]>
Commit | Line | Data |
---|---|---|
0d2793d8 JB |
1 | --- coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2011-01-01 22:19:23.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi 2011-01-09 12:28:09.837901529 +0100 | |
3 | @@ -20,119 +20,111 @@ | |
fbb5b105 JB |
4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
11 | -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. | |
12 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
10c838b0 JB |
13 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
14 | +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options | |
15 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes | |
16 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. | |
fbb5b105 | 17 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 18 | - |
c2be74f0 JB |
19 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
20 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
21 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 22 | - |
fbb5b105 JB |
23 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
24 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 25 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 26 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
a839fc2f JB |
27 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
28 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
10c838b0 | 29 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f JB |
30 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
31 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. | |
32 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. | |
33 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 34 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
a839fc2f JB |
35 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
36 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
37 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
38 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
39 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
40 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 41 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
a839fc2f JB |
42 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
43 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 44 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
a839fc2f JB |
45 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. |
46 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
47 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
48 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
49 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
50 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
51 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
52 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
53 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
54 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
55 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
56 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
57 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 58 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
a839fc2f JB |
59 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
60 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
61 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
62 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
63 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
64 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
65 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 66 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
67 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
68 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
69 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 70 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 71 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 72 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f JB |
73 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
74 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 75 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
a839fc2f JB |
76 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
77 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
78 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
79 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
80 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
81 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
82 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
83 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 84 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
a839fc2f JB |
85 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
86 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 87 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 88 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
c2be74f0 JB |
89 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
90 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 91 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 92 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
93 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
94 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 95 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 96 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 97 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 98 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
c2be74f0 | 99 | -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
100 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
101 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
102 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
103 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
104 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
105 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 106 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
107 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
108 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
109 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 110 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
111 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
112 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
113 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
114 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 115 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 116 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 117 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
a839fc2f JB |
118 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
119 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 120 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 121 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 122 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 123 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
10c838b0 JB |
124 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
125 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data | |
126 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix | |
127 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files | |
128 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files | |
129 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
130 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions | |
131 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups | |
132 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory | |
133 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
134 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
135 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
136 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
137 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
138 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
139 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
140 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage | |
141 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly | |
142 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
143 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component | |
144 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
145 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
146 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
147 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
148 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
149 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors | |
150 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
151 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
152 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
153 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in | |
154 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files | |
155 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
0d2793d8 | 156 | +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name |
10c838b0 JB |
157 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity |
158 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes | |
159 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
0d2793d8 | 160 | +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes |
10c838b0 JB |
161 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files |
162 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
163 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
164 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
165 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests | |
166 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories | |
167 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
168 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
169 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files | |
170 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
171 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness | |
172 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files | |
173 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
174 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors | |
0d2793d8 | 175 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
10c838b0 JB |
176 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
177 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
178 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
179 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
180 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
