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1 | --- coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2006-09-26 21:17:33.000000000 +0200 |
2 | +++ coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi 2006-10-10 20:11:23.333708500 +0200 | |
3 | @@ -20,111 +20,97 @@ | |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
11 | -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. | |
12 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
a839fc2f | 13 | -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. |
fbb5b105 | 14 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 15 | - |
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16 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
17 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
18 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
19 | -@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME. | |
20 | - | |
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21 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
22 | -@direntry | |
c2be74f0 | 23 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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24 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
25 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
26 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. | |
27 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. | |
28 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. | |
29 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 30 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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31 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
32 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
33 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
34 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
35 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
36 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 37 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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38 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
39 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
40 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix. | |
41 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. | |
42 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
43 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
44 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
45 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
46 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
47 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
48 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
49 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
50 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
51 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
52 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
53 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 54 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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55 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
56 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
57 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
58 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
59 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
60 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
61 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 62 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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63 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
64 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
65 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
66 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. | |
c2be74f0 | 67 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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68 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
69 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
70 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. | |
71 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
72 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
73 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
74 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
75 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
76 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
77 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 78 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
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79 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
80 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
81 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences | |
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82 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
83 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 84 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 85 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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86 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
87 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
88 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces. | |
fbb5b105 | 89 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
a839fc2f | 90 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
c2be74f0 | 91 | -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. |
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92 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
93 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
94 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
95 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
96 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
97 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
98 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. | |
99 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
100 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
101 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. | |
102 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
103 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
104 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 105 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 106 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
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107 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
108 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 109 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 110 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 111 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 112 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
876a8767 | 113 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
c2be74f0 | 114 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data |
a839fc2f | 115 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix |
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116 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files |
117 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
118 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions | |
119 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups | |
120 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory | |
121 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
122 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
123 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
124 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
125 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
126 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
127 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
c2be74f0 | 128 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage |
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129 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly |
130 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
131 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix | |
132 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
133 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
134 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
135 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
136 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f | 137 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors |
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138 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
139 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
140 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
fc53c102 | 141 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in |
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142 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files |
143 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
c2be74f0 | 144 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity |
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145 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes |
146 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
147 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
148 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
149 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
150 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
c2be74f0 | 151 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests |
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152 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories |
153 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
154 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
155 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
c2be74f0 | 156 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness |
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157 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files |
158 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
