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1--- coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig Sun Mar 2 19:09:14 2003
2+++ coreutils-4.5.9/doc/coreutils.texi Thu Mar 6 23:36:08 2003
3@@ -20,102 +20,91 @@
4 @syncodeindex pg cp
5 @syncodeindex vr cp
6
7-@dircategory Basics
8+@dircategory Core utilities:
9 @direntry
10-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
a839fc2f 13-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
fbb5b105 14-@end direntry
a839fc2f 15-
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16-@dircategory Individual utilities
17-@direntry
a839fc2f
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18-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
19-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
20-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
21-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
22-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
23-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
fbb5b105 24-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
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25-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
26-* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
27-* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
28-* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
29-* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
30-* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
31-* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage.
32-* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
33-* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
34-* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip non-directory suffix.
35-* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
36-* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
37-* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
38-* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
39-* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
40-* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
41-* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
42-* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
43-* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
44-* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
45-* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
46-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
47-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
48-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print real/effective uid/gid.
49-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
50-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
51-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
52-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
53-* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
54-* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
55-* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
56-* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check message-digests.
57-* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
58-* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
59-* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
60-* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
61-* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify scheduling priority.
62-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
63-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
64-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
65-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
66-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
67-* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
68-* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
69-* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
70-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
71-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
fbb5b105 72-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
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73-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
74-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
75-* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
76-* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
77-* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
78-* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
79-* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces.
fbb5b105 80-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
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81-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
82-* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group id.
83-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
84-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
85-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
86-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
87-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
88-* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
89-* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
90-* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
91-* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
92-* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
93-* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
94-* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
95-* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
a839fc2f 96-* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
fbb5b105 97-* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
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98-* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
99-* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
100-* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Byte, word, and line counts.
101-* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
102-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user id.
103-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
a839fc2f 104+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
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105+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
106+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
107+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
108+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
109+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
110+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
111+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
112+* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
113+* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
114+* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
115+* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
116+* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
117+* df: (coreutils)df. Report filesystem disk usage
118+* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
119+* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
120+* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip non-directory suffix
121+* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
122+* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
123+* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
124+* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
125+* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
a839fc2f 126+* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
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127+* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
128+* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
129+* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
130+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
131+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
132+* id: (coreutils)id. Print real/effective uid/gid
133+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
134+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
135+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
136+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
137+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
138+* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
139+* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check message-digests
140+* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
141+* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
142+* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
143+* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
144+* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify scheduling priority
145+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
146+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
a839fc2f 147+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
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148+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
149+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
150+* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
151+* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
152+* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
153+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
154+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
155+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
156+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
157+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
a839fc2f 158+* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
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159+* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
160+* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
161+* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
162+* split: (coreutils)split. Split into fixed-size pieces
163+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
164+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
165+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group id
166+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
167+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
168+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
169+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
170+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
171+* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
172+* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
173+* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
174+* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
175+* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
176+* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
177+* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
178+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
179+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
180+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
181+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
182+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
183+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Byte, word, and line counts
184+* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
185+* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user id
186+* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
187 @end direntry
188
189 @copying
190@@ -179,10 +168,9 @@
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191 * Redirection:: tee
192 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk
193 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
194-* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
195-* System context:: date uname hostname
196+* User information:: id logname whoami users who
197+* System context:: date uname
198 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup su
199-* Process control:: kill
200 * Delaying:: sleep
201 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
202 * File permissions:: Access modes.
fbb5b105 203@@ -205,38 +193,38 @@
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204
205 Output of entire files
206
207-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
208-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
209-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
210-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
211+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
212+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
213+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
214+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
215
216 Formatting file contents
217
218-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
219-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
220-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
221+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
222+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
223+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
224
225 Output of parts of files
226
227-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
228-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
229-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
230-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
231+* head:: Output the first part of files.
232+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
233+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
234+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
235
236 Summarizing files
237
238-* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
239-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
240-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
241-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
242+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
243+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
244+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
245+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
246
247 Operating on sorted files
248
249-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
250-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
251-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
252-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
253-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
254+* sort:: Sort text files.