181 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
182 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
183 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
184 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files | |
185 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
186 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX | |
187 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences | |
188 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
189 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
190 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely | |
191 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files | |
192 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time | |
193 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
0d2793d8 | 194 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces |
10c838b0 JB |
195 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status |
196 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering | |
197 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
198 | +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID | |
199 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum | |
200 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
201 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
202 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
203 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
204 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
205 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit | |
206 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
207 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
208 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
209 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file | |
210 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
211 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
212 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
213 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
214 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
215 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
0d2793d8 | 216 | +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load |
10c838b0 JB |
217 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names |
218 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
219 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts | |
220 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in | |
221 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID | |
222 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely | |
fbb5b105 JB |
223 | @end direntry |
224 | ||
225 | @copying | |
0d2793d8 | 226 | @@ -197,10 +189,9 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
227 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp |
228 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty | |
229 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
230 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
231 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
232 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
233 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout | |
234 | -* Process control:: kill | |
235 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
236 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
237 | * File permissions:: Access modes | |
0d2793d8 | 238 | @@ -228,42 +219,42 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
239 | |
240 | Output of entire files | |
241 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
242 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
243 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
244 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
245 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
246 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data | |
247 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files | |
248 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
249 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
250 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
251 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data | |
a839fc2f JB |
252 | |
253 | Formatting file contents | |
254 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
255 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
256 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
257 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
258 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
259 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
260 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
a839fc2f JB |
261 | |
262 | Output of parts of files | |
263 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
264 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
265 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
266 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
267 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
268 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
269 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
270 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
271 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
a839fc2f JB |
272 | |
273 | Summarizing files | |
274 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
275 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
276 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
277 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
278 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
279 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
280 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
281 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
282 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
283 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
284 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
285 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
a839fc2f JB |
286 | |
287 | Operating on sorted files | |
288 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
289 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
290 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
291 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
292 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
293 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
294 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
295 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
296 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
297 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
298 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
299 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
300 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
a839fc2f JB |
301 | |
302 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
303 | ||
0d2793d8 | 304 | @@ -275,15 +266,15 @@ |
a839fc2f | 305 | |
10c838b0 | 306 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 307 | |
10c838b0 JB |
308 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
309 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
310 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
311 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
312 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
313 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
314 | |
315 | Operating on characters | |
316 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
317 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
318 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
319 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
320 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
321 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
322 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
a839fc2f JB |
323 | |
324 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
325 | ||
0d2793d8 | 326 | @@ -293,10 +284,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
327 | |
328 | Directory listing | |
329 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
330 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
331 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
332 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
333 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
334 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
335 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
336 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
337 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
a839fc2f JB |
338 | |
339 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
340 | ||
0d2793d8 | 341 | @@ -309,51 +300,51 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
342 | |
343 | Basic operations | |
344 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
345 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
346 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
347 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
348 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
349 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
350 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
351 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
352 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
353 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
354 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
355 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
356 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
357 | |
358 | Special file types | |
359 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
360 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
361 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
362 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
363 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
364 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
365 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
366 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
367 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
368 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
369 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
370 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
371 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
372 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
373 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
374 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
375 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
376 | |
377 | Changing file attributes | |
