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1 | --- coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2008-01-11 14:47:21.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi 2008-03-02 02:00:24.656756959 +0100 | |
3 | @@ -20,112 +20,98 @@ | |
fbb5b105 JB |
4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
11 | -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. | |
12 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
a839fc2f | 13 | -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. |
fbb5b105 | 14 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 15 | - |
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16 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
17 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
18 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
19 | -@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME. | |
20 | - | |
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21 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
22 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 23 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
c2be74f0 | 24 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
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25 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
26 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. | |
27 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. | |
28 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. | |
29 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. | |
30 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 31 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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32 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
33 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
34 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
35 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
36 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
37 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
c2be74f0 | 38 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. |
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39 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
40 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
41 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix. | |
42 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. | |
43 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. | |
44 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
45 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
46 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
47 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
48 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
49 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
50 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
51 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
52 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
53 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
54 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 55 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
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56 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. |
57 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. | |
58 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
59 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
60 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
61 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
62 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 63 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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64 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
65 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
66 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
67 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. | |
c2be74f0 | 68 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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69 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
70 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
71 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. | |
72 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
73 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
74 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
75 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
76 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
77 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
78 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 79 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
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80 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
81 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
82 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences | |
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83 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
84 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 85 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 86 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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87 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
88 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
89 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces. | |
fbb5b105 | 90 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
a839fc2f | 91 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
c2be74f0 | 92 | -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. |
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93 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
94 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. | |
95 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. | |
96 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
97 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
98 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
99 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. | |
100 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
101 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
102 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. | |
103 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
104 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
105 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 106 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 107 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
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108 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
109 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 110 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 111 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 112 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 113 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
876a8767 | 114 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
3c350007 | 115 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name |
c2be74f0 | 116 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data |
a839fc2f | 117 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix |
fbb5b105 JB |
118 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files |
119 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups | |
120 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions | |
121 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups | |
122 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory | |
123 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum | |
124 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line | |
125 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files | |
126 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context | |
127 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines | |
128 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time | |
129 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file | |
c2be74f0 | 130 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage |
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131 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly |
132 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls | |
133 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix | |
134 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage | |
135 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text | |
136 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment | |
137 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces | |
138 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f | 139 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors |
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140 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
141 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text | |
142 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines | |
fc53c102 | 143 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in |
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144 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files |
145 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier | |
c2be74f0 | 146 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity |
fbb5b105 JB |
147 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes |
148 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field | |
149 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files | |
150 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files | |
151 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name | |
152 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents | |
c2be74f0 | 153 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests |
fbb5b105 JB |
154 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories |
155 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes) | |
156 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files | |
157 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files | |
c2be74f0 | 158 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness |
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159 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files |
160 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups | |
3c350007 | 161 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
fbb5b105 JB |
162 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files |
163 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability | |
164 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files | |
165 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables | |
166 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data | |
167 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes | |
168 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory | |
169 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink | |
170 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files | |
171 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories | |
a839fc2f | 172 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences |
c2be74f0 JB |
173 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests |
174 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2. Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
fbb5b105 | 175 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely |
c2be74f0 | 176 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files |
fbb5b105 JB |
177 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time |
178 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files | |
179 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces | |
180 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status | |
181 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings | |
c2be74f0 | 182 | +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID |
fbb5b105 JB |
183 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum |
184 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk | |
185 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files | |
186 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files | |
187 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files | |
188 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests | |
189 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps | |
190 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters | |
191 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully | |
192 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort | |
193 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name | |
194 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information | |
195 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs | |
196 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files | |
197 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2) | |
198 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names | |
199 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely | |
876a8767 | 200 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts |
fbb5b105 | 201 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in |
c2be74f0 | 202 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID |
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203 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely |
204 | @end direntry | |
205 | ||
206 | @copying | |
c2be74f0 | 207 | @@ -189,9 +175,8 @@ |
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208 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk |
209 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty | |
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210 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who |
211 | -* System context:: date uname hostname hostid | |
212 | +* System context:: date uname hostid | |
a839fc2f JB |
213 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su |
214 | -* Process control:: kill | |
215 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
216 | * Numeric operations:: factor seq | |
217 | * File permissions:: Access modes. | |
3c350007 | 218 | @@ -218,42 +203,42 @@ |
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219 | |
220 | Output of entire files | |
221 | ||
222 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
223 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
224 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
225 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 226 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
227 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
228 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
229 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
230 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 231 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
232 | |
233 | Formatting file contents | |
234 | ||
235 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
236 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
237 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
238 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
239 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
240 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
241 | ||
242 | Output of parts of files | |
243 | ||
244 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
245 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
246 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
247 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
248 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
249 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
250 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
251 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
252 | ||
253 | Summarizing files | |
254 | ||
876a8767 | 255 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
256 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
257 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
258 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
259 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
260 | -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
876a8767 | 261 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
262 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
263 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
264 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
265 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
266 | +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f JB |
267 | |
268 | Operating on sorted files | |
269 | ||
270 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 271 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
272 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
273 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
274 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
275 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
276 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 277 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
278 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
279 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
280 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
281 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
282 | ||
283 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
284 | ||
3c350007 | 285 | @@ -265,15 +250,15 @@ |
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286 | |
287 | Operating on fields within a line | |
288 | ||
289 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
290 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
291 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
292 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
293 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
294 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
295 | ||
296 | Operating on characters | |
297 | ||
298 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
299 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
300 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
301 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
302 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
303 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
304 | ||
305 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
306 | ||
3c350007 | 307 | @@ -283,10 +268,10 @@ |
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308 | |
309 | Directory listing | |
310 | ||
311 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents | |
312 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
313 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
314 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
315 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
316 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
317 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
318 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
319 | ||
320 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
321 | ||
3c350007 | 322 | @@ -299,50 +284,50 @@ |
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323 | |
324 | Basic operations | |
325 | ||
326 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories | |
327 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
328 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
329 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
330 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
331 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
332 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
333 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
334 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
335 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
336 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
337 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
338 | ||
339 | Special file types | |
340 | ||
341 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
342 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
343 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
344 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
345 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
fbb5b105 | 346 | -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link |
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347 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories |
348 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