255+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
256+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
257+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
258+* tsort:: Topological sort.
259
260 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
261
fbb5b105 262@@ -248,15 +236,15 @@
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263
264 Operating on fields within a line
265
266-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
267-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
268-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
269+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
270+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
271+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
272
273 Operating on characters
274
275-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
276-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
277-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
278+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
279+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
280+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
281
282 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
283
fbb5b105 284@@ -267,10 +255,10 @@
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285
286 Directory listing
287
288-* ls invocation:: List directory contents
289-* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
290-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
291-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
292+* ls:: List directory contents
293+* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
294+* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
295+* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
296
297 @command{ls}: List directory contents
298
fbb5b105 299@@ -283,50 +271,50 @@
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300
301 Basic operations
302
303-* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
304-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
305-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
306-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
307-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
308-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
309+* cp:: Copy files and directories
310+* dd:: Convert and copy a file
311+* install:: Copy files and set attributes
312+* mv:: Move (rename) files
313+* rm:: Remove files or directories
314+* shred:: Remove files more securely
315
316 Special file types
317
318-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
319-* ln invocation:: Make links between files
320-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
321-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
322-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 323-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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324-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
325-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
326+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
327+* ln:: Make links between files
328+* mkdir:: Make directories
329+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
330+* mknod:: Make block or character special files
fbb5b105 331+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link
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332+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
333+* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
334
335 Changing file attributes
336
337-* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
338-* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
339-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
340-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
341+* chown:: Change file owner and group
342+* chgrp:: Change group ownership
343+* chmod:: Change access permissions
344+* touch:: Change file timestamps
345
346 Disk usage
347
348-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage
349-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
350-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status
351-* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
352+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage
353+* du:: Estimate file space usage
354+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status
355+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
356
357 Printing text
358
359-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
360-* printf invocation:: Format and print data
361-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
362+* echo:: Print a line of text
363+* printf:: Format and print data
364+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
365
366 Conditions
367
368-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
369-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
370-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
371-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
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372+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
373+* true:: Do nothing, successfully
374+* test:: Check file types and compare values
375+* expr:: Evaluate expressions
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376
377 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
378
fbb5b105 379@@ -345,20 +333,20 @@
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380
381 Redirection
382
383-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files
384+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files
385
386 File name manipulation
387
388-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
389-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
390-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability
391+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
392+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
393+* pathchk:: Check file name portability
394
395 Working context
396
397-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
398-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
399-* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
400-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
401+* pwd:: Print working directory
402+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
403+* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
404+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
405
406 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
407
fbb5b105 408@@ -372,19 +360,17 @@
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409
410 User information
411
412-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid
413-* logname invocation:: Print current login name
414-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id
415-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
416-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
417-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
418+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid
419+* logname:: Print current login name
420+* whoami:: Print effective user id
421+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
422+* who:: Print who is currently logged in
423
424 System context
425
426-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
427-* uname invocation:: Print system information
428-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
429-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
430+* date:: Print or set system date and time
431+* uname:: Print system information
432+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
433
434 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
435
fbb5b105 436@@ -398,24 +384,20 @@
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437
438 Modified command invocation
439
440-* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
441-* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
442-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
443-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
444-* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
445-
446-Process control
447-
448-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
449+* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
450+* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
451+* nice:: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
452+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
453+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group id
454
455 Delaying
456
457-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
458+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
459
460 Numeric operations
461
462-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
463-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
464+* factor:: Print prime factors
465+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
466
467 File permissions
468
fbb5b105 469@@ -936,13 +918,13 @@
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470 in some way.
471
472 @menu
473-* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
474-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
475-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
476-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
477+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
478+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
479+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
480+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
481 @end menu
482
483-@node cat invocation
484+@node cat
485 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
486
487 @pindex cat
fbb5b105 488@@ -1048,7 +1030,7 @@
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489 @end table
490
491
492-@node tac invocation
493+@node tac
494 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
495
496 @pindex tac
fbb5b105 497@@ -1095,7 +1077,7 @@
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498 @end table
499
500
501-@node nl invocation
502+@node nl
503 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
504
505 @pindex nl
fbb5b105 506@@ -1254,7 +1236,7 @@
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507 @end table
508
509
510-@node od invocation
511+@node od
512 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
513
514 @pindex od
fbb5b105 515@@ -1509,13 +1491,13 @@
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516 These commands reformat the contents of files.
517
518 @menu
519-* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
520-* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
521-* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
522+* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
523+* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
524+* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
525 @end menu
526
527
528-@node fmt invocation
529+@node fmt
530 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
531
532 @pindex fmt
fbb5b105 533@@ -1611,7 +1593,7 @@
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534 @end table
535
536
537-@node pr invocation
538+@node pr
539 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
540
541 @pindex pr
fbb5b105 542@@ -1753,7 +1735,7 @@
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543 @cindex time formats
544 @cindex formatting times
545 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
546-for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
547+for the the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
548 Except for directives, which start with
549 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
550 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
fbb5b105 551@@ -1980,7 +1962,7 @@
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552 @end table
553
554
555-@node fold invocation
556+@node fold
557 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
558
559 @pindex fold
fbb5b105 560@@ -2046,13 +2028,13 @@
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561 These commands output pieces of the input.
562
563 @menu
564-* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
565-* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
566-* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
567-* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
568+* head:: Output the first part of files.
569+* tail:: Output the last part of files.
570+* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
571+* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
572 @end menu
573
574-@node head invocation
575+@node head
576 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
577
578 @pindex head
fbb5b105 579@@ -2117,7 +2099,7 @@
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580 @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
581 this; use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
582
583-@node tail invocation
584+@node tail
585 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
586
587 @pindex tail
fbb5b105 588@@ -2292,7 +2274,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
589 conformance}) does not allow these options; use @option{-c
590 @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
591
592-@node split invocation
593+@node split
594 @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
595
596 @pindex split
fbb5b105 597@@ -2365,7 +2347,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
598 @end table
599
600
601-@node csplit invocation
602+@node csplit
603 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
604
605 @pindex csplit
fbb5b105 606@@ -2503,14 +2485,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
607 contents of files.
608
609 @menu
610-* wc invocation:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
611-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
612-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
613-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check message-digests.
614+* wc:: Print byte, word, and line counts.
615+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
616+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
617+* md5sum:: Print or check message-digests.
618 @end menu
619
620
621-@node wc invocation
622+@node wc
fbb5b105 623 @section @command{wc}: Print byte, word, and line counts
a839fc2f
JB
624
625 @pindex wc
fbb5b105 626@@ -2592,7 +2574,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
627 @end table
628
629
630-@node sum invocation
631+@node sum
632 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
633
634 @pindex sum
fbb5b105 635@@ -2641,7 +2623,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
636 next section) is preferable in new applications.
637
638
639-@node cksum invocation
640+@node cksum
641 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
642
643 @pindex cksum
fbb5b105 644@@ -2673,7 +2655,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
645 options}.
646
647
648-@node md5sum invocation
649+@node md5sum
650 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check message-digests
651
652 @pindex md5sum
fbb5b105 653@@ -2778,16 +2760,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
654 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
655
656 @menu
657-* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
658-* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
659-* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
660-* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
661-* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
662+* sort:: Sort text files.
663+* uniq:: Uniquify files.
664+* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
665+* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
666+* tsort:: Topological sort.
667 * tsort background:: Where tsort came from.
668 @end menu
669
670
671-@node sort invocation
672+@node sort
673 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
674
675 @pindex sort
fbb5b105 676@@ -3240,7 +3222,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
677 @end itemize
678
679
680-@node uniq invocation
681+@node uniq
682 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
683
684 @pindex uniq
fbb5b105 685@@ -3369,7 +3351,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
686 @end table
687
688
689-@node comm invocation
690+@node comm
691 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
692
693 @pindex comm
fbb5b105 694@@ -3412,7 +3394,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
695 If there is an error it exits with nonzero status.
696
697
698-@node tsort invocation
699+@node tsort
700 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
701
702 @pindex tsort
fbb5b105 703@@ -3563,7 +3545,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
704 the way the linker handled archive files, which has since been solved
705 in different ways.
