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1diff -Nur coreutils-5.2.1.orig/doc/coreutils.texi coreutils-5.2.1/doc/coreutils.texi
2--- coreutils-5.2.1.orig/doc/coreutils.texi Wed Mar 10 18:50:52 2004
3+++ coreutils-5.2.1/doc/coreutils.texi Thu Mar 18 16:40:26 2004
4@@ -20,102 +20,93 @@
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5 @syncodeindex pg cp
6 @syncodeindex vr cp
7
8-@dircategory Basics
9+@dircategory Core utilities:
10 @direntry
11-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
12-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
13-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
a839fc2f 14-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 15-@end direntry
a839fc2f 16-
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17-@dircategory Individual utilities
18-@direntry
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19-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
20-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
21-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
22-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
23-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
24-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 25-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
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26-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
27-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
28-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
29-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
30-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
31-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
32-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
33-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
34-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
35-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
36-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
37-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
38-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
39-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
40-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
41-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
42-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
43-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
44-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
45-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
46-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
47-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
48-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
49-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
50-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
51-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
52-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
53-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
54-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
55-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
56-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
57-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
58-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
59-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
60-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
61-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
62-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
63-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
64-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
65-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
66-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
67-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
68-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
69-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
70-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
71-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
72-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 73-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
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74-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
75-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
76-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
77-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
78-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
79-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
80-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
fbb5b105 81-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
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82-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
83-* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
84-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
85-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
86-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
87-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
88-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
89-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
90-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
91-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
92-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
93-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
94-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
95-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
96-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 97-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 98-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
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99-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
100-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
876a8767 101-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
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102-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
103-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
104-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
876a8767 105+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
a839fc2f 106+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
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107+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
108+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
109+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
110+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
111+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
112+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
113+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
114+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
115+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
116+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
117+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
118+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
119+* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage
120+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
121+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
122+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
123+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
124+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
125+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
126+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
127+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
a839fc2f 128+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
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129+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
130+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
131+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
fc53c102 132+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
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133+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
134+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
135+* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid
136+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
137+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
138+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
139+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
140+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
141+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
142+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests
143+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
144+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
145+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
146+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
147+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority
148+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
149+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
a839fc2f 150+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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151+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
152+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
153+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
154+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
155+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
156+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
157+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
158+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
159+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
160+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
a839fc2f 161+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
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162+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
163+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
164+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
165+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
166+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
167+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
168+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id
169+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
170+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
171+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
172+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
173+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
174+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
175+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
176+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
177+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
178+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
179+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
180+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
181+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
182+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
183+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
184+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
185+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
876a8767 186+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
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187+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
188+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id
189+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
190 @end direntry
191
192 @copying
876a8767 193@@ -179,10 +170,9 @@
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194 * Redirection:: tee
195 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
196 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
197-* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
198-* System context:: date uname hostname
199+* User information:: id logname whoami users who
200+* System context:: date uname
201 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
202-* Process control:: kill
203 * Delaying:: sleep
204 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
205 * File permissions:: Access modes.
876a8767 206@@ -207,38 +197,38 @@
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207
208 Output of entire files
209
210-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
211-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
212-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
213-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
214+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
215+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
216+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
217+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
218
219 Formatting file contents
220
221-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
222-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
223-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
224+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
225+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
226+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
227
228 Output of parts of files
229
230-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
231-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
232-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
233-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
234+* head:: Output the first part of files.
235+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
236+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
237+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
238
239 Summarizing files
240
876a8767 241-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
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242-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
243-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
244-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
876a8767 245+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
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246+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
247+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
248+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
249
250 Operating on sorted files
251
252-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
253-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
254-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
255-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
256-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
257+* sort:: Sort text files.
258+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
259+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
260+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
261+* tsort:: Topological sort.
