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1--- coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2008-01-11 14:47:21.000000000 +0100
2+++ coreutils-6.10/doc/coreutils.texi 2008-03-02 02:00:24.656756959 +0100
3@@ -20,112 +20,98 @@
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4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
a839fc2f 13-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 14-@end direntry
a839fc2f 15-
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16-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
17-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
18-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
19-@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME.
20-
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21-@dircategory Individual utilities
22-@direntry
3c350007 23-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
c2be74f0 24-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
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25-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
26-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
27-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
28-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
29-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
30-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 31-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
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32-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
33-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
34-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
35-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
36-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
37-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
c2be74f0 38-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
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39-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
40-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
41-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
42-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
43-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
44-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
45-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
46-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
47-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
48-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
49-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
50-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
51-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
52-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
53-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
54-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
c2be74f0 55-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
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56-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
57-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
58-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
59-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
60-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
61-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
62-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
c2be74f0 63-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
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64-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
65-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
66-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
67-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
c2be74f0 68-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
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69-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
70-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
71-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
72-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
73-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
74-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
75-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
76-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
77-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
78-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 79-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
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80-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
81-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
82-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
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83-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
84-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f 85-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
c2be74f0 86-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
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87-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
88-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
89-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
fbb5b105 90-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
a839fc2f 91-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
c2be74f0 92-* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
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93-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
94-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
95-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
96-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
97-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
98-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
99-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
100-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
101-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
102-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
103-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
104-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
105-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 106-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 107-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
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108-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
109-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
876a8767 110-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f 111-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
c2be74f0 112-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f 113-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
876a8767 114+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
3c350007 115+* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
c2be74f0 116+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
a839fc2f 117+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
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118+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
119+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
120+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
121+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
122+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
123+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
124+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
125+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
126+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
127+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
128+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
129+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
c2be74f0 130+* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
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131+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
132+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
133+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
134+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
135+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
136+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
137+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
138+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
a839fc2f 139+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
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140+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
141+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
142+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
fc53c102 143+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
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144+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
145+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
c2be74f0 146+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
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147+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
148+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
149+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
150+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
151+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
152+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
c2be74f0 153+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
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154+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
155+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
156+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
157+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
c2be74f0 158+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
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159+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
160+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
3c350007 161+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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162+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
163+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
164+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
165+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
166+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
167+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
168+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
169+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
170+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
171+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
a839fc2f 172+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
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173+* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
174+* sha2: (coreutils)sha2. Print or check SHA-2 digests
fbb5b105 175+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
c2be74f0 176+* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
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177+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
178+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
179+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
180+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
181+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
c2be74f0 182+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
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183+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
184+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
185+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
186+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
187+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
188+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
189+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
190+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
191+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
192+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
193+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
194+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
195+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
196+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
197+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
198+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
199+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
876a8767 200+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
fbb5b105 201+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
c2be74f0 202+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
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203+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
204 @end direntry
205
206 @copying
c2be74f0 207@@ -189,9 +175,8 @@
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208 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
209 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
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210 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
211-* System context:: date uname hostname hostid
212+* System context:: date uname hostid
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213 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
214-* Process control:: kill
215 * Delaying:: sleep
216 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
217 * File permissions:: Access modes.
3c350007 218@@ -218,42 +203,42 @@
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219
220 Output of entire files
221
222-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
223-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
224-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
225-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 226-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
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227+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
228+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
229+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
230+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 231+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
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232
233 Formatting file contents
234
235-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
236-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
237-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
238+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
239+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
240+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
241
242 Output of parts of files
243
244-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
245-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
246-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
247-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
248+* head:: Output the first part of files.
249+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
250+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
251+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
252
253 Summarizing files
254
876a8767 255-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
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256-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
257-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
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258-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
259-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
260-* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
876a8767 261+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
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262+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
263+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
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264+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
265+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
266+* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
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267
268 Operating on sorted files
269
270-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 271-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
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272-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
273-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
274-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
275-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
276+* sort:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 277+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
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278+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
279+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
280+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
281+* tsort:: Topological sort.