706
707-@node ptx invocation
708+@node ptx
709 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
710
711 @pindex ptx
fbb5b105 712@@ -4030,13 +4012,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
713 @chapter Operating on fields within a line
714
715 @menu
716-* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
717-* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
718-* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
719+* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
720+* paste:: Merge lines of files.
721+* join:: Join lines on a common field.
722 @end menu
723
724
725-@node cut invocation
726+@node cut
727 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
728
729 @pindex cut
fbb5b105 730@@ -4124,7 +4106,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
731 @end table
732
733
734-@node paste invocation
735+@node paste
736 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
737
738 @pindex paste
fbb5b105 739@@ -4192,7 +4174,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
740 @end table
741
742
743-@node join invocation
744+@node join
745 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
746
747 @pindex join
fbb5b105 748@@ -4325,13 +4307,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
749 This commands operate on individual characters.
750
751 @menu
752-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
753-* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
754-* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
755+* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
756+* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
757+* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
758 @end menu
759
760
761-@node tr invocation
762+@node tr
763 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
764
765 @pindex tr
fbb5b105 766@@ -4715,7 +4697,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
767 Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
768
769
770-@node expand invocation
771+@node expand
772 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
773
774 @pindex expand
fbb5b105 775@@ -4768,7 +4750,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
776 @end table
777
778
779-@node unexpand invocation
780+@node unexpand
781 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
782
783 @pindex unexpand
fbb5b105 784@@ -4827,14 +4809,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
785 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
786
787 @menu
788-* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
789-* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
790-* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
791-* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
792+* ls:: List directory contents.
793+* dir:: Briefly ls.
794+* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
795+* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
796 @end menu
797
798
799-@node ls invocation
800+@node ls
801 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
802
803 @pindex ls
fbb5b105 804@@ -5529,7 +5511,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
805 @item +@var{format}
806 @vindex LC_TIME
807 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
808-like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
809+like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
fbb5b105 810 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
a839fc2f
JB
811 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
812 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
fbb5b105 813@@ -5704,7 +5686,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
814 @end table
815
816
817-@node dir invocation
818+@node dir
819 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
820
821 @pindex dir
fbb5b105 822@@ -5714,10 +5696,10 @@
a839fc2f
JB
823 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
824 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
825
826-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
827+@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
828
829
830-@node vdir invocation
831+@node vdir
832 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
833
834 @pindex vdir
fbb5b105 835@@ -5727,7 +5709,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
836 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
837 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
838
839-@node dircolors invocation
840+@node dircolors
fbb5b105 841 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
a839fc2f
JB
842
843 @pindex dircolors
fbb5b105 844@@ -5803,16 +5785,16 @@
a839fc2f
JB
845 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
846
847 @menu
848-* cp invocation:: Copy files.
849-* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
850-* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
851-* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
852-* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
853-* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
854+* cp:: Copy files.
855+* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
856+* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
857+* mv:: Move (rename) files.
858+* rm:: Remove files or directories.
859+* shred:: Remove files more securely.
860 @end menu
861
862
863-@node cp invocation
864+@node cp
865 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
866
867 @pindex cp
fbb5b105 868@@ -6152,7 +6134,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
869 @end table
870
871
872-@node dd invocation
873+@node dd
874 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
875
876 @pindex dd
fbb5b105 877@@ -6305,7 +6287,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
878 @end table
879
880
881-@node install invocation
882+@node install
883 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
884
885 @pindex install
fbb5b105 886@@ -6446,7 +6428,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
887 @end table
888
889
890-@node mv invocation
891+@node mv
892 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
893
894 @pindex mv
fbb5b105 895@@ -6574,7 +6556,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
896 @end table
897
898
899-@node rm invocation
900+@node rm
901 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
902
903 @pindex rm
fbb5b105 904@@ -6673,7 +6655,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
905 predates the development of the getopt standard syntax.
