def31 | 254 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers |
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255 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
256 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
257 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
d51def31 | 258 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers |
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259 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing |
260 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
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261 | |
262 | Output of parts of files | |
263 | ||
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264 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
265 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
266 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
267 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
268 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
269 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
270 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
271 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
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272 | |
273 | Summarizing files | |
274 | ||
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275 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
276 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
277 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
278 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
279 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
280 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
281 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
282 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
283 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
284 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
285 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
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286 | |
287 | Operating on sorted files | |
288 | ||
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289 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
290 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
291 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
292 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
293 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
294 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
295 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
296 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
297 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
298 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
299 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
300 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
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301 | |
302 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
303 | ||
74811ba6 | 304 | @@ -278,15 +266,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 305 | |
10c838b0 | 306 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 307 | |
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308 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
309 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
310 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
311 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
312 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
313 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
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314 | |
315 | Operating on characters | |
316 | ||
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317 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
318 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
319 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
320 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
321 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
322 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
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323 | |
324 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
325 | ||
74811ba6 | 326 | @@ -296,10 +284,10 @@ |
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327 | |
328 | Directory listing | |
329 | ||
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330 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
331 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
332 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
333 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
334 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
335 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
336 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
337 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
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338 | |
339 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
340 | ||
74811ba6 | 341 | @@ -312,51 +300,51 @@ |
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342 | |
343 | Basic operations | |
344 | ||
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345 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
346 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
347 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
348 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
349 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
350 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
351 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
352 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
353 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
354 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
355 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
356 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
357 | |
358 | Special file types | |
359 | ||
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360 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
361 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
362 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
363 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
364 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
365 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
366 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
367 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
368 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
369 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
370 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
371 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
372 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
373 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
374 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
375 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
376 | |
377 | Changing file attributes | |
378 | ||
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379 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
380 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
381 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
382 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
383 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
384 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
385 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
386 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f JB |
387 | |
388 | Disk usage | |
389 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
390 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
391 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
392 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
393 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
394 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
395 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
396 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
397 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
398 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
399 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
400 | |
401 | Printing text | |
402 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
403 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
404 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
405 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
406 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
407 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
408 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
409 | |
410 | Conditions | |
411 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
412 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
413 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
414 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
415 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
416 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
