1 diff -Nur coreutils-5.2.1.orig/doc/coreutils.texi coreutils-5.2.1/doc/coreutils.texi
2 --- coreutils-5.2.1.orig/doc/coreutils.texi Wed Mar 10 18:50:52 2004
3 +++ coreutils-5.2.1/doc/coreutils.texi Thu Mar 18 16:40:26 2004
9 +@dircategory Core utilities:
11 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
12 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 -* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
17 -@dircategory Individual utilities
19 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
20 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
21 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
22 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
23 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
24 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
25 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
26 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
27 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
28 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
29 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
30 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
31 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
32 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
33 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
34 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
35 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
36 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
37 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
38 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
39 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
40 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
41 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
42 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
43 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
44 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
45 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
46 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
47 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
48 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
49 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
50 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
51 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
52 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
53 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
54 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
55 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
56 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
57 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
58 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
59 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
60 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
61 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
62 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
63 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
64 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
65 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
66 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
67 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
68 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
69 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
70 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
71 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
72 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
73 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
74 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
75 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
76 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
77 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
78 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
79 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
80 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
81 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
82 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
83 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
84 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
85 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
86 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
87 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
88 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
89 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
90 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
91 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
92 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
93 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
94 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
95 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
96 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
97 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
98 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
99 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
100 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
101 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
102 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
103 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
104 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
105 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
106 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
107 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
108 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
109 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
110 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
111 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
112 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
113 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
114 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
115 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
116 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
117 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
118 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
119 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage
120 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
121 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
122 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
123 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
124 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
125 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
126 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
127 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
128 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
129 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
130 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
131 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
132 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
133 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
134 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
135 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid
136 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
137 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
138 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
139 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
140 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
141 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
142 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests
143 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
144 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
145 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
146 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
147 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority
148 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
149 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
150 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
151 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
152 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
153 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
154 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
155 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
156 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
157 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
158 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
159 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
160 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
161 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
162 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
163 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
164 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
165 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
166 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
167 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
168 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id
169 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
170 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
171 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
172 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
173 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
174 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
175 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
176 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
177 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
178 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
179 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
180 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
181 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
182 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
183 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
184 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
185 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
186 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
187 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
188 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id
189 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
195 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
196 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
197 -* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
198 -* System context:: date uname hostname
199 +* User information:: id logname whoami users who
200 +* System context:: date uname
201 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
202 -* Process control:: kill
204 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
205 * File permissions:: Access modes.
206 @@ -207,38 +197,38 @@
208 Output of entire files
210 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
211 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
212 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
213 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
214 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
215 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
216 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
217 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
219 Formatting file contents
221 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
222 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
223 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
224 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
225 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
226 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
228 Output of parts of files
230 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
231 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
232 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
233 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
234 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
235 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
236 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
237 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
241 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
242 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
243 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
244 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
245 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
246 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
247 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
248 +* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
250 Operating on sorted files
252 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
253 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
254 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
255 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
256 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
257 +* sort:: Sort text files.
258 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
259 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
260 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
261 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
263 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
265 @@ -250,15 +240,15 @@
267 Operating on fields within a line
269 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
270 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
271 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
272 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
273 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
274 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
276 Operating on characters
278 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
279 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
280 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
281 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
282 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
283 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
285 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
287 @@ -269,10 +259,10 @@
291 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
292 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
293 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
294 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
295 +* ls:: List directory contents
296 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
297 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
298 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
300 @command{ls}: List directory contents
302 @@ -285,50 +275,50 @@
306 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
307 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
308 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
309 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
310 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
311 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
312 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
313 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
314 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
315 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
316 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
317 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
321 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
322 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
323 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
324 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
325 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
326 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
327 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
328 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
329 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
330 +* ln:: Make links between files
331 +* mkdir:: Make directories
332 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
333 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
334 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
335 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
336 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
338 Changing file attributes
340 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
341 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
342 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
343 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
344 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
345 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
346 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
347 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
351 -* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
352 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
353 -* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
354 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
355 +* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
356 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
357 +* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
358 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
362 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
363 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
364 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
365 +* echo:: Print a line of text
366 +* printf:: Format and print data
367 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
371 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
372 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
373 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
374 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
375 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
376 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
377 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
378 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
380 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
382 @@ -347,20 +337,20 @@
386 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
387 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
389 File name manipulation
391 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
392 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
393 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
394 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
395 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
396 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability
400 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
401 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
402 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
403 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
404 +* pwd:: Print working directory
405 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
406 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
407 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
409 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
411 @@ -374,19 +364,18 @@
415 -* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
416 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
417 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
418 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
419 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
420 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
421 +* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
422 +* logname:: Print current login name
423 +* whoami:: Print effective user id
424 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
425 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
426 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
430 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
431 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
432 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
433 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
434 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
435 +* uname:: Print system information
436 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
438 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
440 @@ -400,24 +389,20 @@
442 Modified command invocation
444 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
445 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
446 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
447 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
448 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
452 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
453 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
454 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
455 +* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
456 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
457 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
461 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
462 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
466 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
467 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
468 +* factor:: Print prime factors
469 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
473 @@ -1099,13 +1084,13 @@
477 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
478 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
479 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
480 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
481 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
482 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
483 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
484 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
487 -@node cat invocation
489 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
492 @@ -1213,7 +1198,7 @@
496 -@node tac invocation
498 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
501 @@ -1262,7 +1247,7 @@
507 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
510 @@ -1425,7 +1410,7 @@
516 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
519 @@ -1682,13 +1667,13 @@
520 These commands reformat the contents of files.
523 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
524 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
525 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
526 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
527 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
528 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
532 -@node fmt invocation
534 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
537 @@ -1786,7 +1771,7 @@
543 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
546 @@ -1928,7 +1913,7 @@
548 @cindex formatting times
549 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
550 -for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
551 +for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
552 Except for directives, which start with
553 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
554 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
555 @@ -2157,7 +2142,7 @@
559 -@node fold invocation
561 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
564 @@ -2225,13 +2210,13 @@
565 These commands output pieces of the input.
568 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
569 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
570 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
571 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
572 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
573 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
574 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
575 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
578 -@node head invocation
580 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
583 @@ -2303,7 +2288,7 @@
587 -@node tail invocation
589 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
592 @@ -2483,7 +2468,7 @@
596 -@node split invocation
598 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
601 @@ -2565,7 +2550,7 @@
605 -@node csplit invocation
607 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
610 @@ -2705,14 +2690,14 @@
614 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
615 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
616 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
617 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
618 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
619 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
620 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
621 +* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
627 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
630 @@ -2796,7 +2781,7 @@
634 -@node sum invocation
636 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
639 @@ -2847,7 +2832,7 @@
643 -@node cksum invocation
645 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
648 @@ -2881,7 +2866,7 @@
652 -@node md5sum invocation
654 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
657 @@ -2988,16 +2973,16 @@
658 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
661 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
662 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
663 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
664 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
665 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
666 +* sort:: Sort text files.
667 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
668 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
669 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
670 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
671 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
675 -@node sort invocation
677 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
680 @@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@
684 -@node uniq invocation
686 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
689 @@ -3618,7 +3603,7 @@
693 -@node comm invocation
695 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
698 @@ -3661,7 +3646,7 @@
699 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
702 -@node tsort invocation
704 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
707 @@ -3815,7 +3800,7 @@
711 -@node ptx invocation
713 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
716 @@ -4284,13 +4269,13 @@
717 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
720 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
721 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
722 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
723 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
724 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
725 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
729 -@node cut invocation
731 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
734 @@ -4380,7 +4365,7 @@
738 -@node paste invocation
740 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
743 @@ -4450,7 +4435,7 @@
747 -@node join invocation
749 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
752 @@ -4580,13 +4565,13 @@
753 This commands operate on individual characters.
756 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
757 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
758 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
759 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
760 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
761 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
767 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
770 @@ -4972,7 +4957,7 @@
771 Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
774 -@node expand invocation
776 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
779 @@ -5027,7 +5012,7 @@
783 -@node unexpand invocation
785 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
788 @@ -5088,14 +5073,14 @@
789 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
792 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
793 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
794 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
795 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
796 +* ls:: List directory contents.
798 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
799 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
805 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
808 @@ -5784,7 +5769,7 @@
811 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
812 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
813 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
814 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
815 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
816 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
817 @@ -5968,7 +5953,7 @@
821 -@node dir invocation
823 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
826 @@ -5978,10 +5963,10 @@
827 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
828 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
830 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
831 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
834 -@node vdir invocation
836 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
839 @@ -5991,7 +5976,7 @@
840 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
841 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
843 -@node dircolors invocation
845 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
848 @@ -6069,16 +6054,16 @@
849 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
852 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
853 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
854 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
855 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
856 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
857 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
859 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
860 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
861 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
862 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
863 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
869 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
872 @@ -6407,7 +6392,7 @@
878 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
881 @@ -6580,7 +6565,7 @@
885 -@node install invocation
887 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
890 @@ -6699,7 +6684,7 @@
896 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
899 @@ -6801,7 +6786,7 @@
905 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
908 @@ -6916,7 +6901,7 @@
912 -@node shred invocation
914 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
917 @@ -6926,7 +6911,7 @@
918 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
919 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
921 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
922 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
923 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
924 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
925 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
926 @@ -7149,18 +7134,18 @@
927 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
930 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
931 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
932 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
933 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
934 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
935 -* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
936 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
937 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
938 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
939 +* ln:: Make links between files.
940 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
941 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
942 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
943 +* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
944 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
945 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
949 -@node link invocation
951 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
954 @@ -7186,7 +7171,7 @@
960 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
963 @@ -7327,7 +7312,7 @@
967 -@node mkdir invocation
969 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
972 @@ -7383,7 +7368,7 @@
976 -@node mkfifo invocation
978 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
981 @@ -7421,7 +7406,7 @@
985 -@node mknod invocation
987 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
990 @@ -7492,7 +7477,7 @@
994 -@node readlink invocation
996 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
999 @@ -7562,7 +7547,7 @@
1003 -@node rmdir invocation
1005 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1008 @@ -7610,12 +7595,12 @@
1012 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1013 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1018 -@node unlink invocation
1020 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1023 @@ -7660,14 +7645,14 @@
1024 These commands change file attributes.
1027 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1028 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1029 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1030 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1031 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1032 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1033 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1034 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1038 -@node chown invocation
1040 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1043 @@ -7864,7 +7849,7 @@
1047 -@node chgrp invocation
1049 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1052 @@ -7972,7 +7957,7 @@
1056 -@node chmod invocation
1058 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1061 @@ -8057,7 +8042,7 @@
1065 -@node touch invocation
1067 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1070 @@ -8184,14 +8169,14 @@
1071 or some such command.)
1074 -* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1075 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1076 -* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
1077 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1078 +* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1079 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1080 +* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
1081 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1085 -@node df invocation
1087 @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
1090 @@ -8387,7 +8372,7 @@
1094 -@node du invocation
1096 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1099 @@ -8578,7 +8563,7 @@
1103 -@node stat invocation
1105 @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
1108 @@ -8679,7 +8664,7 @@
1112 -@node sync invocation
1114 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1117 @@ -8714,13 +8699,13 @@
1118 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1121 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1122 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1123 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1124 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1125 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1126 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1130 -@node echo invocation
1132 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1135 @@ -8778,7 +8763,7 @@
1139 -@node printf invocation
1141 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1144 @@ -8875,7 +8860,7 @@
1148 -@node yes invocation
1150 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1153 @@ -8904,14 +8889,14 @@
1157 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1158 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1159 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1160 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1161 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1162 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1163 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1164 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1168 -@node false invocation
1170 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1173 @@ -8937,7 +8922,7 @@
1174 @option{--help} or @option{--version}.
1177 -@node true invocation
1179 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1182 @@ -8976,7 +8961,7 @@
1183 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1184 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1186 -@node test invocation
1188 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1191 @@ -9287,7 +9272,7 @@
1195 -@node expr invocation
1197 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1200 @@ -9553,11 +9538,11 @@
1201 it's described here.
1204 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1205 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1209 -@node tee invocation
1211 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1214 @@ -9608,13 +9593,13 @@
1215 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1218 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1219 -* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1220 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1221 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1222 +* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1223 +* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1227 -@node basename invocation
1229 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1232 @@ -9641,7 +9626,7 @@
1236 -@node dirname invocation
1238 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1241 @@ -9665,7 +9650,7 @@
1245 -@node pathchk invocation
1247 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1250 @@ -9729,14 +9714,14 @@
1251 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1254 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1255 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1256 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1257 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1258 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1259 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1260 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1261 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1265 -@node pwd invocation
1267 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1270 @@ -9761,7 +9746,7 @@
1274 -@node stty invocation
1276 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1279 @@ -10409,7 +10394,7 @@
1283 -@node printenv invocation
1285 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1288 @@ -10439,7 +10424,7 @@
1292 -@node tty invocation
1294 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1297 @@ -10489,16 +10474,16 @@
1298 logins, groups, and so forth.
1301 -* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1302 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1303 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
1304 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1305 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1306 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1307 +* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1308 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1309 +* whoami:: Print effective user id.
1310 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1311 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1312 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1316 -@node id invocation
1318 @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
1321 @@ -10561,7 +10546,7 @@
1325 -@node logname invocation
1327 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1330 @@ -10583,7 +10568,7 @@
1334 -@node whoami invocation
1336 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
1339 @@ -10599,7 +10584,7 @@
1343 -@node groups invocation
1345 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1348 @@ -10623,7 +10608,7 @@
1352 -@node users invocation
1354 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1357 @@ -10653,7 +10638,7 @@
1361 -@node who invocation
1363 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1366 @@ -10804,14 +10789,13 @@
1370 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1371 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1372 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1373 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1374 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1375 +* uname:: Print system information.
1376 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1380 -@node date invocation
1382 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1385 @@ -11323,7 +11307,7 @@
1389 -@node uname invocation
1391 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1394 @@ -11446,31 +11430,7 @@
1398 -@node hostname invocation
1399 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1402 -@cindex setting the hostname
1403 -@cindex printing the hostname
1404 -@cindex system name, printing
1405 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1407 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1408 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1409 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1413 -hostname [@var{name}]
1416 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1422 -@node hostid invocation
1424 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1427 @@ -11507,15 +11467,15 @@
1431 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1432 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1433 -* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
1434 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1435 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
1436 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1437 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1438 +* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
1439 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1440 +* su:: Modify user and group id.
1444 -@node chroot invocation
1446 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1449 @@ -11580,7 +11540,7 @@
1453 -@node env invocation
1455 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1458 @@ -11645,7 +11605,7 @@
1462 -@node nice invocation
1464 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
1467 @@ -11750,7 +11710,7 @@
1471 -@node nohup invocation
1473 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1476 @@ -11802,7 +11762,7 @@
1480 -@node su invocation
1482 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
1485 @@ -11959,166 +11919,6 @@
1486 might find this idea strange at first.
1489 -@node Process control
1490 -@chapter Process control
1492 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1493 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1496 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1500 -@node kill invocation
1501 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1504 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1506 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1507 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1508 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1511 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1512 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1515 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1516 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1517 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1518 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1519 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1521 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1522 -process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1523 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1524 -is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1525 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
1526 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1527 -value of @var{pid}.
1529 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1530 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1533 -If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
1534 -signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
1535 -must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
1536 -The following three commands are equivalent:
1544 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1545 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1547 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1548 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1549 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1550 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1551 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1552 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1553 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1554 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1555 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1556 -and if there is no output error.
1558 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1559 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1561 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1562 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1563 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1564 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1565 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1566 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1567 -and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1573 -2. Terminal interrupt.
1579 -9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1587 -Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1588 -numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1589 -support the following signals:
1593 -Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1595 -Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1597 -Continue executing, if stopped.
1599 -Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1601 -Illegal Instruction.
1603 -Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1605 -Invalid memory reference.
1607 -Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1611 -Background process attempting read.
1613 -Background process attempting write.
1615 -High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1617 -User-defined signal 1.
1619 -User-defined signal 2.
1623 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1624 -also support the following signals:
1630 -Profiling timer expired.
1634 -Trace/breakpoint trap.
1636 -Virtual timer expired.
1638 -CPU time limit exceeded.
1640 -File size limit exceeded.
1644 -@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1645 -also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1646 -@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1652 @@ -12128,11 +11928,11 @@
1653 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1656 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1657 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1661 -@node sleep invocation
1663 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1666 @@ -12179,12 +11979,12 @@
1667 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1670 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1671 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1672 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1673 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1677 -@node factor invocation
1679 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1682 @@ -12232,7 +12032,7 @@
1686 -@node seq invocation
1688 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences