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1 | --- coreutils-9.0/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2021-09-24 13:31:05.000000000 +0200 |
2 | +++ coreutils-9.0/doc/coreutils.texi 2021-10-07 17:55:04.486617755 +0200 | |
494d488d | 3 | @@ -22,123 +22,112 @@ |
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4 | @syncodeindex pg cp |
5 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
6 | ||
7 | -@dircategory Basics | |
8 | +@dircategory Core utilities: | |
9 | @direntry | |
10 | -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. | |
10c838b0 | 11 | +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities |
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12 | * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. |
13 | -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. | |
7c2f2af9 | 14 | +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. |
10c838b0 | 15 | * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. |
fbb5b105 | 16 | -@end direntry |
a839fc2f | 17 | - |
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18 | -@c FIXME: the following need documentation |
19 | -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. | |
20 | -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. | |
c2be74f0 | 21 | - |
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22 | -@dircategory Individual utilities |
23 | -@direntry | |
3c350007 | 24 | -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. |
ff4aeede | 25 | -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests. |
46145361 | 26 | -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data. |
c2be74f0 | 27 | -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. |
a839fc2f | 28 | -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. |
494d488d | 29 | -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data. |
a839fc2f | 30 | -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. |
10c838b0 | 31 | -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. |
a839fc2f | 32 | -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. |
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33 | -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions. |
34 | -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups. | |
a839fc2f | 35 | -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. |
fbb5b105 | 36 | -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. |
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37 | -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. |
38 | -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. | |
39 | -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. | |
40 | -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. | |
41 | -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. | |
42 | -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. | |
7c2f2af9 | 43 | -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage. |
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44 | -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. |
45 | -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. | |
10c838b0 | 46 | -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. |
7c2f2af9 | 47 | -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage. |
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48 | -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. |
49 | -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. | |
50 | -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
51 | -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. | |
52 | -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors | |
53 | -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
54 | -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. | |
55 | -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. | |
56 | -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. | |
57 | -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. | |
58 | -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. | |
59 | -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. | |
c2be74f0 | 60 | -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. |
8127c87d | 61 | -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes. |
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62 | -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. |
63 | -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. | |
64 | -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. | |
65 | -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. | |
66 | -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. | |
67 | -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. | |
c2be74f0 | 68 | -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. |
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69 | -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. |
70 | -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
71 | -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. | |
10c838b0 | 72 | -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. |
a839fc2f | 73 | -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. |
c2be74f0 | 74 | -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. |
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75 | -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. |
76 | -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. | |
10c838b0 | 77 | -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. |
d51def31 | 78 | -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers. |
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79 | -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. |
80 | -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. | |
81 | -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. | |
82 | -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. | |
83 | -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. | |
84 | -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. | |
85 | -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. | |
86 | -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. | |
fbb5b105 | 87 | -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. |
8127c87d | 88 | -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names. |
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89 | -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. |
90 | -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. | |
10c838b0 | 91 | -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. |
a839fc2f | 92 | -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences |
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93 | -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
94 | -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
a839fc2f | 95 | -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. |
c2be74f0 | 96 | -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. |
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97 | -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. |
98 | -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. | |
0d2793d8 | 99 | -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces. |
fbb5b105 | 100 | -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. |
10c838b0 | 101 | -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. |
a839fc2f | 102 | -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. |
a839fc2f | 103 | -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. |
7c2f2af9 | 104 | -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage. |
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105 | -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. |
106 | -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. | |
107 | -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. | |
108 | -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. | |
10c838b0 | 109 | -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. |
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110 | -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. |
111 | -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. | |
112 | -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. | |
10c838b0 | 113 | -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. |
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114 | -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. |
115 | -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. | |
116 | -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. | |
117 | -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
a839fc2f | 118 | -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. |
fbb5b105 | 119 | -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). |
10c838b0 | 120 | -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. |
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121 | -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. |
122 | -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. | |
876a8767 | 123 | -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f | 124 | -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. |
c2be74f0 | 125 | -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f | 126 | -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. |
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127 | +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name. |
128 | +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests. | |
129 | +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data. | |
130 | +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data. | |
131 | +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix. | |
132 | +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data. | |
133 | +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files. | |
134 | +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files. | |
135 | +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups. | |
136 | +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions. | |
137 | +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups. | |
138 | +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory. | |
139 | +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum. | |
140 | +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line. | |
141 | +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files. | |
142 | +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context. | |
143 | +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines. | |
144 | +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time. | |
145 | +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file. | |
146 | +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage. | |
147 | +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly. | |
148 | +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls. | |
149 | +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component. | |
150 | +* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage. | |
151 | +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text. | |
152 | +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment. | |
153 | +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces. | |
154 | +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions. | |
c6825ee8 | 155 | +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors |
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156 | +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. |
157 | +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text. | |
158 | +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines. | |
159 | +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in. | |
160 | +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files. | |
161 | +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier. | |
162 | +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity. | |
163 | +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes. | |
164 | +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field. | |
165 | +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files. | |
166 | +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files. | |
167 | +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name. | |
168 | +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents. | |
169 | +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests. | |
170 | +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories. | |
171 | +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes). | |
172 | +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files. | |
173 | +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files. | |
174 | +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files. | |