349 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
350 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
351 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
352 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
353 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
fbb5b105 | 354 | +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link |
a839fc2f JB |
355 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories |
356 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
357 | ||
358 | Changing file attributes | |
359 | ||
360 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group | |
361 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
362 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
363 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
364 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
365 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
366 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
367 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
368 | ||
369 | Disk usage | |
370 | ||
c2be74f0 | 371 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f | 372 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage |
c2be74f0 | 373 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f | 374 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory |
c2be74f0 | 375 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f | 376 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage |
c2be74f0 | 377 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
378 | +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory |
379 | ||
380 | Printing text | |
381 | ||
382 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text | |
383 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
384 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
385 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
386 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
387 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
388 | ||
389 | Conditions | |
390 | ||
391 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
392 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
393 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
394 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
fbb5b105 JB |
395 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
396 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
397 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
398 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
399 | |
400 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
401 | ||
3c350007 | 402 | @@ -361,20 +346,20 @@ |
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403 | |
404 | Redirection | |
405 | ||
3c350007 JB |
406 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
407 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
408 | |
409 | File name manipulation | |
410 | ||
411 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
412 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
413 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability | |
414 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
415 | +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
416 | +* pathchk:: Check file name portability | |
417 | ||
418 | Working context | |
419 | ||
420 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
421 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
422 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
423 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
424 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
425 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
426 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
427 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
428 | ||
429 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
430 | ||
3c350007 | 431 | @@ -388,20 +373,19 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
432 | |
433 | User information | |
434 | ||
c2be74f0 | 435 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 436 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 437 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
438 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
439 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
440 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 441 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 442 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 443 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 444 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
445 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
446 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
447 | ||
448 | System context | |
449 | ||
3c350007 | 450 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f JB |
451 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
452 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information | |
453 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
454 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
3c350007 | 455 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f JB |
456 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
457 | +* uname:: Print system information | |
3c350007 | 458 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
459 | |
460 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
461 | ||
3c350007 | 462 | @@ -416,24 +400,20 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
463 | |
464 | Modified command invocation | |
465 | ||
466 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
467 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 468 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 469 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
c2be74f0 | 470 | -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
471 | - |
472 | -Process control | |
473 | - | |
474 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
475 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
476 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 477 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 478 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
c2be74f0 | 479 | +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
480 | |
481 | Delaying | |
482 | ||
483 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
484 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
485 | ||
486 | Numeric operations | |
487 | ||
488 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
489 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences | |
490 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
491 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences | |
492 | ||
493 | File permissions | |
494 | ||
3c350007 | 495 | @@ -1276,14 +1256,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
496 | in some way. |
497 | ||
498 | @menu | |
499 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
500 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
501 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
502 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 503 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
504 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
505 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
506 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
507 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
c2be74f0 | 508 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
509 | @end menu |
510 | ||
511 | -@node cat invocation | |
512 | +@node cat | |
513 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
514 | ||
515 | @pindex cat | |
3c350007 | 516 | @@ -1382,7 +1362,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 517 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
518 | |
519 | ||
520 | -@node tac invocation | |
521 | +@node tac | |
522 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
523 | ||
524 | @pindex tac | |
3c350007 | 525 | @@ -1431,7 +1411,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 526 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
527 | |
528 | ||
529 | -@node nl invocation | |
530 | +@node nl | |
531 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
532 | ||
533 | @pindex nl | |
3c350007 | 534 | @@ -1594,7 +1574,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 535 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
536 | |
537 | ||
538 | -@node od invocation | |
539 | +@node od | |
540 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
541 | ||
542 | @pindex od | |
3c350007 | 543 | @@ -1850,7 +1830,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
544 | |
545 | @exitstatus | |
546 | ||
547 | -@node base64 invocation | |
548 | +@node base64 | |
549 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data. | |
550 | ||
551 | @pindex base64 | |
3c350007 | 552 | @@ -1917,13 +1897,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
553 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
554 | ||
555 | @menu | |
556 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
557 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
558 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
559 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
560 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
561 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
562 | @end menu | |
563 | ||
564 | ||
565 | -@node fmt invocation | |
566 | +@node fmt | |
567 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
568 | ||
569 | @pindex fmt | |
3c350007 | 570 | @@ -2022,7 +2002,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 571 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
572 | |
573 | ||
574 | -@node pr invocation | |
575 | +@node pr | |
576 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
577 | ||
578 | @pindex pr | |
3c350007 | 579 | @@ -2162,7 +2142,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
580 | @cindex time formats |
581 | @cindex formatting times | |
582 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
c2be74f0 JB |
583 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. |
584 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
585 | Except for directives, which start with |
586 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
587 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
