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1--- coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2006-09-26 21:17:33.000000000 +0200
2+++ coreutils-6.3/doc/coreutils.texi 2006-10-10 20:11:23.333708500 +0200
3@@ -20,111 +20,97 @@
4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
14-@end direntry
15-
16-@c FIXME: the following need documentation
17-@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
18-@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
19-@c * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. FIXME.
20-
21-@dircategory Individual utilities
22-@direntry
23-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
24-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
25-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
26-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
27-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
28-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
29-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
30-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
31-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
32-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
33-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
34-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
35-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
36-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
37-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
38-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
39-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
40-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
41-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
42-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
43-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
44-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
45-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
46-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
47-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
48-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
49-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
50-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
51-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
52-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
53-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
54-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
55-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
56-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
57-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
58-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
59-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
60-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
61-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
62-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
63-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
64-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
65-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
66-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
67-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
68-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
69-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
70-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
71-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
72-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
73-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
74-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
75-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
76-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
77-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
78-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
79-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
80-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
81-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
82-* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
83-* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
84-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
85-* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
86-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
87-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
88-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
89-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
90-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
91-* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
92-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
93-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
94-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
95-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
96-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
97-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
98-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
99-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
100-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
101-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
102-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
103-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
104-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
105-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
106-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
107-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
108-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
109-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
110-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
111-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
112-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
113+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
114+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
115+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
116+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
117+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
118+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
119+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
120+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
121+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
122+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
123+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
124+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
125+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
126+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
127+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
128+* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
129+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
130+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
131+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
132+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
133+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
134+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
135+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
136+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
137+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
138+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
139+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
140+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
141+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
142+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
143+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
144+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
145+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
146+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
147+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
148+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
149+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
150+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
151+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
152+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
153+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
154+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
155+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
156+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
157+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
158+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
159+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc
160+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
161+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
162+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
163+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
164+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
165+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
166+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
167+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
168+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
169+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
170+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
171+* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
172+* sha2: (coreutils)sha2. Print or check SHA-2 digests
173+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
174+* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
175+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
176+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
177+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
178+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
179+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
180+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
181+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
182+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
183+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
184+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
185+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
186+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
187+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
188+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
189+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
190+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
191+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
192+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
193+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
194+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
195+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
196+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
197+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
198+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
199+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
200+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
201+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
202 @end direntry
203
204 @copying
205@@ -189,9 +175,8 @@
206 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
207 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
208 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
209-* System context:: date uname hostname hostid
210+* System context:: date uname hostid
211 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
212-* Process control:: kill
213 * Delaying:: sleep
214 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
215 * File permissions:: Access modes.
216@@ -217,42 +202,42 @@
217
218 Output of entire files
219
220-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
221-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
222-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
223-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
224-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
225+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
226+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
227+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
228+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
229+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
230
231 Formatting file contents
232
233-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
234-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
235-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
236+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
237+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
238+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
239
240 Output of parts of files
241
242-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
243-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
244-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
245-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
246+* head:: Output the first part of files.
247+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
248+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
249+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
250
251 Summarizing files
252
253-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
254-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
255-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
256-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
257-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
258-* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
259+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
260+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
261+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
262+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
263+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
264+* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
265
266 Operating on sorted files
267
268-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
269-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
270-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
271-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
272-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
273-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
274+* sort:: Sort text files.
275+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
276+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
277+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
278+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
279+* tsort:: Topological sort.
280
281 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
282
283@@ -264,15 +249,15 @@
284
285 Operating on fields within a line
286
287-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
288-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
289-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
290+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
291+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
292+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
293
294 Operating on characters
295
296-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
297-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
298-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
299+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
300+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
301+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
302
303 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
304
305@@ -282,10 +267,10 @@
306
307 Directory listing
308
309-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
310-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
311-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
312-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
313+* ls:: List directory contents
314+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
315+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
316+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
317
318 @command{ls}: List directory contents
319
320@@ -298,50 +283,50 @@
321
322 Basic operations
323
324-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
325-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
326-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
327-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
328-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
329-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
330+* cp:: Copy files and directories
331+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
332+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
333+* mv:: Move (rename) files
334+* rm:: Remove files or directories
335+* shred:: Remove files more securely
336
337 Special file types
338
339-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
340-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
341-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
342-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
343-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
344-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
345-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
346-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
347+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
348+* ln:: Make links between files
349+* mkdir:: Make directories
350+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
351+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
352+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
353+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
354+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
355
356 Changing file attributes
357
358-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
359-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
360-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
361-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
362+* chown:: Change file owner and group
363+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
364+* chmod:: Change access permissions
365+* touch:: Change file timestamps
366
367 Disk usage
368
369-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
370-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
371-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
372-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
373+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
374+* du:: Estimate file space usage
375+* stat:: Report file or file system status
376+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
377
378 Printing text
379
380-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
381-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
382-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
383+* echo:: Print a line of text
384+* printf:: Format and print data
385+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
386
387 Conditions
388
389-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
390-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
391-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
392-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
393+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
394+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
395+* test:: Check file types and compare values
396+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
397
398 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
399
400@@ -360,20 +345,20 @@
401
402 Redirection
403
404-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
405+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
406
407 File name manipulation
408
409-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
410-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
411-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
412+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
413+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
414+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
415
416 Working context
417
418-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
419-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
420-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
421-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
422+* pwd:: Print working directory
423+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
424+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
425+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
426
427 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
428
429@@ -387,19 +372,18 @@
430
431 User information
432
433-* id invocation:: Print user identity
434-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
435-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
436-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
437-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
438-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
439+* id:: Print user identity
440+* logname:: Print current login name
441+* whoami:: Print effective user ID
442+* groups:: Print group names a user is in
443+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
444+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
445
446 System context
447
448-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
449-* uname invocation:: Print system information
450-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
451-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
452+* date:: Print or set system date and time
453+* uname:: Print system information
454+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
455
456 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
457
458@@ -413,24 +397,20 @@
459
460 Modified command invocation
461
462-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
463-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
464-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
465-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
466-* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
467-
468-Process control
469-
470-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
471+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
472+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
473+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
474+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
475+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
476
477 Delaying
478
479-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
480+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
481
482 Numeric operations
483
484-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
485-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
486+* factor:: Print prime factors
487+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
488
489 File permissions
490
491@@ -1227,14 +1207,14 @@
492 in some way.
493
494 @menu
495-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
496-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
497-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
498-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
499-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
500+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
501+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
502+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
503+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
504+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
505 @end menu
506
507-@node cat invocation
508+@node cat
509 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
510
511 @pindex cat
512@@ -1332,7 +1312,7 @@
513 @end smallexample
514
515
516-@node tac invocation
517+@node tac
518 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
519
520 @pindex tac
521@@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@
522 @exitstatus
523
524
525-@node nl invocation
526+@node nl
527 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
528
529 @pindex nl
530@@ -1544,7 +1524,7 @@
531 @exitstatus
532
533
534-@node od invocation
535+@node od
536 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
537
538 @pindex od
539@@ -1795,7 +1775,7 @@
540
541 @exitstatus
542
543-@node base64 invocation
544+@node base64
545 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data.
546
547 @pindex base64
548@@ -1861,13 +1841,13 @@
549 These commands reformat the contents of files.
550
551 @menu
552-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
553-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
554-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
555+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
556+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
557+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
558 @end menu
559
560
561-@node fmt invocation
562+@node fmt
563 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
564
565 @pindex fmt
566@@ -1966,7 +1946,7 @@
567 @exitstatus
568
569
570-@node pr invocation
571+@node pr
572 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
573
574 @pindex pr
575@@ -2108,7 +2088,7 @@
576 @cindex time formats
577 @cindex formatting times
578 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
579-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
580+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
581 Except for directives, which start with
582 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
583 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
584@@ -2337,7 +2317,7 @@
585 @exitstatus
586
587
588-@node fold invocation
589+@node fold
590 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
591
592 @pindex fold
593@@ -2404,13 +2384,13 @@
594 These commands output pieces of the input.
595
596 @menu
597-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
598-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
599-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
600-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
601+* head:: Output the first part of files.
602+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
603+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
604+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
605 @end menu
606
607-@node head invocation
608+@node head
609 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
610
611 @pindex head
612@@ -2487,7 +2467,7 @@
613 @exitstatus
614
615
616-@node tail invocation
617+@node tail
618 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
619
620 @pindex tail
621@@ -2698,7 +2678,7 @@
622 @exitstatus
623
624
625-@node split invocation
626+@node split
627 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
628
629 @pindex split
630@@ -2779,7 +2759,7 @@
631 @exitstatus
632
633
634-@node csplit invocation
635+@node csplit
636 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
637
638 @pindex csplit
639@@ -2919,16 +2899,16 @@
640 contents of files.
641
642 @menu
643-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
644-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
645-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
646-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
647-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
648-* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
649+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
650+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
651+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
652+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
653+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
654+* sha2:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
655 @end menu
656
657
658-@node wc invocation
659+@node wc
660 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
661
662 @pindex wc
663@@ -3034,7 +3014,7 @@
664 @exitstatus
665
666
667-@node sum invocation
668+@node sum
669 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
670
671 @pindex sum
672@@ -3085,7 +3065,7 @@
673 @exitstatus
674
675
676-@node cksum invocation
677+@node cksum
678 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
679
680 @pindex cksum
681@@ -3119,7 +3099,7 @@
682 @exitstatus
683
684
685-@node md5sum invocation
686+@node md5sum
687 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
688
689 @pindex md5sum
690@@ -3141,8 +3121,8 @@
691 considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce
692 different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which
693 can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes,
694-consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and
695-@ref{sha2 utilities}.
696+consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum}, and
697+@ref{sha2}.
698
699 If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given
700 @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input.
701@@ -3236,7 +3216,7 @@
702 @exitstatus
703
704
705-@node sha1sum invocation
706+@node sha1sum
707 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
708
709 @pindex sha1sum
710@@ -3248,17 +3228,17 @@
711
712 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
713 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
714-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
715+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
716
717 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
718 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
719 it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not
720 unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered
721 that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure
722-SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}.
723+SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2}.
724
725
726-@node sha2 utilities
727+@node sha2
728 @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests
729
730 @pindex sha224sum
731@@ -3288,7 +3268,7 @@
732 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
733 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
734 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
735-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
736+@xref{md5sum}.
737
738 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
739 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
740@@ -3303,17 +3283,17 @@
741 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
742
743 @menu
744-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
745-* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
746-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
747-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
748-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
749-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
750+* sort:: Sort text files.
751+* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
752+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
753+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
754+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
755+* tsort:: Topological sort.
756 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
757 @end menu
758
759
760-@node sort invocation
761+@node sort
762 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
763
764 @pindex sort
765@@ -3555,7 +3535,7 @@
766 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
767 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
768 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
769-like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
770+like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
771 except that keys with the same value sort together.
772
773 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
774@@ -3694,7 +3674,7 @@
775 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
776 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
777 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
778-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
779+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
780
781 @item -z
782 @itemx --zero-terminated
783@@ -3895,7 +3875,7 @@
784 @end itemize
785
786
787-@node shuf invocation
788+@node shuf
789 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
790
791 @pindex shuf
792@@ -4036,7 +4016,7 @@
793 @exitstatus
794
795
796-@node uniq invocation
797+@node uniq
798 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
799
800 @pindex uniq
801@@ -4058,7 +4038,7 @@
802 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
803 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
804 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
805-@xref{sort invocation}.
806+@xref{sort}.
807
808 @vindex LC_COLLATE
809 Comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the
810@@ -4179,7 +4159,7 @@
811 @exitstatus
812
813
814-@node comm invocation
815+@node comm
816 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
817
818 @pindex comm
819@@ -4222,7 +4202,7 @@
820 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
821
822
823-@node tsort invocation
824+@node tsort
825 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
826
827 @pindex tsort
828@@ -4376,7 +4356,7 @@
829 @exitstatus
830
831
832-@node ptx invocation
833+@node ptx
834 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
835
836 @pindex ptx
837@@ -4835,13 +4815,13 @@
838 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
839
840 @menu
841-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
842-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
843-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
844+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
845+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
846+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
847 @end menu
848
849
850-@node cut invocation
851+@node cut
852 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
853
854 @pindex cut
855@@ -4940,7 +4920,7 @@
856 @exitstatus
857
858
859-@node paste invocation
860+@node paste
861 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
862
863 @pindex paste
864@@ -5010,7 +4990,7 @@
865 @exitstatus
866
867
868-@node join invocation
869+@node join
870 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
871
872 @pindex join
873@@ -5153,13 +5133,13 @@
874 This commands operate on individual characters.
875
876 @menu
877-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
878-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
879-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
880+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
881+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
882+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
883 @end menu
884
885
886-@node tr invocation
887+@node tr
888 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
889
890 @pindex tr
891@@ -5537,7 +5517,7 @@
892 @end itemize
893
894
895-@node expand invocation
896+@node expand
897 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
898
899 @pindex expand
900@@ -5590,7 +5570,7 @@
901 @exitstatus
902
903
904-@node unexpand invocation
905+@node unexpand
906 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
907
908 @pindex unexpand
909@@ -5651,14 +5631,14 @@
910 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
911
912 @menu
913-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
914-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
915-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
916-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
917+* ls:: List directory contents.
918+* dir:: Briefly ls.
919+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
920+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
921 @end menu
922
923
924-@node ls invocation
925+@node ls
926 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
927
928 @pindex ls
929@@ -6456,7 +6436,7 @@
930 @item +@var{format}
931 @vindex LC_TIME
932 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
933-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
934+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
935 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
936 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
937 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
938@@ -6648,7 +6628,7 @@
939 @end table
940
941
942-@node dir invocation
943+@node dir
944 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
945
946 @pindex dir
947@@ -6658,10 +6638,10 @@
948 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
949 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
950
951-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
952+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
953
954
955-@node vdir invocation
956+@node vdir
957 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
958
959 @pindex vdir
960@@ -6671,7 +6651,7 @@
961 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
962 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
963
964-@node dircolors invocation
965+@node dircolors
966 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
967
968 @pindex dircolors
969@@ -6749,16 +6729,16 @@
970 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
971
972 @menu
973-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
974-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
975-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
976-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
977-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
978-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
979+* cp:: Copy files.
980+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
981+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
982+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
983+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
984+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
985 @end menu
986
987
988-@node cp invocation
989+@node cp
990 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
991
992 @pindex cp
993@@ -7116,7 +7096,7 @@
994 @exitstatus
995
996
997-@node dd invocation
998+@node dd
999 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1000
1001 @pindex dd
1002@@ -7435,7 +7415,7 @@
1003 @exitstatus
1004
1005
1006-@node install invocation
1007+@node install
1008 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1009
1010 @pindex install
1011@@ -7574,7 +7554,7 @@
1012 @exitstatus
1013
1014
1015-@node mv invocation
1016+@node mv
1017 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1018
1019 @pindex mv
1020@@ -7695,7 +7675,7 @@
1021 @exitstatus
1022
1023
1024-@node rm invocation
1025+@node rm
1026 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1027
1028 @pindex rm
1029@@ -7831,7 +7811,7 @@
1030 @exitstatus
1031
1032
1033-@node shred invocation
1034+@node shred
1035 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1036
1037 @pindex shred
1038@@ -7841,7 +7821,7 @@
1039 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1040 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1041
1042-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1043+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1044 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1045 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1046 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1047@@ -8073,18 +8053,18 @@
1048 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1049
1050 @menu
1051-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1052-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1053-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1054-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1055-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1056-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1057-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1058-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1059+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1060+* ln:: Make links between files.
1061+* mkdir:: Make directories.
1062+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1063+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1064+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
1065+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1066+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
1067 @end menu
1068
1069
1070-@node link invocation
1071+@node link
1072 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1073
1074 @pindex link
1075@@ -8097,7 +8077,7 @@
1076 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1077 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1078 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1079-@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1080+@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1081 Synopsis:
1082
1083 @example
1084@@ -8118,7 +8098,7 @@
1085 @exitstatus
1086
1087
1088-@node ln invocation
1089+@node ln
1090 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1091
1092 @pindex ln
1093@@ -8290,7 +8270,7 @@
1094 @end smallexample
1095
1096
1097-@node mkdir invocation
1098+@node mkdir
1099 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1100
1101 @pindex mkdir
1102@@ -8352,7 +8332,7 @@
1103 @exitstatus
1104
1105
1106-@node mkfifo invocation
1107+@node mkfifo
1108 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1109
1110 @pindex mkfifo
1111@@ -8391,7 +8371,7 @@
1112 @exitstatus
1113
1114
1115-@node mknod invocation
1116+@node mknod
1117 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1118
1119 @pindex mknod
1120@@ -8463,7 +8443,7 @@
1121 @exitstatus
1122
1123
1124-@node readlink invocation
1125+@node readlink
1126 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
1127
1128 @pindex readlink
1129@@ -8550,7 +8530,7 @@
1130 @exitstatus
1131
1132
1133-@node rmdir invocation
1134+@node rmdir
1135 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1136
1137 @pindex rmdir
1138@@ -8598,12 +8578,12 @@
1139
1140 @end table
1141
1142-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1143+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1144
1145 @exitstatus
1146
1147
1148-@node unlink invocation
1149+@node unlink
1150 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1151
1152 @pindex unlink
1153@@ -8614,7 +8594,7 @@
1154 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1155 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1156 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1157-@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1158+@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1159
1160 @example
1161 unlink @var{filename}
1162@@ -8648,14 +8628,14 @@
1163 These commands change file attributes.
1164
1165 @menu
1166-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1167-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1168-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1169-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1170+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1171+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1172+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1173+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1174 @end menu
1175
1176
1177-@node chown invocation
1178+@node chown
1179 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1180
1181 @pindex chown
1182@@ -8868,7 +8848,7 @@
1183 @end smallexample
1184
1185
1186-@node chgrp invocation
1187+@node chgrp
1188 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1189
1190 @pindex chgrp
1191@@ -8986,7 +8966,7 @@
1192 @end smallexample
1193
1194
1195-@node chmod invocation
1196+@node chmod
1197 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1198
1199 @pindex chmod
1200@@ -9085,7 +9065,7 @@
1201 @exitstatus
1202
1203
1204-@node touch invocation
1205+@node touch
1206 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1207
1208 @pindex touch
1209@@ -9234,14 +9214,14 @@
1210 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1211
1212 @menu
1213-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1214-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1215-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1216-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1217+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1218+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1219+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1220+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1221 @end menu
1222
1223
1224-@node df invocation
1225+@node df
1226 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1227
1228 @pindex df
1229@@ -9439,7 +9419,7 @@
1230 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1231
1232
1233-@node du invocation
1234+@node du
1235 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1236
1237 @pindex du
1238@@ -9654,7 +9634,7 @@
1239 @item +@var{format}
1240 @vindex LC_TIME
1241 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1242-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1243+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1244 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1245 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1246 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1247@@ -9722,7 +9702,7 @@
1248 @exitstatus
1249
1250
1251-@node stat invocation
1252+@node stat
1253 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1254
1255 @pindex stat
1256@@ -9856,7 +9836,7 @@
1257 @exitstatus
1258
1259
1260-@node sync invocation
1261+@node sync
1262 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1263
1264 @pindex sync
1265@@ -9892,13 +9872,13 @@
1266 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1267
1268 @menu
1269-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1270-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1271-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1272+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1273+* printf:: Format and print data.
1274+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1275 @end menu
1276
1277
1278-@node echo invocation
1279+@node echo
1280 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1281
1282 @pindex echo
1283@@ -9981,12 +9961,12 @@
1284 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1285 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1286 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1287-backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1288+backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1289
1290 @exitstatus
1291
1292
1293-@node printf invocation
1294+@node printf
1295 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1296
1297 @pindex printf
1298@@ -10129,7 +10109,7 @@
1299 @exitstatus
1300
1301
1302-@node yes invocation
1303+@node yes
1304 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1305
1306 @pindex yes
1307@@ -10160,14 +10140,14 @@
1308 pipeline.
1309
1310 @menu
1311-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1312-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1313-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1314-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1315+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1316+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1317+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1318+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1319 @end menu
1320
1321
1322-@node false invocation
1323+@node false
1324 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1325
1326 @pindex false
1327@@ -10197,7 +10177,7 @@
1328 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1329
1330
1331-@node true invocation
1332+@node true
1333 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1334
1335 @pindex true
1336@@ -10233,7 +10213,7 @@
1337 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1338 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1339
1340-@node test invocation
1341+@node test
1342 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1343
1344 @pindex test
1345@@ -10564,7 +10544,7 @@
1346 @end table
1347
1348
1349-@node expr invocation
1350+@node expr
1351 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1352
1353 @pindex expr
1354@@ -10836,11 +10816,11 @@
1355 it's described here.
1356
1357 @menu
1358-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1359+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1360 @end menu
1361
1362
1363-@node tee invocation
1364+@node tee
1365 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1366
1367 @pindex tee
1368@@ -10895,13 +10875,13 @@
1369 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1370
1371 @menu
1372-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1373-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1374-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1375+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1376+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1377+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1378 @end menu
1379
1380
1381-@node basename invocation
1382+@node basename
1383 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1384
1385 @pindex basename
1386@@ -10955,7 +10935,7 @@
1387 @end smallexample
1388
1389
1390-@node dirname invocation
1391+@node dirname
1392 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1393
1394 @pindex dirname
1395@@ -10996,7 +10976,7 @@
1396 @end smallexample
1397
1398
1399-@node pathchk invocation
1400+@node pathchk
1401 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1402
1403 @pindex pathchk
1404@@ -11084,14 +11064,14 @@
1405 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1406
1407 @menu
1408-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1409-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1410-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1411-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1412+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1413+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1414+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1415+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1416 @end menu
1417
1418
1419-@node pwd invocation
1420+@node pwd
1421 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1422
1423 @pindex pwd
1424@@ -11116,7 +11096,7 @@
1425 @exitstatus
1426
1427
1428-@node stty invocation
1429+@node stty
1430 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1431
1432 @pindex stty
1433@@ -11775,7 +11755,7 @@
1434 @end table
1435
1436
1437-@node printenv invocation
1438+@node printenv
1439 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1440
1441 @pindex printenv
1442@@ -11805,7 +11785,7 @@
1443 @end display
1444
1445
1446-@node tty invocation
1447+@node tty
1448 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1449
1450 @pindex tty
1451@@ -11855,16 +11835,16 @@
1452 logins, groups, and so forth.
1453
1454 @menu
1455-* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1456-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1457-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1458-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1459-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1460-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1461+* id:: Print user identity.
1462+* logname:: Print current login name.
1463+* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1464+* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1465+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1466+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1467 @end menu
1468
1469
1470-@node id invocation
1471+@node id
1472 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1473
1474 @pindex id
1475@@ -11927,7 +11907,7 @@
1476 @exitstatus
1477
1478
1479-@node logname invocation
1480+@node logname
1481 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1482
1483 @pindex logname
1484@@ -11948,7 +11928,7 @@
1485 @exitstatus
1486
1487
1488-@node whoami invocation
1489+@node whoami
1490 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1491
1492 @pindex whoami
1493@@ -11964,7 +11944,7 @@
1494 @exitstatus
1495
1496
1497-@node groups invocation
1498+@node groups
1499 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1500
1501 @pindex groups
1502@@ -11989,7 +11969,7 @@
1503 @exitstatus
1504
1505
1506-@node users invocation
1507+@node users
1508 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1509
1510 @pindex users
1511@@ -12020,7 +12000,7 @@
1512 @exitstatus
1513
1514
1515-@node who invocation
1516+@node who
1517 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1518
1519 @pindex who
1520@@ -12167,14 +12147,13 @@
1521 information.
1522
1523 @menu
1524-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1525-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1526-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1527-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1528+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1529+* uname:: Print system information.
1530+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1531 @end menu
1532
1533
1534-@node date invocation
1535+@node date
1536 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1537
1538 @pindex date
1539@@ -12799,7 +12778,7 @@
1540 @end itemize
1541
1542
1543-@node uname invocation
1544+@node uname
1545 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1546
1547 @pindex uname
1548@@ -12928,31 +12907,7 @@
1549 @exitstatus
1550
1551
1552-@node hostname invocation
1553-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1554-
1555-@pindex hostname
1556-@cindex setting the hostname
1557-@cindex printing the hostname
1558-@cindex system name, printing
1559-@cindex appropriate privileges
1560-
1561-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1562-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1563-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1564-name. Synopsis:
1565-
1566-@example
1567-hostname [@var{name}]
1568-@end example
1569-
1570-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1571-options}.
1572-
1573-@exitstatus
1574-
1575-
1576-@node hostid invocation
1577+@node hostid
1578 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1579
1580 @pindex hostid
1581@@ -12989,15 +12944,15 @@
1582 user, etc.
1583
1584 @menu
1585-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1586-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1587-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1588-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1589-* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1590+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1591+* env:: Modify environment variables.
1592+* nice:: Modify niceness.
1593+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1594+* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1595 @end menu
1596
1597
1598-@node chroot invocation
1599+@node chroot
1600 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1601
1602 @pindex chroot
1603@@ -13064,7 +13019,7 @@
1604 @end display
1605
1606
1607-@node env invocation
1608+@node env
1609 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1610
1611 @pindex env
1612@@ -13142,7 +13097,7 @@
1613 @end display
1614
1615
1616-@node nice invocation
1617+@node nice
1618 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1619
1620 @pindex nice
1621@@ -13267,7 +13222,7 @@
1622 @end example
1623
1624
1625-@node nohup invocation
1626+@node nohup
1627 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1628
1629 @pindex nohup
1630@@ -13328,7 +13283,7 @@
1631 @end display
1632
1633
1634-@node su invocation
1635+@node su
1636 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1637
1638 @pindex su
1639@@ -13485,167 +13440,6 @@
1640 might find this idea strange at first.
1641
1642
1643-@node Process control
1644-@chapter Process control
1645-
1646-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1647-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1648-
1649-@menu
1650-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1651-@end menu
1652-
1653-
1654-@node kill invocation
1655-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1656-
1657-@pindex kill
1658-@cindex send a signal to processes
1659-
1660-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1661-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1662-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1663-
1664-@example
1665-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1666-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1667-@end example
1668-
1669-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1670-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1671-is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1672-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1673-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1674-
1675-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1676-process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1677-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1678-is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1679-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1680-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1681-value of @var{pid}.
1682-
1683-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1684-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1685-is sent.
1686-
1687-If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, it
1688-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1689-@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1690--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1691-
1692-@example
1693-kill -15 -1
1694-kill -TERM -1
1695-kill -s TERM -- -1
1696-kill -- -1
1697-@end example
1698-
1699-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1700-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1701-
1702-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1703-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1704-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1705-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1706-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1707-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1708-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1709-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1710-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1711-and if there is no output error.
1712-
1713-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1714-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1715-
1716-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1717-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1718-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1719-@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1720-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1721-ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1722-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1723-
1724-@table @samp
1725-@item HUP
1726-1. Hangup.
1727-@item INT
1728-2. Terminal interrupt.
1729-@item QUIT
1730-3. Terminal quit.
1731-@item ABRT
1732-6. Process abort.
1733-@item KILL
1734-9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1735-@item ALRM
1736-14. Alarm Clock.
1737-@item TERM
1738-15. Termination.
1739-@end table
1740-
1741-@noindent
1742-Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1743-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1744-support the following signals:
1745-
1746-@table @samp
1747-@item BUS
1748-Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1749-@item CHLD
1750-Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1751-@item CONT
1752-Continue executing, if stopped.
1753-@item FPE
1754-Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1755-@item ILL
1756-Illegal Instruction.
1757-@item PIPE
1758-Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1759-@item SEGV
1760-Invalid memory reference.
1761-@item STOP
1762-Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1763-@item TSTP
1764-Terminal stop.
1765-@item TTIN
1766-Background process attempting read.
1767-@item TTOU
1768-Background process attempting write.
1769-@item URG
1770-High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1771-@item USR1
1772-User-defined signal 1.
1773-@item USR2
1774-User-defined signal 2.
1775-@end table
1776-
1777-@noindent
1778-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1779-also support the following signals:
1780-
1781-@table @samp
1782-@item POLL
1783-Pollable event.
1784-@item PROF
1785-Profiling timer expired.
1786-@item SYS
1787-Bad system call.
1788-@item TRAP
1789-Trace/breakpoint trap.
1790-@item VTALRM
1791-Virtual timer expired.
1792-@item XCPU
1793-CPU time limit exceeded.
1794-@item XFSZ
1795-File size limit exceeded.
1796-@end table
1797-
1798-@noindent
1799-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1800-also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1801-@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1802-
1803-
1804 @node Delaying
1805 @chapter Delaying
1806
1807@@ -13655,11 +13449,11 @@
1808 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1809
1810 @menu
1811-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1812+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1813 @end menu
1814
1815
1816-@node sleep invocation
1817+@node sleep
1818 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1819
1820 @pindex sleep
1821@@ -13707,12 +13501,12 @@
1822 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1823
1824 @menu
1825-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1826-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1827+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1828+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1829 @end menu
1830
1831
1832-@node factor invocation
1833+@node factor
1834 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1835
1836 @pindex factor
1837@@ -13761,7 +13555,7 @@
1838 @exitstatus
1839
1840
1841-@node seq invocation
1842+@node seq
1843 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1844
1845 @pindex seq
GNU Core-utils - basic command line utilities
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