c2be74f0 | 159 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc |
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160 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
161 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
162 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
163 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
164 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
165 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
166 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
167 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
168 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files | |
169 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
a839fc2f | 170 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences |
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171 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests |
172 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
fbb5b105 | 173 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely |
c2be74f0 | 174 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files |
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175 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time |
176 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
177 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces | |
178 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status | |
179 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
c2be74f0 | 180 | +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID |
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181 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum |
182 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
183 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
184 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
185 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
186 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
187 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
188 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
189 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
190 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
191 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
192 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
193 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
194 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
195 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
196 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
197 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
876a8767 | 198 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts |
fbb5b105 | 199 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in |
c2be74f0 | 200 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID |
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201 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely |
202 | @end direntry | |
203 | ||
204 | @copying | |
c2be74f0 | 205 | @@ -189,9 +175,8 @@ |
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206 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk |
207 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty | |
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208 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who |
209 | -* System context:: date uname hostname hostid | |
210 | +* System context:: date uname hostid | |
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211 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su |
212 | -* Process control:: kill | |
213 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
214 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
215 | * File permissions:: Access modes. | |
c2be74f0 | 216 | @@ -217,42 +202,42 @@ |
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217 | |
218 | Output of entire files | |
219 | ||
220 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
221 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
222 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
223 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 224 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
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225 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
226 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
227 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
228 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 229 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
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230 | |
231 | Formatting file contents | |
232 | ||
233 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
234 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
235 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
236 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
237 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
238 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
239 | ||
240 | Output of parts of files | |
241 | ||
242 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
243 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
244 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
245 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
246 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
247 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
248 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
249 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
250 | ||
251 | Summarizing files | |
252 | ||
876a8767 | 253 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
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254 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
255 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
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256 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
257 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
258 | -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
876a8767 | 259 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
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260 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
261 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
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262 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
263 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
264 | +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
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265 | |
266 | Operating on sorted files | |
267 | ||
268 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 269 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
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270 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
271 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
272 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
273 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
274 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 275 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
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276 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
277 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
278 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
279 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
280 | ||
281 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
282 | ||
c2be74f0 | 283 | @@ -264,15 +249,15 @@ |
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284 | |
285 | Operating on fields within a line | |
286 | ||
287 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
288 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
289 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
290 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
291 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
292 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
293 | ||
294 | Operating on characters | |
295 | ||
296 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
297 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
298 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
299 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
300 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
301 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
302 | ||
303 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
304 | ||
c2be74f0 | 305 | @@ -282,10 +267,10 @@ |
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306 | |
307 | Directory listing | |
308 | ||
309 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents | |
310 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
311 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
312 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
313 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
314 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
315 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
316 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
317 | ||
318 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
319 | ||
c2be74f0 | 320 | @@ -298,50 +283,50 @@ |
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321 | |
322 | Basic operations | |
323 | ||
324 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories | |
325 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
326 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
327 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
328 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
329 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
330 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
331 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
332 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
333 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
334 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
335 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
336 | ||
337 | Special file types | |
338 | ||
339 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
340 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
341 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
342 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
343 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
fbb5b105 | 344 | -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link |
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345 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories |
346 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
347 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
348 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
349 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
350 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
351 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
fbb5b105 | 352 | +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link |
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353 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories |
354 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
355 | ||
356 | Changing file attributes | |
357 | ||
358 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group | |
359 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
360 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
361 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
362 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
363 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
364 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
365 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
366 | ||
367 | Disk usage | |
368 | ||
c2be74f0 | 369 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f | 370 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage |
c2be74f0 | 371 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f | 372 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory |
c2be74f0 | 373 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f | 374 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage |
c2be74f0 | 375 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status |
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376 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory |
377 | ||
378 | Printing text | |
379 | ||
380 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text | |
381 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
382 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
383 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
384 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
385 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
386 | ||
387 | Conditions | |
388 | ||
389 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
390 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
391 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
392 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
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393 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
394 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
395 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
396 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
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397 | |
398 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
399 | ||
c2be74f0 | 400 | @@ -360,20 +345,20 @@ |
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401 | |
402 | Redirection | |
403 | ||
404 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files | |
405 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files | |
406 | ||
407 | File name manipulation | |
408 | ||
409 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
410 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
411 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability | |
412 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
413 | +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
414 | +* pathchk:: Check file name portability | |
415 | ||
416 | Working context | |
417 | ||
418 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
419 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
420 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
421 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
422 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
423 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
424 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
425 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
426 | ||
427 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
428 | ||
c2be74f0 | 429 | @@ -387,19 +372,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
430 | |
431 | User information | |
432 | ||
c2be74f0 | 433 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 434 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 435 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
436 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
437 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
438 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 439 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 440 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 441 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 442 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
443 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
444 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
445 | ||
446 | System context | |
447 | ||
448 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time | |
449 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information | |
450 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
451 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
452 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time | |
453 | +* uname:: Print system information | |
c2be74f0 | 454 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. |
a839fc2f JB |
455 | |
456 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
457 | ||
c2be74f0 | 458 | @@ -413,24 +397,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
459 | |
460 | Modified command invocation | |
461 | ||
462 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
463 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 464 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 465 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
c2be74f0 | 466 | -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
467 | - |
468 | -Process control | |
469 | - | |
470 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
471 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
472 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 473 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 474 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
c2be74f0 | 475 | +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
476 | |
477 | Delaying | |
478 | ||
479 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
480 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
481 | ||
482 | Numeric operations | |
483 | ||
484 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
485 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
486 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
487 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
488 | ||
489 | File permissions | |
490 | ||
c2be74f0 | 491 | @@ -1227,14 +1207,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
492 | in some way. |
493 | ||
494 | @menu | |
495 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
496 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
497 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
498 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 499 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
500 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
501 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
502 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
503 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 504 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
505 | @end menu |
506 | ||
507 | -@node cat invocation | |
508 | +@node cat | |
509 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
510 | ||
511 | @pindex cat | |
c2be74f0 JB |
512 | @@ -1332,7 +1312,7 @@ |
513 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
514 | |
515 | ||
516 | -@node tac invocation | |
517 | +@node tac | |
518 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
519 | ||
520 | @pindex tac | |
c2be74f0 | 521 | @@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 522 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
523 | |
524 | ||
525 | -@node nl invocation | |
526 | +@node nl | |
527 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
528 | ||
529 | @pindex nl | |
c2be74f0 | 530 | @@ -1544,7 +1524,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 531 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
532 | |
533 | ||
534 | -@node od invocation | |
535 | +@node od | |
536 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
537 | ||
538 | @pindex od | |
c2be74f0 JB |
539 | @@ -1795,7 +1775,7 @@ |
540 | ||
541 | @exitstatus | |
542 | ||
543 | -@node base64 invocation | |
544 | +@node base64 | |
545 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data. | |
546 | ||
547 | @pindex base64 | |
548 | @@ -1861,13 +1841,13 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
549 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
550 | ||
551 | @menu | |
552 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
553 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
554 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
555 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
556 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
557 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
558 | @end menu | |
559 | ||
560 | ||
561 | -@node fmt invocation | |
562 | +@node fmt | |
563 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
564 | ||
565 | @pindex fmt | |
c2be74f0 | 566 | @@ -1966,7 +1946,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 567 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
568 | |
569 | ||
570 | -@node pr invocation | |
571 | +@node pr | |
572 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
573 | ||
574 | @pindex pr | |
c2be74f0 | 575 | @@ -2108,7 +2088,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
576 | @cindex time formats |
577 | @cindex formatting times | |
578 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
c2be74f0 JB |
579 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. |
580 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
581 | Except for directives, which start with |
582 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
583 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
c2be74f0 | 584 | @@ -2337,7 +2317,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 585 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
586 | |
587 | ||
588 | -@node fold invocation | |
589 | +@node fold | |
590 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
591 | ||
592 | @pindex fold | |
c2be74f0 | 593 | @@ -2404,13 +2384,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
594 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
595 | ||
596 | @menu | |
597 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
598 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
599 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
600 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
601 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
602 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
603 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
604 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
605 | @end menu | |
606 | ||
607 | -@node head invocation | |
608 | +@node head | |
609 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
610 | ||
611 | @pindex head | |
c2be74f0 | 612 | @@ -2487,7 +2467,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
613 | @exitstatus |
614 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
615 | |
616 | -@node tail invocation | |
617 | +@node tail | |
618 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
619 | ||
620 | @pindex tail | |
c2be74f0 | 621 | @@ -2698,7 +2678,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
622 | @exitstatus |
623 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
624 | |
625 | -@node split invocation | |
626 | +@node split | |
627 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
628 | ||
629 | @pindex split | |
c2be74f0 | 630 | @@ -2779,7 +2759,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 631 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
632 | |
633 | ||
634 | -@node csplit invocation | |
635 | +@node csplit | |
636 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
637 | ||
638 | @pindex csplit | |
c2be74f0 | 639 | @@ -2919,16 +2899,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
640 | contents of files. |
641 | ||
642 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 643 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
644 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
645 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
646 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
647 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
648 | -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
876a8767 | 649 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
650 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
651 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
652 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
653 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
654 | +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f JB |
655 | @end menu |
656 | ||
657 | ||
658 | -@node wc invocation | |
659 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 660 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
661 | |
662 | @pindex wc | |
c2be74f0 | 663 | @@ -3034,7 +3014,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 664 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
665 | |
666 | ||
667 | -@node sum invocation | |
668 | +@node sum | |
669 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
670 | ||
671 | @pindex sum | |
c2be74f0 | 672 | @@ -3085,7 +3065,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 673 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
674 | |
675 | ||
676 | -@node cksum invocation | |
677 | +@node cksum | |
678 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
679 | ||
680 | @pindex cksum | |
c2be74f0 | 681 | @@ -3119,7 +3099,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 682 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
683 | |
684 | ||
685 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
686 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 687 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
688 | |
689 | @pindex md5sum | |
c2be74f0 JB |
690 | @@ -3141,8 +3121,8 @@ |
691 | considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce | |
692 | different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which | |
693 | can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes, | |
694 | -consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and | |
695 | -@ref{sha2 utilities}. | |
696 | +consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and | |
697 | +@ref{sha2}. | |
698 | ||
699 | If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given | |
700 | @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input. | |
701 | @@ -3236,7 +3216,7 @@ | |
702 | @exitstatus | |
703 | ||
704 | ||
705 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
706 | +@node sha1sum | |
707 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
708 | ||
709 | @pindex sha1sum | |
710 | @@ -3248,17 +3228,17 @@ | |
711 | ||
712 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
713 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
714 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
715 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
716 | ||
717 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
718 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
719 | it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not | |
720 | unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered | |
721 | that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure | |
722 | -SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}. | |
723 | +SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}. | |
724 | ||
725 | ||
726 | -@node sha2 utilities | |
727 | +@node sha2 | |
728 | @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
729 | ||
730 | @pindex sha224sum | |
731 | @@ -3288,7 +3268,7 @@ | |
732 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), | |
733 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
734 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
735 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
736 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
737 | ||
738 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
739 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
740 | @@ -3303,17 +3283,17 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
741 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
742 | ||
743 | @menu | |
744 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 745 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
746 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
747 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
748 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
749 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
750 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 751 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
752 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
753 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
754 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
755 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
756 | * tsort background:: Where tsort came from. | |
757 | @end menu | |
758 | ||
759 | ||
760 | -@node sort invocation | |
761 | +@node sort | |
762 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
763 | ||
764 | @pindex sort | |
c2be74f0 JB |
765 | @@ -3555,7 +3535,7 @@ |
766 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. | |
767 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
768 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
769 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
770 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
771 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
772 | ||
773 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
774 | @@ -3694,7 +3674,7 @@ | |
775 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. | |
776 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
777 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
778 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
779 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
780 | ||
781 | @item -z | |
782 | @itemx --zero-terminated | |
783 | @@ -3895,7 +3875,7 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
784 | @end itemize |
785 | ||
786 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
787 | -@node shuf invocation |
788 | +@node shuf | |
789 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
790 | ||
791 | @pindex shuf | |
792 | @@ -4036,7 +4016,7 @@ | |
793 | @exitstatus | |
794 | ||
795 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
796 | -@node uniq invocation |
797 | +@node uniq | |
798 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
799 | ||
800 | @pindex uniq | |
c2be74f0 JB |
801 | @@ -4058,7 +4038,7 @@ |
802 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected | |
803 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
804 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
805 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
806 | +@xref{sort}. | |
807 | ||
808 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
809 | Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the | |
810 | @@ -4179,7 +4159,7 @@ | |
876a8767 | 811 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
812 | |
813 | ||
814 | -@node comm invocation | |
815 | +@node comm | |
816 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
817 | ||
818 | @pindex comm | |