906
907
908-@node shred invocation
909+@node shred
910 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
911
912 @pindex shred
fbb5b105 913@@ -6683,7 +6665,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
914 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
915 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
916
917-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
918+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
919 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
920 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
921 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
fbb5b105 922@@ -6903,18 +6885,18 @@
a839fc2f
JB
923 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
924
925 @menu
926-* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
927-* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
928-* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
929-* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
930-* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 931-* readlink invocation:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f
JB
932-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
933-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
934+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
935+* ln:: Make links between files.
936+* mkdir:: Make directories.
937+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
938+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
fbb5b105 939+* readlink:: Print the referent of a symbolic link.
a839fc2f 940+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
fbb5b105 941+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall.
a839fc2f
JB
942 @end menu
943
944
945-@node link invocation
946+@node link
947 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
948
949 @pindex link
fbb5b105 950@@ -6937,7 +6919,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
951 @command{link} simply calls @code{link (@var{filename}, @var{linkname})}
952 to create the link.
953
954-@node ln invocation
955+@node ln
956 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
957
958 @pindex ln
fbb5b105 959@@ -7098,7 +7080,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
960 @end smallexample
961
962
963-@node mkdir invocation
964+@node mkdir
965 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
966
967 @pindex mkdir
fbb5b105 968@@ -7152,7 +7134,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
969 @end table
970
971
972-@node mkfifo invocation
973+@node mkfifo
974 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
975
976 @pindex mkfifo
fbb5b105 977@@ -7188,7 +7170,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
978 @end table
979
980
981-@node mknod invocation
982+@node mknod
983 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
984
985 @pindex mknod
fbb5b105 986@@ -7257,7 +7239,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
987 @end table
988
989
fbb5b105
JB
990-@node readlink invocation
991+@node readlink
992 @section @command{readlink}: Print the referent of a symbolic link
993
994 @pindex readlink
995@@ -7325,7 +7307,7 @@
996 The @command{readlink} utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1.
997
998
a839fc2f
JB
999-@node rmdir invocation
1000+@node rmdir
1001 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1002
1003 @pindex rmdir
fbb5b105 1004@@ -7373,9 +7355,9 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1005
1006 @end table
1007
1008-@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1009+@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1010
1011-@node unlink invocation
1012+@node unlink
1013 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1014
1015 @pindex unlink
fbb5b105 1016@@ -7418,14 +7400,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1017 These commands change file attributes.
1018
1019 @menu
1020-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1021-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1022-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1023-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1024+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1025+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1026+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1027+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1028 @end menu
1029
1030
1031-@node chown invocation
1032+@node chown
1033 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1034
1035 @pindex chown
fbb5b105 1036@@ -7582,7 +7564,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1037 @end table
1038
1039
1040-@node chgrp invocation
1041+@node chgrp
1042 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1043
1044 @pindex chgrp
fbb5b105 1045@@ -7666,7 +7648,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1046 @end table
1047
1048
1049-@node chmod invocation
1050+@node chmod
1051 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1052
1053 @pindex chmod
fbb5b105 1054@@ -7736,7 +7718,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1055 @end table
1056
1057
1058-@node touch invocation
1059+@node touch
1060 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1061
1062 @pindex touch
fbb5b105 1063@@ -7856,14 +7838,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1064 or some such command.)
1065
1066 @menu
1067-* df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1068-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1069-* stat invocation:: Report file or filesystem status.
1070-* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1071+* df:: Report filesystem disk space usage.
1072+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1073+* stat:: Report file or filesystem status.
1074+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1075 @end menu
1076
1077
1078-@node df invocation
1079+@node df
1080 @section @command{df}: Report filesystem disk space usage
1081
1082 @pindex df
fbb5b105 1083@@ -8068,7 +8050,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1084 @end table
1085
1086
1087-@node du invocation
1088+@node du
1089 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1090
1091 @pindex du
fbb5b105 1092@@ -8242,7 +8224,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1093 in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{du} program.
1094
1095
1096-@node stat invocation
1097+@node stat
1098 @section @command{stat}: Report file or filesystem status
1099
1100 @pindex stat
fbb5b105 1101@@ -8341,7 +8323,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1102 @end table
1103
1104
1105-@node sync invocation
1106+@node sync
1107 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1108
1109 @pindex sync
fbb5b105 1110@@ -8373,13 +8355,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1111 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1112
1113 @menu
1114-* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1115-* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1116-* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1117+* echo:: Print a line of text.