417 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
418 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
419 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
420 | |
421 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
422 | ||
74811ba6 | 423 | @@ -375,22 +363,22 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
424 | |
425 | Redirection | |
426 | ||
3c350007 JB |
427 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
428 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
429 | |
430 | File name manipulation | |
431 | ||
432 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
433 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
434 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
435 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 436 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 437 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
438 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
439 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
440 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 441 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
442 | |
443 | Working context | |
444 | ||
445 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
446 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
447 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
448 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
449 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
450 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
451 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
452 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
453 | ||
454 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
455 | ||
74811ba6 | 456 | @@ -404,22 +392,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
457 | |
458 | User information | |
459 | ||
c2be74f0 | 460 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 461 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 462 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
463 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
464 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
465 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 466 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 467 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 468 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 469 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
470 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
471 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
472 | ||
473 | System context | |
474 | ||
3c350007 | 475 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 476 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 477 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
478 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
479 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
480 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
481 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 482 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 483 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 484 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 485 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 486 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
487 | |
488 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
489 | ||
74811ba6 | 490 | @@ -434,30 +420,26 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
491 | |
492 | SELinux context | |
493 | ||
494 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
495 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
496 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
497 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
498 | |
499 | Modified command invocation | |
500 | ||
501 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
502 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 503 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 504 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 505 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 506 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
507 | - |
508 | -Process control | |
509 | - | |
510 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
511 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
512 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 513 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 514 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 515 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 516 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
517 | |
518 | Delaying | |
519 | ||
520 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
521 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
522 | ||
523 | Numeric operations | |
524 | ||
525 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
526 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
527 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
528 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
529 | ||
530 | File permissions | |
531 | ||
d51def31 | 532 | @@ -1477,14 +1459,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
533 | in some way. |
534 | ||
535 | @menu | |
536 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
537 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
538 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
539 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 540 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
541 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
542 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
543 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
544 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 545 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
546 | @end menu |
547 | ||
548 | -@node cat invocation | |
549 | +@node cat | |
550 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
551 | ||
552 | @pindex cat | |
d51def31 | 553 | @@ -1584,7 +1566,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 554 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
555 | |
556 | ||
557 | -@node tac invocation | |
558 | +@node tac | |
559 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
560 | ||
561 | @pindex tac | |
d51def31 JB |
562 | @@ -1640,7 +1622,7 @@ |
563 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
564 | |
565 | ||
566 | -@node nl invocation | |
567 | +@node nl | |
568 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
569 | ||
570 | @pindex nl | |
d51def31 | 571 | @@ -1803,7 +1785,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 572 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
573 | |
574 | ||
575 | -@node od invocation | |
576 | +@node od | |
577 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
578 | ||
579 | @pindex od | |
74811ba6 | 580 | @@ -2058,7 +2040,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
581 | |
582 | @exitstatus | |
583 | ||
584 | -@node base64 invocation | |
585 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 586 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
587 | |
588 | @pindex base64 | |
74811ba6 | 589 | @@ -2126,14 +2108,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
590 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
591 | ||
592 | @menu | |
593 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 594 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
595 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
596 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
597 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
d51def31 | 598 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
599 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. |
600 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
601 | @end menu | |
602 | ||
603 | ||
604 | -@node fmt invocation | |
605 | +@node fmt | |
606 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
607 | ||
608 | @pindex fmt | |
74811ba6 | 609 | @@ -2237,7 +2219,7 @@ |
d51def31 | 610 | |
876a8767 | 611 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 612 | |
d51def31 JB |
613 | -@node numfmt invocation |
614 | +@node numfmt | |
615 | @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers | |
616 | ||
617 | @pindex numfmt | |
74811ba6 | 618 | @@ -2557,7 +2539,7 @@ |
d51def31 JB |
619 | == 2,14,74,83,648== |
620 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
621 | |
622 | -@node pr invocation | |
623 | +@node pr | |
624 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
625 | ||
626 | @pindex pr | |
74811ba6 | 627 | @@ -2667,7 +2649,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
628 | @cindex time formats |
629 | @cindex formatting times | |
630 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
703a6c3b JB |
631 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}. |
632 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
633 | Except for directives, which start with |
634 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
635 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
74811ba6 | 636 | @@ -2894,7 +2876,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 637 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
638 | |
639 | ||
640 | -@node fold invocation | |
641 | +@node fold | |
642 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
643 | ||
644 | @pindex fold | |
74811ba6 | 645 | @@ -2961,13 +2943,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
646 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
647 | ||
648 | @menu | |
649 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
650 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 651 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
652 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
653 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
654 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 655 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
656 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
657 | @end menu | |
658 | ||
659 | -@node head invocation | |
660 | +@node head | |
661 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
662 | ||
663 | @pindex head | |
74811ba6 | 664 | @@ -3044,7 +3026,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
665 | @exitstatus |
666 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
667 | |
668 | -@node tail invocation | |
669 | +@node tail | |
670 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
671 | ||
672 | @pindex tail | |
74811ba6 | 673 | @@ -3282,7 +3264,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
674 | @exitstatus |
675 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
676 | |
677 | -@node split invocation | |
678 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 679 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
680 | |
681 | @pindex split | |
74811ba6 | 682 | @@ -3511,7 +3493,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 | 683 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
684 | |
685 | ||
686 | -@node csplit invocation | |
687 | +@node csplit | |
688 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
689 | ||
690 | @pindex csplit | |
74811ba6 | 691 | @@ -3727,16 +3709,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
692 | contents of files. |
693 | ||
694 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 695 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
696 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
697 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
698 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
699 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 700 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
701 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
702 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
703 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
704 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 705 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
706 | @end menu |
707 | ||
708 | ||
709 | -@node wc invocation | |
710 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 711 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
712 | |
713 | @pindex wc | |
74811ba6 | 714 | @@ -3854,7 +3836,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 715 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
716 | |
717 | ||
718 | -@node sum invocation | |
719 | +@node sum | |
720 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
721 | ||
722 | @pindex sum | |
74811ba6 | 723 | @@ -3905,7 +3887,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 724 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
725 | |
726 | ||
727 | -@node cksum invocation | |
728 | +@node cksum | |
729 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
730 | ||
731 | @pindex cksum | |
74811ba6 | 732 | @@ -3939,7 +3921,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 733 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
734 | |
735 | ||
736 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
737 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 738 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
739 | |
740 | @pindex md5sum | |
74811ba6 | 741 | @@ -4085,7 +4067,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
742 | @exitstatus |
743 | ||
744 | ||
745 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
746 | +@node sha1sum | |
747 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
748 | ||
749 | @pindex sha1sum | |
74811ba6 | 750 | @@ -4097,7 +4079,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
751 | |
752 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
753 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
754 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
755 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
756 | ||
757 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
758 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
74811ba6 | 759 | @@ -4137,7 +4119,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
760 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
761 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
762 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
763 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
764 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
765 | ||
766 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
767 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
74811ba6 | 768 | @@ -4152,16 +4134,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
769 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
770 | ||
771 | @menu | |
772 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 773 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
774 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
775 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
776 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
777 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
778 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 779 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
780 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
781 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
782 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
783 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
784 | @end menu |
785 | ||
786 | ||
787 | -@node sort invocation | |
788 | +@node sort | |
789 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
790 | ||
791 | @pindex sort | |
74811ba6 | 792 | @@ -4450,7 +4432,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
793 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
794 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
795 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
796 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
797 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
798 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
799 | ||
800 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
74811ba6 | 801 | @@ -4638,7 +4620,7 @@ |
0d2793d8 JB |
802 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited |
803 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
804 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
805 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
806 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
807 | |
808 | @item -u | |
809 | @itemx --unique | |
74811ba6 | 810 | @@ -4656,7 +4638,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
811 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
812 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
813 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
814 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
815 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
816 | ||
10c838b0 | 817 | @macro zeroTerminatedOption |
c2be74f0 | 818 | @item -z |
74811ba6 | 819 | @@ -4879,7 +4861,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
820 | @end itemize |
821 | ||
822 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
823 | -@node shuf invocation |
824 | +@node shuf | |
825 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
826 | ||
827 | @pindex shuf | |
74811ba6 | 828 | @@ -5035,7 +5017,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
829 | @exitstatus |
830 | ||
831 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
832 | -@node uniq invocation |
833 | +@node uniq | |
834 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
835 | ||
836 | @pindex uniq | |
74811ba6 | 837 | @@ -5057,7 +5039,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
838 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
839 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
840 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
841 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
842 | +@xref{sort}. | |
843 | ||
844 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 845 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
74811ba6 | 846 | @@ -5218,7 +5200,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 847 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
848 | |
849 | ||
850 | -@node comm invocation | |
851 | +@node comm | |
852 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
853 | ||
854 | @pindex comm | |
74811ba6 | 855 | @@ -5300,7 +5282,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 856 | |
10c838b0 | 857 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
858 | |
859 | -@node ptx invocation | |
860 | +@node ptx | |
861 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
862 | ||
863 | @pindex ptx | |
74811ba6 | 864 | @@ -5759,7 +5741,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
865 | @end itemize |
866 | ||
867 | ||
868 | -@node tsort invocation | |
869 | +@node tsort | |
870 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
871 | ||
872 | @pindex tsort | |
74811ba6 | 873 | @@ -5921,13 +5903,13 @@ |
10c838b0 | 874 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
875 | |
876 | @menu | |
877 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
878 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
879 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
880 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
881 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
882 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
883 | @end menu | |
884 | ||
885 | ||
886 | -@node cut invocation | |
887 | +@node cut | |
888 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
889 | ||
890 | @pindex cut | |
74811ba6 | 891 | @@ -6047,7 +6029,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 892 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
893 | |
894 | ||
895 | -@node paste invocation | |
896 | +@node paste | |
897 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
898 | ||
899 | @pindex paste | |
74811ba6 | 900 | @@ -6143,7 +6125,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 901 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
902 | |
903 | ||
904 | -@node join invocation | |
905 | +@node join | |
906 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
907 | ||
908 | @pindex join | |
74811ba6 | 909 | @@ -6319,13 +6301,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
910 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
911 | ||
912 | @menu | |
913 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
914 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
915 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
916 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
917 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
918 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
919 | @end menu | |
920 | ||
921 | ||
922 | -@node tr invocation | |
923 | +@node tr | |
924 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
925 | ||
926 | @pindex tr | |
74811ba6 | 927 | @@ -6705,7 +6687,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 928 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
929 | |
930 | ||
931 | -@node expand invocation | |
932 | +@node expand | |
933 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
934 | ||
935 | @pindex expand | |
74811ba6 | 936 | @@ -6758,7 +6740,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 937 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
938 | |
939 | ||
940 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
941 | +@node unexpand | |
942 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
943 | ||
944 | @pindex unexpand | |
74811ba6 | 945 | @@ -6819,14 +6801,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
946 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
947 | ||
948 | @menu | |
949 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
950 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
951 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
952 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
953 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
954 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
955 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
956 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
957 | @end menu | |
958 | ||
959 | ||
960 | -@node ls invocation | |
961 | +@node ls | |
962 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
963 | ||
964 | @pindex ls | |
74811ba6 | 965 | @@ -7689,7 +7671,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
966 | @item +@var{format} |
967 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
968 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
969 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
970 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 971 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
972 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
973 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
74811ba6 | 974 | @@ -7881,7 +7863,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
975 | @end table |
976 | ||
977 | ||
978 | -@node dir invocation | |
979 | +@node dir | |
980 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
981 | ||
982 | @pindex dir | |
74811ba6 | 983 | @@ -7891,10 +7873,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
984 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
985 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
986 | ||
987 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
988 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
989 | ||
990 | ||
991 | -@node vdir invocation | |
992 | +@node vdir | |
993 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
994 | ||
995 | @pindex vdir | |
74811ba6 | 996 | @@ -7904,7 +7886,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
997 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
998 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
999 | ||
1000 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
1001 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 1002 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1003 | |
1004 | @pindex dircolors | |
74811ba6 | 1005 | @@ -7991,16 +7973,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1006 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1007 | ||
1008 | @menu | |
1009 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1010 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1011 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1012 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1013 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1014 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1015 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1016 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1017 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1018 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1019 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1020 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1021 | @end menu | |
1022 | ||
1023 | ||
1024 | -@node cp invocation | |
1025 | +@node cp | |
1026 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1027 | ||
1028 | @pindex cp | |
74811ba6 | 1029 | @@ -8477,7 +8459,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1030 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1031 | |
1032 | ||
1033 | -@node dd invocation | |
1034 | +@node dd | |
1035 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1036 | ||
1037 | @pindex dd | |
74811ba6 | 1038 | @@ -8943,7 +8925,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1039 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1040 | |
1041 | ||
1042 | -@node install invocation | |
1043 | +@node install | |
1044 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1045 | ||
1046 | @pindex install | |
74811ba6 | 1047 | @@ -9124,7 +9106,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1048 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1049 | |
1050 | ||
1051 | -@node mv invocation | |
1052 | +@node mv | |
1053 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1054 | ||
1055 | @pindex mv | |
74811ba6 | 1056 | @@ -9265,7 +9247,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1057 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1058 | |
1059 | ||
1060 | -@node rm invocation | |
1061 | +@node rm | |
1062 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1063 | ||
1064 | @pindex rm | |
74811ba6 | 1065 | @@ -9428,7 +9410,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1066 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1067 | |
1068 | ||
1069 | -@node shred invocation | |
1070 | +@node shred | |
1071 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1072 | ||
1073 | @pindex shred | |
74811ba6 | 1074 | @@ -9438,7 +9420,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1075 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1076 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1077 | ||
1078 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1079 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1080 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1081 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1082 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
74811ba6 | 1083 | @@ -9698,18 +9680,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1084 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1085 | ||
1086 | @menu | |
1087 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1088 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1089 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1090 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1091 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1092 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1093 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1094 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1095 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1096 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1097 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1098 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1099 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1100 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1101 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1102 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1103 | @end menu |
1104 | ||
1105 | ||
1106 | -@node link invocation | |
1107 | +@node link | |
1108 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1109 | ||
1110 | @pindex link | |
74811ba6 | 1111 | @@ -9722,7 +9704,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1112 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1113 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1114 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1115 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1116 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1117 | Synopsis: | |
1118 | ||
1119 | @example | |
74811ba6 | 1120 | @@ -9748,7 +9730,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1121 | @exitstatus |
1122 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1123 | |
1124 | -@node ln invocation | |
1125 | +@node ln | |
1126 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1127 | ||
1128 | @pindex ln | |
74811ba6 JB |
1129 | @@ -9932,7 +9914,7 @@ |
1130 | Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized | |
1131 | containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic | |
1132 | links in these file names will be resolved. | |
703a6c3b JB |
1133 | -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control |
1134 | +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control | |
74811ba6 | 1135 | over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example: |
703a6c3b | 1136 | |
74811ba6 JB |
1137 | @example |
1138 | @@ -10009,7 +9991,7 @@ | |
c2be74f0 | 1139 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1140 | |
1141 | ||
1142 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1143 | +@node mkdir | |
1144 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1145 | ||
1146 | @pindex mkdir | |
74811ba6 | 1147 | @@ -10082,7 +10064,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1148 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1149 | |
1150 | ||
1151 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1152 | +@node mkfifo | |
1153 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1154 | ||
1155 | @pindex mkfifo | |
74811ba6 | 1156 | @@ -10123,7 +10105,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1157 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1158 | |
1159 | ||
1160 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1161 | +@node mknod | |
1162 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1163 | ||
1164 | @pindex mknod | |
74811ba6 | 1165 | @@ -10200,7 +10182,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1166 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1167 | |
1168 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1169 | -@node readlink invocation |
1170 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1171 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1172 | |
1173 | @pindex readlink | |
74811ba6 | 1174 | @@ -10302,7 +10284,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1175 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1176 | |
1177 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1178 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1179 | +@node rmdir | |
1180 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1181 | ||
1182 | @pindex rmdir | |
74811ba6 | 1183 | @@ -10350,12 +10332,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1184 | |
1185 | @end table | |
1186 | ||
1187 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1188 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1189 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1190 | @exitstatus |
1191 | ||
1192 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1193 | -@node unlink invocation |
1194 | +@node unlink | |
1195 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1196 | ||
1197 | @pindex unlink | |
74811ba6 | 1198 | @@ -10366,7 +10348,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1199 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1200 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1201 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1202 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1203 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1204 | ||
1205 | @example | |
1206 | unlink @var{filename} | |
74811ba6 | 1207 | @@ -10400,14 +10382,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1208 | These commands change file attributes. |
1209 | ||
1210 | @menu | |
703a6c3b | 1211 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1212 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. |
1213 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f | 1214 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. |
703a6c3b | 1215 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1216 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. |
1217 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1218 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. |
1219 | @end menu | |
1220 | ||
1221 | ||
1222 | -@node chown invocation | |
1223 | +@node chown | |
1224 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1225 | ||
1226 | @pindex chown | |
74811ba6 | 1227 | @@ -10625,7 +10607,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1228 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1229 | |
1230 | ||
1231 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1232 | +@node chgrp | |
1233 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1234 | ||
1235 | @pindex chgrp | |
74811ba6 | 1236 | @@ -10748,7 +10730,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1237 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1238 | |
1239 | ||
1240 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1241 | +@node chmod | |
1242 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1243 | ||
1244 | @pindex chmod | |
74811ba6 | 1245 | @@ -10848,7 +10830,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1246 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1247 | |
1248 | ||
1249 | -@node touch invocation | |
1250 | +@node touch | |
1251 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1252 | ||
1253 | @pindex touch | |
74811ba6 | 1254 | @@ -11055,15 +11037,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1255 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1256 | |
1257 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1258 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1259 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1260 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1261 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1262 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1263 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1264 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1265 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1266 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1267 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1268 | @end menu |
1269 | ||
1270 | ||
1271 | -@node df invocation | |
1272 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1273 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1274 | |
1275 | @pindex df | |
74811ba6 | 1276 | @@ -11362,7 +11344,7 @@ |
703a6c3b | 1277 | or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument. |