3c350007 | 588 | @@ -2389,7 +2369,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 589 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
590 | |
591 | ||
592 | -@node fold invocation | |
593 | +@node fold | |
594 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
595 | ||
596 | @pindex fold | |
3c350007 | 597 | @@ -2456,13 +2436,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
598 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
599 | ||
600 | @menu | |
601 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
602 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
603 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
604 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
605 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
606 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
607 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. | |
608 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. | |
609 | @end menu | |
610 | ||
611 | -@node head invocation | |
612 | +@node head | |
613 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
614 | ||
615 | @pindex head | |
3c350007 | 616 | @@ -2543,7 +2523,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
617 | @exitstatus |
618 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
619 | |
620 | -@node tail invocation | |
621 | +@node tail | |
622 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
623 | ||
624 | @pindex tail | |
3c350007 | 625 | @@ -2758,7 +2738,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
626 | @exitstatus |
627 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
628 | |
629 | -@node split invocation | |
630 | +@node split | |
631 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
632 | ||
633 | @pindex split | |
3c350007 | 634 | @@ -2845,7 +2825,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 635 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
636 | |
637 | ||
638 | -@node csplit invocation | |
639 | +@node csplit | |
640 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
641 | ||
642 | @pindex csplit | |
3c350007 | 643 | @@ -2985,16 +2965,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
644 | contents of files. |
645 | ||
646 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 647 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
648 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
649 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
650 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
651 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
652 | -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
876a8767 | 653 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
654 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
655 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
656 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
657 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
658 | +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f JB |
659 | @end menu |
660 | ||
661 | ||
662 | -@node wc invocation | |
663 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 664 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
665 | |
666 | @pindex wc | |
3c350007 | 667 | @@ -3101,7 +3081,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 668 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
669 | |
670 | ||
671 | -@node sum invocation | |
672 | +@node sum | |
673 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
674 | ||
675 | @pindex sum | |
3c350007 | 676 | @@ -3152,7 +3132,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 677 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
678 | |
679 | ||
680 | -@node cksum invocation | |
681 | +@node cksum | |
682 | @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
683 | ||
684 | @pindex cksum | |
3c350007 | 685 | @@ -3186,7 +3166,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 686 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
687 | |
688 | ||
689 | -@node md5sum invocation | |
690 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 691 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
692 | |
693 | @pindex md5sum | |
3c350007 | 694 | @@ -3208,8 +3188,8 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
695 | considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce |
696 | different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which | |
697 | can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes, | |
698 | -consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and | |
699 | -@ref{sha2 utilities}. | |
700 | +consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and | |
701 | +@ref{sha2}. | |
702 | ||
703 | If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given | |
704 | @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input. | |
3c350007 | 705 | @@ -3307,7 +3287,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
706 | @exitstatus |
707 | ||
708 | ||
709 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
710 | +@node sha1sum | |
711 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
712 | ||
713 | @pindex sha1sum | |
3c350007 | 714 | @@ -3319,17 +3299,17 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
715 | |
716 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
717 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
718 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
719 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
720 | ||
721 | Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of | |
722 | it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, | |
723 | it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not | |
724 | unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered | |
725 | that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure | |
726 | -SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}. | |
727 | +SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}. | |
728 | ||
729 | ||
730 | -@node sha2 utilities | |
731 | +@node sha2 | |
732 | @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
733 | ||
734 | @pindex sha224sum | |
3c350007 | 735 | @@ -3359,7 +3339,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
736 | various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), |
737 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of | |
738 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. | |
739 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
740 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
741 | ||
742 | Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to | |
743 | compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. | |
3c350007 | 744 | @@ -3374,17 +3354,17 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
745 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
746 | ||
747 | @menu | |
748 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 749 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
750 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
751 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
752 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
753 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
754 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 755 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
756 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
757 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
758 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
759 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
760 | * tsort background:: Where tsort came from. | |
761 | @end menu | |
762 | ||
763 | ||
764 | -@node sort invocation | |
765 | +@node sort | |
766 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
767 | ||
768 | @pindex sort | |
3c350007 | 769 | @@ -3629,7 +3609,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
770 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
771 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
772 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
773 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
774 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
775 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
776 | ||
777 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
3c350007 | 778 | @@ -3792,7 +3772,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
779 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
780 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
781 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
782 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
783 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
784 | ||
785 | @item -z | |
786 | @itemx --zero-terminated | |
3c350007 | 787 | @@ -3985,7 +3965,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
788 | @end itemize |
789 | ||
790 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
791 | -@node shuf invocation |
792 | +@node shuf | |
793 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
794 | ||
795 | @pindex shuf | |
3c350007 | 796 | @@ -4126,7 +4106,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
797 | @exitstatus |
798 | ||
799 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
800 | -@node uniq invocation |
801 | +@node uniq | |
802 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
803 | ||
804 | @pindex uniq | |
3c350007 | 805 | @@ -4148,7 +4128,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
806 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
807 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
808 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
809 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
810 | +@xref{sort}. | |
811 | ||
812 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
813 | Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the | |
3c350007 | 814 | @@ -4286,7 +4266,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 815 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
816 | |
817 | ||
818 | -@node comm invocation | |
819 | +@node comm | |
820 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
821 | ||
822 | @pindex comm | |
3c350007 | 823 | @@ -4329,7 +4309,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
824 | If there is an error it exits with nonzero status. |
825 | ||
826 | ||
827 | -@node tsort invocation | |
828 | +@node tsort | |
829 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
830 | ||
831 | @pindex tsort | |
3c350007 | 832 | @@ -4483,7 +4463,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
833 | @exitstatus |
834 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
835 | |
836 | -@node ptx invocation | |
837 | +@node ptx | |
838 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
839 | ||
840 | @pindex ptx | |
3c350007 | 841 | @@ -4942,13 +4922,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
842 | @chapter Operating on fields within a line |
843 | ||
844 | @menu | |
845 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
846 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
847 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
848 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
849 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
850 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
851 | @end menu | |
852 | ||
853 | ||
854 | -@node cut invocation | |
855 | +@node cut | |
856 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
857 | ||
858 | @pindex cut | |
3c350007 | 859 | @@ -5047,7 +5027,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 860 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
861 | |
862 | ||
863 | -@node paste invocation | |
864 | +@node paste | |
865 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
866 | ||
867 | @pindex paste | |
3c350007 | 868 | @@ -5117,7 +5097,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 869 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
870 | |
871 | ||
872 | -@node join invocation | |
873 | +@node join | |
874 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
875 | ||
876 | @pindex join | |
3c350007 | 877 | @@ -5260,13 +5240,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
878 | This commands operate on individual characters. |
879 | ||
880 | @menu | |
881 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
882 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
883 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
884 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
885 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
886 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
887 | @end menu | |
888 | ||
889 | ||
890 | -@node tr invocation | |
891 | +@node tr | |
892 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
893 | ||
894 | @pindex tr | |
3c350007 | 895 | @@ -5644,7 +5624,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 896 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
897 | |
898 | ||
899 | -@node expand invocation | |
900 | +@node expand | |
901 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
902 | ||
903 | @pindex expand | |
3c350007 | 904 | @@ -5697,7 +5677,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 905 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
906 | |
907 | ||
908 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
909 | +@node unexpand | |
910 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
911 | ||
912 | @pindex unexpand | |
3c350007 | 913 | @@ -5758,14 +5738,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
914 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
915 | ||
916 | @menu | |
917 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
918 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
919 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
920 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
921 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
922 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
923 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
924 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
925 | @end menu | |
926 | ||
927 | ||
928 | -@node ls invocation | |
929 | +@node ls | |
930 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
931 | ||
932 | @pindex ls | |
3c350007 | 933 | @@ -6570,7 +6550,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
934 | @item +@var{format} |
935 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
936 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
937 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
938 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 939 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
a839fc2f JB |
940 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
941 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
3c350007 | 942 | @@ -6762,7 +6742,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
943 | @end table |
944 | ||
945 | ||
946 | -@node dir invocation | |
947 | +@node dir | |
948 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
949 | ||
950 | @pindex dir | |
3c350007 | 951 | @@ -6772,10 +6752,10 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
952 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
953 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
954 | ||
955 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
956 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
957 | ||
958 | ||
959 | -@node vdir invocation | |
960 | +@node vdir | |
961 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
962 | ||
963 | @pindex vdir | |
3c350007 | 964 | @@ -6785,7 +6765,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
965 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
966 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
967 | ||
968 | -@node dircolors invocation | |
969 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 970 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
971 | |
972 | @pindex dircolors | |
3c350007 | 973 | @@ -6863,16 +6843,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
974 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
975 | ||
976 | @menu | |
977 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
978 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
979 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
980 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
981 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
982 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
983 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
984 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
985 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
986 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
987 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
988 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
989 | @end menu | |
990 | ||
991 | ||
992 | -@node cp invocation | |
993 | +@node cp | |
994 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
995 | ||
996 | @pindex cp | |
3c350007 | 997 | @@ -7251,7 +7231,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 998 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
999 | |
1000 | ||
1001 | -@node dd invocation | |
1002 | +@node dd | |
1003 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1004 | ||
1005 | @pindex dd | |
3c350007 | 1006 | @@ -7580,7 +7560,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1007 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1008 | |
1009 | ||
1010 | -@node install invocation | |
1011 | +@node install | |
1012 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1013 | ||
1014 | @pindex install | |
3c350007 | 1015 | @@ -7726,7 +7706,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1016 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1017 | |
1018 | ||
1019 | -@node mv invocation | |
1020 | +@node mv | |
1021 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1022 | ||
1023 | @pindex mv | |
3c350007 | 1024 | @@ -7847,7 +7827,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1025 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1026 | |
1027 | ||
1028 | -@node rm invocation | |
1029 | +@node rm | |
1030 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1031 | ||
1032 | @pindex rm | |
3c350007 | 1033 | @@ -8001,7 +7981,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1034 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1035 | |
1036 | ||
1037 | -@node shred invocation | |
1038 | +@node shred | |
1039 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1040 | ||
1041 | @pindex shred | |
3c350007 | 1042 | @@ -8011,7 +7991,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1043 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
1044 | very expensive hardware from recovering the data. | |
1045 | ||
1046 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is | |
1047 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is | |
1048 | not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is | |
1049 | stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. | |
1050 | There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index | |
3c350007 | 1051 | @@ -8243,18 +8223,18 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1052 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1053 | ||
1054 | @menu | |
1055 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1056 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1057 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1058 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1059 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
fbb5b105 | 1060 | -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link. |
a839fc2f JB |
1061 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1062 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
3c350007 | 1063 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall. |
a839fc2f JB |
1064 | +* ln:: Make links between files. |
1065 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1066 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1067 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
fbb5b105 | 1068 | +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link. |
a839fc2f | 1069 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. |
fbb5b105 | 1070 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall. |
a839fc2f JB |
1071 | @end menu |
1072 | ||
1073 | ||
1074 | -@node link invocation | |
1075 | +@node link | |
1076 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1077 | ||
1078 | @pindex link | |