282
283 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
284
3c350007 285@@ -265,15 +250,15 @@
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286
287 Operating on fields within a line
288
289-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
290-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
291-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
292+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
293+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
294+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
295
296 Operating on characters
297
298-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
299-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
300-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
301+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
302+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
303+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
304
305 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
306
3c350007 307@@ -283,10 +268,10 @@
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308
309 Directory listing
310
311-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
312-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
313-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
314-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
315+* ls:: List directory contents
316+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
317+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
318+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
319
320 @command{ls}: List directory contents
321
3c350007 322@@ -299,50 +284,50 @@
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323
324 Basic operations
325
326-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
327-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
328-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
329-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
330-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
331-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
332+* cp:: Copy files and directories
333+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
334+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
335+* mv:: Move (rename) files
336+* rm:: Remove files or directories
337+* shred:: Remove files more securely
338
339 Special file types
340
341-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
342-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
343-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
344-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
345-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 346-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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347-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
348-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
349+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
350+* ln:: Make links between files
351+* mkdir:: Make directories
352+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
353+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 354+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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355+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
356+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
357
358 Changing file attributes
359
360-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
361-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
362-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
363-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
364+* chown:: Change file owner and group
365+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
366+* chmod:: Change access permissions
367+* touch:: Change file timestamps
368
369 Disk usage
370
c2be74f0 371-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f 372-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
c2be74f0 373-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
a839fc2f 374-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
c2be74f0 375+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f 376+* du:: Estimate file space usage
c2be74f0 377+* stat:: Report file or file system status
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378+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
379
380 Printing text
381
382-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
383-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
384-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
385+* echo:: Print a line of text
386+* printf:: Format and print data
387+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
388
389 Conditions
390
391-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
392-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
393-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
394-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
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395+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
396+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
397+* test:: Check file types and compare values
398+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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399
400 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
401
3c350007 402@@ -361,20 +346,20 @@
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403
404 Redirection
405
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406-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
407+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
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408
409 File name manipulation
410
411-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
412-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
413-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
414+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
415+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
416+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
417
418 Working context
419
420-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
421-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
422-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
423-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
424+* pwd:: Print working directory
425+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
426+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
427+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
428
429 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
430
3c350007 431@@ -388,20 +373,19 @@
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432
433 User information
434
c2be74f0 435-* id invocation:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 436-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 437-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
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438-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
439-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
440-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
c2be74f0 441+* id:: Print user identity
a839fc2f 442+* logname:: Print current login name
c2be74f0 443+* whoami:: Print effective user ID
fc53c102 444+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
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445+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
446+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
447
448 System context
449
3c350007 450-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
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451-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
452-* uname invocation:: Print system information
453-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
454-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
3c350007 455+* arch:: Print machine hardware name
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456+* date:: Print or set system date and time
457+* uname:: Print system information
3c350007 458+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
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459
460 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
461
3c350007 462@@ -416,24 +400,20 @@
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463
464 Modified command invocation
465
466-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
467-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 468-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 469-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
c2be74f0 470-* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
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471-
472-Process control
473-
474-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
475+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
476+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
c2be74f0 477+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f 478+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
c2be74f0 479+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
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480
481 Delaying
482
483-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
484+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
485
486 Numeric operations
487
488-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
489-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
490+* factor:: Print prime factors
491+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
492
493 File permissions
494
3c350007 495@@ -1276,14 +1256,14 @@
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496 in some way.
497
498 @menu
499-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
500-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
501-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
502-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 503-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
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504+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
505+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
506+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
507+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
c2be74f0 508+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
a839fc2f
JB
509 @end menu
510
511-@node cat invocation
512+@node cat
513 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
514
515 @pindex cat
3c350007 516@@ -1382,7 +1362,7 @@
c2be74f0 517 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
518
519
520-@node tac invocation
521+@node tac
522 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
523
524 @pindex tac
3c350007 525@@ -1431,7 +1411,7 @@
876a8767 526 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
527
528
529-@node nl invocation
530+@node nl
531 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
532
533 @pindex nl
3c350007 534@@ -1594,7 +1574,7 @@
876a8767 535 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
536
537
538-@node od invocation
539+@node od
540 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
541
542 @pindex od
3c350007 543@@ -1850,7 +1830,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
544
545 @exitstatus
546
547-@node base64 invocation
548+@node base64
549 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data.