c2be74f0 | 819 | @@ -4222,7 +4202,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
820 | If there is an error it exits with nonzero status. |
821 | ||
822 | ||
823 | -@node tsort invocation | |
824 | +@node tsort | |
825 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
826 | ||
827 | @pindex tsort | |
c2be74f0 | 828 | @@ -4376,7 +4356,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
829 | @exitstatus |
830 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
831 | |
832 | -@node ptx invocation | |
833 | +@node ptx | |
834 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
835 | ||
836 | @pindex ptx | |
c2be74f0 | 837 | @@ -4835,13 +4815,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
838 | @chapter Operating on fields within a line |
839 | ||
840 | @menu | |
841 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
842 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
843 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
844 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
845 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
846 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
847 | @end menu | |
848 | ||
849 | ||
850 | -@node cut invocation | |
851 | +@node cut | |
852 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
853 | ||
854 | @pindex cut | |
c2be74f0 | 855 | @@ -4940,7 +4920,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 856 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
857 | |
858 | ||
859 | -@node paste invocation | |
860 | +@node paste | |
861 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
862 | ||
863 | @pindex paste | |
c2be74f0 | 864 | @@ -5010,7 +4990,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 865 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
866 | |
867 | ||
868 | -@node join invocation | |
869 | +@node join | |
870 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
871 | ||
872 | @pindex join | |
c2be74f0 | 873 | @@ -5153,13 +5133,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
874 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
875 | ||
876 | @menu | |
877 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
878 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
879 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
880 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
881 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
882 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
883 | @end menu | |
884 | ||
885 | ||
886 | -@node tr invocation | |
887 | +@node tr | |
888 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
889 | ||
890 | @pindex tr | |
c2be74f0 JB |
891 | @@ -5537,7 +5517,7 @@ |
892 | @end itemize | |
a839fc2f JB |
893 | |
894 | ||
895 | -@node expand invocation | |
896 | +@node expand | |
897 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
898 | ||
899 | @pindex expand | |
c2be74f0 | 900 | @@ -5590,7 +5570,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 901 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
902 | |
903 | ||
904 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
905 | +@node unexpand | |
906 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
907 | ||
908 | @pindex unexpand | |
c2be74f0 | 909 | @@ -5651,14 +5631,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
910 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
911 | ||
912 | @menu | |
913 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
914 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
915 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
916 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
917 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
918 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
919 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
920 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
921 | @end menu | |
922 | ||
923 | ||
924 | -@node ls invocation | |
925 | +@node ls | |
926 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
927 | ||
928 | @pindex ls | |
c2be74f0 | 929 | @@ -6456,7 +6436,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
930 | @item +@var{format} |
931 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
932 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
933 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
934 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 935 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
936 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
937 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
c2be74f0 | 938 | @@ -6648,7 +6628,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
939 | @end table |
940 | ||
941 | ||
942 | -@node dir invocation | |
943 | +@node dir | |
944 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
945 | ||
946 | @pindex dir | |
c2be74f0 | 947 | @@ -6658,10 +6638,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
948 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
949 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
950 | ||
951 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
952 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
953 | ||
954 | ||
955 | -@node vdir invocation | |
956 | +@node vdir | |
957 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
958 | ||
959 | @pindex vdir | |
c2be74f0 | 960 | @@ -6671,7 +6651,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
961 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
962 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
963 | ||
964 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
965 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 966 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
967 | |
968 | @pindex dircolors | |
c2be74f0 | 969 | @@ -6749,16 +6729,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
970 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
971 | ||
972 | @menu | |
973 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
974 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
975 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
976 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
977 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
978 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
979 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
980 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
981 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
982 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
983 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
984 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
985 | @end menu | |
986 | ||
987 | ||
988 | -@node cp invocation | |
989 | +@node cp | |
990 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
991 | ||
992 | @pindex cp | |
c2be74f0 | 993 | @@ -7116,7 +7096,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 994 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
995 | |
996 | ||
997 | -@node dd invocation | |
998 | +@node dd | |
999 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1000 | ||
1001 | @pindex dd | |
c2be74f0 | 1002 | @@ -7435,7 +7415,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1003 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1004 | |
1005 | ||
1006 | -@node install invocation | |
1007 | +@node install | |
1008 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1009 | ||
1010 | @pindex install | |
c2be74f0 | 1011 | @@ -7574,7 +7554,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1012 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1013 | |
1014 | ||
1015 | -@node mv invocation | |
1016 | +@node mv | |
1017 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1018 | ||
1019 | @pindex mv | |
c2be74f0 | 1020 | @@ -7695,7 +7675,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1021 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1022 | |
1023 | ||
1024 | -@node rm invocation | |
1025 | +@node rm | |
1026 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1027 | ||
1028 | @pindex rm | |
c2be74f0 | 1029 | @@ -7831,7 +7811,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1030 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1031 | |
1032 | ||
1033 | -@node shred invocation | |
1034 | +@node shred | |
1035 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1036 | ||
1037 | @pindex shred | |
c2be74f0 | 1038 | @@ -7841,7 +7821,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1039 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1040 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1041 | ||
1042 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1043 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1044 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1045 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1046 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
c2be74f0 | 1047 | @@ -8073,18 +8053,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1048 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1049 | ||
1050 | @menu | |
1051 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1052 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1053 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1054 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1055 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
fbb5b105 | 1056 | -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link. |
a839fc2f JB |
1057 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1058 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1059 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1060 | +* ln:: Make links between files. | |
1061 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1062 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1063 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
fbb5b105 | 1064 | +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link. |
a839fc2f | 1065 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
fbb5b105 | 1066 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall. |
a839fc2f JB |
1067 | @end menu |
1068 | ||
1069 | ||
1070 | -@node link invocation | |
1071 | +@node link | |