262
263 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
264
876a8767 265@@ -250,15 +240,15 @@
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266
267 Operating on fields within a line
268
269-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
270-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
271-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
272+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
273+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
274+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
275
276 Operating on characters
277
278-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
279-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
280-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
281+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
282+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
283+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
284
285 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
286
876a8767 287@@ -269,10 +259,10 @@
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288
289 Directory listing
290
291-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
292-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
293-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
294-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
295+* ls:: List directory contents
296+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
297+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
298+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
299
300 @command{ls}: List directory contents
301
876a8767 302@@ -285,50 +275,50 @@
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303
304 Basic operations
305
306-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
307-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
308-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
309-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
310-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
311-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
312+* cp:: Copy files and directories
313+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
314+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
315+* mv:: Move (rename) files
316+* rm:: Remove files or directories
317+* shred:: Remove files more securely
318
319 Special file types
320
321-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
322-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
323-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
324-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
325-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 326-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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327-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
328-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
329+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
330+* ln:: Make links between files
331+* mkdir:: Make directories
332+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
333+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 334+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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335+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
336+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
337
338 Changing file attributes
339
340-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
341-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
342-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
343-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
344+* chown:: Change file owner and group
345+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
346+* chmod:: Change access permissions
347+* touch:: Change file timestamps
348
349 Disk usage
350
351-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
352-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
353-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
354-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
355+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
356+* du:: Estimate file space usage
357+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
358+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
359
360 Printing text
361
362-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
363-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
364-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
365+* echo:: Print a line of text
366+* printf:: Format and print data
367+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
368
369 Conditions
370
371-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
372-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
373-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
374-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
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375+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
376+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
377+* test:: Check file types and compare values
378+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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379
380 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
381
876a8767 382@@ -347,20 +337,20 @@
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383
384 Redirection
385
386-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
387+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
388
389 File name manipulation
390
391-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
392-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
393-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
394+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
395+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
396+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
397
398 Working context
399
400-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
401-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
402-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
403-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
404+* pwd:: Print working directory
405+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
406+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
407+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
408
409 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
410
876a8767 411@@ -374,19 +364,18 @@
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412
413 User information
414
415-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
416-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
417-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
418-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
419-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
420-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
421+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
422+* logname:: Print current login name
423+* whoami:: Print effective user id
fc53c102 424+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
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425+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
426+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
427
428 System context
429
430-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
431-* uname invocation:: Print system information
432-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
433-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
434+* date:: Print or set system date and time
435+* uname:: Print system information
436+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
437
438 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
439
876a8767 440@@ -400,24 +389,20 @@
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441
442 Modified command invocation
443
444-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
445-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
446-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
447-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
448-* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
449-
450-Process control
451-
452-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
453+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
454+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
455+* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
456+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
457+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
458
459 Delaying
460
461-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
462+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
463
464 Numeric operations
465
466-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
467-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
468+* factor:: Print prime factors
469+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
470
471 File permissions
472
876a8767 473@@ -1099,13 +1084,13 @@
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474 in some way.
475
476 @menu
477-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
478-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
479-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
480-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
481+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
482+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
483+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
484+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
485 @end menu
486
487-@node cat invocation
488+@node cat
489 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
490
491 @pindex cat
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492@@ -1213,7 +1198,7 @@
493 @exitstatus
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494
495
496-@node tac invocation
497+@node tac
498 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
499
500 @pindex tac
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501@@ -1262,7 +1247,7 @@
502 @exitstatus
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503
504
505-@node nl invocation
506+@node nl
507 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
508
509 @pindex nl
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510@@ -1425,7 +1410,7 @@
511 @exitstatus
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512
513
514-@node od invocation
515+@node od
516 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
517
518 @pindex od
876a8767 519@@ -1682,13 +1667,13 @@
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520 These commands reformat the contents of files.
521
522 @menu
523-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
524-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
525-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
526+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
527+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
528+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
529 @end menu
530
531
532-@node fmt invocation
533+@node fmt
534 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
535
536 @pindex fmt
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537@@ -1786,7 +1771,7 @@
538 @exitstatus
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539
540
541-@node pr invocation
542+@node pr
543 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
544
545 @pindex pr
876a8767 546@@ -1928,7 +1913,7 @@
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547 @cindex time formats
548 @cindex formatting times
549 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
550-for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
551+for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
552 Except for directives, which start with
553 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
554 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
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555@@ -2157,7 +2142,7 @@
556 @exitstatus
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557
558
559-@node fold invocation
560+@node fold
561 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
562
563 @pindex fold
876a8767 564@@ -2225,13 +2210,13 @@
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565 These commands output pieces of the input.