a839fc2f JB |
1278 | |
1279 | ||
1280 | -@node du invocation | |
1281 | +@node du | |
1282 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1283 | ||
1284 | @pindex du | |
74811ba6 | 1285 | @@ -11619,7 +11601,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1286 | @item +@var{format} |
1287 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1288 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1289 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1290 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1291 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1292 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1293 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
74811ba6 | 1294 | @@ -11687,7 +11669,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1295 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1296 | |
1297 | ||
1298 | -@node stat invocation | |
1299 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1300 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1301 | |
1302 | @pindex stat | |
74811ba6 | 1303 | @@ -11876,7 +11858,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1304 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1305 | |
1306 | ||
1307 | -@node sync invocation | |
1308 | +@node sync | |
1309 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1310 | ||
1311 | @pindex sync | |
74811ba6 | 1312 | @@ -11903,7 +11885,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1313 | @exitstatus |
1314 | ||
1315 | ||
1316 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1317 | +@node truncate | |
1318 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1319 | ||
1320 | @pindex truncate | |
74811ba6 | 1321 | @@ -11980,13 +11962,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1322 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1323 | ||
1324 | @menu | |
1325 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1326 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1327 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1328 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1329 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1330 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1331 | @end menu | |
1332 | ||
1333 | ||
1334 | -@node echo invocation | |
1335 | +@node echo | |
1336 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1337 | ||
1338 | @pindex echo | |
74811ba6 | 1339 | @@ -12075,12 +12057,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1340 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1341 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1342 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1343 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1344 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1345 | ||
876a8767 | 1346 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1347 | |
1348 | ||
1349 | -@node printf invocation | |
1350 | +@node printf | |
1351 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1352 | ||
1353 | @pindex printf | |
74811ba6 | 1354 | @@ -12234,7 +12216,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1355 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1356 | |
1357 | ||
1358 | -@node yes invocation | |
1359 | +@node yes | |
1360 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1361 | ||
1362 | @pindex yes | |
74811ba6 | 1363 | @@ -12265,14 +12247,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1364 | pipeline. |
1365 | ||
1366 | @menu | |
1367 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1368 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1369 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1370 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1371 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1372 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1373 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1374 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1375 | @end menu | |
1376 | ||
1377 | ||
1378 | -@node false invocation | |
1379 | +@node false | |
1380 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1381 | ||
1382 | @pindex false | |
74811ba6 | 1383 | @@ -12302,7 +12284,7 @@ |
fd7af4a7 | 1384 | non-GNU hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1385 | |
1386 | ||
1387 | -@node true invocation | |
1388 | +@node true | |
1389 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1390 | ||
1391 | @pindex true | |
74811ba6 | 1392 | @@ -12338,7 +12320,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1393 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1394 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1395 | ||
1396 | -@node test invocation | |
1397 | +@node test | |
1398 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1399 | ||
1400 | @pindex test | |
74811ba6 | 1401 | @@ -12671,7 +12653,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1402 | @end table |
1403 | ||
1404 | ||
1405 | -@node expr invocation | |
1406 | +@node expr | |
1407 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1408 | ||
1409 | @pindex expr | |
74811ba6 | 1410 | @@ -12948,11 +12930,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1411 | it's described here. |
1412 | ||
1413 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1414 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1415 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1416 | @end menu |
1417 | ||
1418 | ||
1419 | -@node tee invocation | |
1420 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1421 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1422 | |
1423 | @pindex tee | |
74811ba6 | 1424 | @@ -13113,15 +13095,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1425 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1426 | ||
1427 | @menu | |
1428 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1429 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1430 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1431 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1432 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1433 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1434 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1435 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1436 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1437 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1438 | @end menu |
1439 | ||
1440 | ||
1441 | -@node basename invocation | |
1442 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1443 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1444 | |
1445 | @pindex basename | |
74811ba6 | 1446 | @@ -13207,7 +13189,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1447 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1448 | |
1449 | ||
1450 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1451 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1452 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1453 | |
1454 | @pindex dirname | |
74811ba6 | 1455 | @@ -13264,7 +13246,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1456 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1457 | |
1458 | ||
1459 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1460 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1461 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1462 | |
1463 | @pindex pathchk | |
74811ba6 | 1464 | @@ -13340,7 +13322,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1465 | 1 otherwise. |
1466 | @end display | |
1467 | ||
1468 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1469 | +@node mktemp | |
1470 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1471 | ||
1472 | @pindex mktemp | |
74811ba6 | 1473 | @@ -13515,7 +13497,7 @@ |
703a6c3b JB |
1474 | @end display |
1475 | ||
1476 | ||
1477 | -@node realpath invocation | |
1478 | +@node realpath | |
1479 | @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name. | |
1480 | ||
1481 | @pindex realpath | |
74811ba6 | 1482 | @@ -13643,14 +13625,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1483 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1484 | ||
1485 | @menu | |
1486 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1487 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1488 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1489 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1490 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1491 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1492 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1493 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1494 | @end menu | |
1495 | ||
1496 | ||
1497 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1498 | +@node pwd | |
1499 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1500 | ||
1501 | @pindex pwd | |
74811ba6 | 1502 | @@ -13697,7 +13679,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1503 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1504 | |
1505 | ||
1506 | -@node stty invocation | |
1507 | +@node stty | |
1508 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1509 | ||
1510 | @pindex stty | |
74811ba6 | 1511 | @@ -14398,7 +14380,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1512 | @end table |
1513 | ||
1514 | ||
1515 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1516 | +@node printenv | |
1517 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1518 | ||
1519 | @pindex printenv | |
74811ba6 | 1520 | @@ -14433,7 +14415,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1521 | @end display |
1522 | ||
1523 | ||
1524 | -@node tty invocation | |
1525 | +@node tty | |
1526 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1527 | ||
1528 | @pindex tty | |
74811ba6 | 1529 | @@ -14483,16 +14465,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1530 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1531 | ||
1532 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1533 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1534 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1535 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1536 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1537 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1538 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1539 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1540 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1541 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1542 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1543 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1544 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1545 | @end menu | |
1546 | ||
1547 | ||
1548 | -@node id invocation | |
1549 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1550 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1551 | |
1552 | @pindex id | |
74811ba6 JB |
1553 | @@ -14594,7 +14576,7 @@ |
1554 | ||
1555 | @exitstatus | |
a839fc2f JB |
1556 | |
1557 | -@node logname invocation | |
1558 | +@node logname | |
1559 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1560 | ||
1561 | @pindex logname | |
74811ba6 | 1562 | @@ -14615,7 +14597,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1563 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1564 | |
1565 | ||
1566 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1567 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1568 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1569 | |
1570 | @pindex whoami | |
74811ba6 | 1571 | @@ -14631,7 +14613,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1572 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1573 | |
1574 | ||
1575 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1576 | +@node groups |
1577 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1578 | ||
1579 | @pindex groups | |
74811ba6 | 1580 | @@ -14658,7 +14640,7 @@ |
fc53c102 | 1581 | |
74811ba6 | 1582 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 | 1583 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1584 | -@node users invocation |
1585 | +@node users | |
1586 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1587 | ||
1588 | @pindex users | |
74811ba6 | 1589 | @@ -14689,7 +14671,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1590 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1591 | |
1592 | ||
1593 | -@node who invocation | |
1594 | +@node who | |
1595 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1596 | ||
1597 | @pindex who | |
74811ba6 | 1598 | @@ -14848,16 +14830,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1599 | information. |
1600 | ||
1601 | @menu | |
1602 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1603 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1604 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1605 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1606 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1607 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1608 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1609 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1610 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1611 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1612 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1613 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1614 | @end menu | |
1615 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1616 | -@node date invocation |
1617 | +@node date | |
1618 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1619 | ||
1620 | @pindex date | |
74811ba6 | 1621 | @@ -15550,7 +15530,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1622 | @end itemize |
1623 | ||
1624 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1625 | -@node arch invocation |
1626 | +@node arch | |
1627 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1628 | ||
1629 | @pindex arch | |
74811ba6 | 1630 | @@ -15570,7 +15550,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1631 | @exitstatus |
1632 | ||
1633 | ||
1634 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1635 | +@node nproc | |
1636 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1637 | ||
1638 | @pindex nproc | |
74811ba6 | 1639 | @@ -15607,7 +15587,7 @@ |
3c350007 JB |
1640 | @exitstatus |
1641 | ||
1642 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1643 | -@node uname invocation |
1644 | +@node uname | |
1645 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1646 | ||
1647 | @pindex uname | |
74811ba6 | 1648 | @@ -15737,31 +15717,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1649 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1650 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1651 | |
1652 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1653 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1654 | - | |
1655 | -@pindex hostname | |
1656 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1657 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1658 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1659 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1660 | - | |
1661 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1662 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1663 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1664 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1665 | - |
1666 | -@example | |
1667 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1668 | -@end example | |
1669 | - | |
1670 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1671 | -options}. | |
1672 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1673 | -@exitstatus |
1674 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1675 | - |
1676 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1677 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1678 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1679 | |
1680 | @pindex hostid | |
74811ba6 | 1681 | @@ -15785,37 +15741,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1682 | |
1683 | @exitstatus | |
1684 | ||
1685 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1686 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1687 | - | |
1688 | -@pindex uptime | |
1689 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1690 | - | |
1691 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1692 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1693 | - | |
1694 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1695 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1696 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1697 | -the default setting). | |
1698 | - | |
1699 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1700 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1701 | - | |
1702 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1703 | - | |
1704 | -@example | |
1705 | -$ uptime | |
1706 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1707 | -@end example | |
1708 | - | |
1709 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1710 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1711 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1712 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1713 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1714 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1715 | - | |
1716 | @node SELinux context | |
1717 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1718 | ||
74811ba6 | 1719 | @@ -15827,11 +15752,11 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1720 | contexts. |
1721 | ||
1722 | @menu | |
1723 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1724 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1725 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1726 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1727 | @end menu | |
