1 --- coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2006-09-26 21:17:33.000000000 +0200
2 +++ coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi 2006-10-10 20:11:23.333708500 +0200
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
16 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
17 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
18 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
19 -@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME.
21 -@dircategory Individual utilities
23 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
24 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
25 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
26 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
27 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
28 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
29 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
30 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
31 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
32 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
33 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
34 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
35 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
36 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
37 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
38 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
39 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
40 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
41 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
42 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
43 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
44 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
45 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
46 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
47 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
48 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
49 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
50 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
51 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
52 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
53 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
54 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
55 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
56 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
57 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
58 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
59 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
60 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
61 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
62 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
63 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
64 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
65 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
66 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
67 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
68 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
69 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
70 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
71 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
72 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
73 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
74 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
75 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
76 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
77 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
78 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
79 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
80 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
81 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
82 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
83 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
84 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
85 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
86 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
87 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
88 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
89 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
90 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
91 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
92 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
93 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
94 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
95 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
96 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
97 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
98 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
99 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
100 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
101 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
102 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
103 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
104 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
105 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
106 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
107 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
108 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
109 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
110 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
111 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
112 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
113 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
114 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
115 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
116 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
117 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
118 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
119 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
120 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
121 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
122 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
123 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
124 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
125 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
126 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
127 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
128 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
129 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
130 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
131 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
132 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
133 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
134 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
135 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
136 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
137 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
138 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
139 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
140 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
141 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
142 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
143 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
144 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
145 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
146 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
147 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
148 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
149 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
150 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
151 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
152 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
153 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
154 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
155 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
156 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
157 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
158 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
159 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc
160 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
161 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
162 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
163 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
164 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
165 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
166 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
167 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
168 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
169 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
170 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
171 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
172 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2. Print or check SHA-2 digests
173 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
174 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
175 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
176 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
177 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
178 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
179 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
180 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
181 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
182 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
183 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
184 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
185 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
186 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
187 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
188 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
189 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
190 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
191 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
192 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
193 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
194 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
195 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
196 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
197 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
198 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
199 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
200 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
201 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
206 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
207 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
208 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
209 -* System context:: date uname hostname hostid
210 +* System context:: date uname hostid
211 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
212 -* Process control:: kill
214 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
215 * File permissions:: Access modes.
216 @@ -217,42 +202,42 @@
218 Output of entire files
220 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
221 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
222 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
223 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
224 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
225 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
226 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
227 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
228 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
229 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
231 Formatting file contents
233 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
234 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
235 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
236 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
237 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
238 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
240 Output of parts of files
242 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
243 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
244 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
245 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
246 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
247 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
248 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
249 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
253 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
254 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
255 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
256 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
257 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
258 -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
259 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
260 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
261 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
262 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
263 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
264 +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
266 Operating on sorted files
268 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
269 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
270 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
271 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
272 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
273 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
274 +* sort:: Sort text files.
275 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
276 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
277 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
278 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
279 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
281 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
283 @@ -264,15 +249,15 @@
285 Operating on fields within a line
287 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
288 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
289 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
290 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
291 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
292 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
294 Operating on characters
296 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
297 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
298 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
299 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
300 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
301 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
303 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
305 @@ -282,10 +267,10 @@
309 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
310 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
311 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
312 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
313 +* ls:: List directory contents
314 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
315 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
316 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
318 @command{ls}: List directory contents
320 @@ -298,50 +283,50 @@
324 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
325 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
326 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
327 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
328 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
329 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
330 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
331 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
332 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
333 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
334 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
335 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
339 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
340 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
341 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
342 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
343 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
344 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
345 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
346 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
347 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
348 +* ln:: Make links between files
349 +* mkdir:: Make directories
350 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
351 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
352 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
353 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
354 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
356 Changing file attributes
358 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
359 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
360 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
361 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
362 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
363 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
364 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
365 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
369 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
370 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
371 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
372 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
373 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
374 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
375 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
376 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
380 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
381 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
382 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
383 +* echo:: Print a line of text
384 +* printf:: Format and print data
385 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
389 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
390 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
391 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
392 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
393 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
394 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
395 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
396 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
398 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
400 @@ -360,20 +345,20 @@
404 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
405 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
407 File name manipulation
409 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
410 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
411 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
412 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
413 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
414 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability
418 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
419 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
420 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
421 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
422 +* pwd:: Print working directory
423 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
424 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
425 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
427 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
429 @@ -387,19 +372,18 @@
433 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
434 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
435 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
436 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
437 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
438 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
439 +* id:: Print user identity
440 +* logname:: Print current login name
441 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
442 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
443 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
444 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
448 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
449 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
450 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
451 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
452 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
453 +* uname:: Print system information
454 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
456 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
458 @@ -413,24 +397,20 @@
460 Modified command invocation
462 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
463 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
464 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
465 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
466 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
470 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
471 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
472 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
473 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
474 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
475 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
479 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
480 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
484 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
485 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
486 +* factor:: Print prime factors
487 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
491 @@ -1227,14 +1207,14 @@
495 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
496 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
497 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
498 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
499 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
500 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
501 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
502 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
503 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
504 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
507 -@node cat invocation
509 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
512 @@ -1332,7 +1312,7 @@
516 -@node tac invocation
518 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
521 @@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@
527 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
530 @@ -1544,7 +1524,7 @@
536 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
539 @@ -1795,7 +1775,7 @@
543 -@node base64 invocation
545 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data.
548 @@ -1861,13 +1841,13 @@
549 These commands reformat the contents of files.
552 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
553 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
554 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
555 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
556 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
557 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
561 -@node fmt invocation
563 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
566 @@ -1966,7 +1946,7 @@
572 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
575 @@ -2108,7 +2088,7 @@
577 @cindex formatting times
578 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
579 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
580 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
581 Except for directives, which start with
582 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
583 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
584 @@ -2337,7 +2317,7 @@
588 -@node fold invocation
590 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
593 @@ -2404,13 +2384,13 @@
594 These commands output pieces of the input.
597 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
598 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
599 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
600 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
601 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
602 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
603 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
604 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
607 -@node head invocation
609 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
612 @@ -2487,7 +2467,7 @@
616 -@node tail invocation
618 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
621 @@ -2698,7 +2678,7 @@
625 -@node split invocation
627 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
630 @@ -2779,7 +2759,7 @@
634 -@node csplit invocation
636 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
639 @@ -2919,16 +2899,16 @@
643 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
644 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
645 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
646 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
647 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
648 -* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
649 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
650 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
651 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
652 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
653 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
654 +* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
660 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
663 @@ -3034,7 +3014,7 @@
667 -@node sum invocation
669 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
672 @@ -3085,7 +3065,7 @@
676 -@node cksum invocation
678 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
681 @@ -3119,7 +3099,7 @@
685 -@node md5sum invocation
687 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
690 @@ -3141,8 +3121,8 @@
691 considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce
692 different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which
693 can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes,
694 -consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and
695 -@ref{sha2 utilities}.
696 +consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and
699 If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given
700 @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input.
701 @@ -3236,7 +3216,7 @@
705 -@node sha1sum invocation
707 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
710 @@ -3248,17 +3228,17 @@
712 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
713 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
714 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
715 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
717 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
718 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
719 it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not
720 unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered
721 that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure
722 -SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}.
723 +SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}.
726 -@node sha2 utilities
728 @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests
731 @@ -3288,7 +3268,7 @@
732 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
733 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
734 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
735 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
738 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
739 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
740 @@ -3303,17 +3283,17 @@
741 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
744 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
745 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
746 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
747 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
748 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
749 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
750 +* sort:: Sort text files.
751 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
752 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
753 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
754 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
755 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
756 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
760 -@node sort invocation
762 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
765 @@ -3555,7 +3535,7 @@
766 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
767 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
768 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
769 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
770 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
771 except that keys with the same value sort together.
773 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
774 @@ -3694,7 +3674,7 @@
775 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
776 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
777 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
778 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
779 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
782 @itemx --zero-terminated
783 @@ -3895,7 +3875,7 @@
787 -@node shuf invocation
789 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
792 @@ -4036,7 +4016,7 @@
796 -@node uniq invocation
798 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
801 @@ -4058,7 +4038,7 @@
802 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
803 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
804 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
805 -@xref{sort invocation}.
809 Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the
810 @@ -4179,7 +4159,7 @@
814 -@node comm invocation
816 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
819 @@ -4222,7 +4202,7 @@
820 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
823 -@node tsort invocation
825 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
828 @@ -4376,7 +4356,7 @@
832 -@node ptx invocation
834 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
837 @@ -4835,13 +4815,13 @@
838 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
841 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
842 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
843 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
844 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
845 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
846 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
850 -@node cut invocation
852 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
855 @@ -4940,7 +4920,7 @@
859 -@node paste invocation
861 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
864 @@ -5010,7 +4990,7 @@
868 -@node join invocation
870 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
873 @@ -5153,13 +5133,13 @@
874 This commands operate on individual characters.
877 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
878 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
879 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
880 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
881 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
882 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
888 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
891 @@ -5537,7 +5517,7 @@
895 -@node expand invocation
897 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
900 @@ -5590,7 +5570,7 @@
904 -@node unexpand invocation
906 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
909 @@ -5651,14 +5631,14 @@
910 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
913 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
914 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
915 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
916 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
917 +* ls:: List directory contents.
919 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
920 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
926 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
929 @@ -6456,7 +6436,7 @@
932 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
933 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
934 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
935 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
936 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
937 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
938 @@ -6648,7 +6628,7 @@
942 -@node dir invocation
944 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
947 @@ -6658,10 +6638,10 @@
948 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
949 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
951 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
952 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
955 -@node vdir invocation
957 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
960 @@ -6671,7 +6651,7 @@
961 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
962 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
964 -@node dircolors invocation
966 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
969 @@ -6749,16 +6729,16 @@
970 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
973 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
974 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
975 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
976 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
977 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
978 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
980 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
981 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
982 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
983 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
984 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
990 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
993 @@ -7116,7 +7096,7 @@
999 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1002 @@ -7435,7 +7415,7 @@
1006 -@node install invocation
1008 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1011 @@ -7574,7 +7554,7 @@
1015 -@node mv invocation
1017 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1020 @@ -7695,7 +7675,7 @@
1024 -@node rm invocation
1026 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1029 @@ -7831,7 +7811,7 @@
1033 -@node shred invocation
1035 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1038 @@ -7841,7 +7821,7 @@
1039 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1040 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1042 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1043 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1044 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1045 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1046 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1047 @@ -8073,18 +8053,18 @@
1048 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1051 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1052 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1053 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1054 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1055 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1056 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1057 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1058 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1059 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1060 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1061 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1062 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1063 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1064 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1065 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1066 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
1070 -@node link invocation
1072 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1075 @@ -8097,7 +8077,7 @@
1076 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1077 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1078 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1079 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1080 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1084 @@ -8118,7 +8098,7 @@
1088 -@node ln invocation
1090 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1093 @@ -8290,7 +8270,7 @@
1097 -@node mkdir invocation
1099 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1102 @@ -8352,7 +8332,7 @@
1106 -@node mkfifo invocation
1108 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1111 @@ -8391,7 +8371,7 @@
1115 -@node mknod invocation
1117 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1120 @@ -8463,7 +8443,7 @@
1124 -@node readlink invocation
1126 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
1129 @@ -8550,7 +8530,7 @@
1133 -@node rmdir invocation
1135 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1138 @@ -8598,12 +8578,12 @@
1142 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1143 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1148 -@node unlink invocation
1150 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1153 @@ -8614,7 +8594,7 @@
1154 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1155 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1156 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1157 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1158 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1161 unlink @var{filename}
1162 @@ -8648,14 +8628,14 @@
1163 These commands change file attributes.
1166 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1167 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1168 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1169 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1170 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1171 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1172 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1173 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1177 -@node chown invocation
1179 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1182 @@ -8868,7 +8848,7 @@
1186 -@node chgrp invocation
1188 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1191 @@ -8986,7 +8966,7 @@
1195 -@node chmod invocation
1197 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1200 @@ -9085,7 +9065,7 @@
1204 -@node touch invocation
1206 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1209 @@ -9234,14 +9214,14 @@
1210 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1213 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1214 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1215 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1216 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1217 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1218 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1219 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1220 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1224 -@node df invocation
1226 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1229 @@ -9439,7 +9419,7 @@
1230 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1233 -@node du invocation
1235 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1238 @@ -9654,7 +9634,7 @@
1241 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1242 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1243 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1244 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1245 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1246 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1247 @@ -9722,7 +9702,7 @@
1251 -@node stat invocation
1253 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1256 @@ -9856,7 +9836,7 @@
1260 -@node sync invocation
1262 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1265 @@ -9892,13 +9872,13 @@
1266 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1269 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1270 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1271 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1272 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1273 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1274 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1278 -@node echo invocation
1280 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1283 @@ -9981,12 +9961,12 @@
1284 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1285 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1286 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1287 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1288 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1293 -@node printf invocation
1295 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1298 @@ -10129,7 +10109,7 @@
1302 -@node yes invocation
1304 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1307 @@ -10160,14 +10140,14 @@
1311 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1312 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1313 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1314 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1315 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1316 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1317 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1318 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1322 -@node false invocation
1324 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1327 @@ -10197,7 +10177,7 @@
1328 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1331 -@node true invocation
1333 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1336 @@ -10233,7 +10213,7 @@
1337 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1338 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1340 -@node test invocation
1342 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1345 @@ -10564,7 +10544,7 @@
1349 -@node expr invocation
1351 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1354 @@ -10836,11 +10816,11 @@
1355 it's described here.