175 | +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness. | |
176 | +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files. | |
177 | +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups. | |
178 | +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors. | |
179 | +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers. | |
494d488d | 180 | +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc. |
7c2f2af9 JB |
181 | +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files. |
182 | +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability. | |
183 | +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files. | |
184 | +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables. | |
185 | +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data. | |
186 | +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes. | |
187 | +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory. | |
188 | +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink. | |
189 | +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names. | |
190 | +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files. | |
191 | +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories. | |
192 | +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX. | |
c6825ee8 | 193 | +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences |
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194 | +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests. |
195 | +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests. | |
196 | +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely. | |
197 | +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files. | |
198 | +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time. | |
199 | +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files. | |
200 | +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces. | |
201 | +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status. | |
202 | +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering. | |
203 | +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings. | |
204 | +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum. | |
205 | +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage. | |
206 | +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files. | |
207 | +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files. | |
208 | +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files. | |
209 | +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests. | |
210 | +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit. | |
211 | +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps. | |
212 | +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters. | |
213 | +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully. | |
214 | +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file. | |
215 | +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort. | |
216 | +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name. | |
217 | +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information. | |
218 | +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs. | |
219 | +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files. | |
220 | +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2). | |
221 | +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names. | |
222 | +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely. | |
223 | +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts. | |
224 | +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in. | |
225 | +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID. | |
226 | +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely. | |
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227 | @end direntry |
228 | ||
229 | @copying | |
7c2f2af9 | 230 | @@ -203,10 +192,9 @@ Free Documentation License''. |
703a6c3b | 231 | * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath |
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232 | * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty |
233 | * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who | |
234 | -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime | |
235 | +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid | |
236 | * SELinux context:: chcon runcon | |
703a6c3b | 237 | * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout |
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238 | -* Process control:: kill |
239 | * Delaying:: sleep | |
46145361 | 240 | * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq |
10c838b0 | 241 | * File permissions:: Access modes |
7c2f2af9 | 242 | @@ -238,45 +226,45 @@ Common Options |
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243 | |
244 | Output of entire files | |
245 | ||
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246 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files |
247 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
248 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files | |
249 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
46145361 | 250 | -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
10c838b0 | 251 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
494d488d | 252 | -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data |
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253 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files |
254 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
255 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files | |
256 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats | |
46145361 | 257 | +* base32:: Transform data into printable data |
10c838b0 | 258 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data |
494d488d | 259 | +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data |
a839fc2f JB |
260 | |
261 | Formatting file contents | |
262 | ||
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263 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text |
264 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
265 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
266 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text | |
267 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
268 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
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269 | |
270 | Output of parts of files | |
271 | ||
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272 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files |
273 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files | |
274 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
275 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
276 | +* head:: Output the first part of files | |
277 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files | |
278 | +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces | |
279 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
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280 | |
281 | Summarizing files | |
282 | ||
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283 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
284 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts | |
285 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
ff4aeede | 286 | -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests |
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287 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests |
288 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
289 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts | |
290 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts | |
291 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts | |
ff4aeede | 292 | +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests |
10c838b0 JB |
293 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests |
294 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
295 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests | |
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296 | |
297 | Operating on sorted files | |
298 | ||
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299 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files |
300 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files | |
301 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files | |
302 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
303 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
304 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort | |
305 | +* sort:: Sort text files | |
306 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files | |
307 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files | |
308 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
309 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents | |
310 | +* tsort:: Topological sort | |
a839fc2f JB |
311 | |
312 | @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
313 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 314 | @@ -288,15 +276,15 @@ Operating on sorted files |
a839fc2f | 315 | |
10c838b0 | 316 | Operating on fields |
a839fc2f | 317 | |
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318 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines |
319 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files | |
320 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field | |
321 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines | |
322 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files | |
323 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field | |
a839fc2f JB |
324 | |
325 | Operating on characters | |
326 | ||
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327 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters |
328 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
329 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
330 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
331 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces | |
332 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs | |
a839fc2f JB |
333 | |
334 | @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
335 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 336 | @@ -306,10 +294,10 @@ Operating on characters |
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337 | |
338 | Directory listing | |
339 | ||
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340 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents |
341 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents | |
342 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
343 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
344 | +* ls:: List directory contents | |
345 | +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents | |
346 | +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents | |
347 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls} | |
a839fc2f JB |
348 | |
349 | @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
350 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 351 | @@ -321,51 +309,51 @@ Directory listing |
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352 | |
353 | Basic operations | |
354 | ||
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355 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories |
356 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file | |
357 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes | |
358 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files | |
359 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories | |
360 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely | |
361 | +* cp:: Copy files and directories | |
362 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file | |
363 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes | |
364 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files | |
365 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories | |
366 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely | |
a839fc2f JB |
367 | |
368 | Special file types | |
369 | ||
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370 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
371 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files | |
372 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories | |
373 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
374 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files | |
375 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
376 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories | |
377 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