378 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
379 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
380 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
381 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
382 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
383 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
384 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
385 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
386 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f JB |
387 | |
388 | Disk usage | |
389 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
390 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
391 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage | |
392 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
393 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
394 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
395 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage | |
396 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage | |
397 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
398 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
399 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
a839fc2f JB |
400 | |
401 | Printing text | |
402 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
403 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
404 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
405 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
406 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
407 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
408 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
409 | |
410 | Conditions | |
411 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
412 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
413 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
414 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
415 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
416 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
417 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
418 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
419 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
420 | |
421 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
422 | ||
0d2793d8 | 423 | @@ -372,21 +363,21 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
424 | |
425 | Redirection | |
426 | ||
3c350007 JB |
427 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
428 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
429 | |
430 | File name manipulation | |
431 | ||
432 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
433 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
434 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
435 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
a839fc2f | 436 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
437 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
438 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
439 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
a839fc2f JB |
440 | |
441 | Working context | |
442 | ||
443 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
444 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
445 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
446 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
447 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
448 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
449 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
450 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
451 | ||
452 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
453 | ||
0d2793d8 | 454 | @@ -400,22 +391,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
455 | |
456 | User information | |
457 | ||
c2be74f0 | 458 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 459 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 460 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
461 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
462 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
463 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 464 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 465 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 466 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 467 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
468 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
469 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
470 | ||
471 | System context | |
472 | ||
3c350007 | 473 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 474 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 475 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
476 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
477 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
478 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
479 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 480 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 481 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 482 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 483 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 484 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
485 | |
486 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
487 | ||
0d2793d8 | 488 | @@ -430,31 +419,27 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
489 | |
490 | SELinux context | |
491 | ||
492 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
493 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
494 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
495 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
496 | |
497 | Modified command invocation | |
498 | ||
499 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
500 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 501 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 502 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 503 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 504 | -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 505 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
506 | - |
507 | -Process control | |
508 | - | |
509 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
510 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
511 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 512 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 513 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 514 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
c2be74f0 | 515 | +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
10c838b0 | 516 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
517 | |
518 | Delaying | |
519 | ||
520 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
521 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
522 | ||
523 | Numeric operations | |
524 | ||
525 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
526 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
527 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
528 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
529 | ||
530 | File permissions | |
531 | ||
0d2793d8 | 532 | @@ -1443,14 +1428,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
533 | in some way. |
534 | ||
535 | @menu | |
536 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
537 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
538 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
539 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 540 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
541 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
542 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
543 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
544 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 545 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
546 | @end menu |
547 | ||
548 | -@node cat invocation | |
549 | +@node cat | |
550 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
551 | ||
552 | @pindex cat | |
0d2793d8 | 553 | @@ -1550,7 +1535,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 554 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
555 | |
556 | ||
557 | -@node tac invocation | |
558 | +@node tac | |
559 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
560 | ||
561 | @pindex tac | |
0d2793d8 | 562 | @@ -1599,7 +1584,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 563 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
564 | |
565 | ||
566 | -@node nl invocation | |
567 | +@node nl | |
568 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
569 | ||
570 | @pindex nl | |
0d2793d8 | 571 | @@ -1762,7 +1747,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 572 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
573 | |
574 | ||
575 | -@node od invocation | |
576 | +@node od | |
577 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
578 | ||
579 | @pindex od | |
0d2793d8 | 580 | @@ -2016,7 +2001,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
581 | |
582 | @exitstatus | |
583 | ||
584 | -@node base64 invocation | |
585 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 586 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
587 | |
588 | @pindex base64 | |
0d2793d8 | 589 | @@ -2084,13 +2069,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
590 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
591 | ||
592 | @menu | |
593 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
594 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
595 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
596 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
597 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
598 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
599 | @end menu | |
600 | ||
601 | ||
602 | -@node fmt invocation | |
603 | +@node fmt | |
604 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
605 | ||
606 | @pindex fmt | |
0d2793d8 | 607 | @@ -2189,7 +2174,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 608 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
609 | |
610 | ||
611 | -@node pr invocation | |
612 | +@node pr | |
613 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
614 | ||
615 | @pindex pr | |
0d2793d8 | 616 | @@ -2329,7 +2314,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
617 | @cindex time formats |
618 | @cindex formatting times | |
619 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
c2be74f0 JB |
620 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. |
621 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
622 | Except for directives, which start with |
623 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
624 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
0d2793d8 | 625 | @@ -2556,7 +2541,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 626 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
627 | |
628 | ||
629 | -@node fold invocation | |
630 | +@node fold | |
631 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
632 | ||
633 | @pindex fold | |
0d2793d8 | 634 | @@ -2623,13 +2608,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
635 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
636 | ||
637 | @menu | |
638 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
639 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 640 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
641 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
642 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
643 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 644 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
645 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
646 | @end menu | |
647 | ||
648 | -@node head invocation | |
649 | +@node head | |
650 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
651 | ||
652 | @pindex head | |
0d2793d8 | 653 | @@ -2706,7 +2691,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
654 | @exitstatus |
655 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
656 | |
657 | -@node tail invocation | |
658 | +@node tail | |
659 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
660 | ||
661 | @pindex tail | |
0d2793d8 | 662 | @@ -2922,7 +2907,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
663 | @exitstatus |
664 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
665 | |
666 | -@node split invocation | |
667 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 668 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
669 | |
670 | @pindex split | |
0d2793d8 JB |
671 | @@ -3112,7 +3097,7 @@ |
672 | @end example | |
a839fc2f JB |
673 | |
674 | ||
675 | -@node csplit invocation | |
676 | +@node csplit | |
677 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
678 | ||
679 | @pindex csplit | |
0d2793d8 | 680 | @@ -3303,16 +3288,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
681 | contents of files. |
682 | ||
683 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 684 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
685 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
686 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
687 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
688 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 689 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
690 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
691 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
692 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
693 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 694 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
695 | @end menu |
696 | ||
697 | ||
698 | -@node wc invocation | |
699 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 700 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
701 | |
702 | @pindex wc | |
0d2793d8 | 703 | @@ -3430,7 +3415,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 704 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
705 | |
706 | ||
707 | -@node sum invocation | |
708 | +@node sum | |
709 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
710 | ||
711 | @pindex sum | |
0d2793d8 | 712 | @@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 713 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
714 | |
715 | ||
716 | -@node cksum invocation | |
717 | +@node cksum | |
718 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
719 | ||
720 | @pindex cksum | |
0d2793d8 | 721 | @@ -3515,7 +3500,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 722 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
723 | |
724 | ||
725 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
726 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 727 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
728 | |
729 | @pindex md5sum | |
0d2793d8 | 730 | @@ -3643,7 +3628,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
731 | @exitstatus |
732 | ||
733 | ||
734 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
735 | +@node sha1sum | |
736 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
737 | ||
738 | @pindex sha1sum | |
0d2793d8 | 739 | @@ -3655,7 +3640,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
740 | |
741 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
742 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
743 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
744 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
745 | ||
746 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
747 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
0d2793d8 | 748 | @@ -3695,7 +3680,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
749 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
750 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
751 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
752 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
753 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
754 | ||
755 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
756 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
0d2793d8 | 757 | @@ -3710,16 +3695,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
758 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
759 | ||
760 | @menu | |
761 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 762 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
763 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
764 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
765 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
766 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
767 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 768 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
769 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
770 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
771 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
772 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
773 | @end menu |
774 | ||
775 | ||
776 | -@node sort invocation | |
777 | +@node sort | |
778 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
779 | ||
780 | @pindex sort | |
0d2793d8 | 781 | @@ -4008,7 +3993,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
782 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
783 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
784 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
785 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
786 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
787 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
788 | ||
789 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
0d2793d8 JB |
790 | @@ -4196,7 +4181,7 @@ |
791 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited | |
792 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
793 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
794 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
795 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
796 | |
797 | @item -u | |
798 | @itemx --unique | |
0d2793d8 | 799 | @@ -4214,7 +4199,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
800 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
801 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
802 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
803 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
804 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
805 | ||
10c838b0 | 806 | @macro zeroTerminatedOption |
c2be74f0 | 807 | @item -z |
0d2793d8 | 808 | @@ -4437,7 +4422,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
809 | @end itemize |
810 | ||
811 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
812 | -@node shuf invocation |
813 | +@node shuf | |
814 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
815 | ||
816 | @pindex shuf | |
0d2793d8 | 817 | @@ -4567,7 +4552,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
818 | @exitstatus |
819 | ||
820 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
821 | -@node uniq invocation |
822 | +@node uniq | |
823 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
824 | ||
825 | @pindex uniq | |
0d2793d8 | 826 | @@ -4589,7 +4574,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
827 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
828 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
829 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
830 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
831 | +@xref{sort}. | |
832 | ||
833 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 834 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
0d2793d8 | 835 | @@ -4716,7 +4701,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 836 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
837 | |
838 | ||
839 | -@node comm invocation | |
840 | +@node comm | |
841 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
842 | ||
843 | @pindex comm | |
0d2793d8 | 844 | @@ -4792,7 +4777,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 845 | |
10c838b0 | 846 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
847 | |
848 | -@node ptx invocation | |
849 | +@node ptx | |
850 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
851 | ||
852 | @pindex ptx | |
0d2793d8 | 853 | @@ -5249,7 +5234,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
854 | @end itemize |
855 | ||
856 | ||
857 | -@node tsort invocation | |
858 | +@node tsort | |
859 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
860 | ||
861 | @pindex tsort | |
0d2793d8 | 862 | @@ -5411,13 +5396,13 @@ |
10c838b0 | 863 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
864 | |
865 | @menu | |
866 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
867 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
868 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
869 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
870 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
871 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
872 | @end menu | |
873 | ||
874 | ||
875 | -@node cut invocation | |
876 | +@node cut | |
877 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
878 | ||
879 | @pindex cut | |
0d2793d8 | 880 | @@ -5522,7 +5507,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 881 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
882 | |
883 | ||
884 | -@node paste invocation | |
885 | +@node paste | |
886 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
887 | ||
888 | @pindex paste | |
0d2793d8 | 889 | @@ -5592,7 +5577,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 890 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
891 | |
892 | ||
893 | -@node join invocation | |
894 | +@node join | |
895 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
896 | ||
897 | @pindex join | |
0d2793d8 | 898 | @@ -5757,13 +5742,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
899 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
900 | ||
901 | @menu | |
902 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
903 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
904 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
905 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
906 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
907 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
908 | @end menu | |
909 | ||
910 | ||
911 | -@node tr invocation | |
912 | +@node tr | |
913 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
914 | ||
915 | @pindex tr | |
0d2793d8 | 916 | @@ -6142,7 +6127,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 917 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
918 | |
919 | ||
920 | -@node expand invocation | |
921 | +@node expand | |
922 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
923 | ||
924 | @pindex expand | |
0d2793d8 | 925 | @@ -6195,7 +6180,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 926 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
927 | |
928 | ||
929 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
930 | +@node unexpand | |
931 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
932 | ||
933 | @pindex unexpand | |
0d2793d8 | 934 | @@ -6256,14 +6241,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
935 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
936 | ||
937 | @menu | |
938 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
939 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
940 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
941 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
942 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
943 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
944 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
945 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
946 | @end menu | |
947 | ||
948 | ||
949 | -@node ls invocation | |
950 | +@node ls | |
951 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
952 | ||
953 | @pindex ls | |
0d2793d8 | 954 | @@ -7101,7 +7086,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
955 | @item +@var{format} |
956 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
957 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
958 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
959 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 960 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
961 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
962 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
0d2793d8 | 963 | @@ -7293,7 +7278,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
964 | @end table |
965 | ||
966 | ||
967 | -@node dir invocation | |
968 | +@node dir | |
969 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
970 | ||
971 | @pindex dir | |
0d2793d8 | 972 | @@ -7303,10 +7288,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
973 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
974 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
975 | ||
976 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
977 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
978 | ||
979 | ||
980 | -@node vdir invocation | |
981 | +@node vdir | |
982 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
983 | ||
984 | @pindex vdir | |
0d2793d8 | 985 | @@ -7316,7 +7301,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
986 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
987 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
988 | ||
989 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
990 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 991 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
992 | |
993 | @pindex dircolors | |
0d2793d8 | 994 | @@ -7403,16 +7388,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
995 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
996 | ||
997 | @menu | |
998 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
999 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1000 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1001 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1002 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1003 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1004 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1005 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1006 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1007 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1008 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1009 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1010 | @end menu | |
1011 | ||
1012 | ||
1013 | -@node cp invocation | |
1014 | +@node cp | |
1015 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1016 | ||
1017 | @pindex cp | |
0d2793d8 | 1018 | @@ -7861,7 +7846,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1019 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1020 | |
1021 | ||
1022 | -@node dd invocation | |
1023 | +@node dd | |
1024 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1025 | ||
1026 | @pindex dd | |
0d2793d8 | 1027 | @@ -8226,7 +8211,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1028 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1029 | |
1030 | ||
1031 | -@node install invocation | |
1032 | +@node install | |
1033 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1034 | ||
1035 | @pindex install | |
0d2793d8 | 1036 | @@ -8407,7 +8392,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1037 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1038 | |
1039 | ||
1040 | -@node mv invocation | |
1041 | +@node mv | |
1042 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1043 | ||
1044 | @pindex mv | |
0d2793d8 | 1045 | @@ -8538,7 +8523,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1046 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1047 | |
1048 | ||
1049 | -@node rm invocation | |
1050 | +@node rm | |
1051 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1052 | ||
1053 | @pindex rm | |
0d2793d8 | 1054 | @@ -8693,7 +8678,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1055 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1056 | |
1057 | ||
1058 | -@node shred invocation | |
1059 | +@node shred | |
1060 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1061 | ||
1062 | @pindex shred | |
0d2793d8 | 1063 | @@ -8703,7 +8688,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1064 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1065 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1066 | ||
1067 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1068 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1069 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1070 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1071 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
0d2793d8 | 1072 | @@ -8936,18 +8921,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1073 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1074 | ||
1075 | @menu | |
1076 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1077 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1078 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1079 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1080 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1081 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1082 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1083 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
10c838b0 | 1084 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1085 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1086 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1087 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1088 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1089 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f | 1090 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
10c838b0 | 1091 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall |
a839fc2f JB |
1092 | @end menu |
1093 | ||
1094 | ||
1095 | -@node link invocation | |
1096 | +@node link | |
1097 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1098 | ||
1099 | @pindex link | |
0d2793d8 | 1100 | @@ -8960,7 +8945,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1101 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1102 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1103 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1104 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1105 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1106 | Synopsis: | |
1107 | ||
1108 | @example | |
0d2793d8 | 1109 | @@ -8986,7 +8971,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1110 | @exitstatus |
1111 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1112 | |
1113 | -@node ln invocation | |
1114 | +@node ln | |
1115 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1116 | ||
1117 | @pindex ln | |
0d2793d8 | 1118 | @@ -9215,7 +9200,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1119 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1120 | |
1121 | ||
1122 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1123 | +@node mkdir | |
1124 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1125 | ||
1126 | @pindex mkdir | |
0d2793d8 | 1127 | @@ -9294,7 +9279,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1128 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1129 | |
1130 | ||
1131 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1132 | +@node mkfifo | |
1133 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1134 | ||
1135 | @pindex mkfifo | |
0d2793d8 | 1136 | @@ -9341,7 +9326,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1137 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1138 | |
1139 | ||
1140 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1141 | +@node mknod | |
1142 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1143 | ||
1144 | @pindex mknod | |
0d2793d8 | 1145 | @@ -9424,7 +9409,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1146 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1147 | |
1148 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1149 | -@node readlink invocation |
1150 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1151 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1152 | |
1153 | @pindex readlink | |
0d2793d8 | 1154 | @@ -9520,7 +9505,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1155 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1156 | |
1157 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1158 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1159 | +@node rmdir | |
1160 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1161 | ||
1162 | @pindex rmdir | |
0d2793d8 | 1163 | @@ -9568,12 +9553,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1164 | |
1165 | @end table | |
1166 | ||
1167 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1168 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1169 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1170 | @exitstatus |
1171 | ||
1172 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1173 | -@node unlink invocation |
1174 | +@node unlink | |
1175 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1176 | ||
1177 | @pindex unlink | |
0d2793d8 | 1178 | @@ -9584,7 +9569,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1179 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1180 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1181 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1182 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1183 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1184 | ||
1185 | @example | |
1186 | unlink @var{filename} | |
0d2793d8 | 1187 | @@ -9618,14 +9603,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1188 | These commands change file attributes. |
1189 | ||
1190 | @menu | |
1191 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. | |
1192 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
1193 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1194 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. | |
1195 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. | |
1196 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
1197 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1198 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. | |
1199 | @end menu | |
1200 | ||
1201 | ||
1202 | -@node chown invocation | |
1203 | +@node chown | |
1204 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1205 | ||
1206 | @pindex chown | |
0d2793d8 | 1207 | @@ -9843,7 +9828,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1208 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1209 | |
1210 | ||
1211 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1212 | +@node chgrp | |
1213 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1214 | ||
1215 | @pindex chgrp | |
0d2793d8 | 1216 | @@ -9966,7 +9951,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1217 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1218 | |
1219 | ||
1220 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1221 | +@node chmod | |
1222 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1223 | ||
1224 | @pindex chmod | |
0d2793d8 | 1225 | @@ -10066,7 +10051,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1226 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1227 | |
1228 | ||
1229 | -@node touch invocation | |
1230 | +@node touch | |
1231 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1232 | ||
1233 | @pindex touch | |
0d2793d8 | 1234 | @@ -10243,15 +10228,15 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1235 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1236 | |
1237 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1238 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1239 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1240 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1241 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1242 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
c2be74f0 | 1243 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1244 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1245 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1246 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
10c838b0 | 1247 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1248 | @end menu |
1249 | ||
1250 | ||
1251 | -@node df invocation | |
1252 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1253 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1254 | |
1255 | @pindex df | |
0d2793d8 | 1256 | @@ -10464,7 +10449,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1257 | @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. |
a839fc2f JB |
1258 | |
1259 | ||
1260 | -@node du invocation | |
1261 | +@node du | |
1262 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1263 | ||
1264 | @pindex du | |
0d2793d8 | 1265 | @@ -10662,7 +10647,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1266 | @item +@var{format} |
1267 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1268 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1269 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1270 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1271 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1272 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1273 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
0d2793d8 | 1274 | @@ -10730,7 +10715,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1275 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1276 | |
1277 | ||
1278 | -@node stat invocation | |
1279 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1280 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1281 | |
1282 | @pindex stat | |
0d2793d8 | 1283 | @@ -10914,7 +10899,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1284 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1285 | |
1286 | ||
1287 | -@node sync invocation | |
1288 | +@node sync | |
1289 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1290 | ||
1291 | @pindex sync | |
0d2793d8 | 1292 | @@ -10941,7 +10926,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1293 | @exitstatus |
1294 | ||
1295 | ||
1296 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1297 | +@node truncate | |
1298 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1299 | ||
1300 | @pindex truncate | |
0d2793d8 | 1301 | @@ -11017,13 +11002,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1302 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1303 | ||
1304 | @menu | |
1305 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1306 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1307 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1308 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1309 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1310 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1311 | @end menu | |
1312 | ||
1313 | ||
1314 | -@node echo invocation | |
1315 | +@node echo | |
1316 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1317 | ||
1318 | @pindex echo | |
0d2793d8 | 1319 | @@ -11110,12 +11095,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1320 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1321 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1322 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1323 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1324 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1325 | ||
876a8767 | 1326 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1327 | |
1328 | ||
1329 | -@node printf invocation | |
1330 | +@node printf | |
1331 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1332 | ||
1333 | @pindex printf | |
0d2793d8 | 1334 | @@ -11264,7 +11249,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1335 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1336 | |
1337 | ||
1338 | -@node yes invocation | |
1339 | +@node yes | |
1340 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1341 | ||
1342 | @pindex yes | |
0d2793d8 | 1343 | @@ -11295,14 +11280,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1344 | pipeline. |
1345 | ||
1346 | @menu | |
1347 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1348 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1349 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1350 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1351 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1352 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1353 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1354 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1355 | @end menu | |
1356 | ||
1357 | ||
1358 | -@node false invocation | |
1359 | +@node false | |
1360 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1361 | ||
1362 | @pindex false | |
0d2793d8 | 1363 | @@ -11332,7 +11317,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1364 | non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1365 | |
1366 | ||
1367 | -@node true invocation | |
1368 | +@node true | |
1369 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1370 | ||
1371 | @pindex true | |
0d2793d8 | 1372 | @@ -11368,7 +11353,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1373 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1374 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1375 | ||
1376 | -@node test invocation | |
1377 | +@node test | |
1378 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1379 | ||
1380 | @pindex test | |
0d2793d8 | 1381 | @@ -11696,7 +11681,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1382 | @end table |
1383 | ||
1384 | ||
1385 | -@node expr invocation | |
1386 | +@node expr | |
1387 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1388 | ||
1389 | @pindex expr | |
0d2793d8 | 1390 | @@ -11973,11 +11958,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1391 | it's described here. |
1392 | ||
1393 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1394 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1395 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1396 | @end menu |
1397 | ||
1398 | ||
1399 | -@node tee invocation | |
1400 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1401 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1402 | |
1403 | @pindex tee | |
0d2793d8 | 1404 | @@ -12138,14 +12123,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1405 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1406 | ||
1407 | @menu | |
1408 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1409 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1410 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1411 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
a839fc2f | 1412 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1413 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1414 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1415 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1416 | @end menu |
1417 | ||
1418 | ||
1419 | -@node basename invocation | |
1420 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1421 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1422 | |
1423 | @pindex basename | |
0d2793d8 | 1424 | @@ -12199,7 +12184,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1425 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1426 | |
1427 | ||
1428 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1429 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1430 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1431 | |
1432 | @pindex dirname | |
0d2793d8 | 1433 | @@ -12244,7 +12229,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1434 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1435 | |
1436 | ||
1437 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1438 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1439 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1440 | |
1441 | @pindex pathchk | |
0d2793d8 | 1442 | @@ -12320,7 +12305,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1443 | 1 otherwise. |
1444 | @end display | |
1445 | ||
1446 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1447 | +@node mktemp | |
1448 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1449 | ||
1450 | @pindex mktemp | |
0d2793d8 | 1451 | @@ -12506,14 +12491,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1452 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1453 | ||
1454 | @menu | |
1455 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1456 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1457 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1458 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1459 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1460 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1461 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1462 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1463 | @end menu | |
1464 | ||
1465 | ||
1466 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1467 | +@node pwd | |
1468 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1469 | ||
1470 | @pindex pwd | |
0d2793d8 | 1471 | @@ -12560,7 +12545,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1472 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1473 | |
1474 | ||
1475 | -@node stty invocation | |
1476 | +@node stty | |
1477 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1478 | ||
1479 | @pindex stty | |
0d2793d8 | 1480 | @@ -13244,7 +13229,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1481 | @end table |
1482 | ||
1483 | ||
1484 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1485 | +@node printenv | |
1486 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1487 | ||
1488 | @pindex printenv | |
0d2793d8 | 1489 | @@ -13279,7 +13264,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1490 | @end display |
1491 | ||
1492 | ||
1493 | -@node tty invocation | |
1494 | +@node tty | |
1495 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1496 | ||
1497 | @pindex tty | |
0d2793d8 | 1498 | @@ -13329,16 +13314,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1499 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1500 | ||
1501 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1502 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1503 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1504 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1505 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1506 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1507 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1508 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1509 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1510 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1511 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1512 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1513 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1514 | @end menu | |
1515 | ||
1516 | ||
1517 | -@node id invocation | |
1518 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1519 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1520 | |
1521 | @pindex id | |
0d2793d8 | 1522 | @@ -13424,7 +13409,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1523 | @end macro |
1524 | @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument} | |
a839fc2f JB |
1525 | |
1526 | -@node logname invocation | |
1527 | +@node logname | |
1528 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1529 | ||
1530 | @pindex logname | |
0d2793d8 | 1531 | @@ -13445,7 +13430,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1532 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1533 | |
1534 | ||
1535 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1536 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1537 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1538 | |
1539 | @pindex whoami | |
0d2793d8 | 1540 | @@ -13461,7 +13446,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1541 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1542 | |
1543 | ||
1544 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1545 | +@node groups |
1546 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1547 | ||
1548 | @pindex groups | |
0d2793d8 | 1549 | @@ -13489,7 +13474,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1550 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1551 | |
1552 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1553 | -@node users invocation |
1554 | +@node users | |
1555 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1556 | ||
1557 | @pindex users | |
0d2793d8 | 1558 | @@ -13520,7 +13505,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1559 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1560 | |
1561 | ||
1562 | -@node who invocation | |
1563 | +@node who | |
1564 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1565 | ||
1566 | @pindex who | |
0d2793d8 | 1567 | @@ -13679,16 +13664,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1568 | information. |
1569 | ||
1570 | @menu | |
1571 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1572 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1573 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1574 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1575 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1576 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1577 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
a839fc2f | 1578 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
10c838b0 JB |
1579 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
1580 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1581 | +* uname:: Print system information. |
1582 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1583 | @end menu | |
1584 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1585 | -@node date invocation |
1586 | +@node date | |
1587 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1588 | ||
1589 | @pindex date | |
0d2793d8 | 1590 | @@ -14321,7 +14304,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1591 | @end itemize |
1592 | ||
1593 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1594 | -@node arch invocation |
1595 | +@node arch | |
1596 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1597 | ||
1598 | @pindex arch | |
0d2793d8 | 1599 | @@ -14341,7 +14324,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1600 | @exitstatus |
1601 | ||
1602 | ||
1603 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1604 | +@node nproc | |
1605 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1606 | ||
1607 | @pindex nproc | |
0d2793d8 | 1608 | @@ -14378,7 +14361,7 @@ |
3c350007 JB |
1609 | @exitstatus |
1610 | ||
1611 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1612 | -@node uname invocation |
1613 | +@node uname | |
1614 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1615 | ||
1616 | @pindex uname | |
0d2793d8 | 1617 | @@ -14508,31 +14491,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1618 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1619 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1620 | |
1621 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1622 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1623 | - | |
1624 | -@pindex hostname | |
1625 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1626 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1627 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1628 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1629 | - | |
1630 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1631 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1632 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1633 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1634 | - |
1635 | -@example | |
1636 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1637 | -@end example | |
1638 | - | |
1639 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1640 | -options}. | |
1641 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1642 | -@exitstatus |
1643 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1644 | - |
1645 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1646 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1647 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1648 | |
1649 | @pindex hostid | |
0d2793d8 | 1650 | @@ -14556,37 +14515,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1651 | |
1652 | @exitstatus | |
1653 | ||
1654 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1655 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1656 | - | |
1657 | -@pindex uptime | |
1658 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1659 | - | |
1660 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1661 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1662 | - | |
1663 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1664 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1665 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1666 | -the default setting). | |
1667 | - | |
1668 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1669 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1670 | - | |
1671 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1672 | - | |
1673 | -@example | |
1674 | -$ uptime | |
1675 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1676 | -@end example | |
1677 | - | |
1678 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1679 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1680 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1681 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
1682 | -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel | |
1683 | -includes uninterruptible processes. | |
1684 | - | |
1685 | @node SELinux context | |
1686 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1687 | ||
0d2793d8 | 1688 | @@ -14598,11 +14526,11 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1689 | contexts. |
1690 | ||
1691 | @menu | |
1692 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1693 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1694 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1695 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1696 | @end menu | |
1697 | ||
1698 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1699 | +@node chcon | |
1700 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1701 | ||
1702 | @pindex chcon | |
0d2793d8 | 1703 | @@ -14689,7 +14617,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1704 | |
1705 | @exitstatus | |
1706 | ||
1707 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1708 | +@node runcon | |
1709 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1710 | ||
1711 | @pindex runcon | |
0d2793d8 | 1712 | @@ -14774,17 +14702,17 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1713 | user, etc. |
1714 | ||
1715 | @menu | |
1716 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1717 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1718 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1719 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1720 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1721 | -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1722 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1723 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1724 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1725 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1726 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1727 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
c2be74f0 | 1728 | +* su:: Modify user and group ID. |
10c838b0 | 1729 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
a839fc2f JB |
1730 | @end menu |
1731 | ||
1732 | ||
1733 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1734 | +@node chroot | |
1735 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1736 | ||
1737 | @pindex chroot | |
0d2793d8 | 1738 | @@ -14872,7 +14800,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1739 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1740 | |
1741 | ||
1742 | -@node env invocation | |
1743 | +@node env | |
1744 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1745 | ||
1746 | @pindex env | |
0d2793d8 | 1747 | @@ -15022,7 +14950,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1748 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1749 | |
1750 | ||
1751 | -@node nice invocation | |
1752 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1753 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1754 | |
1755 | @pindex nice | |
0d2793d8 | 1756 | @@ -15145,7 +15073,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1757 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1758 | |
1759 | ||
1760 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1761 | +@node nohup | |
1762 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1763 | ||
1764 | @pindex nohup | |
0d2793d8 | 1765 | @@ -15218,7 +15146,7 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1766 | instead of 125. |
1767 | ||
1768 | ||
1769 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1770 | +@node stdbuf | |
1771 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1772 | ||
1773 | @pindex stdbuf | |
0d2793d8 | 1774 | @@ -15297,7 +15225,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1775 | @end display |
1776 | ||
1777 | ||
1778 | -@node su invocation | |
1779 | +@node su | |
c2be74f0 | 1780 | @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1781 | |
1782 | @pindex su | |
0d2793d8 | 1783 | @@ -15454,7 +15382,7 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1784 | might find this idea strange at first. |
a839fc2f JB |
1785 | |
1786 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
1787 | -@node timeout invocation |
1788 | +@node timeout | |
1789 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1790 | ||
1791 | @pindex timeout | |
0d2793d8 | 1792 | @@ -15515,89 +15443,6 @@ |
10c838b0 JB |
1793 | @end display |
1794 | ||
1795 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1796 | -@node Process control |
1797 | -@chapter Process control | |
1798 | - | |
1799 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1800 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1801 | - | |
1802 | -@menu | |
1803 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1804 | -@end menu | |
1805 | - | |
1806 | - | |
1807 | -@node kill invocation | |
1808 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1809 | - | |
1810 | -@pindex kill | |
1811 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1812 | - | |
1813 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1814 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1815 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1816 | - | |
1817 | -@example | |
1818 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1819 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1820 | -@end example | |
1821 | - | |
10c838b0 JB |
1822 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1823 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1824 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1825 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
1826 | -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a | |
1827 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments | |
1828 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1829 | - | |
1830 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1831 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1832 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1833 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1834 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1835 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1836 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1837 | - | |
1838 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1839 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1840 | -is sent. | |
1841 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1842 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 JB |
1843 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
1844 | -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill | |
1845 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: | |
a839fc2f JB |
1846 | - |
1847 | -@example | |
1848 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1849 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1850 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1851 | -kill -- -1 |
1852 | -@end example | |
1853 | - | |
1854 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1855 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1856 | - | |
1857 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1858 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1859 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1860 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1861 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1862 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1863 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1864 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1865 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1866 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1867 | - | |
1868 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1869 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1870 | - | |
1871 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1872 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1873 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
1874 | -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the | |
1875 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid | |
10c838b0 JB |
1876 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported |
1877 | -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1878 | - |
1879 | @node Delaying | |
1880 | @chapter Delaying | |
1881 | ||
0d2793d8 | 1882 | @@ -15607,11 +15452,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1883 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1884 | |
1885 | @menu | |
1886 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1887 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1888 | @end menu | |
1889 | ||
1890 | ||
1891 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1892 | +@node sleep | |
1893 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1894 | ||
1895 | @pindex sleep | |
0d2793d8 | 1896 | @@ -15662,12 +15507,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1897 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1898 | ||
1899 | @menu | |
1900 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1901 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1902 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1903 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1904 | @end menu | |
1905 | ||
1906 | ||
1907 | -@node factor invocation | |
1908 | +@node factor | |
1909 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1910 | ||
1911 | @pindex factor | |
0d2793d8 | 1912 | @@ -15723,7 +15568,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1913 | @exitstatus |
1914 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1915 | |
1916 | -@node seq invocation | |
1917 | +@node seq | |
1918 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1919 | ||
1920 | @pindex seq |