1118+* printf:: Format and print data.
1119+* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1120 @end menu
1121
1122
1123-@node echo invocation
1124+@node echo
1125 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1126
1127 @pindex echo
fbb5b105 1128@@ -8435,7 +8417,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1129 @end table
1130
1131
1132-@node printf invocation
1133+@node printf
1134 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1135
1136 @pindex printf
fbb5b105 1137@@ -8521,7 +8503,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1138 @end smallexample
1139
1140
1141-@node yes invocation
1142+@node yes
1143 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1144
1145 @pindex yes
fbb5b105 1146@@ -8548,14 +8530,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1147 pipeline.
1148
1149 @menu
1150-* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1151-* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1152-* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1153-* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1154+* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1155+* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1156+* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1157+* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1158 @end menu
1159
1160
1161-@node false invocation
1162+@node false
1163 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1164
1165 @pindex false
fbb5b105 1166@@ -8577,7 +8559,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1167 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1168
1169
1170-@node true invocation
1171+@node true
1172 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1173
1174 @pindex true
fbb5b105 1175@@ -8603,7 +8585,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1176 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1177 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1178
1179-@node test invocation
1180+@node test
1181 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1182
1183 @pindex test
fbb5b105 1184@@ -8893,7 +8875,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1185 @end table
1186
1187
1188-@node expr invocation
1189+@node expr
1190 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1191
1192 @pindex expr
fbb5b105 1193@@ -9138,11 +9120,11 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1194 it's described here.
1195
1196 @menu
1197-* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1198+* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files.
1199 @end menu
1200
1201
1202-@node tee invocation
1203+@node tee
1204 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files
1205
1206 @pindex tee
fbb5b105 1207@@ -9191,13 +9173,13 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1208 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1209
1210 @menu
1211-* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1212-* dirname invocation:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1213-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name portability.
1214+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1215+* dirname:: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name.
1216+* pathchk:: Check file name portability.
1217 @end menu
1218
1219
1220-@node basename invocation
1221+@node basename
fbb5b105 1222 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
a839fc2f
JB
1223
1224 @pindex basename
fbb5b105 1225@@ -9222,7 +9204,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1226 options}.
1227
1228
1229-@node dirname invocation
1230+@node dirname
1231 @section @command{dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
1232
1233 @pindex dirname
fbb5b105 1234@@ -9244,7 +9226,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1235 options}.
1236
1237
1238-@node pathchk invocation
1239+@node pathchk
1240 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name portability
1241
1242 @pindex pathchk
fbb5b105 1243@@ -9308,14 +9290,14 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1244 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1245
1246 @menu
1247-* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1248-* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1249-* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1250-* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1251+* pwd:: Print working directory.
1252+* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1253+* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1254+* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1255 @end menu
1256
1257
1258-@node pwd invocation
1259+@node pwd
1260 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1261
1262 @pindex pwd
fbb5b105 1263@@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1264 @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}.
1265
1266
1267-@node stty invocation
1268+@node stty
1269 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1270
1271 @pindex stty
fbb5b105 1272@@ -9984,7 +9966,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1273 @end table
1274
1275
1276-@node printenv invocation
1277+@node printenv
1278 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1279
1280 @pindex printenv
fbb5b105 1281@@ -10014,7 +9996,7 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1282 @end display
1283
1284
1285-@node tty invocation
1286+@node tty
1287 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1288
1289 @pindex tty
fbb5b105 1290@@ -10064,16 +10046,15 @@
a839fc2f
JB
1291 logins, groups, and so forth.
1292
1293 @menu
1294-* id invocation:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1295-* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1296-* whoami invocation:: Print effective user id.
1297-* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1298-* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1299-* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1300+* id:: Print real and effective uid and gid.
1301+* logname:: Print current login name.
1302+* whoami:: Print effective user id.