378 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
379 | +* ln:: Make links between files | |
380 | +* mkdir:: Make directories | |
381 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
382 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files | |
383 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name | |
384 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories | |
385 | +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
386 | |
387 | Changing file attributes | |
388 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
389 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group |
390 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership | |
391 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions | |
392 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps | |
393 | +* chown:: Change file owner and group | |
394 | +* chgrp:: Change group ownership | |
395 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions | |
396 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps | |
a839fc2f | 397 | |
7c2f2af9 | 398 | File space usage |
a839fc2f | 399 | |
7c2f2af9 | 400 | -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage |
10c838b0 JB |
401 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage |
402 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status | |
46145361 | 403 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
10c838b0 | 404 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file |
7c2f2af9 | 405 | +* df:: Report file system space usage |
10c838b0 JB |
406 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage |
407 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status | |
46145361 | 408 | +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
10c838b0 | 409 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file |
a839fc2f JB |
410 | |
411 | Printing text | |
412 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
413 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text |
414 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data | |
415 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted | |
416 | +* echo:: Print a line of text | |
417 | +* printf:: Format and print data | |
418 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted | |
a839fc2f JB |
419 | |
420 | Conditions | |
421 | ||
10c838b0 JB |
422 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully |
423 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully | |
424 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values | |
425 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions | |
426 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
427 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully | |
428 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values | |
429 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions | |
a839fc2f JB |
430 | |
431 | @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
432 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 433 | @@ -384,22 +372,22 @@ Conditions |
a839fc2f JB |
434 | |
435 | Redirection | |
436 | ||
3c350007 JB |
437 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
438 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes | |
a839fc2f JB |
439 | |
440 | File name manipulation | |
441 | ||
442 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name | |
10c838b0 JB |
443 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component |
444 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability | |
445 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 446 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f | 447 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
10c838b0 JB |
448 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component |
449 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability | |
450 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory | |
0ee46a86 | 451 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names |
a839fc2f JB |
452 | |
453 | Working context | |
454 | ||
455 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory | |
456 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
457 | -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables | |
458 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
459 | +* pwd:: Print working directory | |
460 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
461 | +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables | |
462 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
463 | ||
464 | @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
465 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 466 | @@ -413,22 +401,20 @@ Working context |
a839fc2f JB |
467 | |
468 | User information | |
469 | ||
c2be74f0 | 470 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 471 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 472 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID |
a839fc2f JB |
473 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in |
474 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
475 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in | |
c2be74f0 | 476 | +* id:: Print user identity |
a839fc2f | 477 | +* logname:: Print current login name |
c2be74f0 | 478 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID |
fc53c102 | 479 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in |
a839fc2f JB |
480 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in |
481 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in | |
482 | ||
483 | System context | |
484 | ||
3c350007 | 485 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 486 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 487 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f JB |
488 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information |
489 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name | |
10c838b0 JB |
490 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier |
491 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load | |
3c350007 | 492 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name |
a839fc2f | 493 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time |
10c838b0 | 494 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors |
a839fc2f | 495 | +* uname:: Print system information |
3c350007 | 496 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
497 | |
498 | @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
499 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 500 | @@ -443,31 +429,27 @@ System context |
10c838b0 JB |
501 | |
502 | SELinux context | |
503 | ||
504 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
505 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
506 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
507 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
a839fc2f JB |
508 | |
509 | Modified command invocation | |
510 | ||
511 | -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
512 | -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 513 | -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 514 | -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 515 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 516 | -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
517 | - |
518 | -Process control | |
519 | - | |
520 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
521 | +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory | |
522 | +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment | |
c2be74f0 | 523 | +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness |
a839fc2f | 524 | +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups |
10c838b0 | 525 | +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering |
10c838b0 | 526 | +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit |
a839fc2f JB |
527 | |
528 | Delaying | |
529 | ||
530 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time | |
531 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time | |
532 | ||
533 | Numeric operations | |
534 | ||
535 | -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors | |
46145361 | 536 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers |
a839fc2f JB |
537 | -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences |
538 | +* factor:: Print prime factors | |
46145361 | 539 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers |
a839fc2f JB |
540 | +* seq:: Print numeric sequences |
541 | ||
a839fc2f | 542 | |
ff4aeede | 543 | File timestamps |
7c2f2af9 | 544 | @@ -1597,16 +1579,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil |
a839fc2f JB |
545 | in some way. |
546 | ||
547 | @menu | |
548 | -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. | |
549 | -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
550 | -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. | |
551 | -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
46145361 | 552 | -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
c2be74f0 | 553 | -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
494d488d | 554 | -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
555 | +* cat:: Concatenate and write files. |
556 | +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. | |
557 | +* nl:: Number lines and write files. | |
558 | +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats. | |
46145361 | 559 | +* base32:: Transform data into printable data. |
c2be74f0 | 560 | +* base64:: Transform data into printable data. |
494d488d | 561 | +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data. |
a839fc2f JB |
562 | @end menu |
563 | ||
564 | -@node cat invocation | |
565 | +@node cat | |
566 | @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files | |
567 | ||
568 | @pindex cat | |
7c2f2af9 | 569 | @@ -1708,7 +1690,7 @@ cat |
494d488d | 570 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
571 | |
572 | ||
573 | -@node tac invocation | |
574 | +@node tac | |
575 | @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse | |
576 | ||
577 | @pindex tac | |
7c2f2af9 | 578 | @@ -1766,7 +1748,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]' |
d51def31 | 579 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
580 | |
581 | ||
582 | -@node nl invocation | |
583 | +@node nl | |
584 | @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files | |
585 | ||
586 | @pindex nl | |
7c2f2af9 | 587 | @@ -1934,7 +1916,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num |
876a8767 | 588 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
589 | |
590 | ||
591 | -@node od invocation | |
592 | +@node od | |
593 | @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats | |
594 | ||
595 | @pindex od | |
7c2f2af9 | 596 | @@ -2200,7 +2182,7 @@ address. |
c2be74f0 JB |
597 | @exitstatus |
598 | ||
46145361 JB |
599 | |
600 | -@node base32 invocation | |
601 | +@node base32 | |
602 | @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data | |
603 | ||
604 | @pindex base32 | |
7c2f2af9 | 605 | @@ -2210,10 +2192,10 @@ address. |
46145361 JB |
606 | into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses |
607 | printable ASCII characters to represent binary data. | |
608 | The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
609 | -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}. | |
610 | +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}. | |
611 | ||
612 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
613 | -@node base64 invocation |
614 | +@node base64 | |
10c838b0 | 615 | @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data |
c2be74f0 JB |
616 | |
617 | @pindex base64 | |
7c2f2af9 | 618 | @@ -2273,7 +2255,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded. |
494d488d JB |
619 | |
620 | @exitstatus | |
621 | ||
622 | -@node basenc invocation | |
623 | +@node basenc | |
624 | @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data | |
625 | ||
626 | @pindex basenc | |
7c2f2af9 JB |
627 | @@ -2294,7 +2276,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required. |
628 | @command{basenc} reads from standard input. | |
629 | The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage}, | |
494d488d JB |
630 | @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as |
631 | -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}. | |
632 | +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}. | |
633 | ||
634 | ||
635 | Supported @var{encoding}s are: | |
7c2f2af9 | 636 | @@ -2409,13 +2391,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf - |
a839fc2f JB |
637 | These commands reformat the contents of files. |
638 | ||
639 | @menu | |
640 | -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
641 | -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
642 | -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
643 | +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text. | |
644 | +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. | |
645 | +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. | |
646 | @end menu | |
647 | ||
648 | ||
649 | -@node fmt invocation | |
650 | +@node fmt | |
651 | @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text | |
652 | ||
653 | @pindex fmt | |
7c2f2af9 | 654 | @@ -2519,7 +2501,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged. |
d51def31 | 655 | |
876a8767 | 656 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 657 | |
a839fc2f JB |
658 | -@node pr invocation |
659 | +@node pr | |
660 | @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing | |
661 | ||
662 | @pindex pr | |
7c2f2af9 | 663 | @@ -2629,7 +2611,7 @@ Double space the output. |
a839fc2f JB |
664 | @cindex time formats |
665 | @cindex formatting times | |
666 | Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as | |
703a6c3b JB |
667 | -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}. |
668 | +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}. | |
a839fc2f JB |
669 | Except for directives, which start with |
670 | @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use | |
671 | this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, | |
7c2f2af9 | 672 | @@ -2859,7 +2841,7 @@ line is never truncated. |
876a8767 | 673 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
674 | |
675 | ||
676 | -@node fold invocation | |
677 | +@node fold | |
678 | @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width | |
679 | ||
680 | @pindex fold | |
7c2f2af9 | 681 | @@ -2926,13 +2908,13 @@ instead. |
a839fc2f JB |
682 | These commands output pieces of the input. |
683 | ||
684 | @menu | |
685 | -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files. | |
686 | -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 687 | -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
688 | -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
689 | +* head:: Output the first part of files. | |
690 | +* tail:: Output the last part of files. | |
0d2793d8 | 691 | +* split:: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
692 | +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. |
693 | @end menu | |
694 | ||
695 | -@node head invocation | |
696 | +@node head | |
697 | @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files | |
698 | ||
699 | @pindex head | |
7c2f2af9 | 700 | @@ -3011,7 +2993,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa |
876a8767 JB |
701 | @exitstatus |
702 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
703 | |
704 | -@node tail invocation | |
705 | +@node tail | |
706 | @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files | |
707 | ||
708 | @pindex tail | |
7c2f2af9 | 709 | @@ -3262,7 +3244,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta |
876a8767 JB |
710 | @exitstatus |
711 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
712 | |
713 | -@node split invocation | |
714 | +@node split | |
0d2793d8 | 715 | @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces. |
a839fc2f JB |
716 | |
717 | @pindex split | |
7c2f2af9 | 718 | @@ -3517,7 +3499,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k |
0d2793d8 | 719 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
720 | |
721 | ||
722 | -@node csplit invocation | |
723 | +@node csplit | |
724 | @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces | |
725 | ||
726 | @pindex csplit | |
7c2f2af9 | 727 | @@ -3736,17 +3718,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe |
a839fc2f JB |
728 | contents of files. |
729 | ||
730 | @menu | |
876a8767 | 731 | -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
732 | -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. |
733 | -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
ff4aeede | 734 | -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests. |
c2be74f0 JB |
735 | -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
736 | -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
876a8767 | 737 | +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. |
a839fc2f JB |
738 | +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts. |
739 | +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. | |
ff4aeede | 740 | +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests. |
c2be74f0 JB |
741 | +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests. |
742 | +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. | |
10c838b0 | 743 | * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. |
a839fc2f JB |
744 | @end menu |
745 | ||
746 | ||
747 | -@node wc invocation | |
748 | +@node wc | |
876a8767 | 749 | @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts |
a839fc2f JB |
750 | |
751 | @pindex wc | |
7c2f2af9 | 752 | @@ -3872,7 +3854,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 | |
876a8767 | 753 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
754 | |
755 | ||
756 | -@node sum invocation | |
757 | +@node sum | |
758 | @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts | |
759 | ||
760 | @pindex sum | |
7c2f2af9 | 761 | @@ -3921,7 +3903,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli |
876a8767 | 762 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
763 | |
764 | ||
765 | -@node cksum invocation | |
766 | +@node cksum | |
7c2f2af9 | 767 | @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums |
a839fc2f JB |
768 | |
769 | @pindex cksum | |
7c2f2af9 JB |
770 | @@ -3953,7 +3935,7 @@ for each file along with the number of b |
771 | and the file name unless no arguments were given. | |
772 | ||
773 | The same usage and options as the @command{b2sum} | |
774 | -command are supported. @xref{b2sum invocation}. | |
775 | +command are supported. @xref{b2sum}. | |
776 | In addition @command{cksum} supports the following options. | |
777 | ||
778 | @table @samp | |
779 | @@ -3996,11 +3978,11 @@ This format has the checksum at the star | |
780 | more amenable to further processing by other utilities, | |
781 | especially in combination with the @option{--zero} option. | |
782 | Note this does not identify the digest algorithm used for the checksum. | |
783 | -@xref{md5sum invocation} for details of this format. | |
784 | +@xref{md5sum} for details of this format. | |
785 | @end table | |
a839fc2f JB |
786 | |
787 | ||
ff4aeede AO |
788 | -@node b2sum invocation |
789 | +@node b2sum | |
790 | @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests | |
791 | ||
792 | @pindex b2sum | |
7c2f2af9 | 793 | @@ -4012,7 +3994,7 @@ Note this does not identify the digest a |
ff4aeede AO |
794 | |
795 | @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified | |
796 | @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum} | |
797 | -command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
798 | +command are supported. @xref{md5sum}. | |
799 | In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options. | |
800 | ||
801 | @table @samp | |
7c2f2af9 | 802 | @@ -4027,7 +4009,7 @@ This option is ignored when @option{--ch |
ff4aeede AO |
803 | as the length is automatically determined when checking. |
804 | @end table | |
805 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
806 | -@node md5sum invocation |
807 | +@node md5sum | |
c2be74f0 | 808 | @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests |
a839fc2f JB |
809 | |
810 | @pindex md5sum | |
7c2f2af9 | 811 | @@ -4050,7 +4032,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at |
ff4aeede AO |
812 | to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they |
813 | appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes, | |
814 | consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command. | |
815 | -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}. | |
816 | +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}. | |
817 | @end macro | |
818 | @weakHash{MD5} | |
819 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 820 | @@ -4208,7 +4190,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used. |
c2be74f0 JB |
821 | @exitstatus |
822 | ||
823 | ||
824 | -@node sha1sum invocation | |
825 | +@node sha1sum | |
826 | @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests | |
827 | ||
828 | @pindex sha1sum | |
7c2f2af9 | 829 | @@ -4220,7 +4202,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used. |
c2be74f0 JB |
830 | |
831 | @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified | |
832 | @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the | |
833 | -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. | |
834 | +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}. | |
835 | ||
ff4aeede AO |
836 | @weakHash{SHA-1} |
837 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 838 | @@ -4256,7 +4238,7 @@ various lengths (respectively 224, 256, |
c2be74f0 | 839 | collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of |
46145361 JB |
840 | these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum} |
841 | and @command{sha1sum}. | |
c2be74f0 JB |
842 | -@xref{md5sum invocation}. |
843 | +@xref{md5sum}. | |
844 | ||
46145361 JB |
845 | |
846 | @node Operating on sorted files | |
7c2f2af9 | 847 | @@ -4268,16 +4250,16 @@ and @command{sha1sum}. |
a839fc2f JB |
848 | These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. |
849 | ||
850 | @menu | |
851 | -* sort invocation:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 852 | -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
853 | -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. |
854 | -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
855 | -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
856 | -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort. | |
857 | +* sort:: Sort text files. | |
c2be74f0 | 858 | +* shuf:: Shuffle text files. |
a839fc2f JB |
859 | +* uniq:: Uniquify files. |
860 | +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line. | |
861 | +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. | |
862 | +* tsort:: Topological sort. | |
a839fc2f JB |
863 | @end menu |
864 | ||
865 | ||
866 | -@node sort invocation | |
867 | +@node sort | |
868 | @section @command{sort}: Sort text files | |
869 | ||
870 | @pindex sort | |
7c2f2af9 | 871 | @@ -4573,7 +4555,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of |
c2be74f0 JB |
872 | Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. |
873 | Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of | |
874 | collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is | |
875 | -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), | |
876 | +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}), | |
877 | except that keys with the same value sort together. | |
878 | ||
879 | If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash | |
7c2f2af9 | 880 | @@ -4771,7 +4753,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel |
0d2793d8 JB |
881 | @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited |
882 | to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that. | |
883 | Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by | |
884 | -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}. | |
885 | +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}. | |
dca140ed AM |
886 | |
887 | @item -u | |
888 | @itemx --unique | |
7c2f2af9 | 889 | @@ -4789,7 +4771,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so |
c2be74f0 JB |
890 | this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. |
891 | For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial | |
892 | numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | | |
893 | -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. | |
894 | +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}. | |
895 | ||
8127c87d | 896 | @optZeroTerminated |
46145361 | 897 | @macro newlineFieldSeparator |
7c2f2af9 | 898 | @@ -5002,7 +4984,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2 |
a839fc2f JB |
899 | @end itemize |
900 | ||
901 | ||
c2be74f0 JB |
902 | -@node shuf invocation |
903 | +@node shuf | |
904 | @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text | |
905 | ||
906 | @pindex shuf | |
7c2f2af9 | 907 | @@ -5158,7 +5140,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail |
c2be74f0 JB |
908 | @exitstatus |
909 | ||
910 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
911 | -@node uniq invocation |
912 | +@node uniq | |
913 | @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files | |
914 | ||
915 | @pindex uniq | |
7c2f2af9 | 916 | @@ -5180,7 +5162,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe |
c2be74f0 JB |
917 | The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected |
918 | only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent | |
919 | duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}. | |
920 | -@xref{sort invocation}. | |
921 | +@xref{sort}. | |
922 | ||
923 | @vindex LC_COLLATE | |
10c838b0 | 924 | Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} |
7c2f2af9 | 925 | @@ -5345,7 +5327,7 @@ compared. |
876a8767 | 926 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
927 | |
928 | ||
929 | -@node comm invocation | |
930 | +@node comm | |
931 | @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line | |
932 | ||
933 | @pindex comm | |
7c2f2af9 | 934 | @@ -5460,7 +5442,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb |
876a8767 | 935 | |
10c838b0 | 936 | @end table |
a839fc2f JB |
937 | |
938 | -@node ptx invocation | |
939 | +@node ptx | |
940 | @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes | |
941 | ||
942 | @pindex ptx | |
7c2f2af9 | 943 | @@ -5950,7 +5932,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}. |
10c838b0 JB |
944 | @end itemize |
945 | ||
946 | ||
947 | -@node tsort invocation | |
948 | +@node tsort | |
949 | @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort | |
950 | ||
951 | @pindex tsort | |
7c2f2af9 | 952 | @@ -6112,13 +6094,13 @@ in different ways. |
10c838b0 | 953 | @chapter Operating on fields |
a839fc2f JB |
954 | |
955 | @menu | |
956 | -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
957 | -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files. | |
958 | -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field. | |
959 | +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines. | |
960 | +* paste:: Merge lines of files. | |
961 | +* join:: Join lines on a common field. | |
962 | @end menu | |
963 | ||
964 | ||
965 | -@node cut invocation | |
966 | +@node cut | |
967 | @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines | |
968 | ||
969 | @pindex cut | |
7c2f2af9 | 970 | @@ -6243,7 +6225,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a |
876a8767 | 971 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
972 | |
973 | ||
974 | -@node paste invocation | |
975 | +@node paste | |
976 | @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files | |
977 | ||
978 | @pindex paste | |
7c2f2af9 | 979 | @@ -6341,7 +6323,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2 |
876a8767 | 980 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
981 | |
982 | ||
983 | -@node join invocation | |
984 | +@node join | |
985 | @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field | |
986 | ||
987 | @pindex join | |
7c2f2af9 | 988 | @@ -6873,13 +6855,13 @@ entire lines as the key. |
8127c87d | 989 | These commands operate on individual characters. |
a839fc2f JB |
990 | |
991 | @menu | |
992 | -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
993 | -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
994 | -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
995 | +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. | |
996 | +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces. | |
997 | +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs. | |
998 | @end menu | |
999 | ||
1000 | ||
1001 | -@node tr invocation | |
1002 | +@node tr | |
1003 | @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | |
1004 | ||
1005 | @pindex tr | |
7c2f2af9 | 1006 | @@ -7291,7 +7273,7 @@ square brackets from interpretation by a |
c2be74f0 | 1007 | @end itemize |
a839fc2f JB |
1008 | |
1009 | ||
1010 | -@node expand invocation | |
1011 | +@node expand | |
1012 | @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces | |
1013 | ||
1014 | @pindex expand | |
7c2f2af9 | 1015 | @@ -7360,7 +7342,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces. |
876a8767 | 1016 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1017 | |
1018 | ||
1019 | -@node unexpand invocation | |
1020 | +@node unexpand | |
1021 | @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs | |
1022 | ||
1023 | @pindex unexpand | |
7c2f2af9 | 1024 | @@ -7423,14 +7405,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1025 | and @command{vdir}, which list information about files. |
1026 | ||
1027 | @menu | |
1028 | -* ls invocation:: List directory contents. | |
1029 | -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls. | |
1030 | -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. | |
1031 | -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
1032 | +* ls:: List directory contents. | |
1033 | +* dir:: Briefly ls. | |
1034 | +* vdir:: Verbosely ls. | |
1035 | +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc. | |
1036 | @end menu | |
1037 | ||
1038 | ||
1039 | -@node ls invocation | |
1040 | +@node ls | |
1041 | @section @command{ls}: List directory contents | |
1042 | ||
1043 | @pindex ls | |
7c2f2af9 | 1044 | @@ -8325,7 +8307,7 @@ be one of the following: |
a839fc2f JB |
1045 | @item +@var{format} |
1046 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1047 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1048 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1049 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
fbb5b105 | 1050 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes |
7c2f2af9 | 1051 | @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As |
a839fc2f | 1052 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the |
7c2f2af9 | 1053 | @@ -8526,7 +8508,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is |
a839fc2f JB |
1054 | @end table |
1055 | ||
1056 | ||
1057 | -@node dir invocation | |
1058 | +@node dir | |
1059 | @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents | |
1060 | ||
1061 | @pindex dir | |
7c2f2af9 | 1062 | @@ -8536,10 +8518,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is |
a839fc2f JB |
1063 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, |
1064 | and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1065 | ||
1066 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. | |
1067 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
1068 | ||
1069 | ||
1070 | -@node vdir invocation | |
1071 | +@node vdir | |
1072 | @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents | |
1073 | ||
1074 | @pindex vdir | |
7c2f2af9 | 1075 | @@ -8549,9 +8531,9 @@ and special characters are represented b |
a839fc2f JB |
1076 | -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special |
1077 | characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. | |
1078 | ||
46145361 JB |
1079 | -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. |
1080 | +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}. | |
1081 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1082 | -@node dircolors invocation |
1083 | +@node dircolors | |
fbb5b105 | 1084 | @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} |
a839fc2f JB |
1085 | |
1086 | @pindex dircolors | |
7c2f2af9 | 1087 | @@ -8638,16 +8620,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for |
a839fc2f JB |
1088 | copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). |
1089 | ||
1090 | @menu | |
1091 | -* cp invocation:: Copy files. | |
1092 | -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1093 | -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1094 | -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. | |
1095 | -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. | |
1096 | -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. | |
1097 | +* cp:: Copy files. | |
1098 | +* dd:: Convert and copy a file. | |
1099 | +* install:: Copy files and set attributes. | |
1100 | +* mv:: Move (rename) files. | |
1101 | +* rm:: Remove files or directories. | |
1102 | +* shred:: Remove files more securely. | |
1103 | @end menu | |
1104 | ||
1105 | ||
1106 | -@node cp invocation | |
1107 | +@node cp | |
1108 | @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories | |
1109 | ||
1110 | @pindex cp | |
7c2f2af9 | 1111 | @@ -9142,7 +9124,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres |
876a8767 | 1112 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1113 | |
1114 | ||
1115 | -@node dd invocation | |
1116 | +@node dd | |
1117 | @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file | |
1118 | ||
1119 | @pindex dd | |
7c2f2af9 | 1120 | @@ -9683,7 +9665,7 @@ environment variable is set. |
876a8767 | 1121 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1122 | |
1123 | ||
1124 | -@node install invocation | |
1125 | +@node install | |
1126 | @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes | |
1127 | ||
1128 | @pindex install | |
7c2f2af9 | 1129 | @@ -9865,7 +9847,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t |
876a8767 | 1130 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1131 | |
1132 | ||
1133 | -@node mv invocation | |
1134 | +@node mv | |
1135 | @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files | |
1136 | ||
1137 | @pindex mv | |
7c2f2af9 | 1138 | @@ -10011,7 +9993,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati |
876a8767 | 1139 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1140 | |
1141 | ||
1142 | -@node rm invocation | |
1143 | +@node rm | |
1144 | @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories | |
1145 | ||
1146 | @pindex rm | |
7c2f2af9 | 1147 | @@ -10177,7 +10159,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge |
876a8767 | 1148 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1149 | |
1150 | ||
1151 | -@node shred invocation | |
1152 | +@node shred | |
1153 | @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely | |
1154 | ||
1155 | @pindex shred | |
7c2f2af9 | 1156 | @@ -10187,7 +10169,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge |
a839fc2f | 1157 | @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even |
7a004e48 | 1158 | extensive forensics from recovering the data. |
a839fc2f | 1159 | |
7a004e48 AM |
1160 | -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data |
1161 | +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data | |
1162 | and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory | |
1163 | entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no | |
1164 | process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the | |
7c2f2af9 | 1165 | @@ -10474,18 +10456,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file |
a839fc2f JB |
1166 | (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. |
1167 | ||
1168 | @menu | |
1169 | -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1170 | -* ln invocation:: Make links between files. | |
1171 | -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories. | |
1172 | -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1173 | -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. | |
10c838b0 | 1174 | -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. |
a839fc2f JB |
1175 | -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. |
1176 | -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
46145361 JB |
1177 | +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall |
1178 | +* ln:: Make links between files. | |
1179 | +* mkdir:: Make directories. | |
1180 | +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). | |
1181 | +* mknod:: Make block or character special files. | |
1182 | +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. | |
1183 | +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories. | |
1184 | +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
a839fc2f JB |
1185 | @end menu |
1186 | ||
1187 | ||
1188 | -@node link invocation | |
1189 | +@node link | |
1190 | @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall | |
1191 | ||
1192 | @pindex link | |
7c2f2af9 | 1193 | @@ -10498,7 +10480,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst |
c2be74f0 JB |
1194 | @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, |
1195 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. | |
1196 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1197 | -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). | |
1198 | +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}). | |
1199 | Synopsis: | |
1200 | ||
1201 | @example | |
7c2f2af9 | 1202 | @@ -10524,7 +10506,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired. |
876a8767 JB |
1203 | @exitstatus |
1204 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1205 | |
1206 | -@node ln invocation | |
1207 | +@node ln | |
1208 | @section @command{ln}: Make links between files | |
1209 | ||
1210 | @pindex ln | |
7c2f2af9 | 1211 | @@ -10711,7 +10693,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp |
74811ba6 | 1212 | Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized |
46145361 | 1213 | containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic |
74811ba6 | 1214 | links in these file names will be resolved. |
703a6c3b JB |
1215 | -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control |
1216 | +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control | |
74811ba6 | 1217 | over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example: |
703a6c3b | 1218 | |
74811ba6 | 1219 | @example |
7c2f2af9 | 1220 | @@ -10788,7 +10770,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile |
494d488d | 1221 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1222 | |
1223 | ||
1224 | -@node mkdir invocation | |
1225 | +@node mkdir | |
1226 | @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories | |
1227 | ||
1228 | @pindex mkdir | |
7c2f2af9 | 1229 | @@ -10866,7 +10848,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo |
876a8767 | 1230 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1231 | |
1232 | ||
1233 | -@node mkfifo invocation | |
1234 | +@node mkfifo | |
1235 | @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) | |
1236 | ||
1237 | @pindex mkfifo | |
7c2f2af9 | 1238 | @@ -10907,7 +10889,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions |
876a8767 | 1239 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1240 | |
1241 | ||
1242 | -@node mknod invocation | |
1243 | +@node mknod | |
1244 | @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files | |
1245 | ||
1246 | @pindex mknod | |
7c2f2af9 | 1247 | @@ -10984,7 +10966,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo |
876a8767 | 1248 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1249 | |
1250 | ||
fbb5b105 JB |
1251 | -@node readlink invocation |
1252 | +@node readlink | |
10c838b0 | 1253 | @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name |
fbb5b105 JB |
1254 | |
1255 | @pindex readlink | |
7c2f2af9 | 1256 | @@ -11008,7 +10990,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu |
ff4aeede AO |
1257 | @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain |
1258 | no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators | |
1259 | (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the | |
1260 | -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}. | |
1261 | +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}. | |
1262 | ||
1263 | @end table | |
1264 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 1265 | @@ -11083,7 +11065,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o |
876a8767 | 1266 | @exitstatus |
fbb5b105 JB |
1267 | |
1268 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1269 | -@node rmdir invocation |
1270 | +@node rmdir | |
1271 | @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories | |
1272 | ||
1273 | @pindex rmdir | |
7c2f2af9 | 1274 | @@ -11131,7 +11113,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re |
a839fc2f JB |
1275 | |
1276 | @end table | |
1277 | ||
7c2f2af9 JB |
1278 | -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively. |
1279 | +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively. | |
a839fc2f | 1280 | |
7c2f2af9 JB |
1281 | To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including |
1282 | directories that become empty because other directories are removed, | |
1283 | @@ -11148,7 +11130,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec | |
876a8767 JB |
1284 | @exitstatus |
1285 | ||
1286 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1287 | -@node unlink invocation |
1288 | +@node unlink | |
1289 | @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall | |
1290 | ||
1291 | @pindex unlink | |
7c2f2af9 | 1292 | @@ -11159,7 +11141,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst |
c2be74f0 JB |
1293 | @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, |
1294 | The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: | |
1295 | It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used | |
1296 | -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). | |
1297 | +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}). | |
1298 | ||
1299 | @example | |
1300 | unlink @var{filename} | |
7c2f2af9 | 1301 | @@ -11193,14 +11175,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll |
a839fc2f JB |
1302 | These commands change file attributes. |
1303 | ||
1304 | @menu | |
703a6c3b | 1305 | -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1306 | -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. |
1307 | -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f | 1308 | -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. |
703a6c3b | 1309 | +* chown:: Change file owners and groups. |
a839fc2f JB |
1310 | +* chgrp:: Change file groups. |
1311 | +* chmod:: Change access permissions. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1312 | +* touch:: Change file timestamps. |
1313 | @end menu | |
1314 | ||
1315 | ||
1316 | -@node chown invocation | |
1317 | +@node chown | |
1318 | @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group | |
1319 | ||
1320 | @pindex chown | |
7c2f2af9 | 1321 | @@ -11427,7 +11409,7 @@ chown -hR root /u |
494d488d | 1322 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1323 | |
1324 | ||
1325 | -@node chgrp invocation | |
1326 | +@node chgrp | |
1327 | @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership | |
1328 | ||
1329 | @pindex chgrp | |
7c2f2af9 | 1330 | @@ -11436,7 +11418,7 @@ chown -hR root /u |
8127c87d JB |
1331 | |
1332 | @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file} | |
1333 | to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) | |
1334 | -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}. | |
1335 | +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}. | |
1336 | Synopsis: | |
1337 | ||
1338 | @example | |
7c2f2af9 | 1339 | @@ -11555,7 +11537,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u |
494d488d | 1340 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1341 | |
1342 | ||
1343 | -@node chmod invocation | |
1344 | +@node chmod | |
1345 | @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions | |
1346 | ||
1347 | @pindex chmod | |
7c2f2af9 | 1348 | @@ -11677,7 +11659,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir |
494d488d | 1349 | @end smallexample |
a839fc2f JB |
1350 | |
1351 | ||
1352 | -@node touch invocation | |
1353 | +@node touch | |
1354 | @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps | |
1355 | ||
1356 | @pindex touch | |
7c2f2af9 JB |
1357 | @@ -11852,15 +11834,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available, |
1358 | file status information, and write buffers to file systems. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1359 | |
1360 | @menu | |
7c2f2af9 | 1361 | -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1362 | -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1363 | -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. |
46145361 | 1364 | -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage. |
10c838b0 | 1365 | -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
7c2f2af9 | 1366 | +* df:: Report file system space usage. |
a839fc2f | 1367 | +* du:: Estimate file space usage. |
c2be74f0 | 1368 | +* stat:: Report file or file system status. |
46145361 | 1369 | +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage. |
10c838b0 | 1370 | +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. |
a839fc2f JB |
1371 | @end menu |
1372 | ||
1373 | ||
1374 | -@node df invocation | |
1375 | +@node df | |
7c2f2af9 | 1376 | @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage |
a839fc2f JB |
1377 | |
1378 | @pindex df | |
7c2f2af9 | 1379 | @@ -12168,7 +12150,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @ |
703a6c3b | 1380 | or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument. |
a839fc2f JB |
1381 | |
1382 | ||
1383 | -@node du invocation | |
1384 | +@node du | |
1385 | @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage | |
1386 | ||
1387 | @pindex du | |
7c2f2af9 | 1388 | @@ -12426,7 +12408,7 @@ be one of the following: |
c2be74f0 JB |
1389 | @item +@var{format} |
1390 | @vindex LC_TIME | |
1391 | List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted | |
1392 | -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). | |
1393 | +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}). | |
1394 | For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes | |
7c2f2af9 | 1395 | @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As |
c2be74f0 | 1396 | with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the |
7c2f2af9 | 1397 | @@ -12494,7 +12476,7 @@ in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @com |
876a8767 | 1398 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1399 | |
1400 | ||
1401 | -@node stat invocation | |
1402 | +@node stat | |
c2be74f0 | 1403 | @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status |
a839fc2f JB |
1404 | |
1405 | @pindex stat | |
7c2f2af9 | 1406 | @@ -12735,7 +12717,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R |
876a8767 | 1407 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1408 | |
1409 | ||
1410 | -@node sync invocation | |
1411 | +@node sync | |
46145361 | 1412 | @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage |
a839fc2f JB |
1413 | |
1414 | @pindex sync | |
7c2f2af9 | 1415 | @@ -12795,7 +12777,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us |
10c838b0 JB |
1416 | @exitstatus |
1417 | ||
1418 | ||
1419 | -@node truncate invocation | |
1420 | +@node truncate | |
1421 | @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file | |
1422 | ||
1423 | @pindex truncate | |
7c2f2af9 | 1424 | @@ -12872,13 +12854,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its |
a839fc2f JB |
1425 | This section describes commands that display text strings. |
1426 | ||
1427 | @menu | |
1428 | -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text. | |
1429 | -* printf invocation:: Format and print data. | |
1430 | -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1431 | +* echo:: Print a line of text. | |
1432 | +* printf:: Format and print data. | |
1433 | +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted. | |
1434 | @end menu | |
1435 | ||
1436 | ||
1437 | -@node echo invocation | |
1438 | +@node echo | |
1439 | @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text | |
1440 | ||
1441 | @pindex echo | |
7c2f2af9 | 1442 | @@ -12967,12 +12949,12 @@ that the behavior of @command{echo} is i |
c2be74f0 JB |
1443 | @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is |
1444 | @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command | |
1445 | if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or | |
1446 | -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. | |
1447 | +backslashes. @xref{printf}. | |
1448 | ||
876a8767 | 1449 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1450 | |
1451 | ||
1452 | -@node printf invocation | |
1453 | +@node printf | |
1454 | @section @command{printf}: Format and print data | |
1455 | ||
1456 | @pindex printf | |
7c2f2af9 | 1457 | @@ -13134,7 +13116,7 @@ $ recode BIG5..JAVA < sample.txt \ |
876a8767 | 1458 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1459 | |
1460 | ||
1461 | -@node yes invocation | |
1462 | +@node yes | |
1463 | @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted | |
1464 | ||
1465 | @pindex yes | |
7c2f2af9 | 1466 | @@ -13165,14 +13147,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements, |
a839fc2f JB |
1467 | pipeline. |
1468 | ||
1469 | @menu | |
1470 | -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1471 | -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1472 | -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1473 | -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1474 | +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. | |
1475 | +* true:: Do nothing, successfully. | |
1476 | +* test:: Check file types and compare values. | |
1477 | +* expr:: Evaluate expressions. | |
1478 | @end menu | |
1479 | ||
1480 | ||
1481 | -@node false invocation | |
1482 | +@node false | |
1483 | @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
1484 | ||
1485 | @pindex false | |
7c2f2af9 | 1486 | @@ -13202,7 +13184,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that |
fd7af4a7 | 1487 | non-GNU hosts. |
a839fc2f JB |
1488 | |
1489 | ||
1490 | -@node true invocation | |
1491 | +@node true | |
1492 | @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully | |
1493 | ||
1494 | @pindex true | |
7c2f2af9 | 1495 | @@ -13238,7 +13220,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem |
a839fc2f JB |
1496 | more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely |
1497 | be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. | |
1498 | ||
1499 | -@node test invocation | |
1500 | +@node test | |
1501 | @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values | |
1502 | ||
1503 | @pindex test | |
7c2f2af9 | 1504 | @@ -13609,7 +13591,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2 |
a839fc2f JB |
1505 | @end table |
1506 | ||
1507 | ||
1508 | -@node expr invocation | |
1509 | +@node expr | |
1510 | @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions | |
1511 | ||
1512 | @pindex expr | |
7c2f2af9 | 1513 | @@ -13886,11 +13868,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep |
a839fc2f JB |
1514 | it's described here. |
1515 | ||
1516 | @menu | |
3c350007 JB |
1517 | -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. |
1518 | +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1519 | @end menu |
1520 | ||
1521 | ||
1522 | -@node tee invocation | |
1523 | +@node tee | |
3c350007 | 1524 | @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes |
a839fc2f JB |
1525 | |
1526 | @pindex tee | |
7c2f2af9 | 1527 | @@ -14098,15 +14080,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \ |
a839fc2f JB |
1528 | This section describes commands that manipulate file names. |
1529 | ||
1530 | @menu | |
1531 | -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1532 | -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. |
1533 | -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1534 | -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1535 | -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f | 1536 | +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. |
10c838b0 JB |
1537 | +* dirname:: Strip last file name component. |
1538 | +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability. | |
1539 | +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory. | |
0ee46a86 | 1540 | +* realpath:: Print resolved file names. |
a839fc2f JB |
1541 | @end menu |
1542 | ||
1543 | ||
1544 | -@node basename invocation | |
1545 | +@node basename | |
fbb5b105 | 1546 | @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name |
a839fc2f JB |
1547 | |
1548 | @pindex basename | |
7c2f2af9 | 1549 | @@ -14188,7 +14170,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ |
494d488d | 1550 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1551 | |
1552 | ||
1553 | -@node dirname invocation | |
1554 | +@node dirname | |
10c838b0 | 1555 | @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component |
a839fc2f JB |
1556 | |
1557 | @pindex dirname | |
7c2f2af9 | 1558 | @@ -14241,7 +14223,7 @@ dirname stdio.h |
494d488d | 1559 | @end example |
a839fc2f JB |
1560 | |
1561 | ||
1562 | -@node pathchk invocation | |
1563 | +@node pathchk | |
10c838b0 | 1564 | @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability |
a839fc2f JB |
1565 | |
1566 | @pindex pathchk | |
7c2f2af9 | 1567 | @@ -14317,7 +14299,7 @@ Exit status: |
10c838b0 JB |
1568 | 1 otherwise. |
1569 | @end display | |
1570 | ||
1571 | -@node mktemp invocation | |
1572 | +@node mktemp | |
1573 | @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory | |
1574 | ||
1575 | @pindex mktemp | |
7c2f2af9 | 1576 | @@ -14492,7 +14474,7 @@ Exit status: |
703a6c3b JB |
1577 | @end display |
1578 | ||
1579 | ||
1580 | -@node realpath invocation | |
1581 | +@node realpath | |
1582 | @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name. | |
1583 | ||
1584 | @pindex realpath | |
7c2f2af9 | 1585 | @@ -14684,14 +14666,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc |
a839fc2f JB |
1586 | so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. |
1587 | ||
1588 | @menu | |
1589 | -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory. | |
1590 | -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1591 | -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. | |
1592 | -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1593 | +* pwd:: Print working directory. | |
1594 | +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics. | |
1595 | +* printenv:: Print environment variables. | |
1596 | +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. | |
1597 | @end menu | |
1598 | ||
1599 | ||
1600 | -@node pwd invocation | |
1601 | +@node pwd | |
1602 | @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory | |
1603 | ||
1604 | @pindex pwd | |
7c2f2af9 | 1605 | @@ -14738,7 +14720,7 @@ environment variable is set. |
876a8767 | 1606 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1607 | |
1608 | ||
1609 | -@node stty invocation | |
1610 | +@node stty | |
1611 | @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics | |
1612 | ||
1613 | @pindex stty | |
7c2f2af9 | 1614 | @@ -15480,7 +15462,7 @@ or |
a839fc2f JB |
1615 | @end table |
1616 | ||
1617 | ||
1618 | -@node printenv invocation | |
1619 | +@node printenv | |
1620 | @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables | |
1621 | ||
1622 | @pindex printenv | |
7c2f2af9 | 1623 | @@ -15515,7 +15497,7 @@ Exit status: |
a839fc2f JB |
1624 | @end display |
1625 | ||
1626 | ||
1627 | -@node tty invocation | |
1628 | +@node tty | |
1629 | @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input | |
1630 | ||
1631 | @pindex tty | |
7c2f2af9 | 1632 | @@ -15565,16 +15547,16 @@ This section describes commands that pri |
a839fc2f JB |
1633 | logins, groups, and so forth. |
1634 | ||
1635 | @menu | |
c2be74f0 | 1636 | -* id invocation:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1637 | -* logname invocation:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1638 | -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. |
a839fc2f JB |
1639 | -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. |
1640 | -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. | |
1641 | -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
c2be74f0 | 1642 | +* id:: Print user identity. |
a839fc2f | 1643 | +* logname:: Print current login name. |
c2be74f0 | 1644 | +* whoami:: Print effective user ID. |
fc53c102 | 1645 | +* groups:: Print group names a user is in. |
a839fc2f JB |
1646 | +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in. |
1647 | +* who:: Print who is currently logged in. | |
1648 | @end menu | |
1649 | ||
1650 | ||
1651 | -@node id invocation | |
1652 | +@node id | |
c2be74f0 | 1653 | @section @command{id}: Print user identity |
a839fc2f JB |
1654 | |
1655 | @pindex id | |
7c2f2af9 | 1656 | @@ -15681,7 +15663,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so |
74811ba6 JB |
1657 | |
1658 | @exitstatus | |
a839fc2f JB |
1659 | |
1660 | -@node logname invocation | |
1661 | +@node logname | |
1662 | @section @command{logname}: Print current login name | |
1663 | ||
1664 | @pindex logname | |
7c2f2af9 | 1665 | @@ -15702,7 +15684,7 @@ options}. |
876a8767 | 1666 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1667 | |
1668 | ||
1669 | -@node whoami invocation | |
1670 | +@node whoami | |
7c2f2af9 | 1671 | @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name |
a839fc2f JB |
1672 | |
1673 | @pindex whoami | |
7c2f2af9 | 1674 | @@ -15718,7 +15700,7 @@ options}. |
876a8767 | 1675 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1676 | |
1677 | ||
1678 | -@node groups invocation | |
fc53c102 JB |
1679 | +@node groups |
1680 | @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in | |
1681 | ||
1682 | @pindex groups | |
7c2f2af9 | 1683 | @@ -15745,7 +15727,7 @@ options}. |
fc53c102 | 1684 | |
74811ba6 | 1685 | @exitstatus |
fc53c102 | 1686 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1687 | -@node users invocation |
1688 | +@node users | |
1689 | @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in | |
1690 | ||
1691 | @pindex users | |
7c2f2af9 | 1692 | @@ -15780,7 +15762,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non- |
876a8767 | 1693 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f JB |
1694 | |
1695 | ||
1696 | -@node who invocation | |
1697 | +@node who | |
1698 | @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in | |
1699 | ||
1700 | @pindex who | |
7c2f2af9 | 1701 | @@ -15943,16 +15925,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri |
a839fc2f JB |
1702 | information. |
1703 | ||
1704 | @menu | |
1705 | -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. | |
10c838b0 JB |
1706 | -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. |
1707 | -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1708 | -* uname invocation:: Print system information. |
1709 | -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. | |
1710 | -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
10c838b0 | 1711 | -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. |
46145361 JB |
1712 | +* date:: Print or set system date and time. |
1713 | +* arch:: Print machine hardware name. | |
1714 | +* nproc:: Print the number of processors. | |
1715 | +* uname:: Print system information. | |
1716 | +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier. | |
a839fc2f JB |
1717 | @end menu |
1718 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1719 | -@node date invocation |
1720 | +@node date | |
1721 | @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time | |
1722 | ||
1723 | @pindex date | |
7c2f2af9 | 1724 | @@ -16675,7 +16655,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000' |
a839fc2f JB |
1725 | @end itemize |
1726 | ||
1727 | ||
3c350007 JB |
1728 | -@node arch invocation |
1729 | +@node arch | |
1730 | @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name | |
1731 | ||
1732 | @pindex arch | |
7c2f2af9 | 1733 | @@ -16698,7 +16678,7 @@ not rely on its existence. |
10c838b0 JB |
1734 | @exitstatus |
1735 | ||
1736 | ||
1737 | -@node nproc invocation | |
1738 | +@node nproc | |
1739 | @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors | |
1740 | ||
1741 | @pindex nproc | |
7c2f2af9 | 1742 | @@ -16737,7 +16717,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o |
3c350007 JB |
1743 | @exitstatus |
1744 | ||
1745 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
1746 | -@node uname invocation |
1747 | +@node uname | |
1748 | @section @command{uname}: Print system information | |
1749 | ||
1750 | @pindex uname | |
7c2f2af9 | 1751 | @@ -16867,35 +16847,7 @@ Print the kernel version. |
876a8767 | 1752 | @exitstatus |
a839fc2f | 1753 | |
a839fc2f JB |
1754 | |
1755 | -@node hostname invocation | |
1756 | -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name | |
1757 | - | |
1758 | -@pindex hostname | |
1759 | -@cindex setting the hostname | |
1760 | -@cindex printing the hostname | |
1761 | -@cindex system name, printing | |
1762 | -@cindex appropriate privileges | |
1763 | - | |
1764 | -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host | |
1765 | -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the | |
1766 | -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host | |
c2be74f0 | 1767 | -name. Synopsis: |
a839fc2f JB |
1768 | - |
1769 | -@example | |
1770 | -hostname [@var{name}] | |
1771 | -@end example | |
1772 | - | |
1773 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common | |
1774 | -options}. | |
1775 | - | |
46145361 JB |
1776 | -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages |
1777 | -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should | |
1778 | -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above. | |
1779 | - | |
876a8767 JB |
1780 | -@exitstatus |
1781 | - | |
a839fc2f JB |
1782 | - |
1783 | -@node hostid invocation | |
1784 | +@node hostid | |
10c838b0 | 1785 | @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier |
a839fc2f JB |
1786 | |
1787 | @pindex hostid | |
7c2f2af9 | 1788 | @@ -16923,44 +16875,6 @@ existence. |
10c838b0 JB |
1789 | |
1790 | @exitstatus | |
1791 | ||
1792 | -@node uptime invocation | |
1793 | -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load | |
1794 | - | |
1795 | -@pindex uptime | |
1796 | -@cindex printing the system uptime and load | |
1797 | - | |
1798 | -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the | |
1799 | -number of logged-in users and the current load average. | |
1800 | - | |
1801 | -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read | |
1802 | -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is | |
1803 | -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates | |
1804 | -the default setting). | |
1805 | - | |
1806 | -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. | |
1807 | -@xref{Common options}. | |
1808 | - | |
1809 | -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: | |
1810 | - | |
1811 | -@example | |
1812 | -$ uptime | |