3c350007 | 1079 | @@ -8267,7 +8247,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1080 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1081 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1082 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1083 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1084 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1085 | Synopsis: | |
1086 | ||
1087 | @example | |
3c350007 | 1088 | @@ -8288,7 +8268,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1089 | @exitstatus |
1090 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1091 | |
1092 | -@node ln invocation | |
1093 | +@node ln | |
1094 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1095 | ||
1096 | @pindex ln | |
3c350007 | 1097 | @@ -8460,7 +8440,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1098 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1099 | |
1100 | ||
1101 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1102 | +@node mkdir | |
1103 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1104 | ||
1105 | @pindex mkdir | |
3c350007 | 1106 | @@ -8530,7 +8510,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1107 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1108 | |
1109 | ||
1110 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1111 | +@node mkfifo | |
1112 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1113 | ||
1114 | @pindex mkfifo | |
3c350007 | 1115 | @@ -8569,7 +8549,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1116 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1117 | |
1118 | ||
1119 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1120 | +@node mknod | |
1121 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1122 | ||
1123 | @pindex mknod | |
3c350007 | 1124 | @@ -8641,7 +8621,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1125 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1126 | |
1127 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1128 | -@node readlink invocation |
1129 | +@node readlink | |
1130 | @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link | |
1131 | ||
1132 | @pindex readlink | |
3c350007 | 1133 | @@ -8728,7 +8708,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1134 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1135 | |
1136 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1137 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1138 | +@node rmdir | |
1139 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1140 | ||
1141 | @pindex rmdir | |
3c350007 | 1142 | @@ -8776,12 +8756,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1143 | |
1144 | @end table | |
1145 | ||
1146 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1147 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). | |
1148 | ||
876a8767 JB |
1149 | @exitstatus |
1150 | ||
1151 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1152 | -@node unlink invocation |
1153 | +@node unlink | |
1154 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1155 | ||
1156 | @pindex unlink | |
3c350007 | 1157 | @@ -8792,7 +8772,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1158 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1159 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1160 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1161 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1162 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1163 | ||
1164 | @example | |
1165 | unlink @var{filename} | |
3c350007 | 1166 | @@ -8826,14 +8806,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1167 | These commands change file attributes. |
1168 | ||
1169 | @menu | |
1170 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. | |
1171 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
1172 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1173 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. | |
1174 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. | |
1175 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
1176 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. | |
1177 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. | |
1178 | @end menu | |
1179 | ||
1180 | ||
1181 | -@node chown invocation | |
1182 | +@node chown | |
1183 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1184 | ||
1185 | @pindex chown | |
3c350007 | 1186 | @@ -9050,7 +9030,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1187 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1188 | |
1189 | ||
1190 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1191 | +@node chgrp | |
1192 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1193 | ||
1194 | @pindex chgrp | |
3c350007 | 1195 | @@ -9172,7 +9152,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1196 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1197 | |
1198 | ||
1199 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1200 | +@node chmod | |
1201 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1202 | ||
1203 | @pindex chmod | |
3c350007 | 1204 | @@ -9271,7 +9251,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1205 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1206 | |
1207 | ||
1208 | -@node touch invocation | |
1209 | +@node touch | |
1210 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1211 | ||
1212 | @pindex touch | |
3c350007 | 1213 | @@ -9421,14 +9401,14 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1214 | file status information, and write buffers to disk. |
a839fc2f JB |
1215 | |
1216 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1217 | -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1218 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1219 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f | 1220 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
c2be74f0 | 1221 | +* df:: Report file system disk space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1222 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1223 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
a839fc2f JB |
1224 | +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk. |
1225 | @end menu | |
1226 | ||
1227 | ||
1228 | -@node df invocation | |
1229 | +@node df | |
c2be74f0 | 1230 | @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1231 | |
1232 | @pindex df | |
3c350007 | 1233 | @@ -9633,7 +9613,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1234 | @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. |
a839fc2f JB |
1235 | |
1236 | ||
1237 | -@node du invocation | |
1238 | +@node du | |
1239 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1240 | ||
1241 | @pindex du | |
3c350007 | 1242 | @@ -9842,7 +9822,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1243 | @item +@var{format} |
1244 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1245 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1246 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1247 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1248 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
1249 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As | |
1250 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the | |
3c350007 | 1251 | @@ -9910,7 +9890,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1252 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1253 | |
1254 | ||
1255 | -@node stat invocation | |
1256 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1257 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1258 | |
1259 | @pindex stat | |
3c350007 | 1260 | @@ -10044,7 +10024,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1261 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1262 | |
1263 | ||
1264 | -@node sync invocation | |
1265 | +@node sync | |
1266 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory | |
1267 | ||
1268 | @pindex sync | |
3c350007 | 1269 | @@ -10080,13 +10060,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1270 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1271 | ||
1272 | @menu | |
1273 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1274 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1275 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1276 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1277 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1278 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1279 | @end menu | |
1280 | ||
1281 | ||
1282 | -@node echo invocation | |
1283 | +@node echo | |
1284 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1285 | ||
1286 | @pindex echo | |
3c350007 | 1287 | @@ -10169,12 +10149,12 @@ |
c2be74f0 JB |
1288 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1289 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1290 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1291 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1292 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1293 | ||
876a8767 | 1294 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1295 | |
1296 | ||
1297 | -@node printf invocation | |
1298 | +@node printf | |
1299 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1300 | ||
1301 | @pindex printf | |
3c350007 | 1302 | @@ -10317,7 +10297,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1303 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1304 | |
1305 | ||
1306 | -@node yes invocation | |
1307 | +@node yes | |
1308 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1309 | ||
1310 | @pindex yes | |
3c350007 | 1311 | @@ -10348,14 +10328,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1312 | pipeline. |
1313 | ||
1314 | @menu | |
1315 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1316 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1317 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1318 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1319 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1320 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1321 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1322 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1323 | @end menu | |
1324 | ||
1325 | ||
1326 | -@node false invocation | |
1327 | +@node false | |
1328 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1329 | ||
1330 | @pindex false | |