1303+* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1304+* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1305 @end menu
1306
1307
1308-@node id invocation
1309+@node id
1310 @section @command{id}: Print real and effective uid and gid
1311
1312 @pindex id
fbb5b105 1313@@ -10134,7 +10115,7 @@
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1314 @end table
1315
1316
1317-@node logname invocation
1318+@node logname
1319 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1320
1321 @pindex logname
fbb5b105 1322@@ -10154,7 +10135,7 @@
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1323 options}.
1324
1325
1326-@node whoami invocation
1327+@node whoami
1328 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user id
1329
1330 @pindex whoami
fbb5b105 1331@@ -10168,29 +10149,7 @@
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1332 options}.
1333
1334
1335-@node groups invocation
1336-@section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1337-
1338-@pindex groups
1339-@cindex printing groups a user is in
1340-@cindex supplementary groups, printing
1341-
1342-@command{groups} prints the names of the primary and any supplementary
1343-groups for each given @var{username}, or the current process if no names
1344-are given. If names are given, the name of each user is printed before
1345-the list of that user's groups. Synopsis:
1346-
1347-@example
1348-groups [@var{username}]@dots{}
1349-@end example
1350-
1351-The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command @samp{id -Gn}.
1352-
1353-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1354-options}.
1355-
1356-
1357-@node users invocation
1358+@node users
1359 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1360
1361 @pindex users
fbb5b105 1362@@ -10218,7 +10177,7 @@
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1363 options}.
1364
1365
1366-@node who invocation
1367+@node who
1368 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1369
1370 @pindex who
fbb5b105 1371@@ -10330,14 +10289,13 @@
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1372 information.
1373
1374 @menu
1375-* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1376-* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1377-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1378-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1379+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1380+* uname:: Print system information.
1381+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1382 @end menu
1383
1384
1385-@node date invocation
1386+@node date
1387 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1388
1389 @pindex date
fbb5b105 1390@@ -10819,7 +10777,7 @@
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1391 @end itemize
1392
1393
1394-@node uname invocation
1395+@node uname
1396 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1397
1398 @pindex uname
fbb5b105 1399@@ -10930,29 +10888,7 @@
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1400
1401 @end table
1402
1403-@node hostname invocation
1404-@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1405-
1406-@pindex hostname
1407-@cindex setting the hostname
1408-@cindex printing the hostname
1409-@cindex system name, printing
1410-@cindex appropriate privileges
1411-
1412-With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1413-system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1414-specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1415-name. Synopsis:
1416-
1417-@example
1418-hostname [@var{name}]
1419-@end example
1420-
1421-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1422-options}.
1423-
1424-
1425-@node hostid invocation
1426+@node hostid
1427 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.
1428
1429 @pindex hostid
fbb5b105 1430@@ -10987,15 +10923,15 @@
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1431 user, etc.
1432
1433 @menu
1434-* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1435-* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1436-* nice invocation:: Modify scheduling priority.
1437-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1438-* su invocation:: Modify user and group id.
1439+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1440+* env:: Modify environment variables.
1441+* nice:: Modify scheduling priority.
1442+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1443+* su:: Modify user and group id.
1444 @end menu
1445
1446
1447-@node chroot invocation
1448+@node chroot
1449 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1450
1451 @pindex chroot
fbb5b105 1452@@ -11050,7 +10986,7 @@
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1453 device files), copy them into place, too.
1454
1455
1456-@node env invocation
1457+@node env
1458 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1459
1460 @pindex env
fbb5b105 1461@@ -11104,7 +11040,7 @@
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1462 @end table
1463
1464
1465-@node nice invocation
1466+@node nice
1467 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
1468
1469 @pindex nice
fbb5b105 1470@@ -11151,7 +11087,7 @@
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1471 @end table
1472
1473
1474-@node nohup invocation
1475+@node nohup
1476 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1477
1478 @pindex nohup
fbb5b105 1479@@ -11201,7 +11137,7 @@
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1480 @end display
1481
1482
1483-@node su invocation
1484+@node su
1485 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id
1486
1487 @pindex su
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JB
1488@@ -11348,166 +11284,6 @@
1489 might find this idea strange at first.