1813 | - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 | |
1814 | -@end example | |
1815 | - | |
1816 | -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat | |
1817 | -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of | |
1818 | -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems | |
1819 | -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, | |
7c2f2af9 | 1820 | -those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel |
10c838b0 | 1821 | -includes uninterruptible processes. |
46145361 JB |
1822 | - |
1823 | -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure | |
1824 | -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an | |
1825 | -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its | |
1826 | -existence or on the exact behavior documented above. | |
1827 | - | |
1828 | -@exitstatus | |
10c838b0 JB |
1829 | - |
1830 | @node SELinux context | |
1831 | @chapter SELinux context | |
1832 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 1833 | @@ -16972,11 +16886,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper |
10c838b0 JB |
1834 | contexts. |
1835 | ||
1836 | @menu | |
1837 | -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1838 | -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1839 | +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file | |
1840 | +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1841 | @end menu | |
1842 | ||
1843 | -@node chcon invocation | |
1844 | +@node chcon | |
1845 | @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file | |
1846 | ||
1847 | @pindex chcon | |
7c2f2af9 | 1848 | @@ -17079,7 +16993,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu |
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1849 | |
1850 | @exitstatus | |
1851 | ||
1852 | -@node runcon invocation | |
1853 | +@node runcon | |
1854 | @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context | |
1855 | ||
1856 | @pindex runcon | |
7c2f2af9 | 1857 | @@ -17171,16 +17085,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi |
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1858 | user, etc. |
1859 | ||
1860 | @menu | |
1861 | -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. | |
1862 | -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1863 | -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1864 | -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1865 | -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1866 | -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. |
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1867 | +* chroot:: Modify the root directory. |
1868 | +* env:: Modify environment variables. | |
c2be74f0 | 1869 | +* nice:: Modify niceness. |
a839fc2f | 1870 | +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups. |
10c838b0 | 1871 | +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams. |
10c838b0 | 1872 | +* timeout:: Run with time limit. |
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1873 | @end menu |
1874 | ||
1875 | ||
1876 | -@node chroot invocation | |
1877 | +@node chroot | |
1878 | @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory | |
1879 | ||
1880 | @pindex chroot | |
7c2f2af9 | 1881 | @@ -17296,7 +17210,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi |
876a8767 | 1882 | @end display |
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1883 | |
1884 | ||
1885 | -@node env invocation | |
1886 | +@node env | |
1887 | @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment | |
1888 | ||
1889 | @pindex env | |
7c2f2af9 | 1890 | @@ -17916,7 +17830,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon |
494d488d | 1891 | |
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1892 | |
1893 | ||
1894 | -@node nice invocation | |
1895 | +@node nice | |
c2be74f0 | 1896 | @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness |
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1897 | |
1898 | @pindex nice | |
7c2f2af9 | 1899 | @@ -18047,7 +17961,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice |
876a8767 | 1900 | @end example |
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1901 | |
1902 | ||
1903 | -@node nohup invocation | |
1904 | +@node nohup | |
1905 | @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups | |
1906 | ||
1907 | @pindex nohup | |
7c2f2af9 | 1908 | @@ -18121,7 +18035,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna |
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1909 | instead of 125. |
1910 | ||
1911 | ||
1912 | -@node stdbuf invocation | |
1913 | +@node stdbuf | |
1914 | @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering | |
1915 | ||
1916 | @pindex stdbuf | |
7c2f2af9 | 1917 | @@ -18215,7 +18129,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi |
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1918 | @end display |
1919 | ||
1920 | ||
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1921 | -@node timeout invocation |
1922 | +@node timeout | |
1923 | @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit | |
1924 | ||
1925 | @pindex timeout | |
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1926 | @@ -18350,90 +18264,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN |
1927 | timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20 | |
1928 | @end example | |
10c838b0 | 1929 | |
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1930 | -@node Process control |
1931 | -@chapter Process control | |
1932 | - | |
1933 | -@cindex processes, commands for controlling | |
1934 | -@cindex commands for controlling processes | |
1935 | - | |
1936 | -@menu | |
1937 | -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. | |
1938 | -@end menu | |
1939 | - | |
1940 | - | |
1941 | -@node kill invocation | |
1942 | -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes | |
1943 | - | |
1944 | -@pindex kill | |
1945 | -@cindex send a signal to processes | |
1946 | - | |
1947 | -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them | |
1948 | -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. | |
1949 | -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: | |
1950 | - | |
1951 | -@example | |
1952 | -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} | |
1953 | -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} | |
1954 | -@end example | |
1955 | - | |
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1956 | -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} |
1957 | - | |
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1958 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all |
1959 | -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified | |
703a6c3b | 1960 | -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a |
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1961 | -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments |
1962 | -specify processes to which a signal could be sent. | |
1963 | - | |
1964 | -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the | |
c2be74f0 | 1965 | -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all |
a839fc2f | 1966 | -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} |
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1967 | -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has |
1968 | -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal | |
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1969 | -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute |
1970 | -value of @var{pid}. | |
1971 | - | |
1972 | -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system | |
1973 | -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal | |
1974 | -is sent. | |
1975 | - | |
10c838b0 | 1976 | -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it |
c2be74f0 | 1977 | -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to |
fd7af4a7 | 1978 | -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill |
c2be74f0 | 1979 | --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: |
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1980 | - |
1981 | -@example | |
1982 | -kill -15 -1 | |
1983 | -kill -TERM -1 | |
c2be74f0 | 1984 | -kill -s TERM -- -1 |
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1985 | -kill -- -1 |
1986 | -@end example | |
1987 | - | |
1988 | -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} | |
1989 | -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. | |
1990 | - | |
1991 | -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. | |
1992 | -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} | |
1993 | -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any | |
1994 | -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output | |
1995 | -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one | |
1996 | -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is | |
1997 | -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a | |
1998 | -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the | |
1999 | -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid | |
2000 | -and if there is no output error. | |
2001 | - | |
2002 | -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and | |
2003 | -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. | |
2004 | - | |
2005 | -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal | |
2006 | -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the | |
2007 | -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by | |
703a6c3b | 2008 | -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the |
a839fc2f | 2009 | -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid |
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2010 | -ambiguity with lower case option letters. |
2011 | -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported | |
2012 | -signal names and numbers. | |
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2013 | - |
2014 | @node Delaying | |
2015 | @chapter Delaying | |
2016 | ||
7c2f2af9 | 2017 | @@ -18443,11 +18273,11 @@ signal names and numbers. |
fbb5b105 | 2018 | @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? |
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2019 | |
2020 | @menu | |
2021 | -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. | |
2022 | +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time. | |
2023 | @end menu | |
2024 | ||
2025 | ||
2026 | -@node sleep invocation | |
2027 | +@node sleep | |
2028 | @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time | |
2029 | ||
2030 | @pindex sleep | |
7c2f2af9 | 2031 | @@ -18510,13 +18340,13 @@ options}. |
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2032 | These programs do numerically-related operations. |
2033 | ||
2034 | @menu | |
2035 | -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. | |
46145361 | 2036 | -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers. |
a839fc2f JB |
2037 | -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. |
2038 | +* factor:: Show factors of numbers. | |
46145361 | 2039 | +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers. |
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2040 | +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers. |
2041 | @end menu | |
2042 | ||
2043 | ||
2044 | -@node factor invocation | |
2045 | +@node factor | |
2046 | @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors | |
2047 | ||
2048 | @pindex factor | |
7c2f2af9 | 2049 | @@ -18577,7 +18407,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot |
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2050 | @exitstatus |
2051 | ||
a839fc2f | 2052 | |
46145361 JB |
2053 | -@node numfmt invocation |
2054 | +@node numfmt | |
2055 | @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers | |
2056 | ||
2057 | @pindex numfmt | |
7c2f2af9 | 2058 | @@ -18917,7 +18747,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma |
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2059 | @end example |
2060 | ||
2061 | ||
a839fc2f JB |
2062 | -@node seq invocation |
2063 | +@node seq | |
2064 | @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences | |
2065 | ||
2066 | @pindex seq | |
7c2f2af9 | 2067 | @@ -19092,7 +18922,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim |
ff4aeede AO |
2068 | whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file |
2069 | respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A | |
2070 | file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the | |
2071 | -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice, | |
2072 | +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice, | |
2073 | though, timestamps are not updated quite that way. | |
2074 | ||
2075 | For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: |