1728 | ||
1729 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1730 | +@node chcon | |
1731 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1732 | ||
1733 | @pindex chcon | |
74811ba6 | 1734 | @@ -15934,7 +15859,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1735 | |
1736 | @exitstatus | |
1737 | ||
1738 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1739 | +@node runcon | |
1740 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1741 | ||
1742 | @pindex runcon | |
74811ba6 | 1743 | @@ -16019,16 +15944,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1744 | user, etc. |
1745 | ||
1746 | @menu | |
1747 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1748 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1749 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1750 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1751 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1752 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1753 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1754 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1755 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1756 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1757 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1758 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1759 | @end menu |
1760 | ||
1761 | ||
1762 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1763 | +@node chroot | |
1764 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1765 | ||
1766 | @pindex chroot | |
74811ba6 | 1767 | @@ -16116,7 +16041,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1768 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1769 | |
1770 | ||
1771 | -@node env invocation | |
1772 | +@node env | |
1773 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1774 | ||
1775 | @pindex env | |
74811ba6 | 1776 | @@ -16266,7 +16191,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1777 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1778 | |
1779 | ||
1780 | -@node nice invocation | |
1781 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1782 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1783 | |
1784 | @pindex nice | |
74811ba6 | 1785 | @@ -16393,7 +16318,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1786 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1787 | |
1788 | ||
1789 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1790 | +@node nohup | |
1791 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1792 | ||
1793 | @pindex nohup | |
74811ba6 | 1794 | @@ -16466,7 +16391,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1795 | instead of 125. |
1796 | ||
1797 | ||
1798 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1799 | +@node stdbuf | |
1800 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1801 | ||
1802 | @pindex stdbuf | |
74811ba6 | 1803 | @@ -16555,7 +16480,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1804 | @end display |
1805 | ||
1806 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1807 | -@node timeout invocation |
1808 | +@node timeout | |
1809 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1810 | ||
1811 | @pindex timeout | |
74811ba6 | 1812 | @@ -16642,90 +16567,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1813 | @end display |
1814 | ||
1815 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1816 | -@node Process control |
1817 | -@chapter Process control | |
1818 | - | |
1819 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1820 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1821 | - | |
1822 | -@menu | |
1823 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1824 | -@end menu | |
1825 | - | |
1826 | - | |
1827 | -@node kill invocation | |
1828 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1829 | - | |
1830 | -@pindex kill | |
1831 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1832 | - | |
1833 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1834 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1835 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1836 | - | |
1837 | -@example | |
1838 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1839 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1840 | -@end example | |
1841 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1842 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1843 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1844 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1845 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
703a6c3b | 1846 | -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a |
a839fc2f JB |
1847 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments |
1848 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1849 | - | |
1850 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1851 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1852 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1853 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1854 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1855 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1856 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1857 | - | |
1858 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1859 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1860 | -is sent. | |
1861 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1862 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 | 1863 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
fd7af4a7 | 1864 | -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill |
c2be74f0 | 1865 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: |
a839fc2f JB |
1866 | - |
1867 | -@example | |
1868 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1869 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1870 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1871 | -kill -- -1 |
1872 | -@end example | |
1873 | - | |
1874 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1875 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1876 | - | |
1877 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1878 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1879 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1880 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1881 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1882 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1883 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1884 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1885 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1886 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1887 | - | |
1888 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1889 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1890 | - | |
1891 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1892 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1893 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
703a6c3b | 1894 | -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the |
a839fc2f | 1895 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid |
703a6c3b JB |
1896 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. |
1897 | -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported | |
1898 | -signal names and numbers. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1899 | - |
1900 | @node Delaying | |
1901 | @chapter Delaying | |
1902 | ||
74811ba6 | 1903 | @@ -16735,11 +16576,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1904 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1905 | |
1906 | @menu | |
1907 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1908 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1909 | @end menu | |
1910 | ||
1911 | ||
1912 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1913 | +@node sleep | |
1914 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1915 | ||
1916 | @pindex sleep | |
74811ba6 | 1917 | @@ -16789,12 +16630,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1918 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1919 | ||
1920 | @menu | |
1921 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1922 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1923 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1924 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1925 | @end menu | |
1926 | ||
1927 | ||
1928 | -@node factor invocation | |
1929 | +@node factor | |
1930 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1931 | ||
1932 | @pindex factor | |
74811ba6 | 1933 | @@ -16852,7 +16693,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1934 | @exitstatus |
1935 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1936 | |
1937 | -@node seq invocation | |
1938 | +@node seq | |
1939 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1940 | ||
1941 | @pindex seq |