550
551 @pindex base64
3c350007 552@@ -1917,13 +1897,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
553 These commands reformat the contents of files.
554
555 @menu
556-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
557-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
558-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
559+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
560+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
561+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
562 @end menu
563
564
565-@node fmt invocation
566+@node fmt
567 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
568
569 @pindex fmt
3c350007 570@@ -2022,7 +2002,7 @@
876a8767 571 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
572
573
574-@node pr invocation
575+@node pr
576 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
577
578 @pindex pr
3c350007 579@@ -2162,7 +2142,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
580 @cindex time formats
581 @cindex formatting times
582 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
c2be74f0
JB
583-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
584+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
a839fc2f
JB
585 Except for directives, which start with
586 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
587 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
3c350007 588@@ -2389,7 +2369,7 @@
876a8767 589 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
590
591
592-@node fold invocation
593+@node fold
594 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
595
596 @pindex fold
3c350007 597@@ -2456,13 +2436,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
598 These commands output pieces of the input.
599
600 @menu
601-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
602-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
603-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
604-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
605+* head:: Output the first part of files.
606+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
607+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
608+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
609 @end menu
610
611-@node head invocation
612+@node head
613 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
614
615 @pindex head
3c350007 616@@ -2543,7 +2523,7 @@
876a8767
JB
617 @exitstatus
618
a839fc2f
JB
619
620-@node tail invocation
621+@node tail
622 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
623
624 @pindex tail
3c350007 625@@ -2758,7 +2738,7 @@
876a8767
JB
626 @exitstatus
627
a839fc2f
JB
628
629-@node split invocation
630+@node split
631 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
632
633 @pindex split
3c350007 634@@ -2845,7 +2825,7 @@
876a8767 635 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
636
637
638-@node csplit invocation
639+@node csplit
640 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
641
642 @pindex csplit
3c350007 643@@ -2985,16 +2965,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
644 contents of files.
645
646 @menu
876a8767 647-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
648-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
649-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
650-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
651-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
652-* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
876a8767 653+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
a839fc2f
JB
654+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
655+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
c2be74f0
JB
656+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
657+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
658+* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
a839fc2f
JB
659 @end menu
660
661
662-@node wc invocation
663+@node wc
876a8767 664 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
a839fc2f
JB
665
666 @pindex wc
3c350007 667@@ -3101,7 +3081,7 @@
876a8767 668 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
669
670
671-@node sum invocation
672+@node sum
673 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
674
675 @pindex sum
3c350007 676@@ -3152,7 +3132,7 @@
876a8767 677 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
678
679
680-@node cksum invocation
681+@node cksum
682 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
683
684 @pindex cksum
3c350007 685@@ -3186,7 +3166,7 @@
876a8767 686 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
687
688
689-@node md5sum invocation
690+@node md5sum
c2be74f0 691 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
a839fc2f
JB
692
693 @pindex md5sum
3c350007 694@@ -3208,8 +3188,8 @@
c2be74f0
JB
695 considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce
696 different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which
697 can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes,
698-consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and
699-@ref{sha2 utilities}.
700+consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and
701+@ref{sha2}.
702
703 If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given
704 @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input.
3c350007 705@@ -3307,7 +3287,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
706 @exitstatus
707
708
709-@node sha1sum invocation
710+@node sha1sum
711 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
712
713 @pindex sha1sum
3c350007 714@@ -3319,17 +3299,17 @@
c2be74f0
JB
715
716 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
717 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
718-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
719+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
720
721 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
722 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
723 it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not
724 unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered
725 that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure
726-SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}.
727+SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}.
728
729
730-@node sha2 utilities
731+@node sha2
732 @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests
733
734 @pindex sha224sum
3c350007 735@@ -3359,7 +3339,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
736 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
737 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
738 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
739-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
740+@xref{md5sum}.
741
742 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
743 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
3c350007 744@@ -3374,17 +3354,17 @@
a839fc2f
JB
745 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
746
747 @menu
748-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 749-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
750-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
751-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
752-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
753-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
754+* sort:: Sort text files.
c2be74f0 755+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
a839fc2f
JB
756+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
757+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
758+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
759+* tsort:: Topological sort.
760 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
761 @end menu
762
763
764-@node sort invocation
765+@node sort
766 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
767
768 @pindex sort
3c350007 769@@ -3629,7 +3609,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
770 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
771 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
772 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
773-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
774+like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
775 except that keys with the same value sort together.