3c350007 | 1331 | @@ -10385,7 +10365,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1332 | non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1333 | |
1334 | ||
1335 | -@node true invocation | |
1336 | +@node true | |
1337 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1338 | ||
1339 | @pindex true | |
3c350007 | 1340 | @@ -10421,7 +10401,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1341 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1342 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1343 | ||
1344 | -@node test invocation | |
1345 | +@node test | |
1346 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1347 | ||
1348 | @pindex test | |
3c350007 | 1349 | @@ -10752,7 +10732,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1350 | @end table |
1351 | ||
1352 | ||
1353 | -@node expr invocation | |
1354 | +@node expr | |
1355 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1356 | ||
1357 | @pindex expr | |
3c350007 | 1358 | @@ -11025,11 +11005,11 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1359 | it's described here. |
1360 | ||
1361 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1362 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1363 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1364 | @end menu |
1365 | ||
1366 | ||
1367 | -@node tee invocation | |
1368 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1369 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1370 | |
1371 | @pindex tee | |
3c350007 | 1372 | @@ -11190,13 +11170,13 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1373 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1374 | ||
1375 | @menu | |
1376 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
1377 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name. | |
1378 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability. | |
1379 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
1380 | +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name. | |
1381 | +* pathchk:: Check file name portability. | |
1382 | @end menu | |
1383 | ||
1384 | ||
1385 | -@node basename invocation | |
1386 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1387 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1388 | |
1389 | @pindex basename | |
3c350007 | 1390 | @@ -11250,7 +11230,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1391 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1392 | |
1393 | ||
1394 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1395 | +@node dirname | |
1396 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name | |
1397 | ||
1398 | @pindex dirname | |
3c350007 | 1399 | @@ -11291,7 +11271,7 @@ |
c2be74f0 | 1400 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1401 | |
1402 | ||
1403 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1404 | +@node pathchk | |
1405 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability | |
1406 | ||
1407 | @pindex pathchk | |
3c350007 | 1408 | @@ -11379,14 +11359,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1409 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1410 | ||
1411 | @menu | |
1412 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1413 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1414 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1415 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1416 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1417 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1418 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1419 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1420 | @end menu | |
1421 | ||
1422 | ||
1423 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1424 | +@node pwd | |
1425 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1426 | ||
1427 | @pindex pwd | |
3c350007 | 1428 | @@ -11411,7 +11391,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1429 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1430 | |
1431 | ||
1432 | -@node stty invocation | |
1433 | +@node stty | |
1434 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1435 | ||
1436 | @pindex stty | |
3c350007 | 1437 | @@ -12070,7 +12050,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1438 | @end table |
1439 | ||
1440 | ||
1441 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1442 | +@node printenv | |
1443 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1444 | ||
1445 | @pindex printenv | |
3c350007 | 1446 | @@ -12100,7 +12080,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1447 | @end display |
1448 | ||
1449 | ||
1450 | -@node tty invocation | |
1451 | +@node tty | |
1452 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1453 | ||
1454 | @pindex tty | |
3c350007 | 1455 | @@ -12150,16 +12130,16 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1456 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1457 | ||
1458 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1459 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1460 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1461 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1462 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1463 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1464 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1465 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1466 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1467 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1468 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1469 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1470 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1471 | @end menu | |
1472 | ||
1473 | ||
1474 | -@node id invocation | |
1475 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1476 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1477 | |
1478 | @pindex id | |
3c350007 | 1479 | @@ -12222,7 +12202,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1480 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1481 | |
1482 | ||
1483 | -@node logname invocation | |
1484 | +@node logname | |
1485 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1486 | ||
1487 | @pindex logname | |
3c350007 | 1488 | @@ -12243,7 +12223,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1489 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1490 | |
1491 | ||
1492 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1493 | +@node whoami | |
c2be74f0 | 1494 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1495 | |
1496 | @pindex whoami | |
3c350007 | 1497 | @@ -12259,7 +12239,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1498 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1499 | |
1500 | ||
1501 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1502 | +@node groups |
1503 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1504 | ||
1505 | @pindex groups | |
3c350007 | 1506 | @@ -12284,7 +12264,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1507 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 JB |
1508 | |
1509 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1510 | -@node users invocation |
1511 | +@node users | |
1512 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1513 | ||
1514 | @pindex users | |
3c350007 | 1515 | @@ -12315,7 +12295,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1516 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1517 | |
1518 | ||
1519 | -@node who invocation | |
1520 | +@node who | |
1521 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1522 | ||
1523 | @pindex who | |
3c350007 | 1524 | @@ -12462,15 +12442,14 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1525 | information. |
1526 | ||
1527 | @menu | |
3c350007 | 1528 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1529 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. |
1530 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. | |
1531 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1532 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
3c350007 | 1533 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1534 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
1535 | +* uname:: Print system information. | |
1536 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1537 | @end menu | |
1538 | ||
1539 | ||
1540 | -@node date invocation | |
1541 | +@node date | |
1542 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1543 | ||
1544 | @pindex date | |
3c350007 | 1545 | @@ -13098,7 +13077,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1546 | @end itemize |
1547 | ||
1548 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1549 | -@node arch invocation |
1550 | +@node arch | |
1551 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1552 | ||
1553 | @pindex arch | |
1554 | @@ -13118,7 +13097,7 @@ | |
1555 | @exitstatus | |
1556 | ||
1557 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1558 | -@node uname invocation |
1559 | +@node uname | |
1560 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1561 | ||
1562 | @pindex uname | |
3c350007 | 1563 | @@ -13247,31 +13226,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1564 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1565 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1566 | |
1567 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1568 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1569 | - | |
1570 | -@pindex hostname | |
1571 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1572 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1573 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1574 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1575 | - | |
1576 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1577 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1578 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1579 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1580 | - |
1581 | -@example | |
1582 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1583 | -@end example | |
1584 | - | |
1585 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1586 | -options}. | |
1587 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1588 | -@exitstatus |
1589 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1590 | - |
1591 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1592 | +@node hostid | |
1593 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier. | |
1594 | ||
1595 | @pindex hostid | |
3c350007 | 1596 | @@ -13308,15 +13263,15 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1597 | user, etc. |
1598 | ||
1599 | @menu | |
1600 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1601 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1602 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1603 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
c2be74f0 | 1604 | -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1605 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1606 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1607 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1608 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
c2be74f0 | 1609 | +* su:: Modify user and group ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1610 | @end menu |
1611 | ||
1612 | ||
1613 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1614 | +@node chroot | |
1615 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1616 | ||
1617 | @pindex chroot | |
3c350007 | 1618 | @@ -13387,7 +13342,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1619 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1620 | |
1621 | ||
1622 | -@node env invocation | |
1623 | +@node env | |
1624 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1625 | ||
1626 | @pindex env | |
3c350007 | 1627 | @@ -13465,7 +13420,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1628 | @end display |
a839fc2f JB |
1629 | |
1630 | ||
1631 | -@node nice invocation | |
1632 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1633 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f JB |
1634 | |
1635 | @pindex nice | |
3c350007 | 1636 | @@ -13590,7 +13545,7 @@ |
876a8767 | 1637 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1638 | |
1639 | ||
1640 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1641 | +@node nohup | |
1642 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1643 | ||
1644 | @pindex nohup | |
3c350007 | 1645 | @@ -13659,7 +13614,7 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1646 | @end display |
1647 | ||
1648 | ||
1649 | -@node su invocation | |
1650 | +@node su | |
c2be74f0 | 1651 | @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID |
a839fc2f JB |
1652 | |
1653 | @pindex su | |
3c350007 | 1654 | @@ -13816,167 +13771,6 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1655 | might find this idea strange at first. |
a839fc2f JB |
1656 | |
1657 | ||
1658 | -@node Process control | |
1659 | -@chapter Process control | |
1660 | - | |
1661 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1662 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1663 | - | |
1664 | -@menu | |
1665 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1666 | -@end menu | |
1667 | - | |
1668 | - | |
1669 | -@node kill invocation | |
1670 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1671 | - | |
1672 | -@pindex kill | |
1673 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1674 | - | |
1675 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1676 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1677 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1678 | - | |
1679 | -@example | |
1680 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1681 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1682 | -@end example | |
1683 | - | |
1684 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all | |
1685 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
1686 | -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a | |
1687 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments | |
1688 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1689 | - | |
1690 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1691 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1692 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
c2be74f0 JB |
1693 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1694 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
a839fc2f JB |
1695 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1696 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1697 | - | |
1698 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1699 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1700 | -is sent. | |
1701 | - | |
c2be74f0 JB |
1702 | -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it |
1703 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to | |
1704 | -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill | |
1705 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: | |
a839fc2f JB |
1706 | - |
1707 | -@example | |
1708 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1709 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1710 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
a839fc2f JB |
1711 | -kill -- -1 |
1712 | -@end example | |
1713 | - | |
1714 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1715 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1716 | - | |
1717 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1718 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1719 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1720 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1721 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1722 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1723 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1724 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1725 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
1726 | -and if there is no output error. | |
1727 | - | |
1728 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
1729 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
1730 | - | |
1731 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
1732 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
1733 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
1734 | -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the | |
1735 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid | |
1736 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names | |
1737 | -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems: | |
1738 | - | |
1739 | -@table @samp | |
1740 | -@item HUP | |
1741 | -1. Hangup. | |
1742 | -@item INT | |
1743 | -2. Terminal interrupt. | |
1744 | -@item QUIT | |
1745 | -3. Terminal quit. | |
1746 | -@item ABRT | |
1747 | -6. Process abort. | |
1748 | -@item KILL | |
1749 | -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). | |
1750 | -@item ALRM | |
1751 | -14. Alarm Clock. | |
1752 | -@item TERM | |
1753 | -15. Termination. | |
1754 | -@end table | |
1755 | - | |
1756 | -@noindent | |
1757 | -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding | |
1758 | -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also | |
1759 | -support the following signals: | |
1760 | - | |
1761 | -@table @samp | |
1762 | -@item BUS | |
1763 | -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object. | |
1764 | -@item CHLD | |
1765 | -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued. | |
1766 | -@item CONT | |
1767 | -Continue executing, if stopped. | |
1768 | -@item FPE | |
1769 | -Erroneous arithmetic operation. | |
1770 | -@item ILL | |
1771 | -Illegal Instruction. | |
1772 | -@item PIPE | |
1773 | -Write on a pipe with no one to read it. | |
1774 | -@item SEGV | |
1775 | -Invalid memory reference. | |
1776 | -@item STOP | |
1777 | -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). | |
1778 | -@item TSTP | |
1779 | -Terminal stop. | |
1780 | -@item TTIN | |
1781 | -Background process attempting read. | |
1782 | -@item TTOU | |
1783 | -Background process attempting write. | |
1784 | -@item URG | |
1785 | -High bandwidth data is available at a socket. | |
1786 | -@item USR1 | |
1787 | -User-defined signal 1. | |
1788 | -@item USR2 | |
1789 | -User-defined signal 2. | |
1790 | -@end table | |
1791 | - | |
1792 | -@noindent | |
1793 | -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension | |
1794 | -also support the following signals: | |
1795 | - | |
1796 | -@table @samp | |
1797 | -@item POLL | |
1798 | -Pollable event. | |
1799 | -@item PROF | |
1800 | -Profiling timer expired. | |
1801 | -@item SYS | |
1802 | -Bad system call. | |
1803 | -@item TRAP | |
1804 | -Trace/breakpoint trap. | |
1805 | -@item VTALRM | |
1806 | -Virtual timer expired. | |
1807 | -@item XCPU | |
1808 | -CPU time limit exceeded. | |
1809 | -@item XFSZ | |
1810 | -File size limit exceeded. | |
1811 | -@end table | |
1812 | - | |
1813 | -@noindent | |
1814 | -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension | |
1815 | -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN}, | |
1816 | -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}. | |
1817 | - | |
1818 | - | |
1819 | @node Delaying | |
1820 | @chapter Delaying | |
1821 | ||
3c350007 | 1822 | @@ -13986,11 +13780,11 @@ |
fbb5b105 | 1823 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
a839fc2f JB |
1824 | |
1825 | @menu | |
1826 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1827 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
1828 | @end menu | |
1829 | ||
1830 | ||
1831 | -@node sleep invocation | |
1832 | +@node sleep | |
1833 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
1834 | ||
1835 | @pindex sleep | |
3c350007 | 1836 | @@ -14038,12 +13832,12 @@ |
a839fc2f JB |
1837 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
1838 | ||
1839 | @menu | |
1840 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1841 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1842 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
1843 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. | |
1844 | @end menu | |
1845 | ||
1846 | ||
1847 | -@node factor invocation | |
1848 | +@node factor | |
1849 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
1850 | ||
1851 | @pindex factor | |
3c350007 | 1852 | @@ -14092,7 +13886,7 @@ |
876a8767 JB |
1853 | @exitstatus |
1854 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1855 | |
1856 | -@node seq invocation | |
1857 | +@node seq | |
1858 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
1859 | ||
1860 | @pindex seq |