566
567 @menu
568-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
569-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
570-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
571-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
572+* head:: Output the first part of files.
573+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
574+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
575+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
576 @end menu
577
578-@node head invocation
579+@node head
580 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
581
582 @pindex head
876a8767
JB
583@@ -2303,7 +2288,7 @@
584 @exitstatus
585
a839fc2f
JB
586
587-@node tail invocation
588+@node tail
589 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
590
591 @pindex tail
876a8767
JB
592@@ -2483,7 +2468,7 @@
593 @exitstatus
594
a839fc2f
JB
595
596-@node split invocation
597+@node split
598 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
599
600 @pindex split
876a8767
JB
601@@ -2565,7 +2550,7 @@
602 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
603
604
605-@node csplit invocation
606+@node csplit
607 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
608
609 @pindex csplit
876a8767 610@@ -2705,14 +2690,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
611 contents of files.
612
613 @menu
876a8767 614-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
615-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
616-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
617-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
876a8767 618+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
619+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
620+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
621+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
622 @end menu
623
624
625-@node wc invocation
626+@node wc
876a8767 627 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
a839fc2f
JB
628
629 @pindex wc
876a8767
JB
630@@ -2796,7 +2781,7 @@
631 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
632
633
634-@node sum invocation
635+@node sum
636 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
637
638 @pindex sum
876a8767
JB
639@@ -2847,7 +2832,7 @@
640 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
641
642
643-@node cksum invocation
644+@node cksum
645 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
646
647 @pindex cksum
876a8767
JB
648@@ -2881,7 +2866,7 @@
649 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
650
651
652-@node md5sum invocation
653+@node md5sum
654 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
655
656 @pindex md5sum
876a8767 657@@ -2988,16 +2973,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
658 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
659
660 @menu
661-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
662-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
663-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
664-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
665-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
666+* sort:: Sort text files.
667+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
668+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
669+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
670+* tsort:: Topological sort.
671 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
672 @end menu
673
674
675-@node sort invocation
676+@node sort
677 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
678
679 @pindex sort
876a8767 680@@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
681 @end itemize
682
683
684-@node uniq invocation
685+@node uniq
686 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
687
688 @pindex uniq
876a8767
JB
689@@ -3618,7 +3603,7 @@
690 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
691
692
693-@node comm invocation
694+@node comm
695 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
696
697 @pindex comm
876a8767 698@@ -3661,7 +3646,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
699 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
700
701
702-@node tsort invocation
703+@node tsort
704 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
705
706 @pindex tsort
876a8767
JB
707@@ -3815,7 +3800,7 @@
708 @exitstatus
709
a839fc2f
JB
710
711-@node ptx invocation
712+@node ptx
713 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
714
715 @pindex ptx
876a8767 716@@ -4284,13 +4269,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
717 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
718
719 @menu
720-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
721-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
722-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
723+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
724+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
725+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
726 @end menu
727
728
729-@node cut invocation
730+@node cut
731 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
732
733 @pindex cut
876a8767
JB
734@@ -4380,7 +4365,7 @@
735 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
736
737
738-@node paste invocation
739+@node paste
740 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
741
742 @pindex paste
876a8767
JB
743@@ -4450,7 +4435,7 @@
744 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
745
746
747-@node join invocation
748+@node join
749 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
750
751 @pindex join
876a8767 752@@ -4580,13 +4565,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
753 This commands operate on individual characters.
754
755 @menu
756-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
757-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
758-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
759+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
760+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
761+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
762 @end menu
763
764
765-@node tr invocation
766+@node tr
767 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
768
769 @pindex tr
876a8767 770@@ -4972,7 +4957,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
771 Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
772
773
774-@node expand invocation
775+@node expand
776 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
777
778 @pindex expand
876a8767
JB
779@@ -5027,7 +5012,7 @@
780 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
781
782
783-@node unexpand invocation
784+@node unexpand
785 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
786
787 @pindex unexpand
876a8767 788@@ -5088,14 +5073,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
789 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
790
791 @menu
792-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
793-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
794-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
795-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
796+* ls:: List directory contents.
797+* dir:: Briefly ls.
798+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
799+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
800 @end menu
801
802
803-@node ls invocation
804+@node ls
805 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
806
807 @pindex ls
876a8767 808@@ -5784,7 +5769,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
809 @item +@var{format}
810 @vindex LC_TIME
811 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
812-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
813+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 814 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
815 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
816 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
876a8767 817@@ -5968,7 +5953,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
818 @end table
819
820
821-@node dir invocation
822+@node dir
823 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
824
825 @pindex dir
876a8767 826@@ -5978,10 +5963,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
827 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
828 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
829
830-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
831+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
832
833
834-@node vdir invocation
835+@node vdir
836 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
837
838 @pindex vdir
876a8767 839@@ -5991,7 +5976,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
840 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
841 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
842
843-@node dircolors invocation
844+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 845 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
846
847 @pindex dircolors
876a8767 848@@ -6069,16 +6054,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
849 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
850
851 @menu
852-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
853-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
854-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
855-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
856-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
857-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
858+* cp:: Copy files.
859+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
860+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
861+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
862+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
863+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
864 @end menu
865
866
867-@node cp invocation
868+@node cp
869 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
870
871 @pindex cp
876a8767
JB
872@@ -6407,7 +6392,7 @@
873 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
874
875
876-@node dd invocation
877+@node dd
878 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
879
880 @pindex dd
876a8767
JB
881@@ -6580,7 +6565,7 @@
882 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
883
884
885-@node install invocation
886+@node install
887 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
888
889 @pindex install
876a8767
JB
890@@ -6699,7 +6684,7 @@
891 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
892
893
894-@node mv invocation
895+@node mv
896 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
897
898 @pindex mv
876a8767
JB
899@@ -6801,7 +6786,7 @@
900 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
901
902
903-@node rm invocation
904+@node rm
905 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
906
907 @pindex rm
876a8767
JB
908@@ -6916,7 +6901,7 @@
909 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
910
911
912-@node shred invocation
913+@node shred
914 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
915
916 @pindex shred
876a8767 917@@ -6926,7 +6911,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
918 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
919 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
920
921-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
922+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
923 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
924 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
925 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
876a8767 926@@ -7149,18 +7134,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
927 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
928
929 @menu
930-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
931-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
932-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
933-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
934-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 935-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f
JB
936-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
937-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
938+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
939+* ln:: Make links between files.
940+* mkdir:: Make directories.
941+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
942+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 943+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f 944+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
fbb5b105 945+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
a839fc2f
JB
946 @end menu
947
948
949-@node link invocation
950+@node link
951 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
952
953 @pindex link
876a8767
JB
954@@ -7186,7 +7171,7 @@
955 @exitstatus
956
a839fc2f
JB
957
958-@node ln invocation
959+@node ln
960 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
961
962 @pindex ln
876a8767
JB
963@@ -7327,7 +7312,7 @@
964 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
965
966
967-@node mkdir invocation
968+@node mkdir
969 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
970
971 @pindex mkdir
876a8767
JB
972@@ -7383,7 +7368,7 @@
973 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
974
975
976-@node mkfifo invocation
977+@node mkfifo
978 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
979
980 @pindex mkfifo
876a8767
JB
981@@ -7421,7 +7406,7 @@
982 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
983
984
985-@node mknod invocation
986+@node mknod
987 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
988
989 @pindex mknod
876a8767
JB
990@@ -7492,7 +7477,7 @@
991 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
992
993
fbb5b105
JB
994-@node readlink invocation
995+@node readlink
996 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
997
998 @pindex readlink
876a8767
JB
999@@ -7562,7 +7547,7 @@
1000 @exitstatus
fbb5b105
JB
1001
1002
a839fc2f
JB
1003-@node rmdir invocation
1004+@node rmdir
1005 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1006
1007 @pindex rmdir
876a8767 1008@@ -7610,12 +7595,12 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1009
1010 @end table
1011
1012-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1013+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1014
876a8767
JB
1015 @exitstatus
1016
1017
a839fc2f
JB
1018-@node unlink invocation
1019+@node unlink
1020 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1021
1022 @pindex unlink
876a8767 1023@@ -7660,14 +7645,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1024 These commands change file attributes.