776
777 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
3c350007 778@@ -3792,7 +3772,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
779 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
780 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
781 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
782-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
783+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
784
785 @item -z
786 @itemx --zero-terminated
3c350007 787@@ -3985,7 +3965,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
788 @end itemize
789
790
c2be74f0
JB
791-@node shuf invocation
792+@node shuf
793 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
794
795 @pindex shuf
3c350007 796@@ -4126,7 +4106,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
797 @exitstatus
798
799
a839fc2f
JB
800-@node uniq invocation
801+@node uniq
802 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
803
804 @pindex uniq
3c350007 805@@ -4148,7 +4128,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
806 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
807 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
808 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
809-@xref{sort invocation}.
810+@xref{sort}.
811
812 @vindex LC_COLLATE
813 Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the
3c350007 814@@ -4286,7 +4266,7 @@
876a8767 815 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
816
817
818-@node comm invocation
819+@node comm
820 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
821
822 @pindex comm
3c350007 823@@ -4329,7 +4309,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
824 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
825
826
827-@node tsort invocation
828+@node tsort
829 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
830
831 @pindex tsort
3c350007 832@@ -4483,7 +4463,7 @@
876a8767
JB
833 @exitstatus
834
a839fc2f
JB
835
836-@node ptx invocation
837+@node ptx
838 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
839
840 @pindex ptx
3c350007 841@@ -4942,13 +4922,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
842 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
843
844 @menu
845-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
846-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
847-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
848+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
849+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
850+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
851 @end menu
852
853
854-@node cut invocation
855+@node cut
856 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
857
858 @pindex cut
3c350007 859@@ -5047,7 +5027,7 @@
876a8767 860 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
861
862
863-@node paste invocation
864+@node paste
865 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
866
867 @pindex paste
3c350007 868@@ -5117,7 +5097,7 @@
876a8767 869 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
870
871
872-@node join invocation
873+@node join
874 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
875
876 @pindex join
3c350007 877@@ -5260,13 +5240,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
878 This commands operate on individual characters.
879
880 @menu
881-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
882-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
883-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
884+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
885+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
886+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
887 @end menu
888
889
890-@node tr invocation
891+@node tr
892 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
893
894 @pindex tr
3c350007 895@@ -5644,7 +5624,7 @@
c2be74f0 896 @end itemize
a839fc2f
JB
897
898
899-@node expand invocation
900+@node expand
901 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
902
903 @pindex expand
3c350007 904@@ -5697,7 +5677,7 @@
876a8767 905 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
906
907
908-@node unexpand invocation
909+@node unexpand
910 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
911
912 @pindex unexpand
3c350007 913@@ -5758,14 +5738,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
914 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
915
916 @menu
917-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
918-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
919-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
920-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
921+* ls:: List directory contents.
922+* dir:: Briefly ls.
923+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
924+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
925 @end menu
926
927
928-@node ls invocation
929+@node ls
930 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
931
932 @pindex ls
3c350007 933@@ -6570,7 +6550,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
934 @item +@var{format}
935 @vindex LC_TIME
936 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
937-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
938+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 939 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
940 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
941 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
3c350007 942@@ -6762,7 +6742,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
943 @end table
944
945
946-@node dir invocation
947+@node dir
948 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
949
950 @pindex dir
3c350007 951@@ -6772,10 +6752,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
952 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
953 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
954
955-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
956+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
957
958
959-@node vdir invocation
960+@node vdir
961 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
962
963 @pindex vdir
3c350007 964@@ -6785,7 +6765,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
965 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
966 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
967
968-@node dircolors invocation
969+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 970 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
971
972 @pindex dircolors
3c350007 973@@ -6863,16 +6843,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
974 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
975
976 @menu
977-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
978-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
979-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
980-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
981-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
982-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
983+* cp:: Copy files.
984+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
985+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
986+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
987+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
988+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
989 @end menu
990
991
992-@node cp invocation
993+@node cp
994 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
995
996 @pindex cp
3c350007 997@@ -7251,7 +7231,7 @@
876a8767 998 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
999
1000
1001-@node dd invocation
1002+@node dd
1003 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1004
1005 @pindex dd
3c350007 1006@@ -7580,7 +7560,7 @@
876a8767 1007 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1008
1009
1010-@node install invocation
1011+@node install
1012 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1013
1014 @pindex install
3c350007 1015@@ -7726,7 +7706,7 @@
876a8767 1016 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1017
1018
1019-@node mv invocation
1020+@node mv
1021 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1022
1023 @pindex mv
3c350007 1024@@ -7847,7 +7827,7 @@
876a8767 1025 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1026
1027
1028-@node rm invocation
1029+@node rm
1030 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1031
1032 @pindex rm
3c350007 1033@@ -8001,7 +7981,7 @@
876a8767 1034 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1035
1036
1037-@node shred invocation
1038+@node shred
1039 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1040
1041 @pindex shred
3c350007 1042@@ -8011,7 +7991,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1043 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1044 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1045
1046-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1047+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1048 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1049 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1050 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
3c350007 1051@@ -8243,18 +8223,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1052 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1053
1054 @menu
1055-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1056-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1057-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1058-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1059-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 1060-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f
JB
1061-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1062-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
3c350007 1063+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall.
a839fc2f
JB
1064+* ln:: Make links between files.
1065+* mkdir:: Make directories.
1066+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1067+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 1068+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f 1069+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
fbb5b105 1070+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
a839fc2f
JB
1071 @end menu
1072
1073
1074-@node link invocation
1075+@node link
1076 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1077
1078 @pindex link
3c350007 1079@@ -8267,7 +8247,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1080 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1081 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1082 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1083-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1084+@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1085 Synopsis:
1086
1087 @example
3c350007 1088@@ -8288,7 +8268,7 @@
876a8767
JB
1089 @exitstatus
1090
a839fc2f
JB
1091
1092-@node ln invocation
1093+@node ln
1094 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1095
1096 @pindex ln
3c350007 1097@@ -8460,7 +8440,7 @@
c2be74f0 1098 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1099
1100
1101-@node mkdir invocation
1102+@node mkdir
1103 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1104
1105 @pindex mkdir
3c350007 1106@@ -8530,7 +8510,7 @@
876a8767 1107 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1108
1109
1110-@node mkfifo invocation
1111+@node mkfifo
1112 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1113
1114 @pindex mkfifo
3c350007 1115@@ -8569,7 +8549,7 @@
876a8767 1116 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1117
1118
1119-@node mknod invocation
1120+@node mknod
1121 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1122
1123 @pindex mknod
3c350007 1124@@ -8641,7 +8621,7 @@
876a8767 1125 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1126
1127
fbb5b105
JB
1128-@node readlink invocation
1129+@node readlink
1130 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
1131
1132 @pindex readlink
3c350007 1133@@ -8728,7 +8708,7 @@
876a8767 1134 @exitstatus
fbb5b105
JB
1135
1136
a839fc2f
JB
1137-@node rmdir invocation
1138+@node rmdir
1139 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1140
1141 @pindex rmdir
3c350007 1142@@ -8776,12 +8756,12 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1143
1144 @end table
1145
1146-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1147+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1148
876a8767
JB
1149 @exitstatus
1150
1151
a839fc2f
JB
1152-@node unlink invocation
1153+@node unlink
1154 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1155
1156 @pindex unlink
3c350007 1157@@ -8792,7 +8772,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1158 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1159 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1160 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1161-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1162+@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1163
1164 @example
1165 unlink @var{filename}
3c350007 1166@@ -8826,14 +8806,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1167 These commands change file attributes.
1168
1169 @menu
1170-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1171-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1172-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1173-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1174+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1175+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1176+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1177+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1178 @end menu
1179
1180
1181-@node chown invocation
1182+@node chown
1183 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1184
1185 @pindex chown
3c350007 1186@@ -9050,7 +9030,7 @@
c2be74f0 1187 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1188
1189
1190-@node chgrp invocation
1191+@node chgrp
1192 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1193
1194 @pindex chgrp
3c350007 1195@@ -9172,7 +9152,7 @@
c2be74f0 1196 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1197
1198
1199-@node chmod invocation
1200+@node chmod
1201 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1202
1203 @pindex chmod
3c350007 1204@@ -9271,7 +9251,7 @@
876a8767 1205 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1206
1207
1208-@node touch invocation
1209+@node touch
1210 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1211
1212 @pindex touch
3c350007 1213@@ -9421,14 +9401,14 @@
c2be74f0 1214 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
a839fc2f
JB
1215
1216 @menu
c2be74f0 1217-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1218-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1219-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f 1220-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
c2be74f0 1221+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
a839fc2f 1222+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
c2be74f0 1223+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
a839fc2f
JB
1224+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1225 @end menu
1226
1227
1228-@node df invocation
1229+@node df
c2be74f0 1230 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
a839fc2f
JB
1231
1232 @pindex df
3c350007 1233@@ -9633,7 +9613,7 @@
c2be74f0 1234 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
a839fc2f
JB
1235
1236
1237-@node du invocation
1238+@node du
1239 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1240
1241 @pindex du
3c350007 1242@@ -9842,7 +9822,7 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1243 @item +@var{format}
1244 @vindex LC_TIME
1245 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1246-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1247+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1248 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1249 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1250 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
3c350007 1251@@ -9910,7 +9890,7 @@
876a8767 1252 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1253
1254
1255-@node stat invocation
1256+@node stat
c2be74f0 1257 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
a839fc2f
JB
1258
1259 @pindex stat
3c350007 1260@@ -10044,7 +10024,7 @@
876a8767 1261 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1262
1263
1264-@node sync invocation
1265+@node sync
1266 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1267
1268 @pindex sync
3c350007 1269@@ -10080,13 +10060,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1270 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1271
1272 @menu
1273-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1274-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1275-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1276+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1277+* printf:: Format and print data.