1072 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1073 | ||
1074 | @pindex link | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1075 | @@ -8097,7 +8077,7 @@ |
1076 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, | |
1077 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1078 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1079 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1080 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1081 | Synopsis: | |
1082 | ||
1083 | @example | |
1084 | @@ -8118,7 +8098,7 @@ | |
876a8767 JB |
1085 | @exitstatus |
1086 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1087 | |
1088 | -@node ln invocation | |
1089 | +@node ln | |
1090 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1091 | ||
1092 | @pindex ln | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1093 | @@ -8290,7 +8270,7 @@ |
1094 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
1095 | |
1096 | ||
1097 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1098 | +@node mkdir | |
1099 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1100 | ||
1101 | @pindex mkdir | |
c2be74f0 | 1102 | @@ -8352,7 +8332,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1103 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1104 | |
1105 | ||
1106 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1107 | +@node mkfifo | |
1108 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1109 | ||
1110 | @pindex mkfifo | |
c2be74f0 | 1111 | @@ -8391,7 +8371,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1112 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1113 | |
1114 | ||
1115 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1116 | +@node mknod | |
1117 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1118 | ||
1119 | @pindex mknod | |
c2be74f0 | 1120 | @@ -8463,7 +8443,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1121 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1122 | |
1123 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1124 | -@node readlink invocation |
1125 | +@node readlink | |
1126 | @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link | |
1127 | ||
1128 | @pindex readlink | |
c2be74f0 | 1129 | @@ -8550,7 +8530,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1130 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1131 | |
1132 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1133 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1134 | +@node rmdir | |
1135 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1136 | ||
1137 | @pindex rmdir | |
c2be74f0 | 1138 | @@ -8598,12 +8578,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1139 | |
1140 | @end table | |
1141 | ||
1142 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1143 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1144 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1145 | @exitstatus |
1146 | ||
1147 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1148 | -@node unlink invocation |
1149 | +@node unlink | |
1150 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1151 | ||
1152 | @pindex unlink | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1153 | @@ -8614,7 +8594,7 @@ |
1154 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, | |
1155 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1156 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1157 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1158 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1159 | ||
1160 | @example | |
1161 | unlink @var{filename} | |
1162 | @@ -8648,14 +8628,14 @@ | |
a839fc2f JB |
1163 | These commands change file attributes. |
1164 | ||
1165 | @menu | |
1166 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. | |
1167 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
1168 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1169 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. | |
1170 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. | |
1171 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
1172 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1173 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. | |
1174 | @end menu | |
1175 | ||
1176 | ||
1177 | -@node chown invocation | |
1178 | +@node chown | |
1179 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1180 | ||
1181 | @pindex chown | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1182 | @@ -8868,7 +8848,7 @@ |
1183 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
1184 | |
1185 | ||
1186 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1187 | +@node chgrp | |
1188 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1189 | ||
1190 | @pindex chgrp | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1191 | @@ -8986,7 +8966,7 @@ |
1192 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
1193 | |
1194 | ||
1195 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1196 | +@node chmod | |
1197 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1198 | ||
1199 | @pindex chmod | |
c2be74f0 | 1200 | @@ -9085,7 +9065,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1201 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1202 | |
1203 | ||
1204 | -@node touch invocation | |
1205 | +@node touch | |
1206 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1207 | ||
1208 | @pindex touch | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1209 | @@ -9234,14 +9214,14 @@ |
1210 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1211 | |
1212 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1213 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1214 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1215 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1216 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
c2be74f0 | 1217 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1218 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1219 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f JB |
1220 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
1221 | @end menu | |
1222 | ||
1223 | ||
1224 | -@node df invocation | |
1225 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1226 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1227 | |
1228 | @pindex df | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1229 | @@ -9439,7 +9419,7 @@ |
1230 | @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1231 | |
1232 | ||
1233 | -@node du invocation | |
1234 | +@node du | |
1235 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1236 | ||
1237 | @pindex du | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1238 | @@ -9654,7 +9634,7 @@ |
1239 | @item +@var{format} | |
1240 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1241 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1242 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1243 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1244 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1245 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1246 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
1247 | @@ -9722,7 +9702,7 @@ | |
876a8767 | 1248 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1249 | |
1250 | ||
1251 | -@node stat invocation | |
1252 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1253 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1254 | |
1255 | @pindex stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1256 | @@ -9856,7 +9836,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1257 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1258 | |
1259 | ||
1260 | -@node sync invocation | |
1261 | +@node sync | |
1262 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1263 | ||
1264 | @pindex sync | |
c2be74f0 | 1265 | @@ -9892,13 +9872,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1266 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1267 | ||
1268 | @menu | |
1269 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1270 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1271 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1272 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1273 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1274 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1275 | @end menu | |
1276 | ||
1277 | ||
1278 | -@node echo invocation | |
1279 | +@node echo | |
1280 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1281 | ||
1282 | @pindex echo | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1283 | @@ -9981,12 +9961,12 @@ |
1284 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is | |
1285 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1286 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1287 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1288 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1289 | ||
876a8767 | 1290 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1291 | |
1292 | ||
1293 | -@node printf invocation | |
1294 | +@node printf | |
1295 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1296 | ||
1297 | @pindex printf | |
c2be74f0 | 1298 | @@ -10129,7 +10109,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1299 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1300 | |
1301 | ||
1302 | -@node yes invocation | |
1303 | +@node yes | |
1304 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1305 | ||
1306 | @pindex yes | |
c2be74f0 | 1307 | @@ -10160,14 +10140,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1308 | pipeline. |
1309 | ||
1310 | @menu | |
1311 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1312 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1313 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1314 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1315 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1316 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1317 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1318 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1319 | @end menu | |
1320 | ||
1321 | ||
1322 | -@node false invocation | |
1323 | +@node false | |
1324 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1325 | ||
1326 | @pindex false | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1327 | @@ -10197,7 +10177,7 @@ |
1328 | non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1329 | |
1330 | ||
1331 | -@node true invocation | |
1332 | +@node true | |
1333 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1334 | ||
1335 | @pindex true | |
c2be74f0 | 1336 | @@ -10233,7 +10213,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1337 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1338 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1339 | ||
1340 | -@node test invocation | |
1341 | +@node test | |
1342 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1343 | ||
1344 | @pindex test | |
c2be74f0 | 1345 | @@ -10564,7 +10544,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1346 | @end table |
1347 | ||
1348 | ||
1349 | -@node expr invocation | |
1350 | +@node expr | |
1351 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1352 | ||
1353 | @pindex expr | |
c2be74f0 | 1354 | @@ -10836,11 +10816,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1355 | it's described here. |
1356 | ||
1357 | @menu | |
1358 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files. | |
1359 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files. | |
1360 | @end menu | |
1361 | ||
1362 | ||
1363 | -@node tee invocation | |
1364 | +@node tee | |
1365 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files | |
1366 | ||
1367 | @pindex tee | |
c2be74f0 | 1368 | @@ -10895,13 +10875,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1369 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1370 | ||
1371 | @menu | |
1372 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
1373 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name. | |
1374 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability. | |
1375 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
1376 | +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name. | |
1377 | +* pathchk:: Check file name portability. | |
1378 | @end menu | |
1379 | ||
1380 | ||
1381 | -@node basename invocation | |
1382 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1383 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1384 | |
1385 | @pindex basename | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1386 | @@ -10955,7 +10935,7 @@ |
1387 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
1388 | |
1389 | ||
1390 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1391 | +@node dirname | |
1392 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
1393 | ||
1394 | @pindex dirname | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1395 | @@ -10996,7 +10976,7 @@ |
1396 | @end smallexample | |
a839fc2f JB |
1397 | |
1398 | ||
1399 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1400 | +@node pathchk | |
1401 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability | |
1402 | ||
1403 | @pindex pathchk | |
c2be74f0 | 1404 | @@ -11084,14 +11064,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1405 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1406 | ||
1407 | @menu | |
1408 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1409 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1410 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1411 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1412 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1413 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1414 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1415 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1416 | @end menu | |
1417 | ||
1418 | ||
1419 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1420 | +@node pwd | |
1421 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1422 | ||
1423 | @pindex pwd | |
c2be74f0 | 1424 | @@ -11116,7 +11096,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1425 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1426 | |
1427 | ||
1428 | -@node stty invocation | |
1429 | +@node stty | |
1430 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1431 | ||
1432 | @pindex stty | |
c2be74f0 | 1433 | @@ -11775,7 +11755,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1434 | @end table |
1435 | ||
1436 | ||
1437 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1438 | +@node printenv | |
1439 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1440 | ||
1441 | @pindex printenv | |
c2be74f0 | 1442 | @@ -11805,7 +11785,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1443 | @end display |
1444 | ||
1445 | ||
1446 | -@node tty invocation | |
1447 | +@node tty | |
1448 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1449 | ||
1450 | @pindex tty | |
c2be74f0 | 1451 | @@ -11855,16 +11835,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1452 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1453 | ||
1454 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1455 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1456 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1457 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1458 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1459 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1460 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1461 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1462 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1463 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1464 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1465 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1466 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1467 | @end menu | |
1468 | ||
1469 | ||
1470 | -@node id invocation | |
1471 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1472 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1473 | |
1474 | @pindex id | |
c2be74f0 | 1475 | @@ -11927,7 +11907,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1476 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1477 | |
1478 | ||
1479 | -@node logname invocation | |
1480 | +@node logname | |
1481 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1482 | ||
1483 | @pindex logname | |
c2be74f0 | 1484 | @@ -11948,7 +11928,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1485 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1486 | |
1487 | ||
1488 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1489 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1490 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1491 | |
1492 | @pindex whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1493 | @@ -11964,7 +11944,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1494 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1495 | |
1496 | ||
1497 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1498 | +@node groups |
1499 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1500 | ||
1501 | @pindex groups | |
c2be74f0 | 1502 | @@ -11989,7 +11969,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1503 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1504 | |
1505 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1506 | -@node users invocation |
1507 | +@node users | |
1508 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1509 | ||
1510 | @pindex users | |
c2be74f0 | 1511 | @@ -12020,7 +12000,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1512 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1513 | |
1514 | ||
1515 | -@node who invocation | |
1516 | +@node who | |
1517 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1518 | ||
1519 | @pindex who | |
c2be74f0 | 1520 | @@ -12167,14 +12147,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1521 | information. |
1522 | ||
1523 | @menu | |
1524 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
1525 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. | |
1526 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1527 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1528 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. | |
1529 | +* uname:: Print system information. | |
1530 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1531 | @end menu | |
1532 | ||
1533 | ||
1534 | -@node date invocation | |
1535 | +@node date | |
1536 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1537 | ||
1538 | @pindex date | |
c2be74f0 | 1539 | @@ -12799,7 +12778,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1540 | @end itemize |
1541 | ||
1542 | ||
1543 | -@node uname invocation | |
1544 | +@node uname | |
1545 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1546 | ||
1547 | @pindex uname | |
c2be74f0 | 1548 | @@ -12928,31 +12907,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1549 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1550 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1551 | |
1552 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1553 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1554 | - | |
1555 | -@pindex hostname | |
1556 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1557 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1558 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1559 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1560 | - | |
1561 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1562 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1563 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1564 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1565 | - |
1566 | -@example | |
1567 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1568 | -@end example | |
1569 | - | |
1570 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1571 | -options}. | |
1572 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1573 | -@exitstatus |
1574 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1575 | - |
1576 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1577 | +@node hostid | |
1578 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1579 | ||
1580 | @pindex hostid | |
c2be74f0 | 1581 | @@ -12989,15 +12944,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1582 | user, etc. |
1583 | ||
1584 | @menu | |
1585 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1586 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1587 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1588 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
c2be74f0 | 1589 | -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1590 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1591 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1592 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1593 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
c2be74f0 | 1594 | +* su:: Modify user and group ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1595 | @end menu |
1596 | ||
1597 | ||
1598 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1599 | +@node chroot | |
1600 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1601 | ||
1602 | @pindex chroot | |
c2be74f0 | 1603 | @@ -13064,7 +13019,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1604 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1605 | |
1606 | ||
1607 | -@node env invocation | |
1608 | +@node env | |
1609 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1610 | ||
1611 | @pindex env | |
c2be74f0 | 1612 | @@ -13142,7 +13097,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1613 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1614 | |
1615 | ||
1616 | -@node nice invocation | |
1617 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1618 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1619 | |
1620 | @pindex nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1621 | @@ -13267,7 +13222,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1622 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1623 | |
1624 | ||
1625 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1626 | +@node nohup | |
1627 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1628 | ||
1629 | @pindex nohup | |
c2be74f0 | 1630 | @@ -13328,7 +13283,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1631 | @end display |
1632 | ||
1633 | ||
1634 | -@node su invocation | |
1635 | +@node su | |
c2be74f0 | 1636 | @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1637 | |
1638 | @pindex su | |
c2be74f0 | 1639 | @@ -13485,167 +13440,6 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1640 | might find this idea strange at first. |
a839fc2f JB |
1641 | |
1642 | ||
1643 | -@node Process control | |
1644 | -@chapter Process control | |
1645 | - | |
1646 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1647 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1648 | - | |
1649 | -@menu | |
1650 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1651 | -@end menu | |
1652 | - | |
1653 | - | |
1654 | -@node kill invocation | |
1655 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1656 | - | |
1657 | -@pindex kill | |
1658 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1659 | - | |
1660 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1661 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1662 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1663 | - | |
1664 | -@example | |
1665 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1666 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1667 | -@end example | |
1668 | - | |
1669 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all | |
1670 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
1671 | -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a | |
1672 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments | |
1673 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1674 | - | |
1675 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1676 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1677 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1678 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1679 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1680 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1681 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1682 | - | |
1683 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1684 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1685 | -is sent. | |
1686 | - | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1687 | -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it |
1688 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to | |
1689 | -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill | |
1690 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: | |
a839fc2f JB |
1691 | - |
1692 | -@example | |
1693 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1694 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1695 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1696 | -kill -- -1 |
1697 | -@end example | |
1698 | - | |
1699 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1700 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1701 | - | |
1702 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1703 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1704 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1705 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1706 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1707 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1708 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1709 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1710 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1711 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1712 | - | |
1713 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1714 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1715 | - | |
1716 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1717 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1718 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
1719 | -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the | |
1720 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid | |
1721 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names | |
1722 | -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems: | |
1723 | - | |
1724 | -@table @samp | |
1725 | -@item HUP | |
1726 | -1. Hangup. | |
1727 | -@item INT | |
1728 | -2. Terminal interrupt. | |
1729 | -@item QUIT | |
1730 | -3. Terminal quit. | |
1731 | -@item ABRT | |
1732 | -6. Process abort. | |
1733 | -@item KILL | |
1734 | -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). | |
1735 | -@item ALRM | |
1736 | -14. Alarm Clock. | |
1737 | -@item TERM | |
1738 | -15. Termination. | |
1739 | -@end table | |
1740 | - | |
1741 | -@noindent | |
1742 | -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding | |
1743 | -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also | |
1744 | -support the following signals: | |
1745 | - | |
1746 | -@table @samp | |
1747 | -@item BUS | |
1748 | -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object. | |
1749 | -@item CHLD | |
1750 | -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued. | |
1751 | -@item CONT | |
1752 | -Continue executing, if stopped. | |
1753 | -@item FPE | |
1754 | -Erroneous arithmetic operation. | |
1755 | -@item ILL | |
1756 | -Illegal Instruction. | |
1757 | -@item PIPE | |
1758 | -Write on a pipe with no one to read it. | |
1759 | -@item SEGV | |
1760 | -Invalid memory reference. | |
1761 | -@item STOP | |
1762 | -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). | |
1763 | -@item TSTP | |
1764 | -Terminal stop. | |
1765 | -@item TTIN | |
1766 | -Background process attempting read. | |
1767 | -@item TTOU | |
1768 | -Background process attempting write. | |
1769 | -@item URG | |
1770 | -High bandwidth data is available at a socket. | |
1771 | -@item USR1 | |
1772 | -User-defined signal 1. | |
1773 | -@item USR2 | |
1774 | -User-defined signal 2. | |
1775 | -@end table | |
1776 | - | |
1777 | -@noindent | |
1778 | -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension | |
1779 | -also support the following signals: | |
1780 | - | |
1781 | -@table @samp | |
1782 | -@item POLL | |
1783 | -Pollable event. | |
1784 | -@item PROF | |
1785 | -Profiling timer expired. | |
1786 | -@item SYS | |
1787 | -Bad system call. | |
1788 | -@item TRAP | |
1789 | -Trace/breakpoint trap. | |
1790 | -@item VTALRM | |
1791 | -Virtual timer expired. | |
1792 | -@item XCPU | |
1793 | -CPU time limit exceeded. | |
1794 | -@item XFSZ | |
1795 | -File size limit exceeded. | |
1796 | -@end table | |
1797 | - | |
1798 | -@noindent | |
1799 | -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension | |
1800 | -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN}, | |
1801 | -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}. | |
1802 | - | |
1803 | - | |
1804 | @node Delaying | |
1805 | @chapter Delaying | |
1806 | ||
c2be74f0 | 1807 | @@ -13655,11 +13449,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1808 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1809 | |
1810 | @menu | |
1811 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1812 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1813 | @end menu | |
1814 | ||
1815 | ||
1816 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1817 | +@node sleep | |
1818 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1819 | ||
1820 | @pindex sleep | |
c2be74f0 | 1821 | @@ -13707,12 +13501,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1822 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1823 | ||
1824 | @menu | |
1825 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1826 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1827 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1828 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1829 | @end menu | |
1830 | ||
1831 | ||
1832 | -@node factor invocation | |
1833 | +@node factor | |
1834 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1835 | ||
1836 | @pindex factor | |
c2be74f0 | 1837 | @@ -13761,7 +13555,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1838 | @exitstatus |
1839 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1840 | |
1841 | -@node seq invocation | |
1842 | +@node seq | |
1843 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1844 | ||
1845 | @pindex seq |