1025
1026 @menu
1027-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1028-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1029-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1030-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1031+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1032+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1033+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1034+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1035 @end menu
1036
1037
1038-@node chown invocation
1039+@node chown
1040 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1041
1042 @pindex chown
876a8767
JB
1043@@ -7864,7 +7849,7 @@
1044 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1045
1046
1047-@node chgrp invocation
1048+@node chgrp
1049 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1050
1051 @pindex chgrp
876a8767
JB
1052@@ -7972,7 +7957,7 @@
1053 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1054
1055
1056-@node chmod invocation
1057+@node chmod
1058 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1059
1060 @pindex chmod
876a8767
JB
1061@@ -8057,7 +8042,7 @@
1062 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1063
1064
1065-@node touch invocation
1066+@node touch
1067 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1068
1069 @pindex touch
876a8767 1070@@ -8184,14 +8169,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1071 or some such command.)
1072
1073 @menu
1074-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1075-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1076-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
1077-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1078+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1079+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1080+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
1081+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1082 @end menu
1083
1084
1085-@node df invocation
1086+@node df
1087 @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
1088
1089 @pindex df
876a8767
JB
1090@@ -8387,7 +8372,7 @@
1091 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1092
1093
1094-@node du invocation
1095+@node du
1096 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1097
1098 @pindex du
876a8767
JB
1099@@ -8578,7 +8563,7 @@
1100 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1101
1102
1103-@node stat invocation
1104+@node stat
1105 @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
1106
1107 @pindex stat
876a8767
JB
1108@@ -8679,7 +8664,7 @@
1109 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1110
1111
1112-@node sync invocation
1113+@node sync
1114 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1115
1116 @pindex sync
876a8767 1117@@ -8714,13 +8699,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1118 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1119
1120 @menu
1121-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1122-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1123-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1124+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1125+* printf:: Format and print data.
1126+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1127 @end menu
1128
1129
1130-@node echo invocation
1131+@node echo
1132 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1133
1134 @pindex echo
876a8767
JB
1135@@ -8778,7 +8763,7 @@
1136 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1137
1138
1139-@node printf invocation
1140+@node printf
1141 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1142
1143 @pindex printf
876a8767
JB
1144@@ -8875,7 +8860,7 @@
1145 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1146
1147
1148-@node yes invocation
1149+@node yes
1150 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1151
1152 @pindex yes
876a8767 1153@@ -8904,14 +8889,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1154 pipeline.
1155
1156 @menu
1157-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1158-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1159-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1160-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1161+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1162+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1163+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1164+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1165 @end menu
1166
1167
1168-@node false invocation
1169+@node false
1170 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1171
1172 @pindex false
876a8767
JB
1173@@ -8937,7 +8922,7 @@
1174 @option{--help} or @option{--version}.
a839fc2f
JB
1175
1176
1177-@node true invocation
1178+@node true
1179 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1180
1181 @pindex true
876a8767 1182@@ -8976,7 +8961,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1183 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1184 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1185
1186-@node test invocation
1187+@node test
1188 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1189
1190 @pindex test
876a8767 1191@@ -9287,7 +9272,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1192 @end table
1193
1194
1195-@node expr invocation
1196+@node expr
1197 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1198
1199 @pindex expr
876a8767 1200@@ -9553,11 +9538,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1201 it's described here.
1202
1203 @menu
1204-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1205+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1206 @end menu
1207
1208
1209-@node tee invocation
1210+@node tee
1211 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1212
1213 @pindex tee
876a8767 1214@@ -9608,13 +9593,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1215 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1216
1217 @menu
1218-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1219-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1220-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1221+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1222+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1223+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1224 @end menu
1225
1226
1227-@node basename invocation
1228+@node basename
fbb5b105 1229 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1230
1231 @pindex basename
876a8767
JB
1232@@ -9641,7 +9626,7 @@
1233 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1234
1235
1236-@node dirname invocation
1237+@node dirname
1238 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1239
1240 @pindex dirname
876a8767
JB
1241@@ -9665,7 +9650,7 @@
1242 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1243
1244
1245-@node pathchk invocation
1246+@node pathchk
1247 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1248
1249 @pindex pathchk
876a8767 1250@@ -9729,14 +9714,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1251 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1252
1253 @menu
1254-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1255-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1256-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1257-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1258+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1259+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1260+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1261+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1262 @end menu
1263
1264
1265-@node pwd invocation
1266+@node pwd
1267 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1268
1269 @pindex pwd
876a8767
JB
1270@@ -9761,7 +9746,7 @@
1271 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1272
1273
1274-@node stty invocation
1275+@node stty
1276 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1277
1278 @pindex stty
876a8767 1279@@ -10409,7 +10394,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1280 @end table
1281
1282
1283-@node printenv invocation
1284+@node printenv
1285 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1286
1287 @pindex printenv
876a8767 1288@@ -10439,7 +10424,7 @@
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1289 @end display
1290
1291
1292-@node tty invocation
1293+@node tty
1294 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1295
1296 @pindex tty
876a8767 1297@@ -10489,16 +10474,16 @@
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1298 logins, groups, and so forth.
1299
1300 @menu
1301-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1302-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1303-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
1304-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1305-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1306-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1307+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1308+* logname:: Print current login name.
1309+* whoami:: Print effective user id.
fc53c102 1310+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
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1311+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1312+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1313 @end menu
1314
1315
1316-@node id invocation
1317+@node id
1318 @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
1319
1320 @pindex id
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1321@@ -10561,7 +10546,7 @@
1322 @exitstatus
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1323
1324
1325-@node logname invocation
1326+@node logname
1327 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1328
1329 @pindex logname
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1330@@ -10583,7 +10568,7 @@
1331 @exitstatus
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1332
1333
1334-@node whoami invocation
1335+@node whoami
1336 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
1337
1338 @pindex whoami
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1339@@ -10599,7 +10584,7 @@
1340 @exitstatus
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1341
1342
1343-@node groups invocation
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1344+@node groups
1345 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1346
1347 @pindex groups
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1348@@ -10623,7 +10608,7 @@
1349 @exitstatus
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JB
1350
1351
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1352-@node users invocation
1353+@node users
1354 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1355
1356 @pindex users
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JB
1357@@ -10653,7 +10638,7 @@
1358 @exitstatus
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1359
1360
1361-@node who invocation
1362+@node who
1363 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1364
1365 @pindex who
876a8767 1366@@ -10804,14 +10789,13 @@
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1367 information.
1368
1369 @menu
1370-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1371-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1372-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1373-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1374+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1375+* uname:: Print system information.
1376+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1377 @end menu
1378
1379
1380-@node date invocation
1381+@node date
1382 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1383
1384 @pindex date
876a8767 1385@@ -11323,7 +11307,7 @@
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1386 @end itemize
1387
1388
1389-@node uname invocation
1390+@node uname
1391 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1392
1393 @pindex uname
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JB
1394@@ -11446,31 +11430,7 @@
1395 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 1396
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1397
1398-@node hostname invocation
1399-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1400-
1401-@pindex hostname
1402-@cindex setting the hostname
1403-@cindex printing the hostname
1404-@cindex system name, printing
1405-@cindex appropriate privileges
1406-
1407-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1408-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1409-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1410-name. Synopsis:
1411-
1412-@example
1413-hostname [@var{name}]
1414-@end example
1415-
1416-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1417-options}.
1418-
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1419-@exitstatus
1420-
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1421-
1422-@node hostid invocation
1423+@node hostid
1424 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1425
1426 @pindex hostid
876a8767 1427@@ -11507,15 +11467,15 @@
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1428 user, etc.
1429
1430 @menu
1431-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1432-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1433-* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
1434-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1435-* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
1436+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1437+* env:: Modify environment variables.
1438+* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
1439+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1440+* su:: Modify user and group id.
1441 @end menu
1442
1443
1444-@node chroot invocation
1445+@node chroot
1446 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1447
1448 @pindex chroot
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JB
1449@@ -11580,7 +11540,7 @@
1450 @end display
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JB
1451
1452
1453-@node env invocation
1454+@node env
1455 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1456
1457 @pindex env
876a8767
JB
1458@@ -11645,7 +11605,7 @@
1459 @end display
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1460
1461
1462-@node nice invocation
1463+@node nice
1464 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
1465
1466 @pindex nice
876a8767
JB
1467@@ -11750,7 +11710,7 @@
1468 @end example
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1469
1470
1471-@node nohup invocation
1472+@node nohup
1473 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1474
1475 @pindex nohup
876a8767 1476@@ -11802,7 +11762,7 @@
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1477 @end display
1478
1479
1480-@node su invocation
1481+@node su
1482 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
1483
1484 @pindex su
876a8767 1485@@ -11959,166 +11919,6 @@
fbb5b105 1486 might find this idea strange at first.