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1490
1491
1492-@node Process control
1493-@chapter Process control
1494-
1495-@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1496-@cindex commands for controlling processes
1497-
1498-@menu
1499-* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1500-@end menu
1501-
1502-
1503-@node kill invocation
1504-@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1505-
1506-@pindex kill
1507-@cindex send a signal to processes
1508-
1509-The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1510-to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1511-Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1512-
1513-@example
1514-kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1515-kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1516-@end example
1517-
1518-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1519-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1520-is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1521-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1522-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1523-
1524-If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1525-process id @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1526-processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1527-is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1528-permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than -1, the signal
1529-is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1530-value of @var{pid}.
1531-
1532-If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1533-processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1534-is sent.
1535-
1536-If a negative @var{PID} argument is desired as the first one, either a
1537-signal must be specified as well, or the option parsing
1538-must be interrupted with `--' before the first @var{pid} argument.
1539-The following three commands are equivalent:
1540-
1541-@example
1542-kill -15 -1
1543-kill -TERM -1
1544-kill -- -1
1545-@end example
1546-
1547-The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1548-argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1549-
1550-The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1551-Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1552-or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1553-@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1554-of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1555-per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1556-printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1557-table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1558-@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1559-and if there is no output error.
1560-
1561-The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1562-@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1563-
1564-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1565-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1566-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1567-@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1568-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1569-ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
1570-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
1571-
1572-@table @samp
1573-@item HUP
1574-1. Hangup.
1575-@item INT
1576-2. Terminal interrupt.
1577-@item QUIT
1578-3. Terminal quit.
1579-@item ABRT
1580-6. Process abort.
1581-@item KILL
1582-9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
1583-@item ALRM
1584-14. Alarm Clock.
1585-@item TERM
1586-15. Termination.
1587-@end table
1588-
1589-@noindent
1590-Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
1591-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
1592-support the following signals:
1593-
1594-@table @samp
1595-@item BUS
1596-Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
1597-@item CHLD
1598-Child process terminated, stopped, or continued.
1599-@item CONT
1600-Continue executing, if stopped.
1601-@item FPE
1602-Erroneous arithmetic operation.
1603-@item ILL
1604-Illegal Instruction.
1605-@item PIPE
1606-Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
1607-@item SEGV
1608-Invalid memory reference.
1609-@item STOP
1610-Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
1611-@item TSTP
1612-Terminal stop.
1613-@item TTIN
1614-Background process attempting read.
1615-@item TTOU
1616-Background process attempting write.
1617-@item URG
1618-High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
1619-@item USR1
1620-User-defined signal 1.
1621-@item USR2
1622-User-defined signal 2.
1623-@end table
1624-
1625-@noindent
1626-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
1627-also support the following signals:
1628-
1629-@table @samp
1630-@item POLL
1631-Pollable event.
1632-@item PROF
1633-Profiling timer expired.
1634-@item SYS
1635-Bad system call.
1636-@item TRAP
1637-Trace/breakpoint trap.
1638-@item VTALRM
1639-Virtual timer expired.
1640-@item XCPU
1641-CPU time limit exceeded.
1642-@item XFSZ
1643-File size limit exceeded.
1644-@end table
1645-
1646-@noindent
1647-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
1648-also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
1649-@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
1650-
1651-
1652 @node Delaying
1653 @chapter Delaying
1654
fbb5b105
JB
1655@@ -11517,11 +11293,11 @@
1656 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
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1657
1658 @menu
1659-* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1660+* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1661 @end menu
1662
1663
1664-@node sleep invocation
1665+@node sleep
1666 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1667
1668 @pindex sleep
fbb5b105 1669@@ -11565,12 +11341,12 @@
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1670 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1671
1672 @menu
1673-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1674-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1675+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1676+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1677 @end menu
1678
1679
1680-@node factor invocation
1681+@node factor
1682 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1683
1684 @pindex factor
fbb5b105 1685@@ -11608,7 +11384,7 @@
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1686 18446744073709551615: 3 5 17 257 641 65537 6700417
1687 @end example
1688
1689-@node seq invocation
1690+@node seq
1691 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
1692
1693 @pindex seq
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