1278+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1279 @end menu
1280
1281
1282-@node echo invocation
1283+@node echo
1284 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1285
1286 @pindex echo
3c350007 1287@@ -10169,12 +10149,12 @@
c2be74f0
JB
1288 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1289 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1290 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1291-backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1292+backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1293
876a8767 1294 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1295
1296
1297-@node printf invocation
1298+@node printf
1299 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1300
1301 @pindex printf
3c350007 1302@@ -10317,7 +10297,7 @@
876a8767 1303 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1304
1305
1306-@node yes invocation
1307+@node yes
1308 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1309
1310 @pindex yes
3c350007 1311@@ -10348,14 +10328,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1312 pipeline.
1313
1314 @menu
1315-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1316-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1317-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1318-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1319+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1320+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1321+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1322+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1323 @end menu
1324
1325
1326-@node false invocation
1327+@node false
1328 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1329
1330 @pindex false
3c350007 1331@@ -10385,7 +10365,7 @@
c2be74f0 1332 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
a839fc2f
JB
1333
1334
1335-@node true invocation
1336+@node true
1337 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1338
1339 @pindex true
3c350007 1340@@ -10421,7 +10401,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1341 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1342 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1343
1344-@node test invocation
1345+@node test
1346 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1347
1348 @pindex test
3c350007 1349@@ -10752,7 +10732,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1350 @end table
1351
1352
1353-@node expr invocation
1354+@node expr
1355 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1356
1357 @pindex expr
3c350007 1358@@ -11025,11 +11005,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1359 it's described here.
1360
1361 @menu
3c350007
JB
1362-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1363+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
a839fc2f
JB
1364 @end menu
1365
1366
1367-@node tee invocation
1368+@node tee
3c350007 1369 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
a839fc2f
JB
1370
1371 @pindex tee
3c350007 1372@@ -11190,13 +11170,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1373 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1374
1375 @menu
1376-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1377-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1378-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1379+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1380+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1381+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1382 @end menu
1383
1384
1385-@node basename invocation
1386+@node basename
fbb5b105 1387 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1388
1389 @pindex basename
3c350007 1390@@ -11250,7 +11230,7 @@
c2be74f0 1391 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1392
1393
1394-@node dirname invocation
1395+@node dirname
1396 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1397
1398 @pindex dirname
3c350007 1399@@ -11291,7 +11271,7 @@
c2be74f0 1400 @end smallexample
a839fc2f
JB
1401
1402
1403-@node pathchk invocation
1404+@node pathchk
1405 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1406
1407 @pindex pathchk
3c350007 1408@@ -11379,14 +11359,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1409 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1410
1411 @menu
1412-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1413-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1414-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1415-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1416+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1417+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1418+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1419+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1420 @end menu
1421
1422
1423-@node pwd invocation
1424+@node pwd
1425 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1426
1427 @pindex pwd
3c350007 1428@@ -11411,7 +11391,7 @@
876a8767 1429 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1430
1431
1432-@node stty invocation
1433+@node stty
1434 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1435
1436 @pindex stty
3c350007 1437@@ -12070,7 +12050,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1438 @end table
1439
1440
1441-@node printenv invocation
1442+@node printenv
1443 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1444
1445 @pindex printenv
3c350007 1446@@ -12100,7 +12080,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1447 @end display
1448
1449
1450-@node tty invocation
1451+@node tty
1452 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1453
1454 @pindex tty
3c350007 1455@@ -12150,16 +12130,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1456 logins, groups, and so forth.
1457
1458 @menu
c2be74f0 1459-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1460-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1461-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1462-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1463-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1464-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
c2be74f0 1465+* id:: Print user identity.
a839fc2f 1466+* logname:: Print current login name.
c2be74f0 1467+* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
fc53c102 1468+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
a839fc2f
JB
1469+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1470+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1471 @end menu
1472
1473
1474-@node id invocation
1475+@node id
c2be74f0 1476 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
a839fc2f
JB
1477
1478 @pindex id
3c350007 1479@@ -12222,7 +12202,7 @@
876a8767 1480 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1481
1482
1483-@node logname invocation
1484+@node logname
1485 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1486
1487 @pindex logname
3c350007 1488@@ -12243,7 +12223,7 @@
876a8767 1489 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1490
1491
1492-@node whoami invocation
1493+@node whoami
c2be74f0 1494 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
a839fc2f
JB
1495
1496 @pindex whoami
3c350007 1497@@ -12259,7 +12239,7 @@
876a8767 1498 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1499
1500
1501-@node groups invocation
fc53c102
JB
1502+@node groups
1503 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1504
1505 @pindex groups
3c350007 1506@@ -12284,7 +12264,7 @@
876a8767 1507 @exitstatus
fc53c102
JB
1508
1509
a839fc2f
JB
1510-@node users invocation
1511+@node users
1512 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1513
1514 @pindex users
3c350007 1515@@ -12315,7 +12295,7 @@
876a8767 1516 @exitstatus
a839fc2f
JB
1517
1518
1519-@node who invocation
1520+@node who
1521 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1522
1523 @pindex who
3c350007 1524@@ -12462,15 +12442,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1525 information.
1526
1527 @menu
3c350007 1528-* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
a839fc2f
JB
1529-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1530-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1531-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1532-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
3c350007 1533+* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
a839fc2f
JB
1534+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1535+* uname:: Print system information.
1536+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1537 @end menu
1538
1539
1540-@node date invocation
1541+@node date
1542 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1543
1544 @pindex date
3c350007 1545@@ -13098,7 +13077,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1546 @end itemize
1547
1548
3c350007
JB
1549-@node arch invocation
1550+@node arch
1551 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1552
1553 @pindex arch
1554@@ -13118,7 +13097,7 @@
1555 @exitstatus
1556
1557
a839fc2f
JB
1558-@node uname invocation
1559+@node uname
1560 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1561
1562 @pindex uname
3c350007 1563@@ -13247,31 +13226,7 @@
876a8767 1564 @exitstatus
a839fc2f 1565
a839fc2f
JB
1566
1567-@node hostname invocation
1568-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1569-
1570-@pindex hostname
1571-@cindex setting the hostname
1572-@cindex printing the hostname
1573-@cindex system name, printing
1574-@cindex appropriate privileges
1575-
1576-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1577-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1578-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
c2be74f0 1579-name. Synopsis:
a839fc2f
JB
1580-
1581-@example
1582-hostname [@var{name}]
1583-@end example
1584-
1585-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1586-options}.
1587-
876a8767
JB
1588-@exitstatus
1589-
a839fc2f
JB
1590-
1591-@node hostid invocation
1592+@node hostid
1593 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1594
1595 @pindex hostid
3c350007 1596@@ -13308,15 +13263,15 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1597 user, etc.
1598
1599 @menu
1600-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1601-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1602-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1603-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
c2be74f0 1604-* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1605+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1606+* env:: Modify environment variables.
c2be74f0 1607+* nice:: Modify niceness.
a839fc2f 1608+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
c2be74f0 1609+* su:: Modify user and group ID.
a839fc2f
JB
1610 @end menu
1611
1612
1613-@node chroot invocation
1614+@node chroot
1615 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1616
1617 @pindex chroot
3c350007 1618@@ -13387,7 +13342,7 @@
876a8767 1619 @end display
a839fc2f
JB
1620
1621
1622-@node env invocation
1623+@node env
1624 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1625
1626 @pindex env
3c350007 1627@@ -13465,7 +13420,7 @@
876a8767 1628 @end display
a839fc2f
JB
1629
1630
1631-@node nice invocation
1632+@node nice
c2be74f0 1633 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
a839fc2f
JB
1634
1635 @pindex nice
3c350007 1636@@ -13590,7 +13545,7 @@
876a8767 1637 @end example
a839fc2f
JB
1638
1639
1640-@node nohup invocation
1641+@node nohup
1642 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1643
1644 @pindex nohup
3c350007 1645@@ -13659,7 +13614,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1646 @end display
1647
1648
1649-@node su invocation
1650+@node su
c2be74f0 1651 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
a839fc2f
JB
1652
1653 @pindex su
3c350007 1654@@ -13816,167 +13771,6 @@
fbb5b105 1655 might find this idea strange at first.
a839fc2f
JB
1656
1657
1658-@node Process control
1659-@chapter Process control
1660-
1661-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1662-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1663-
1664-@menu
1665-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1666-@end menu
1667-
1668-
1669-@node kill invocation
1670-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1671-
1672-@pindex kill
1673-@cindex send a signal to processes
1674-
1675-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1676-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1677-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1678-
1679-@example
1680-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1681-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1682-@end example
1683-
1684-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1685-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1686-is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1687-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1688-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1689-
1690-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
c2be74f0 1691-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
a839fc2f 1692-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
c2be74f0
JB
1693-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1694-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
a839fc2f
JB
1695-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1696-value of @var{pid}.
1697-
1698-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1699-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1700-is sent.
1701-
c2be74f0
JB
1702-If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it
1703-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1704-@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1705--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
a839fc2f
JB
1706-
1707-@example
1708-kill -15 -1
1709-kill -TERM -1
c2be74f0 1710-kill -s TERM -- -1
a839fc2f
JB
1711-kill -- -1
1712-@end example
1713-
1714-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1715-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1716-
1717-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1718-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1719-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1720-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1721-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1722-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1723-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1724-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1725-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1726-and if there is no output error.
1727-
1728-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1729-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1730-
1731-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1732-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1733-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1734-@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1735-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1736-ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1737-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1738-
1739-@table @samp
1740-@item HUP
1741-1. Hangup.
1742-@item INT
1743-2. Terminal interrupt.
1744-@item QUIT
1745-3. Terminal quit.
1746-@item ABRT
1747-6. Process abort.
1748-@item KILL
1749-9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1750-@item ALRM
1751-14. Alarm Clock.
1752-@item TERM
1753-15. Termination.
1754-@end table
1755-
1756-@noindent
1757-Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1758-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1759-support the following signals:
1760-
1761-@table @samp
1762-@item BUS
1763-Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1764-@item CHLD
1765-Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1766-@item CONT
1767-Continue executing, if stopped.
1768-@item FPE
1769-Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1770-@item ILL
1771-Illegal Instruction.
1772-@item PIPE
1773-Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1774-@item SEGV
1775-Invalid memory reference.
1776-@item STOP
1777-Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1778-@item TSTP
1779-Terminal stop.
1780-@item TTIN
1781-Background process attempting read.
1782-@item TTOU
1783-Background process attempting write.
1784-@item URG
1785-High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1786-@item USR1
1787-User-defined signal 1.
1788-@item USR2
1789-User-defined signal 2.
1790-@end table
1791-
1792-@noindent
1793-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1794-also support the following signals:
1795-
1796-@table @samp
1797-@item POLL
1798-Pollable event.
1799-@item PROF
1800-Profiling timer expired.
1801-@item SYS
1802-Bad system call.
1803-@item TRAP
1804-Trace/breakpoint trap.
1805-@item VTALRM
1806-Virtual timer expired.
1807-@item XCPU
1808-CPU time limit exceeded.
1809-@item XFSZ
1810-File size limit exceeded.
1811-@end table
1812-
1813-@noindent
1814-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1815-also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1816-@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1817-
1818-
1819 @node Delaying
1820 @chapter Delaying
1821
3c350007 1822@@ -13986,11 +13780,11 @@
fbb5b105 1823 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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1824
1825 @menu
1826-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1827+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1828 @end menu
1829
1830
1831-@node sleep invocation
1832+@node sleep
1833 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1834
1835 @pindex sleep
3c350007 1836@@ -14038,12 +13832,12 @@
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1837 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1838
1839 @menu
1840-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1841-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1842+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1843+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1844 @end menu
1845
1846
1847-@node factor invocation
1848+@node factor
1849 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1850
1851 @pindex factor
3c350007 1852@@ -14092,7 +13886,7 @@
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1853 @exitstatus
1854
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1855
1856-@node seq invocation
1857+@node seq
1858 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1859
1860 @pindex seq
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