1358 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1359 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1363 -@node tee invocation
1365 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1368 @@ -10895,13 +10875,13 @@
1369 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1372 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1373 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1374 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1375 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1376 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1377 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1381 -@node basename invocation
1383 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1386 @@ -10955,7 +10935,7 @@
1390 -@node dirname invocation
1392 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1395 @@ -10996,7 +10976,7 @@
1399 -@node pathchk invocation
1401 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1404 @@ -11084,14 +11064,14 @@
1405 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1408 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1409 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1410 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1411 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1412 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1413 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1414 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1415 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1419 -@node pwd invocation
1421 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1424 @@ -11116,7 +11096,7 @@
1428 -@node stty invocation
1430 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1433 @@ -11775,7 +11755,7 @@
1437 -@node printenv invocation
1439 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1442 @@ -11805,7 +11785,7 @@
1446 -@node tty invocation
1448 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1451 @@ -11855,16 +11835,16 @@
1452 logins, groups, and so forth.
1455 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1456 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1457 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1458 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1459 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1460 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1461 +* id:: Print user identity.
1462 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1463 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1464 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1465 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1466 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1470 -@node id invocation
1472 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1475 @@ -11927,7 +11907,7 @@
1479 -@node logname invocation
1481 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1484 @@ -11948,7 +11928,7 @@
1488 -@node whoami invocation
1490 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1493 @@ -11964,7 +11944,7 @@
1497 -@node groups invocation
1499 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1502 @@ -11989,7 +11969,7 @@
1506 -@node users invocation
1508 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1511 @@ -12020,7 +12000,7 @@
1515 -@node who invocation
1517 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1520 @@ -12167,14 +12147,13 @@
1524 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1525 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1526 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1527 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1528 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1529 +* uname:: Print system information.
1530 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1534 -@node date invocation
1536 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1539 @@ -12799,7 +12778,7 @@
1543 -@node uname invocation
1545 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1548 @@ -12928,31 +12907,7 @@
1552 -@node hostname invocation
1553 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1556 -@cindex setting the hostname
1557 -@cindex printing the hostname
1558 -@cindex system name, printing
1559 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1561 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1562 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1563 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1567 -hostname [@var{name}]
1570 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1576 -@node hostid invocation
1578 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1581 @@ -12989,15 +12944,15 @@
1585 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1586 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1587 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1588 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1589 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1590 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1591 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1592 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1593 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1594 +* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1598 -@node chroot invocation
1600 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1603 @@ -13064,7 +13019,7 @@
1607 -@node env invocation
1609 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1612 @@ -13142,7 +13097,7 @@
1616 -@node nice invocation
1618 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1621 @@ -13267,7 +13222,7 @@
1625 -@node nohup invocation
1627 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1630 @@ -13328,7 +13283,7 @@
1634 -@node su invocation
1636 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1639 @@ -13485,167 +13440,6 @@
1640 might find this idea strange at first.
1643 -@node Process control
1644 -@chapter Process control
1646 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1647 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1650 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1654 -@node kill invocation
1655 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1658 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1660 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1661 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1662 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1665 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1666 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1669 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1670 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1671 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1672 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1673 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1675 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1676 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1677 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1678 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1679 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1680 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1681 -value of @var{pid}.
1683 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1684 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1687 -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it
1688 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1689 -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1690 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1699 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1700 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1702 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1703 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1704 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1705 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1706 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1707 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1708 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1709 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1710 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1711 -and if there is no output error.
1713 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1714 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1716 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1717 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1718 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1719 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1720 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1721 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1722 -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1728 -2. Terminal interrupt.
1734 -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1742 -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1743 -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1744 -support the following signals:
1748 -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1750 -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1752 -Continue executing, if stopped.
1754 -Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1756 -Illegal Instruction.
1758 -Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1760 -Invalid memory reference.
1762 -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1766 -Background process attempting read.
1768 -Background process attempting write.
1770 -High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1772 -User-defined signal 1.
1774 -User-defined signal 2.
1778 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1779 -also support the following signals:
1785 -Profiling timer expired.
1789 -Trace/breakpoint trap.
1791 -Virtual timer expired.
1793 -CPU time limit exceeded.
1795 -File size limit exceeded.
1799 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1800 -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1801 -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1807 @@ -13655,11 +13449,11 @@
1808 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1811 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1812 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1816 -@node sleep invocation
1818 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1821 @@ -13707,12 +13501,12 @@
1822 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1825 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1826 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1827 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1828 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1832 -@node factor invocation
1834 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1837 @@ -13761,7 +13555,7 @@
1841 -@node seq invocation
1843 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences