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1 | --- coreutils-9.5/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2024-03-24 18:51:06.000000000 +0100 |
2 | +++ coreutils-9.5/doc/coreutils.texi 2024-03-28 22:13:57.040433328 +0100 | |
3 | @@ -24,124 +24,113 @@ | |
fbb5b105 JB |
4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
10c838b0 | 11 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
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12 | * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. |
13 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
7c2f2af9 | 14 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. |
10c838b0 | 15 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. |
fbb5b105 | 16 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 17 | - |
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18 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
19 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
20 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 21 | - |
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22 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
23 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 24 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
ff4aeede | 25 | -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests. |
46145361 | 26 | -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data. |
c2be74f0 | 27 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
a839fc2f | 28 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
494d488d | 29 | -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data. |
a839fc2f | 30 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. |
10c838b0 | 31 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f | 32 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
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33 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions. |
34 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups. | |
a839fc2f | 35 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. |
fbb5b105 | 36 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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37 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
38 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
39 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
40 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
41 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
42 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
7c2f2af9 | 43 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage. |
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44 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
45 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 46 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
7c2f2af9 | 47 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage. |
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48 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. |
49 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
50 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
51 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
52 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
53 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
54 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
55 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
56 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
57 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
58 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
59 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 60 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
8127c87d | 61 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes. |
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62 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. |
63 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
64 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
65 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
66 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
67 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 68 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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69 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
70 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
71 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 72 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 73 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 74 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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75 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
76 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 77 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
d51def31 | 78 | -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers. |
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79 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
80 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
81 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
dd3e3301 | 82 | -* pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. Print information about users. |
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83 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. |
84 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
85 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
86 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
87 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 88 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
8127c87d | 89 | -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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90 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
91 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 92 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 93 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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94 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
95 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 96 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 97 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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98 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
99 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 100 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 101 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 102 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 103 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
a839fc2f | 104 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
7c2f2af9 | 105 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage. |
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106 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. |
107 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
108 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
109 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 110 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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111 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
112 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
113 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 114 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
115 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
116 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
117 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
118 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 119 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 120 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 121 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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122 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
123 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 124 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 125 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 126 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 127 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
128 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name. |
129 | +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests. | |
130 | +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data. | |
131 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data. | |
132 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix. | |
133 | +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data. | |
134 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files. | |
135 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files. | |
136 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups. | |
137 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions. | |
138 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups. | |
139 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory. | |
140 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum. | |
141 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line. | |
142 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files. | |
143 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context. | |
144 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines. | |
145 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time. | |
146 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file. | |
147 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage. | |
148 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly. | |
149 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls. | |
150 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component. | |
151 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage. | |
152 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text. | |
153 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment. | |
154 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
155 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions. | |
c6825ee8 | 156 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors |
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157 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. |
158 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text. | |
159 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines. | |
160 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in. | |
161 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files. | |
162 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier. | |
163 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity. | |
164 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes. | |
165 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field. | |
166 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files. | |
167 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files. | |
168 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name. | |
169 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents. | |
170 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests. | |
171 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories. | |
172 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
173 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files. | |
174 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files. | |
175 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files. | |
176 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness. | |
177 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files. | |
178 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups. | |
179 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors. | |
180 | +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers. | |
494d488d | 181 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
182 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files. |
183 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability. | |
dd3e3301 | 184 | +* pinky: (coreutils)pinky. Print information about users. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
185 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files. |
186 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables. | |
187 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data. | |
188 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes. | |
189 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory. | |
190 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink. | |
191 | +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names. | |
192 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files. | |
193 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories. | |
194 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX. | |
c6825ee8 | 195 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences |
7c2f2af9 | 196 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
96efda57 | 197 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
198 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely. |
199 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files. | |
200 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time. | |
201 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files. | |
202 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces. | |
203 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status. | |
204 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering. | |
205 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings. | |
206 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum. | |
207 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage. | |
208 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files. | |
209 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files. | |
210 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files. | |
211 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests. | |
212 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit. | |
213 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps. | |
214 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters. | |
215 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully. | |
216 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file. | |
217 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort. | |
218 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name. | |
219 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information. | |
220 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
221 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files. | |
222 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2). | |
223 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names. | |
224 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely. | |
225 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts. | |
226 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in. | |
227 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID. | |
228 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely. | |
fbb5b105 JB |
229 | @end direntry |
230 | ||
231 | @copying | |
dd3e3301 | 232 | @@ -206,10 +195,9 @@ Free Documentation License''. |
703a6c3b | 233 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath |
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234 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty |
235 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
236 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
237 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
238 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
703a6c3b | 239 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout |
10c838b0 JB |
240 | -* Process control:: kill |
241 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
46145361 | 242 | * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq |
10c838b0 | 243 | * File permissions:: Access modes |
dd3e3301 | 244 | @@ -241,45 +229,45 @@ Common Options |
a839fc2f JB |
245 | |
246 | Output of entire files | |
247 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
248 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
249 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
250 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
251 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
46145361 | 252 | -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
10c838b0 | 253 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
494d488d | 254 | -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
10c838b0 JB |
255 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files |
256 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
257 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
258 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
46145361 | 259 | +* base32:: Transform data into printable data |
10c838b0 | 260 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data |
494d488d | 261 | +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data |
a839fc2f JB |
262 | |
263 | Formatting file contents | |
264 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
265 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
266 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
267 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
268 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
269 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
270 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
a839fc2f JB |
271 | |
272 | Output of parts of files | |
273 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
274 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
275 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
276 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
277 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
278 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
279 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
280 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
281 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
a839fc2f JB |
282 | |
283 | Summarizing files | |
284 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
285 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
286 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
287 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
288 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests | |
8165f7ad | 289 | -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests |
10c838b0 JB |
290 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests |
291 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
292 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
293 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
ff4aeede | 294 | +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests |
10c838b0 JB |
295 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests |
296 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
297 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
a839fc2f JB |
298 | |
299 | Operating on sorted files | |
300 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
301 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
302 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
303 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
304 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
305 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
306 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
307 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
308 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
309 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
310 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
311 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
312 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
a839fc2f JB |
313 | |
314 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
315 | ||
dd3e3301 | 316 | @@ -291,15 +279,15 @@ Operating on sorted files |
a839fc2f | 317 | |
10c838b0 | 318 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 319 | |
10c838b0 JB |
320 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
321 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
322 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
323 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
324 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
325 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
326 | |
327 | Operating on characters | |
328 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
329 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
330 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
331 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
332 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
333 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
334 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
a839fc2f JB |
335 | |
336 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
337 | ||
dd3e3301 | 338 | @@ -309,10 +297,10 @@ Operating on characters |
a839fc2f JB |
339 | |
340 | Directory listing | |
341 | ||
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342 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
343 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
344 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
345 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
346 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
347 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
348 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
349 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
a839fc2f JB |
350 | |
351 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
352 | ||
dd3e3301 | 353 | @@ -324,51 +312,51 @@ Directory listing |
a839fc2f JB |
354 | |
355 | Basic operations | |
356 | ||
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357 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
358 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
359 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
360 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
361 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
362 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
363 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
364 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
365 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
366 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
367 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
368 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
369 | |
370 | Special file types | |
371 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
372 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
373 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
374 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
375 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
376 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
377 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
378 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
379 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
380 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
381 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
382 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
383 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
384 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
385 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
386 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
387 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
388 | |
389 | Changing file attributes | |
390 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
391 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
392 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
393 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
394 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
395 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
396 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
397 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
398 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f | 399 | |
7c2f2af9 | 400 | File space usage |
a839fc2f | 401 | |
7c2f2af9 | 402 | -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage |
10c838b0 JB |
403 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage |
404 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
46145361 | 405 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
10c838b0 | 406 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file |
7c2f2af9 | 407 | +* df:: Report file system space usage |
10c838b0 JB |
408 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage |
409 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
46145361 | 410 | +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
10c838b0 | 411 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file |
a839fc2f JB |
412 | |
413 | Printing text | |
414 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
415 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
416 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
417 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
418 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
419 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
420 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
421 | |
422 | Conditions | |
423 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
424 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
425 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
426 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
427 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
428 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
429 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
430 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
431 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
432 | |
433 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
434 | ||
dd3e3301 | 435 | @@ -387,22 +375,22 @@ Conditions |
a839fc2f JB |
436 | |
437 | Redirection | |
438 | ||
3c350007 JB |
439 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
440 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
441 | |
442 | File name manipulation | |
443 | ||
444 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
445 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
446 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
447 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 448 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 449 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
450 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
451 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
452 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 453 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
454 | |
455 | Working context | |
456 | ||
457 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
458 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
459 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
460 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
461 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
462 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
463 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
464 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
465 | ||
466 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
467 | ||
dd3e3301 | 468 | @@ -416,23 +404,21 @@ Working context |
a839fc2f JB |
469 | |
470 | User information | |
471 | ||
c2be74f0 | 472 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 473 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 474 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
475 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
476 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
477 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
dd3e3301 | 478 | -* pinky invocation:: Print information about users |
c2be74f0 | 479 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 480 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 481 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 482 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
483 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
484 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
dd3e3301 | 485 | +* pinky:: Print information about users |
a839fc2f JB |
486 | |
487 | System context | |
488 | ||
3c350007 | 489 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 490 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 491 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
492 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
493 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
494 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
495 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 496 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 497 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 498 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 499 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 500 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
501 | |
502 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
503 | ||
dd3e3301 | 504 | @@ -447,31 +433,27 @@ System context |
10c838b0 JB |
505 | |
506 | SELinux context | |
507 | ||
508 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
509 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
510 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
511 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
512 | |
513 | Modified command invocation | |
514 | ||
515 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
516 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 517 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 518 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 519 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 520 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
521 | - |
522 | -Process control | |
523 | - | |
524 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
525 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
526 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 527 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 528 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 529 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 530 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
531 | |
532 | Delaying | |
533 | ||
534 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
535 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
536 | ||
537 | Numeric operations | |
538 | ||
539 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
46145361 | 540 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers |
a839fc2f JB |
541 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences |
542 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
46145361 | 543 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers |
a839fc2f JB |
544 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences |
545 | ||
a839fc2f | 546 | |
ff4aeede | 547 | File timestamps |
dd3e3301 | 548 | @@ -1628,16 +1610,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil |
a839fc2f JB |
549 | in some way. |
550 | ||
551 | @menu | |
552 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
553 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
554 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
555 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
46145361 | 556 | -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
c2be74f0 | 557 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
494d488d | 558 | -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
559 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
560 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
561 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
562 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
46145361 | 563 | +* base32:: Transform data into printable data. |
c2be74f0 | 564 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
494d488d | 565 | +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
566 | @end menu |
567 | ||
568 | -@node cat invocation | |
569 | +@node cat | |
570 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
571 | ||
572 | @pindex cat | |
dd3e3301 | 573 | @@ -1739,7 +1721,7 @@ cat |
494d488d | 574 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
575 | |
576 | ||
577 | -@node tac invocation | |
578 | +@node tac | |
579 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
580 | ||
581 | @pindex tac | |
dd3e3301 | 582 | @@ -1797,7 +1779,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]' |
d51def31 | 583 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
584 | |
585 | ||
586 | -@node nl invocation | |
587 | +@node nl | |
588 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
589 | ||
590 | @pindex nl | |
dd3e3301 | 591 | @@ -1965,7 +1947,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num |
876a8767 | 592 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
593 | |
594 | ||
595 | -@node od invocation | |
596 | +@node od | |
597 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
598 | ||
599 | @pindex od | |
dd3e3301 | 600 | @@ -2237,7 +2219,7 @@ address. |
c2be74f0 JB |
601 | @exitstatus |
602 | ||
46145361 JB |
603 | |
604 | -@node base32 invocation | |
605 | +@node base32 | |
606 | @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data | |
607 | ||
608 | @pindex base32 | |
dd3e3301 | 609 | @@ -2247,11 +2229,11 @@ address. |
46145361 JB |
610 | into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses |
611 | printable ASCII characters to represent binary data. | |
612 | The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
613 | -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}. | |
2896be20 | 614 | -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}. |
46145361 | 615 | +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}. |
2896be20 | 616 | +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}. |
46145361 JB |
617 | |
618 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
619 | -@node base64 invocation |
620 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 621 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
622 | |
623 | @pindex base64 | |
dd3e3301 | 624 | @@ -2272,7 +2254,7 @@ The base32 encoding expands data to roug |
2896be20 | 625 | The format conforms to |
dd3e3301 | 626 | @uref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4648/, RFC 4648}. |
2896be20 JP |
627 | |
628 | -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}. | |
629 | +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}. | |
630 | ||
631 | The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. | |
632 | ||
dd3e3301 | 633 | @@ -2313,7 +2295,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded. |
494d488d JB |
634 | |
635 | @exitstatus | |
636 | ||
637 | -@node basenc invocation | |
638 | +@node basenc | |
639 | @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data | |
640 | ||
641 | @pindex basenc | |
dd3e3301 | 642 | @@ -2334,7 +2316,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
643 | @command{basenc} reads from standard input. |
644 | The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage}, | |
494d488d JB |
645 | @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as |
646 | -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}. | |
647 | +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}. | |
648 | ||
649 | ||
650 | Supported @var{encoding}s are: | |
dd3e3301 | 651 | @@ -2449,13 +2431,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf - |
a839fc2f JB |
652 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
653 | ||
654 | @menu | |
655 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
656 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
657 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
658 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
659 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
660 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
661 | @end menu | |
662 | ||
663 | ||
664 | -@node fmt invocation | |
665 | +@node fmt | |
666 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
667 | ||
668 | @pindex fmt | |
dd3e3301 | 669 | @@ -2559,7 +2541,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged. |
d51def31 | 670 | |
876a8767 | 671 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 672 | |
a839fc2f JB |
673 | -@node pr invocation |
674 | +@node pr | |
675 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
676 | ||
677 | @pindex pr | |
dd3e3301 | 678 | @@ -2671,7 +2653,7 @@ Double space the output. |
a839fc2f JB |
679 | @cindex time formats |
680 | @cindex formatting times | |
681 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
703a6c3b JB |
682 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}. |
683 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
684 | Except for directives, which start with |
685 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
686 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
dd3e3301 | 687 | @@ -2901,7 +2883,7 @@ line is never truncated. |
876a8767 | 688 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
689 | |
690 | ||
691 | -@node fold invocation | |
692 | +@node fold | |
693 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
694 | ||
695 | @pindex fold | |
dd3e3301 | 696 | @@ -2968,13 +2950,13 @@ instead. |
a839fc2f JB |
697 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
698 | ||
699 | @menu | |
700 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
701 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 702 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
703 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
704 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
705 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 706 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
707 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
708 | @end menu | |
709 | ||
710 | -@node head invocation | |
711 | +@node head | |
712 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
713 | ||
714 | @pindex head | |
dd3e3301 | 715 | @@ -3053,7 +3035,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa |
876a8767 JB |
716 | @exitstatus |
717 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
718 | |
719 | -@node tail invocation | |
720 | +@node tail | |
721 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
722 | ||
723 | @pindex tail | |
dd3e3301 | 724 | @@ -3307,7 +3289,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta |
876a8767 JB |
725 | @exitstatus |
726 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
727 | |
728 | -@node split invocation | |
729 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 730 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
731 | |
732 | @pindex split | |
dd3e3301 | 733 | @@ -3564,7 +3546,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k |
0d2793d8 | 734 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
735 | |
736 | ||
737 | -@node csplit invocation | |
738 | +@node csplit | |
739 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
740 | ||
741 | @pindex csplit | |
dd3e3301 | 742 | @@ -3784,17 +3766,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe |
a839fc2f JB |
743 | contents of files. |
744 | ||
745 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 746 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
747 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
748 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
c2be74f0 | 749 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
8165f7ad | 750 | -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests. |
c2be74f0 | 751 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
8165f7ad JP |
752 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
753 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. | |
754 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
755 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. | |
756 | +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests. | |
757 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 758 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
759 | @end menu |
760 | ||
761 | ||
762 | -@node wc invocation | |
763 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 764 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
765 | |
766 | @pindex wc | |
dd3e3301 | 767 | @@ -3955,7 +3937,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 | |
876a8767 | 768 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
769 | |
770 | ||
771 | -@node sum invocation | |
772 | +@node sum | |
773 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
774 | ||
775 | @pindex sum | |
dd3e3301 | 776 | @@ -4004,7 +3986,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli |
876a8767 | 777 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
778 | |
779 | ||
780 | -@node cksum invocation | |
781 | +@node cksum | |
7c2f2af9 | 782 | @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums |
a839fc2f JB |
783 | |
784 | @pindex cksum | |
dd3e3301 | 785 | @@ -4052,7 +4034,7 @@ The 32-bit CRC used is based on the poly |
8165f7ad JP |
786 | for CRC error checking in the ISO/IEC 8802-3:1996 standard (Ethernet). |
787 | Similar output formats are used for the other legacy checksums | |
788 | selectable with @option{--algorithm=sysv} or @option{--algorithm=bsd}, | |
789 | -detailed at @ref{sum invocation}. | |
790 | +detailed at @ref{sum}. | |
791 | ||
792 | @item Tagged output format | |
793 | With the @option{--algorithm} option selecting non legacy checksums, | |
dd3e3301 | 794 | @@ -4302,7 +4284,7 @@ exit nonzero after all warnings have bee |
8165f7ad | 795 | Also file name escaping is not used. |
ff4aeede AO |
796 | @end table |
797 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
798 | -@node md5sum invocation |
799 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 800 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
801 | |
802 | @pindex md5sum | |
dd3e3301 | 803 | @@ -4325,7 +4307,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at |
ff4aeede AO |
804 | to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they |
805 | appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes, | |
dd3e3301 | 806 | consider using SHA-2 or @command{b2sum}. |
ff4aeede AO |
807 | -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}. |
808 | +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}. | |
809 | @end macro | |
810 | @weakHash{MD5} | |
811 | ||
dd3e3301 | 812 | @@ -4349,7 +4331,7 @@ The program accepts @ref{cksum common op |
c2be74f0 JB |
813 | @exitstatus |
814 | ||
815 | ||
8165f7ad JP |
816 | -@node b2sum invocation |
817 | +@node b2sum | |
818 | @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests | |
819 | ||
820 | @pindex b2sum | |
dd3e3301 | 821 | @@ -4371,7 +4353,7 @@ In addition @command{b2sum} supports the |
8165f7ad JP |
822 | @end table |
823 | ||
824 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
825 | -@node sha1sum invocation |
826 | +@node sha1sum | |
827 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
828 | ||
829 | @pindex sha1sum | |
dd3e3301 | 830 | @@ -4429,16 +4411,16 @@ collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. |
a839fc2f JB |
831 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
832 | ||
833 | @menu | |
834 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 835 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
836 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
837 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
838 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
839 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
840 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 841 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
842 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
843 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
844 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
845 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
846 | @end menu |
847 | ||
848 | ||
849 | -@node sort invocation | |
850 | +@node sort | |
851 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
852 | ||
853 | @pindex sort | |
dd3e3301 | 854 | @@ -4737,7 +4719,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of |
c2be74f0 JB |
855 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
856 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
857 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
858 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
859 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
860 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
861 | ||
862 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
dd3e3301 | 863 | @@ -4936,7 +4918,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel |
0d2793d8 | 864 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited |
dd3e3301 JP |
865 | to 8, as performance gains diminish after that. |
866 | Using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
0d2793d8 JB |
867 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. |
868 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
869 | |
870 | @item -u | |
871 | @itemx --unique | |
dd3e3301 | 872 | @@ -4954,7 +4936,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so |
c2be74f0 JB |
873 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
874 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
875 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
876 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
877 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
878 | ||
8127c87d | 879 | @optZeroTerminated |
46145361 | 880 | @macro newlineFieldSeparator |
dd3e3301 | 881 | @@ -5170,7 +5152,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2 |
a839fc2f JB |
882 | @end itemize |
883 | ||
884 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
885 | -@node shuf invocation |
886 | +@node shuf | |
887 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
888 | ||
889 | @pindex shuf | |
dd3e3301 | 890 | @@ -5326,7 +5308,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail |
c2be74f0 JB |
891 | @exitstatus |
892 | ||
893 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
894 | -@node uniq invocation |
895 | +@node uniq | |
896 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
897 | ||
898 | @pindex uniq | |
dd3e3301 | 899 | @@ -5348,7 +5330,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe |
c2be74f0 JB |
900 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
901 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
902 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
903 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
904 | +@xref{sort}. | |
905 | ||
906 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 907 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
dd3e3301 | 908 | @@ -5514,7 +5496,7 @@ compared. |
876a8767 | 909 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
910 | |
911 | ||
912 | -@node comm invocation | |
913 | +@node comm | |
914 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
915 | ||
916 | @pindex comm | |
dd3e3301 | 917 | @@ -5630,7 +5612,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb |
876a8767 | 918 | |
10c838b0 | 919 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
920 | |
921 | -@node ptx invocation | |
922 | +@node ptx | |
923 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
924 | ||
925 | @pindex ptx | |
dd3e3301 | 926 | @@ -6120,7 +6102,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}. |
10c838b0 JB |
927 | @end itemize |
928 | ||
929 | ||
930 | -@node tsort invocation | |
931 | +@node tsort | |
932 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
933 | ||
934 | @pindex tsort | |
dd3e3301 | 935 | @@ -6282,13 +6264,13 @@ in different ways. |
10c838b0 | 936 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
937 | |
938 | @menu | |
939 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
940 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
941 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
942 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
943 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
944 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
945 | @end menu | |
946 | ||
947 | ||
948 | -@node cut invocation | |
949 | +@node cut | |
950 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
951 | ||
952 | @pindex cut | |
dd3e3301 | 953 | @@ -6413,7 +6395,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a |
876a8767 | 954 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
955 | |
956 | ||
957 | -@node paste invocation | |
958 | +@node paste | |
959 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
960 | ||
961 | @pindex paste | |
dd3e3301 | 962 | @@ -6511,7 +6493,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2 |
876a8767 | 963 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
964 | |
965 | ||
966 | -@node join invocation | |
967 | +@node join | |
968 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
969 | ||
970 | @pindex join | |
dd3e3301 | 971 | @@ -7043,13 +7025,13 @@ entire lines as the key. |
8127c87d | 972 | These commands operate on individual characters. |
a839fc2f JB |
973 | |
974 | @menu | |
975 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
976 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
977 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
978 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
979 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
980 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
981 | @end menu | |
982 | ||
983 | ||
984 | -@node tr invocation | |
985 | +@node tr | |
986 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
987 | ||
988 | @pindex tr | |
dd3e3301 | 989 | @@ -7472,7 +7454,7 @@ tr -d -- -axM |
c2be74f0 | 990 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
991 | |
992 | ||
993 | -@node expand invocation | |
994 | +@node expand | |
995 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
996 | ||
997 | @pindex expand | |
dd3e3301 | 998 | @@ -7541,7 +7523,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces. |
876a8767 | 999 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1000 | |
1001 | ||
1002 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
1003 | +@node unexpand | |
1004 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
1005 | ||
1006 | @pindex unexpand | |
dd3e3301 | 1007 | @@ -7604,14 +7586,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1008 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
1009 | ||
1010 | @menu | |
1011 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
1012 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
1013 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
1014 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
1015 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
1016 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
1017 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
1018 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
1019 | @end menu | |
1020 | ||
1021 | ||
1022 | -@node ls invocation | |
1023 | +@node ls | |
1024 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
1025 | ||
1026 | @pindex ls | |
dd3e3301 | 1027 | @@ -8531,7 +8513,7 @@ be one of the following: |
a839fc2f JB |
1028 | @item +@var{format} |
1029 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1030 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1031 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1032 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 1033 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
7c2f2af9 | 1034 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
a839fc2f | 1035 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the |
dd3e3301 | 1036 | @@ -8732,7 +8714,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is |
a839fc2f JB |
1037 | @end table |
1038 | ||
1039 | ||
1040 | -@node dir invocation | |
1041 | +@node dir | |
1042 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
1043 | ||
1044 | @pindex dir | |
dd3e3301 | 1045 | @@ -8742,10 +8724,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is |
a839fc2f JB |
1046 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
1047 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1048 | ||
1049 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
1050 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
1051 | ||
1052 | ||
1053 | -@node vdir invocation | |
1054 | +@node vdir | |
1055 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
1056 | ||
1057 | @pindex vdir | |
dd3e3301 | 1058 | @@ -8755,9 +8737,9 @@ and special characters are represented b |
a839fc2f JB |
1059 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
1060 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1061 | ||
46145361 JB |
1062 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. |
1063 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
1064 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1065 | -@node dircolors invocation |
1066 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 1067 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1068 | |
1069 | @pindex dircolors | |
dd3e3301 | 1070 | @@ -8850,16 +8832,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for |
a839fc2f JB |
1071 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1072 | ||
1073 | @menu | |
1074 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1075 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1076 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1077 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1078 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1079 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1080 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1081 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1082 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1083 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1084 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1085 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1086 | @end menu | |
1087 | ||
1088 | ||
1089 | -@node cp invocation | |
1090 | +@node cp | |
1091 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1092 | ||
1093 | @pindex cp | |
dd3e3301 | 1094 | @@ -9399,7 +9381,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres |
876a8767 | 1095 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1096 | |
1097 | ||
1098 | -@node dd invocation | |
1099 | +@node dd | |
1100 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1101 | ||
1102 | @pindex dd | |
dd3e3301 | 1103 | @@ -9709,7 +9691,7 @@ If neither this nor @samp{fsync} are spe |
2896be20 JP |
1104 | usual with file systems, i.e., output data and metadata may be cached |
1105 | in primary memory for some time before the operating system physically | |
1106 | writes it, and thus output data and metadata may be lost if power is lost. | |
1107 | -@xref{sync invocation}. | |
1108 | +@xref{sync}. | |
1109 | This conversion is a GNU extension to POSIX. | |
1110 | ||
1111 | @item fsync | |
dd3e3301 | 1112 | @@ -9987,7 +9969,7 @@ environment variable is set. |
876a8767 | 1113 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1114 | |
1115 | ||
1116 | -@node install invocation | |
1117 | +@node install | |
1118 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1119 | ||
1120 | @pindex install | |
dd3e3301 | 1121 | @@ -10171,7 +10153,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t |
876a8767 | 1122 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1123 | |
1124 | ||
1125 | -@node mv invocation | |
1126 | +@node mv | |
1127 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1128 | ||
1129 | @pindex mv | |
dd3e3301 | 1130 | @@ -10354,7 +10336,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati |
876a8767 | 1131 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1132 | |
1133 | ||
1134 | -@node rm invocation | |
1135 | +@node rm | |
1136 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1137 | ||
1138 | @pindex rm | |
dd3e3301 | 1139 | @@ -10520,7 +10502,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge |
876a8767 | 1140 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1141 | |
1142 | ||
1143 | -@node shred invocation | |
1144 | +@node shred | |
1145 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1146 | ||
1147 | @pindex shred | |
dd3e3301 | 1148 | @@ -10530,7 +10512,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge |
a839fc2f | 1149 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
7a004e48 | 1150 | extensive forensics from recovering the data. |
a839fc2f | 1151 | |
7a004e48 AM |
1152 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data |
1153 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data | |
1154 | and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory | |
1155 | entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no | |
1156 | process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the | |
dd3e3301 | 1157 | @@ -10817,18 +10799,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file |
a839fc2f JB |
1158 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1159 | ||
1160 | @menu | |
1161 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1162 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1163 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1164 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1165 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1166 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1167 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1168 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
46145361 JB |
1169 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
1170 | +* ln:: Make links between files. | |
1171 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1172 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1173 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
1174 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. | |
1175 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. | |
1176 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
1177 | @end menu |
1178 | ||
1179 | ||
1180 | -@node link invocation | |
1181 | +@node link | |
1182 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1183 | ||
1184 | @pindex link | |
dd3e3301 | 1185 | @@ -10841,7 +10823,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst |
c2be74f0 JB |
1186 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1187 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1188 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1189 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1190 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1191 | Synopsis: | |
1192 | ||
1193 | @example | |
dd3e3301 | 1194 | @@ -10867,7 +10849,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired. |
876a8767 JB |
1195 | @exitstatus |
1196 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1197 | |
1198 | -@node ln invocation | |
1199 | +@node ln | |
1200 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1201 | ||
1202 | @pindex ln | |
dd3e3301 | 1203 | @@ -11055,7 +11037,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp |
74811ba6 | 1204 | Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized |
46145361 | 1205 | containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic |
74811ba6 | 1206 | links in these file names will be resolved. |
703a6c3b JB |
1207 | -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control |
1208 | +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control | |
74811ba6 | 1209 | over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example: |
703a6c3b | 1210 | |
74811ba6 | 1211 | @example |
dd3e3301 | 1212 | @@ -11132,7 +11114,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile |
494d488d | 1213 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1214 | |
1215 | ||
1216 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1217 | +@node mkdir | |
1218 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1219 | ||
1220 | @pindex mkdir | |
dd3e3301 | 1221 | @@ -11210,7 +11192,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo |
876a8767 | 1222 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1223 | |
1224 | ||
1225 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1226 | +@node mkfifo | |
1227 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1228 | ||
1229 | @pindex mkfifo | |
dd3e3301 | 1230 | @@ -11251,7 +11233,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions |
876a8767 | 1231 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1232 | |
1233 | ||
1234 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1235 | +@node mknod | |
1236 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1237 | ||
1238 | @pindex mknod | |
dd3e3301 | 1239 | @@ -11328,7 +11310,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo |
876a8767 | 1240 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1241 | |
1242 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1243 | -@node readlink invocation |
1244 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1245 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1246 | |
1247 | @pindex readlink | |
dd3e3301 | 1248 | @@ -11352,7 +11334,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu |
ff4aeede AO |
1249 | @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain |
1250 | no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators | |
dd3e3301 | 1251 | (@file{/}) or symbolic links. The @command{realpath} command is the |
ff4aeede AO |
1252 | -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}. |
1253 | +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}. | |
1254 | ||
1255 | @end table | |
1256 | ||
dd3e3301 | 1257 | @@ -11427,7 +11409,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o |
876a8767 | 1258 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1259 | |
1260 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1261 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1262 | +@node rmdir | |
1263 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1264 | ||
1265 | @pindex rmdir | |
dd3e3301 | 1266 | @@ -11474,7 +11456,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re |
a839fc2f JB |
1267 | |
1268 | @end table | |
1269 | ||
7c2f2af9 JB |
1270 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively. |
1271 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively. | |
a839fc2f | 1272 | |
7c2f2af9 JB |
1273 | To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including |
1274 | directories that become empty because other directories are removed, | |
dd3e3301 | 1275 | @@ -11491,7 +11473,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec |
876a8767 JB |
1276 | @exitstatus |
1277 | ||
1278 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1279 | -@node unlink invocation |
1280 | +@node unlink | |
1281 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1282 | ||
1283 | @pindex unlink | |
dd3e3301 | 1284 | @@ -11502,7 +11484,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst |
c2be74f0 JB |
1285 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1286 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1287 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1288 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1289 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1290 | ||
1291 | @example | |
1292 | unlink @var{filename} | |
dd3e3301 | 1293 | @@ -11536,14 +11518,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll |
a839fc2f JB |
1294 | These commands change file attributes. |
1295 | ||
1296 | @menu | |
703a6c3b | 1297 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1298 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. |
1299 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f | 1300 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. |
703a6c3b | 1301 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1302 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. |
1303 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1304 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. |
1305 | @end menu | |
1306 | ||
1307 | ||
1308 | -@node chown invocation | |
1309 | +@node chown | |
1310 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1311 | ||
1312 | @pindex chown | |
dd3e3301 | 1313 | @@ -11775,7 +11757,7 @@ chown -hR root /u |
494d488d | 1314 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1315 | |
1316 | ||
1317 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1318 | +@node chgrp | |
1319 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1320 | ||
1321 | @pindex chgrp | |
dd3e3301 | 1322 | @@ -11784,7 +11766,7 @@ chown -hR root /u |
8127c87d JB |
1323 | |
1324 | @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file} | |
1325 | to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) | |
1326 | -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}. | |
1327 | +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}. | |
1328 | Synopsis: | |
1329 | ||
1330 | @example | |
dd3e3301 | 1331 | @@ -11886,7 +11868,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u |
494d488d | 1332 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1333 | |
1334 | ||
1335 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1336 | +@node chmod | |
1337 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1338 | ||
1339 | @pindex chmod | |
dd3e3301 | 1340 | @@ -12037,7 +12019,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir |
494d488d | 1341 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1342 | |
1343 | ||
1344 | -@node touch invocation | |
1345 | +@node touch | |
1346 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1347 | ||
1348 | @pindex touch | |
dd3e3301 | 1349 | @@ -12212,15 +12194,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available, |
7c2f2af9 | 1350 | file status information, and write buffers to file systems. |
a839fc2f JB |
1351 | |
1352 | @menu | |
7c2f2af9 | 1353 | -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1354 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1355 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
46145361 | 1356 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage. |
10c838b0 | 1357 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
7c2f2af9 | 1358 | +* df:: Report file system space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1359 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1360 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
46145361 | 1361 | +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage. |
10c838b0 | 1362 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1363 | @end menu |
1364 | ||
1365 | ||
1366 | -@node df invocation | |
1367 | +@node df | |
7c2f2af9 | 1368 | @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1369 | |
1370 | @pindex df | |
dd3e3301 | 1371 | @@ -12528,7 +12510,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @ |
703a6c3b | 1372 | or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument. |
a839fc2f JB |
1373 | |
1374 | ||
1375 | -@node du invocation | |
1376 | +@node du | |
1377 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1378 | ||
1379 | @pindex du | |
dd3e3301 | 1380 | @@ -12787,7 +12769,7 @@ be one of the following: |
c2be74f0 JB |
1381 | @item +@var{format} |
1382 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1383 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1384 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1385 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1386 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
7c2f2af9 | 1387 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As |
c2be74f0 | 1388 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the |
dd3e3301 | 1389 | @@ -12883,7 +12865,7 @@ underlying devices. |
876a8767 | 1390 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1391 | |
1392 | ||
1393 | -@node stat invocation | |
1394 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1395 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1396 | |
1397 | @pindex stat | |
dd3e3301 | 1398 | @@ -13125,7 +13107,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R |
876a8767 | 1399 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1400 | |
1401 | ||
1402 | -@node sync invocation | |
1403 | +@node sync | |
46145361 | 1404 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
a839fc2f JB |
1405 | |
1406 | @pindex sync | |
dd3e3301 | 1407 | @@ -13185,7 +13167,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us |
10c838b0 JB |
1408 | @exitstatus |
1409 | ||
1410 | ||
1411 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1412 | +@node truncate | |
1413 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1414 | ||
1415 | @pindex truncate | |
dd3e3301 | 1416 | @@ -13262,13 +13244,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its |
a839fc2f JB |
1417 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1418 | ||
1419 | @menu | |
1420 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1421 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1422 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1423 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1424 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1425 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1426 | @end menu | |
1427 | ||
1428 | ||
1429 | -@node echo invocation | |
1430 | +@node echo | |
1431 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1432 | ||
1433 | @pindex echo | |
dd3e3301 | 1434 | @@ -13291,7 +13273,7 @@ strings cannot be passed to @command{ech |
68608205 JP |
1435 | It is therefore not advisable to use @command{echo} for printing unknown or |
1436 | variable arguments. The @command{printf} command is recommended as a more | |
1437 | portable and flexible replacement for tasks historically performed by | |
1438 | -@command{echo}. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1439 | +@command{echo}. @xref{printf}. | |
1440 | ||
1441 | The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. | |
1442 | Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument | |
dd3e3301 | 1443 | @@ -13366,12 +13348,12 @@ POSIX does not require support for any o |
68608205 JP |
1444 | that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any |
1445 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}. | |
1446 | Portable programs should use the @command{printf} command instead. | |
1447 | -@xref{printf invocation}. | |
1448 | +@xref{printf}. | |
c2be74f0 | 1449 | |
876a8767 | 1450 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1451 | |
1452 | ||
1453 | -@node printf invocation | |
1454 | +@node printf | |
1455 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1456 | ||
1457 | @pindex printf | |
dd3e3301 | 1458 | @@ -13533,7 +13515,7 @@ Options must precede operands. |
876a8767 | 1459 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1460 | |
1461 | ||
1462 | -@node yes invocation | |
1463 | +@node yes | |
1464 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1465 | ||
1466 | @pindex yes | |
dd3e3301 | 1467 | @@ -13564,14 +13546,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements, |
a839fc2f JB |
1468 | pipeline. |
1469 | ||
1470 | @menu | |
1471 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1472 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1473 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1474 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1475 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1476 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1477 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1478 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1479 | @end menu | |
1480 | ||
1481 | ||
1482 | -@node false invocation | |
1483 | +@node false | |
1484 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1485 | ||
1486 | @pindex false | |
dd3e3301 | 1487 | @@ -13601,7 +13583,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that |
fd7af4a7 | 1488 | non-GNU hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1489 | |
1490 | ||
1491 | -@node true invocation | |
1492 | +@node true | |
1493 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1494 | ||
1495 | @pindex true | |
dd3e3301 | 1496 | @@ -13637,7 +13619,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem |
a839fc2f JB |
1497 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1498 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1499 | ||
1500 | -@node test invocation | |
1501 | +@node test | |
1502 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1503 | ||
1504 | @pindex test | |
dd3e3301 | 1505 | @@ -14006,7 +13988,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2 |
a839fc2f JB |
1506 | @end table |
1507 | ||
1508 | ||
1509 | -@node expr invocation | |
1510 | +@node expr | |
1511 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1512 | ||
1513 | @pindex expr | |
dd3e3301 | 1514 | @@ -14283,11 +14265,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep |
a839fc2f JB |
1515 | it's described here. |
1516 | ||
1517 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1518 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1519 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1520 | @end menu |
1521 | ||
1522 | ||
1523 | -@node tee invocation | |
1524 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1525 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1526 | |
1527 | @pindex tee | |
dd3e3301 | 1528 | @@ -14503,15 +14485,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \ |
a839fc2f JB |
1529 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1530 | ||
1531 | @menu | |
1532 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1533 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1534 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1535 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1536 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1537 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1538 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1539 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1540 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1541 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1542 | @end menu |
1543 | ||
1544 | ||
1545 | -@node basename invocation | |
1546 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1547 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1548 | |
1549 | @pindex basename | |
dd3e3301 | 1550 | @@ -14593,7 +14575,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ |
494d488d | 1551 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1552 | |
1553 | ||
1554 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1555 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1556 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1557 | |
1558 | @pindex dirname | |
dd3e3301 | 1559 | @@ -14646,7 +14628,7 @@ dirname stdio.h |
494d488d | 1560 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1561 | |
1562 | ||
1563 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1564 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1565 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1566 | |
1567 | @pindex pathchk | |
dd3e3301 | 1568 | @@ -14722,7 +14704,7 @@ Exit status: |
10c838b0 JB |
1569 | 1 otherwise. |
1570 | @end display | |
1571 | ||
1572 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1573 | +@node mktemp | |
1574 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1575 | ||
1576 | @pindex mktemp | |
dd3e3301 | 1577 | @@ -14897,7 +14879,7 @@ Exit status: |
703a6c3b JB |
1578 | @end display |
1579 | ||
1580 | ||
1581 | -@node realpath invocation | |
1582 | +@node realpath | |
1583 | @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name. | |
1584 | ||
1585 | @pindex realpath | |
dd3e3301 | 1586 | @@ -15089,14 +15071,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc |
a839fc2f JB |
1587 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1588 | ||
1589 | @menu | |
1590 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1591 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1592 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1593 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1594 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1595 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1596 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1597 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1598 | @end menu | |
1599 | ||
1600 | ||
1601 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1602 | +@node pwd | |
1603 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1604 | ||
1605 | @pindex pwd | |
dd3e3301 | 1606 | @@ -15143,7 +15125,7 @@ environment variable is set. |
876a8767 | 1607 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1608 | |
1609 | ||
1610 | -@node stty invocation | |
1611 | +@node stty | |
1612 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1613 | ||
1614 | @pindex stty | |
dd3e3301 | 1615 | @@ -15887,7 +15869,7 @@ or |
a839fc2f JB |
1616 | @end table |
1617 | ||
1618 | ||
1619 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1620 | +@node printenv | |
1621 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1622 | ||
1623 | @pindex printenv | |
dd3e3301 | 1624 | @@ -15922,7 +15904,7 @@ Exit status: |
a839fc2f JB |
1625 | @end display |
1626 | ||
1627 | ||
1628 | -@node tty invocation | |
1629 | +@node tty | |
1630 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1631 | ||
1632 | @pindex tty | |
dd3e3301 | 1633 | @@ -15972,17 +15954,17 @@ This section describes commands that pri |
a839fc2f JB |
1634 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1635 | ||
1636 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1637 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1638 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1639 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1640 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1641 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1642 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
dd3e3301 | 1643 | -* pinky invocation:: Print information about users. |
c2be74f0 | 1644 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1645 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1646 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1647 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1648 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1649 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
dd3e3301 | 1650 | +* pinky:: Print information about users. |
a839fc2f JB |
1651 | @end menu |
1652 | ||
1653 | ||
1654 | -@node id invocation | |
1655 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1656 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1657 | |
1658 | @pindex id | |
dd3e3301 | 1659 | @@ -16089,7 +16071,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so |
74811ba6 JB |
1660 | |
1661 | @exitstatus | |
a839fc2f JB |
1662 | |
1663 | -@node logname invocation | |
1664 | +@node logname | |
1665 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1666 | ||
1667 | @pindex logname | |
dd3e3301 | 1668 | @@ -16110,7 +16092,7 @@ options}. |
876a8767 | 1669 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1670 | |
1671 | ||
1672 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1673 | +@node whoami | |
7c2f2af9 | 1674 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name |
a839fc2f JB |
1675 | |
1676 | @pindex whoami | |
dd3e3301 | 1677 | @@ -16126,7 +16108,7 @@ options}. |
876a8767 | 1678 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1679 | |
1680 | ||
1681 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1682 | +@node groups |
1683 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1684 | ||
1685 | @pindex groups | |
dd3e3301 | 1686 | @@ -16153,7 +16135,7 @@ options}. |
fc53c102 | 1687 | |
74811ba6 | 1688 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 | 1689 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1690 | -@node users invocation |
1691 | +@node users | |
1692 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1693 | ||
1694 | @pindex users | |
dd3e3301 | 1695 | @@ -16188,7 +16170,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non- |
876a8767 | 1696 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1697 | |
1698 | ||
1699 | -@node who invocation | |
1700 | +@node who | |
1701 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1702 | ||
1703 | @pindex who | |
dd3e3301 JP |
1704 | @@ -16342,7 +16324,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non- |
1705 | @exitstatus | |
1706 | ||
1707 | ||
1708 | -@node pinky invocation | |
1709 | +@node pinky | |
1710 | @section @command{pinky}: Print information about users | |
1711 | ||
1712 | @command{pinky} is a lightweight implementation of the @command{finger} command. | |
1713 | @@ -16417,16 +16399,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri | |
a839fc2f JB |
1714 | information. |
1715 | ||
1716 | @menu | |
1717 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1718 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1719 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1720 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1721 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1722 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1723 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
46145361 JB |
1724 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
1725 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. | |
1726 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
1727 | +* uname:: Print system information. | |
1728 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1729 | @end menu |
1730 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1731 | -@node date invocation |
1732 | +@node date | |
1733 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1734 | ||
1735 | @pindex date | |
dd3e3301 | 1736 | @@ -17200,7 +17180,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000' |
a839fc2f JB |
1737 | @end itemize |
1738 | ||
1739 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1740 | -@node arch invocation |
1741 | +@node arch | |
1742 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1743 | ||
1744 | @pindex arch | |
dd3e3301 | 1745 | @@ -17223,7 +17203,7 @@ not rely on its existence. |
10c838b0 JB |
1746 | @exitstatus |
1747 | ||
1748 | ||
1749 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1750 | +@node nproc | |
1751 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1752 | ||
1753 | @pindex nproc | |
dd3e3301 | 1754 | @@ -17262,7 +17242,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o |
3c350007 JB |
1755 | @exitstatus |
1756 | ||
1757 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1758 | -@node uname invocation |
1759 | +@node uname | |
1760 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1761 | ||
1762 | @pindex uname | |
dd3e3301 | 1763 | @@ -17392,35 +17372,7 @@ Print the kernel version. |
876a8767 | 1764 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1765 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1766 | |
1767 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1768 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1769 | - | |
1770 | -@pindex hostname | |
1771 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1772 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1773 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1774 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1775 | - | |
1776 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1777 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1778 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1779 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1780 | - |
1781 | -@example | |
1782 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1783 | -@end example | |
1784 | - | |
1785 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1786 | -options}. | |
1787 | - | |
46145361 JB |
1788 | -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages |
1789 | -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should | |
1790 | -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above. | |
1791 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1792 | -@exitstatus |
1793 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1794 | - |
1795 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1796 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1797 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1798 | |
1799 | @pindex hostid | |
dd3e3301 | 1800 | @@ -17448,44 +17400,6 @@ existence. |
10c838b0 JB |
1801 | |
1802 | @exitstatus | |
1803 | ||
1804 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1805 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1806 | - | |
1807 | -@pindex uptime | |
1808 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1809 | - | |
1810 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1811 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1812 | - | |
1813 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1814 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1815 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1816 | -the default setting). | |
1817 | - | |
1818 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1819 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1820 | - | |
1821 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1822 | - | |
1823 | -@example | |
1824 | -$ uptime | |
1825 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1826 | -@end example | |
1827 | - | |
1828 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1829 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1830 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1831 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