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1487
1488
1489-@node Process control
1490-@chapter Process control
1491-
1492-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1493-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1494-
1495-@menu
1496-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1497-@end menu
1498-
1499-
1500-@node kill invocation
1501-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1502-
1503-@pindex kill
1504-@cindex send a signal to processes
1505-
1506-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1507-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1508-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1509-
1510-@example
1511-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1512-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1513-@end example
1514-
1515-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1516-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1517-is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1518-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1519-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1520-
1521-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1522-process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1523-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1524-is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1525-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
1526-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1527-value of @var{pid}.
1528-
1529-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1530-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1531-is sent.
1532-
1533-If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
1534-signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
1535-must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
1536-The following three commands are equivalent:
1537-
1538-@example
1539-kill -15 -1
1540-kill -TERM -1
1541-kill -- -1
1542-@end example
1543-
1544-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1545-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1546-
1547-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1548-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1549-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1550-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1551-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1552-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1553-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1554-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1555-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1556-and if there is no output error.
1557-
1558-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1559-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1560-
1561-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1562-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1563-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1564-@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1565-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1566-ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1567-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1568-
1569-@table @samp
1570-@item HUP
1571-1. Hangup.
1572-@item INT
1573-2. Terminal interrupt.
1574-@item QUIT
1575-3. Terminal quit.
1576-@item ABRT
1577-6. Process abort.
1578-@item KILL
1579-9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1580-@item ALRM
1581-14. Alarm Clock.
1582-@item TERM
1583-15. Termination.
1584-@end table
1585-
1586-@noindent
1587-Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1588-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1589-support the following signals:
1590-
1591-@table @samp
1592-@item BUS
1593-Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1594-@item CHLD
1595-Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1596-@item CONT
1597-Continue executing, if stopped.
1598-@item FPE
1599-Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1600-@item ILL
1601-Illegal Instruction.
1602-@item PIPE
1603-Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1604-@item SEGV
1605-Invalid memory reference.
1606-@item STOP
1607-Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1608-@item TSTP
1609-Terminal stop.
1610-@item TTIN
1611-Background process attempting read.
1612-@item TTOU
1613-Background process attempting write.
1614-@item URG
1615-High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1616-@item USR1
1617-User-defined signal 1.
1618-@item USR2
1619-User-defined signal 2.
1620-@end table
1621-
1622-@noindent
1623-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1624-also support the following signals:
1625-
1626-@table @samp
1627-@item POLL
1628-Pollable event.
1629-@item PROF
1630-Profiling timer expired.
1631-@item SYS
1632-Bad system call.
1633-@item TRAP
1634-Trace/breakpoint trap.
1635-@item VTALRM
1636-Virtual timer expired.
1637-@item XCPU
1638-CPU time limit exceeded.
1639-@item XFSZ
1640-File size limit exceeded.
1641-@end table
1642-
1643-@noindent
1644-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1645-also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1646-@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1647-
1648-
1649 @node Delaying
1650 @chapter Delaying
1651
876a8767 1652@@ -12128,11 +11928,11 @@
fbb5b105 1653 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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1654
1655 @menu
1656-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1657+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1658 @end menu
1659
1660
1661-@node sleep invocation
1662+@node sleep
1663 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1664
1665 @pindex sleep
876a8767 1666@@ -12179,12 +11979,12 @@
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1667 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1668
1669 @menu
1670-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1671-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1672+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1673+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1674 @end menu
1675
1676
1677-@node factor invocation
1678+@node factor
1679 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1680
1681 @pindex factor
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JB
1682@@ -12232,7 +12032,7 @@
1683 @exitstatus
1684
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1685
1686-@node seq invocation
1687+@node seq
1688 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1689
1690 @pindex seq
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