7c2f2af9 | 1832 | -those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel |
10c838b0 | 1833 | -includes uninterruptible processes. |
46145361 JB |
1834 | - |
1835 | -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure | |
1836 | -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an | |
1837 | -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its | |
1838 | -existence or on the exact behavior documented above. | |
1839 | - | |
1840 | -@exitstatus | |
10c838b0 JB |
1841 | - |
1842 | @node SELinux context | |
1843 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1844 | ||
dd3e3301 | 1845 | @@ -17497,11 +17411,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper |
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1846 | contexts. |
1847 | ||
1848 | @menu | |
1849 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1850 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1851 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1852 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1853 | @end menu | |
1854 | ||
1855 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1856 | +@node chcon | |
1857 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1858 | ||
1859 | @pindex chcon | |
dd3e3301 | 1860 | @@ -17604,7 +17518,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu |
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1861 | |
1862 | @exitstatus | |
1863 | ||
1864 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1865 | +@node runcon | |
1866 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1867 | ||
1868 | @pindex runcon | |
dd3e3301 | 1869 | @@ -17697,16 +17611,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi |
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1870 | user, etc. |
1871 | ||
1872 | @menu | |
1873 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1874 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1875 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1876 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1877 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1878 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
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1879 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1880 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1881 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1882 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1883 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1884 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
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1885 | @end menu |
1886 | ||
1887 | ||
1888 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1889 | +@node chroot | |
1890 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1891 | ||
1892 | @pindex chroot | |
dd3e3301 | 1893 | @@ -17822,7 +17736,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi |
876a8767 | 1894 | @end display |
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1895 | |
1896 | ||
1897 | -@node env invocation | |
1898 | +@node env | |
1899 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1900 | ||
1901 | @pindex env | |
dd3e3301 | 1902 | @@ -18451,7 +18365,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon |
494d488d | 1903 | |
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1904 | |
1905 | ||
1906 | -@node nice invocation | |
1907 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1908 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
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1909 | |
1910 | @pindex nice | |
dd3e3301 | 1911 | @@ -18582,7 +18496,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice |
876a8767 | 1912 | @end example |
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1913 | |
1914 | ||
1915 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1916 | +@node nohup | |
1917 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1918 | ||
1919 | @pindex nohup | |
dd3e3301 | 1920 | @@ -18656,7 +18570,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna |
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1921 | instead of 125. |
1922 | ||
1923 | ||
1924 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1925 | +@node stdbuf | |
1926 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1927 | ||
1928 | @pindex stdbuf | |
dd3e3301 | 1929 | @@ -18752,7 +18666,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi |
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1930 | @end display |
1931 | ||
1932 | ||
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1933 | -@node timeout invocation |
1934 | +@node timeout | |
1935 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1936 | ||
1937 | @pindex timeout | |
dd3e3301 | 1938 | @@ -18888,90 +18802,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN |
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1939 | timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20 |
1940 | @end example | |
10c838b0 | 1941 | |
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1942 | -@node Process control |
1943 | -@chapter Process control | |
1944 | - | |
1945 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1946 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1947 | - | |
1948 | -@menu | |
1949 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1950 | -@end menu | |
1951 | - | |
1952 | - | |
1953 | -@node kill invocation | |
1954 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1955 | - | |
1956 | -@pindex kill | |
1957 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1958 | - | |
1959 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1960 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1961 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1962 | - | |
1963 | -@example | |
1964 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1965 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1966 | -@end example | |
1967 | - | |
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1968 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1969 | - | |
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1970 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1971 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
703a6c3b | 1972 | -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a |
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1973 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments |
1974 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1975 | - | |
1976 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1977 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1978 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
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1979 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1980 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
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1981 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1982 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1983 | - | |
1984 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1985 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1986 | -is sent. | |
1987 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1988 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 | 1989 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
fd7af4a7 | 1990 | -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill |
c2be74f0 | 1991 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: |
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1992 | - |
1993 | -@example | |
1994 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1995 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1996 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
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1997 | -kill -- -1 |
1998 | -@end example | |
1999 | - | |
2000 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
2001 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
2002 | - | |
2003 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
2004 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
2005 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
2006 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
2007 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
2008 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
2009 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
2010 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
2011 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
2012 | -and if there is no output error. | |
2013 | - | |
2014 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
2015 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
2016 | - | |
2017 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
2018 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
2019 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
703a6c3b | 2020 | -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the |
a839fc2f | 2021 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid |
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2022 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. |
2023 | -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported | |
2024 | -signal names and numbers. | |
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2025 | - |
2026 | @node Delaying | |
2027 | @chapter Delaying | |
2028 | ||
dd3e3301 | 2029 | @@ -18981,11 +18811,11 @@ signal names and numbers. |
fbb5b105 | 2030 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
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2031 | |
2032 | @menu | |
2033 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
2034 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
2035 | @end menu | |
2036 | ||
2037 | ||
2038 | -@node sleep invocation | |
2039 | +@node sleep | |
2040 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
2041 | ||
2042 | @pindex sleep | |
dd3e3301 | 2043 | @@ -19048,13 +18878,13 @@ options}. |
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2044 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
2045 | ||
2046 | @menu | |
2047 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
46145361 | 2048 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers. |
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2049 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. |
2050 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
46145361 | 2051 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers. |
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2052 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. |
2053 | @end menu | |
2054 | ||
2055 | ||
2056 | -@node factor invocation | |
2057 | +@node factor | |
2058 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
2059 | ||
2060 | @pindex factor | |
dd3e3301 | 2061 | @@ -19119,7 +18949,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot |
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2062 | @exitstatus |
2063 | ||
a839fc2f | 2064 | |
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2065 | -@node numfmt invocation |
2066 | +@node numfmt | |
2067 | @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers | |
2068 | ||
2069 | @pindex numfmt | |
dd3e3301 | 2070 | @@ -19475,7 +19305,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma |
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2071 | @end example |
2072 | ||
2073 | ||
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2074 | -@node seq invocation |
2075 | +@node seq | |
2076 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
2077 | ||
2078 | @pindex seq | |
dd3e3301 | 2079 | @@ -19650,7 +19480,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim |
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2080 | whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file |
2081 | respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A | |
2082 | file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the | |
2083 | -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice, | |
2084 | +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice, | |
2085 | though, timestamps are not updated quite that way. | |
2086 | ||
2087 | For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: |